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TheLinearMatchingMethodforLimitLoads
andShakedownAnalysisofPortalFrames
MostaphaBoulbibane
FacultyofEngineering,SportsandSciences,UniversityofBolton
DeanRoad,Bolton,BL35AB,UK
m.boulbibane@bolton.ac.uk
Received8April2014;Accepted9June2014;Published8July2014
2014ScienceandEngineeringPublishingCompany
Abstract
We investigate the performance of a sequential
programming method, based on the Linear Matching
Method, for the direct evaluation of limit loads and
shakedown limits for elasticperfectly plastic portal frames
subjected to complex histories of loading. This end is
achieved by solving a sequence of linear problems defined
withspatiallyvaryingmoduliwhichrelatespropertiesofthe
yieldconditiontothoseofthelinearproblems.Themethod
has been implemented in the commercial finite element
package ABAQUS using the user defined procedures. It is
shown that this method provides a sequence of upper
bounds that monotonically reduces and converges to the
least upper bound associated with the chosen class of
displacementfieldsassociatedwithFEmesh.Asequenceof
examples for a Von Mises yield condition demonstrates the
ability of the procedure to produce a range of performance
indicators for portal frames subjected to both cyclic vertical
andhorizontalloads.
Keywords
ShakedownTheory;LinearMatchingMethod;CyclicLoad;Perfect
Plasticit;PortalFrame
Introduction
For the design of portal frames under monotonic/
proportional loads, plastic methods of analysis are
mainly used, which allows the engineer to analyse
frameseasilyanddesignthemeconomically.Thebasis
oftheplasticanalysismethodistheneedtodetermine
the load that can be applied to the frame so that the
failure of the frame occurs as a mechanism by the
formation of a number of plastic hinges within the
frame. The collapse of the frame structures under
these conditions is governed by three mechanisms
known as beam collapse, sway collapse and a
combined mechanism. However, for portal frame
structures of an elasticperfectly plastic material
48
subjectedtovariableandrepeatedloads,thereisneed
for precise methods to predict the cyclic behaviourof
these structures. Shakedown analysis provides
significant advantages over other forms of analysis
when a global understanding of deformation
behaviourisrequired.Thesestructuresmayfaileither
byfatigue,orbyincrementalcollapseduetoexcessive
deformations. On the contrary if the permanent
deformations level off, these structures may come to
steady state known as shakedown. This behaviour
occurswhen,afterseveralexcursionsintotheinelastic
range, a residual stress field develops and all
subsequent load cycles are resisted by elastic
behaviour.Theevaluationoftheshakedownlimitsfor
such structures rely upon two component parts. The
continuumisexpressedintermsofeitherequilibrium
stress fields or kinematically admissible strain rate
fields within a discrete system. An optimal upper or
lowerboundtotheshakedownloadisthenfoundby
theapplicationofalinearornonlinearprogramming
method with the objective function derived from the
upper and lower bound shakedown theorems. This
hasbeenthesubjectofextensiveresearchworkanda
variety of techniques has been developed in the past
twodecadesamongothers,forthebehaviourofmetal
matrix composites subjected to cyclic loading, Ponter
and Leckie, (1998), the performance of poroelastic
plastic structures with applications to dam design
CocchettiandMaier,(2000),thedeformationofrolled
surfaces Boulbibane and Collins, (2000), the inelastic
behaviour of structures under variable repeated
loading Weichert and Maier, (2001), the behaviour of
portal frames made from a material that exhibits
softening Cocchetti and Maier, (2003) and more
recentlybyBarreraetal.(2011).
This paper describes the concept of the Linear
StudyofCivilEngineeringandArchitecture(SCEA)Volume3,2014www.seipub.org/scea
Hh / M p 4 (2)
(a/b)
H
.a
+ (a/b)
h
(a)
(b)
l
.h
.h
V
H
.a
(a/b)
+ (a/b)
(c)
(d)
FIG.1COLLAPSEOFPORTALFRAMEUNDERCOMNINATIONS
OFVERTICALANDHORIZONTALLOADING
Vl / M p 8 (1)
For the sway collapse, which occurs when the
horizontalloadisthedominantloading(Fig.1c):
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monotonicallyreducingupperbound:
V r 1
t
c
s UB
c
c
ij (t ) ij (t ) dVdt
0V
t
ij (t ) ij (t ) dVdt
(4)
(5)
where
3 2 ( ij ij )
(6)
denotesthevonMiseseffectivestress, ij ij ij kk
ij f
c
ij and kk 0 (7)
(8)
dVdt
0V
ijc
c
UB
0V
ij ijc
dVdt
(9)
c
s ,with s theexactshakedownlimit.A
where UB
furthersimplificationof(9)canbeobtainedwhenthe
history of loading produces a history of elastic stress
whichdescribesapolygoninstressspace.Inthiscase
plastic strains only occur at m instances during the
load cycle and we may replace the continuous strain
rate history ijc by m discrete increments of plastic
strain ( ijr , r 1,....m ) and the upper bound can be
rewrittenas:
(12)
1
i
ij f UB
ijin
2
(13)
i
whereweassume UB
and,
residual,elasticstressandstraintensors,respectively.
