II.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Frequency Reconfigurable antenna is very useful for several communication systems that use
more than one antenna. This antenna can replace all the multi antenna systems without effecting
the other parameters of the antenna such as radiation pattern, polarization etc. There are various
ways to achieve frequency reconfigurability. Some of them are listed below.
A hexagonal slot shaped frequency reconfigurable antenna that uses varactor diode to change the
operating frequency of an antenna, when the voltage applied across the diode is changed, the
characteristics of an antenna is changed that will change the operating frequency [4]. A
frequency reconfigurable antenna is useful for cognitive radio is presented in [5]. In this design
patch rotation techniques is used and the patches are rotated by using stepper motor. When a
patch is rotated, the shape that was connected to the feed is changed that in turn changes the
resonant frequency.
A rolled monopole antenna is considered, the radius of the monopole can be changed
electrically. By changing the radius of the monopole, the structure of the patch that is connected
to the feed is changed that will cause changes in the resonant frequency [6]. A stretchable patch
is considered, by applying uniform stretching forces on a substrate, the length of the patch will
vary and it changes the resonant frequency [7].The Sierpinski gasket monopole antenna can
change its operating frequency from one frequency to another frequency by changing its position
of the probe feed on a strip line [8]. A BST film is used as substrate, by applying the voltage
across the patch and the ground plane, the characteristics of the substrate will change, that in turn
changes the resonant frequency [9].
A 3x3 electrically small square-shaped metallic pixels are considered as an antenna, the adjacent
pixels are connected by PIN diodes. When the state of the switch is changed, the geometry of the
parasitic surface is changed, which in turn changes the radiation pattern of an antenna [10]. Self
oscillating pattern reconfigurable antenna consists of two monopoles which are connected to
semi ring radiator via PIN diodes and the varactor diode is placed into the semi ring radiator.
When the state of the diodes is changed, the radiation pattern of an antenna is also changed
because current distribution of antenna is changed [11]. PIN diodes can be used to change the
radiation pattern [12-13].

Antenna structure consists of a driven element surrounded by parasitic elements and they act
either as director or reflector depending on the switching arrangement [14]. The antenna consists
of array of two microstrip dipoles and the length of the dipole-arm strip is changed by using PIN
diode switches, which lead to different radiation patterns [15]. The design consists of two
element dipole array loaded with varactor diode and pattern reconfiguration is achieved by
tuning the varactor diode [16].
A square patch antenna with a loop slots on a ground plane exhibits polarization reconfigurability
from LHCP to RHCP by using two diodes which are placed on the two square loop slots on the
ground plane [17]. The Yatrium Garnet Iron (YIG) patch is placed on a Taconic TLY3 substrate
can change its polarization from LHCP to RHCP by altering the incidence direction of the
externally applied DC magnetic field to the patch [18]. A four arm sinuous antenna is fed to a
four module photonic feed system, by changing the phase shift of a signals that are applied to the
module, this sinuous antenna can change its polarization from LHCP to RHCP [19]. An annular
slot ring with an arrow shaped coupling strip antenna exhibits polarization reconfigurability by
changing the state of the diode which is placed between the ground plane and arms of the
coupling strip [20].
PIN diodes are placed on both the truncated corners and the U-shaped slot on the square patch.
The polarization reconfigurability is achieved by changing the state of the diode [21-22]. Two Lshaped slits are embedded into the square patch antenna and two PIN diodes are positioned in the
end of the slits. This antenna can change its Polarization from linear to circular by controlling the
state of the diode [23]. The antenna structure consists of two meandered monopoles and the
feeding network uses the Wilkinson power divider, two- switchable 900 phase shifters. The PIN
diodes are used to control the signal passing through the corresponding 90 0 phase shifters. Based
on the state of the PIN diode, this antenna can change its polarization from LHCP to RHCP [24].
The truncated corners of the patch antenna can change its polarization by changing the position
of PET transducer [25].
In view of the above observations, a Compact T-Shaped Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna is
presented and it is designed using single PIN diode. The PIN diode is selected on the basis of its
advantages i.e. faster switching speed, reduced cost and being easily integrated into the structure.

The proposed antenna is able to operate at Personal Communication System (PCS at 1.85-1.99)
and Wi-MAX at 3.5GHz frequency bands.