TUGASAN EDU

Question 1

In order to solve Faizs problem in time management, Cikgu Najwa needs to

apply certain strategies based on behavioural theory.
Firstly, Cikgu Najwa has to make good client- cousellor relationship between Faiz
and her. Before that, what is client- counsellor relationship? Client-counsellor
relationship is imperative and counsellors exhibit high levels of empathy, selfcongruence and interpersonal contact. The relationship is collaborative and relationship
variables differ according to client and culture. Through this relationship, Faiz will share
his problems in managing time and other personal information to Cikgu Najwa. If not, he
will feel strange to share his problems and information to the teacher. When the teacher
makes good client- counsellor relationship, she can gain necessary information and
move to next step easily without any obstacle.
Furthermore,

Cikgu

Najwa

also

can

use

another

strategy

which

is

operationalization of behavior. Operationalisation of behavior focuses on the

concreteness and specifics of behavior.

Vagueness is transformed into objective,

observable actions. The teacher can turn the students inappropriate behavior into good
behavior. For example, the student is poor in time management, so the teacher can give
ways on how to manage time like drawing personal timetable. It will help the student to
manage his time effectively according to the timetable.
Moreover, the teacher also can use reinforcement strategy to overcome the
students problem. By using reinforcement, a behavior develops and maintains itself
through a system of punishments and rewards. In this case, it is not appropriate to use
punishments. So, the teacher may use rewards. For example, the teacher can give
rewards like small gifts to the student when he really follows the timetable correctly
every day. It will indirectly motivate him to continuously follow it. After few months, he
would not need the timetable anymore because he already knows what to do and how
to manage the time correctly.

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Other than that, Cikgu Najwa also may ask him to achieve some goals in order to
manage his time correctly. Normally, goals are designed to make specific behavioral
changes. Goals are concrete, specific, observable and measurable. For example, the
teacher can ask the student to set some goals like end of the month Faiz must finish all
the homework given to him by following the timetable. So, he will try to finish all the
homework on time. In addition, the next month he automatically will finish all works
without telling him. There will be changes of behaviour.
In conclusion, behavioural theory will work effectively when we want to use in
changing specific inappropriate behavior to good behavior. The only thing is, it will take
time
.

to

do

so.

So,

teachers

should

be

patient

in

using

this

theory.

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Question 2

In order to ensure an effective individual counselling, a counsellor needs to

identify and focus on the problem. This is important during the exploration phase. There
are a lot of elements in this exploration phase.
Firstly, the counsellor will come out with some questions which are related to the
clients. The questions can be divided into categories like clients background, family
history, medical history, education history, career, physical appearance and others.
Example of questions:

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

How often and how long has the problem existed?

What special characteristics about the client? e.g. age, physical, cultural, etc.
Father and mother: age, occupation, personalities, roles, relationship with client
illness, injury
academic performance, extra-curriculur activities, hobbies and interests,

6)
7)
8)
9)
10

relationships with peers

jobs held, types of jobs, relationships with colleagues and fellow workers
posture, dress, gestures, facial expression
Clients warmth, readiness, motivation, passivity, etc
Connection between problem stated by the client and other information collected.
How much counselling might be required?

)
11) Are the goals for counselling stated by the client realistic?
12 Should the client be assigned to a particular counsellor?
)
13

Siblings: age, present life and relationship with client

)
14

How does the client spend a typical day?

)
15

What social, religious and recreational activities is the client involved in?

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In addition, WHAT IS THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM PRESENTED BY THE

CLIENT? Here, the counsellor tries to gather specific details regarding the nature and
content of the problem presented by the client as well as other problems that may have
been mentioned during the earlier and subsequent sessions. Usually, a person will seek
counselling because of a problem and during the counselling sessions something else
might be revealed. Hence, it is important to have more than one session with the client
to determine more specifically the problem encountered. Whiston suggested that to
understand in more detail the problem stated by the client, the counsellor could explore
the following areas:

How does the problem manifest itself?

Feelings associated with the problem (e.g. anger, fear)
Thinking assocaited with the problem (i.e. the clients beliefs, perceptions)
Behaviours associated with the problem (e.g. rude, insults, avoids being in a
crowd)

Question 3

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Basically, counselling can be divided into individual counselling and group

counselling. Group counselling is a therapy format that approaches issues of personal
growth through the use of interpersonal interaction to interact with others to identify and
understand our maladaptive patterns and how to change them. Group interactions
provide an opportunity to build relationships and receive interpersonal feedback about
how we experience one another. You can gain specific skills and strategies to meet
personal goals, explore areas that present personal challenges, and gain support and
encouragement from others. Group is one of the most effective ways to explore and
support changes you wish to make in your life.
According to Corey, G. (1982), the goal of group counseling is prevention and
medication. Group counseling has a target like learning, career, personal or
homogenous problems. It emphasises the individual relationship which focus the
behavior aspect, memory, and the realize feelings. Commonly, the group counseling
revolves about the problem solving.
The content and focus of discussion determine by the normal individual from the
competitor. Group counseling gave the sympathy support, which need to make the
believe situation for encourage the voluntary doing in certain places like school, high
education institute, clinic and hospital.
Group counselling also has specific goals to achieve in the end of each
counselling session. They are help all the competitors to know and understand their
self, the competitors can consider own self is useful, make skill to communicate with the
competitors so that can use the skill outside, built the sensitivity of the people needs,
they responsible for their behavior, increase ability to solve the problem, make a
decision and get a purpose of life and this can help them in relationship on their work
everyday and help the competitors to build the listening skill empathy which can make
the competitor understand the feeling opposite the words.
In conclusion, Group counseling is an efficient and effective way to meet
students academic, career, personal/social/emotional developmental and situational

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needs. Group counseling makes it possible for students to achieve healthier academic
and personal growth in a rapidly changing global society. Group counseling is an
integral part of a comprehensive school counseling program and should be included in
comprehensive school counseling programs and supported by school administrators
and school districts. The professional school counselors training in group process
benefits students, families, school staff and administration. Group counseling has a
positive effect on academic achievement and personal growth.