Integrating(12)overthecycle 0 t t leadsto:
ij f
denotesthevonMiseseffectivestrainrate.
50
1
ij f ij , kkf 0
2
where
2 3(ijc ijc )
(11)
ijf .
ijc
flowruleintheformofthePrandtlReussrelationship,
wherethematchingconditionoccursateachinstantin
the cycle. We now define a corresponding linear
problemforanewkinematicallyadmissiblestrainrate
history, ijf and a time constant residual stress field
thedeviatoricstressand y isauniaxialyieldstress.
ijc
V r 1
stresshistories.
0V
f ( ij ) y 0
r
c
r
y ( ij ) dV UB ij (tr ) ij dV (10)
1
dt
(t )
and
t 1
ij dt
t
(
)
0
ijin
(14)
(15)
i
f
where UB
and UB
correspondtotheupperbounds(4)
StudyofCivilEngineeringandArchitecture(SCEA)Volume3,2014www.seipub.org/scea
andthestrainratesaccumulatetoacompatiblestrain
distribution. Hence, all conditions for both the upper
and lower bound shakedown theorem are satisfied
exceptthatthestressdistributionsatisfiedequilibrium
inanaveragesense.
Applications
Inthissectionweapplytheabovediscussedtechnique
to solve some examples and if possible, compare the
obtained results with those obtained from other
methods.
1
2
ij
PortalFrameUnderVerticalandHorizontalLoads
Weconsidertheuniformrectangularfixedbaseportal
frame in Fig. 1(a), subjected to a central vertical load
andahorizontalloadatbeamlevelwhicharevarying
independently between zero and the positive values
(H(t),V(t)).
ij f ijrf (17)
r 1
m 1
V L-type 3
H
3
V
2
L-type 4
1
1
H
4
V L-type 2
V L-type 1
FIG.2LOADHISTORIES
(a)
(b)
c
d
b
b
FIG.3INTERACTIONDIAGRAMS,(a)h/l=0.5,(b)h/l=1.0
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Figure2showsacyclicloadhistorywhichdescribesa
sequence of straight lines in load space produces a
historyofelasticstressofasimilarforminstressspace.
For such problems plastic strains are confined to a
finitenumberofinstantst1tot4duringthecycle.
The shakedown limits have been evaluated for the
four histories of (H(t), V(t)) shown in Fig. 2. The
interactiondiagramsoftheshakedownlimitevaluated
bytheproposedmethodareshowninFig.3together
with the limit load when the two independent loads
system (H, V) are acting simultaneously on the
structureinanyratio.Itisworthmentioningthatany
combinationsofHandVrepresentedbyapointinside
thediagramconstitutesasafestateofexternalloading.
From Figure 3 it can be seen that domains
corresponding to Loadtype 1 obtained by LMM
closelymatchresultsobtainedbyequations13,which
identifies the domain for static collapse. This
demonstrates the flexibility of the method in
producing a range of performance indicators for
structures subjected to proportional loadings. It also
canbeseenthatforallloadcombinations,Loadtype4
defines a permissible region oabcd within which any
combination of vertical and horizontal loads will not
cause incremental collapse or failure by alternating
plasticity.
PortalFrameUnderDistributedPressure
ThefixedbaseportalframeinFig.4isnowsubjected
to a vertical uniform pressure varying between zero
and W and a horizontal load at beam level varying
H
(a)
(b)
.l/2
FIG.4PORTALFRAMEUNDERHORIZONTALLOADAND
VERTICALPRESSURE
Underproportionalloading,onecandemonstratethat
for the beam mechanism which occurs when the
verticalloadisthedominantloading:
Wl / M p 16
(19)
andforthecombinedmechanism,thelimitingloadis
givenby:
Wl / 4 M p Hh / M p 6
(20)
FIG.5INTERACTIONDIAGRAMS,(a)h/l=0.5,(b)h/l=1.0
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StudyofCivilEngineeringandArchitecture(SCEA)Volume3,2014www.seipub.org/scea
Conclusions
method.ComputersandGeotechnics,32,535544,2005.
Cocchetti, G. and Maier, G. Shakedown analysis in
poroelasticitybylinearprogramming.Int.J.Num.Meth.
Eng.47,141168,2000.
Cocchetti,G.andMaier,G.Elasticandlimitstateanalyses
of frames with softening plastichinge models by
mathematical programming. International Journal of
SolidsandStructures40,72197244,2003.
Horne, M.R. Plastic Theory of Structures. University of
Manchester,PergamonPress,UK,1979.
Ponter,A.R.S.andBoulbibane,M.MinimumTheoremsand
theLinearMatchingMethodforBodiesinaCyclicState
of Creep. EuropeanJournalofMechanicsA/Solids 21, 915
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