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EnhancedABAPDevelomentwithCoreDataServices(CDS)

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Article

Enhanced ABAP Development with Core Data Services

(CDS)

How CDS Brings a Modern Data Modeling Approach to ABAP

byKarlKessler|SAPinsider,Volume16,Issue4

October8,2015

WiththeadventofSAPHANA,anewdatamodelinginfrastructurecalledcoredataservices(CDS)has
beenintroducedbySAPtosimplifyhowdevelopersdefinesemanticallyrichdatamodels.Readontolearn
theconceptsbehindCDSandhowitworksinABAPdevelopmentprocesses,andwalkthroughastepby
stepguideonusingCDSwithSAPsdevelopmenttoolset.

Datamodelsareacornerstoneofapplicationdevelopment.Theyprovidea
standardizedmethodfordefiningandformattingdatabasecontentsconsistently
acrosssystems,enablingdifferentapplicationstosharethesamedata
reducingdevelopmentcosts,speedingtimetomarket,andimprovingqualityand
performance.
ThosefamiliarwithapplicationdevelopmentintheABAPworldarenostrangers
tothetraditionaldatamodelingtoolsincludedwithSAPNetWeaverApplication
Server(SAPNetWeaverAS)ABAPinparticular,theABAPdatadictionary
(DDIC),whichstoresdefinitionsofobjects,suchasdatabasetablesandviews,
thatcanbeusedinABAPprograms.AndthenalongcameSAPHANAandthe
newparadigmofpushingdowndataintensivelogictothedatabaselayer.

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TotakeadvantageofSAPHANAforapplicationdevelopment,SAPintroduced
anewdatamodelinginfrastructureknownascoredataservices(CDS).With
CDS,datamodelsaredefinedandconsumedonthedatabaseratherthanon
theserver.CDSalsoofferscapabilitiesbeyondthetraditionaldatamodeling
tools,includingsupportforconceptualmodelingandrelationshipdefinitions,
builtinfunctions,andextensions.Originally,CDSwasavailableonlyinthe
designtimeandruntimeenvironmentofSAPHANA.Now,theCDSconceptis
alsofullyimplementedinSAPNetWeaverASABAP,enablingdevelopersto
workintheABAPlayerwithABAPdevelopmenttoolswhilethecodeexecution
ispusheddowntothedatabase.
ThisarticlefocusesontheABAPimplementationofCDS. 1Itlooksatthe
conceptsbehindCDS,andthenwalksyouthroughadetailedexamplethat
demonstrateshowCDSinABAPworks,andhowCDSissupportedduringthe
ABAPdevelopmentprocessbySAPsABAPdevelopmenttoolsforEclipse.

WhatIsCDS?
CDSisaninfrastructurelayerfordefiningsemanticallyrichdatamodels,which
arerepresentedasCDSviews.Inaverybasicway,CDSallowsdevelopersto
defineentitytypes(suchasorders,businesspartners,orproducts)andthe
semanticrelationshipsbetweenthem,whichcorrespondtoforeignkey
relationshipsintraditionalentityrelationship(ER)models.CDSisdefinedusing
aSQLbaseddatadefinitionlanguage(DDL)thatisbasedonstandardSQLwith
someadditionalconcepts,suchasassociations,whichdefinetherelationships
betweenCDSviews,andannotations,whichdirectthedomainspecificuseof
CDSartifacts.Anotherexampleisexpressions,whichcanbeusedinscenarios
inwhichcertainCDSattributesareconsideredasmeasurestobeaggregated.
SimilartotheroleoftheDDICinthetraditionalABAPworld,datamodelsbased

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onCDSserveascentraldefinitionsthatcanbeusedinmanydifferentdomains,
suchastransactionalandanalyticalapplications,tointeractwithdatainthe
databaseinaunifiedway(seethesidebar"CDSinSAPSoftware"formoreon
howSAPitselfisusingCDSinitsownapplications).However,CDSdata
modelsgobeyondthecapabilitiesoftheDDIC,whichweretypicallylimitedtoa
transactionalscope(thinkoftraditionalonlinetransactionprocessing
functionality).Forexample,inCDS,youcandefineviewsthataggregateand
analyzedatainalayeredfashion,startingwithbasicviewsandthenadding
powerfulviewsthatcombinethebasicviews.Anotherdifferenceisthesupport
forspecialoperatorssuchasUNION,whichenablesthecombinationofmultiple
selectstatementstoreturnonlyoneresultset.
Originally,CDSwasdesignedfornativeSAPHANAapplicationdevelopment.It
wasintroducedwithsupportpackagestack(SPS)06forSAPHANAaspartof
SAPHANAextendedapplicationservices(XS),anapplicationserverforSAP
HANAthatincludesaruntimeenvironmentfornativedevelopment.WithSAP
NetWeaver7.4SPS05,theCDSconceptwasalsofullyimplementedinSAP
NetWeaverASABAP.Whiledifferenceshaveevolvedbetweenthetwovariants
forexample,SAPHANAbasedCDSobviouslyoperatesonSAPHANA,
whileABAPbasedCDSoperatesonmostmajordatabaseplatformsaswellas
SAPHANA,andeachhasadifferenttypeofrepositoryfordevelopmentobjects
bothvariantspursuethesamegoal:torepresentcentraldatadefinitionsasa
commonbasisforapplicationdevelopmentofallkinds.

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Seemore

CDSinSAPSoftware
ABAPbasedCDSplaysasubstantialroleinthefoundationofSAPBusinessSuite4SAP
HANA(SAPS/4HANA).AlargesetofCDSartifactsseveralthousandCDSviews
consistingofseveralhundredthousandlinesofABAPcode,representtheunderlyingcore
datamodeloftheSAPS/4HANAsolution.ThemainmotivationforSAPS/4HANAwasto
provideasemanticlayerontopofthetraditionalphysicalSAPERPtables,whichoftenact
asphysicaldatacontainersonthedatabaseandhaveaverycomplexinnerstructurethat,
inmostcases,cannotbeevaluatedwithouttraditionalABAPprocessing.Thesemantically
richdatamodelingprovidedbyCDSenablesthislayerinSAPS/4HANA,facilitating
simplified,efficientaccesstotheunderlyingdata.
TheCDSdatamodelusedbySAPS/4HANAcanbeconsideredasuccessortothevirtual
datamodelusedbySAPHANALive,whichusesSAPHANAcalculationviewstoprovide
realtimeoperationalreportingandanalysisofcontentfromSAPBusinessSuiteandother
sources.WhilethecalculationviewsusedbySAPHANALivearesupportedonlyonSAP
HANA,ABAPbasedCDShasbeenengineeredwithcompletetransparencytothe
underlyingdatabase,meaningthatallmajordatabasevendorsaresupportedinadditionto
SAPHANA,whichremainstheoptimaldatabasechoice.
SAPdevelopersarealsousingCDSfornewSAPBusinessSuitedevelopments,especially
innewersoftwarecomponents,althoughitisabitmorechallengingtotakeadvantageofthe
fullbreadthoftheunifyingcharacteristicsofCDSinSAPBusinessSuite,asitsdatamodel
hasevolvedovertime.

EachCDSvariantisproperlyembeddedintotheparticularitiesofthesupported
technologyenvironment.WiththeABAPvariant,theintegrationofCDSartifacts
intotheABAPstackisfairlystraightforward.Theartifactsaremodeledand
editedusingtheDDLeditortoolwithintheEclipsebasedABAPdevelopment
toolsforSAPNetWeaver(knownasABAPinEclipse).CDSartifacts,likeany
otherABAPdevelopmentobject,aresubjecttothetransportsystemwithinSAP
NetWeaverASABAPsothattheycaneasilybetransportedfromadevelopment
systemtoqualityassuranceandproductionsystems.CDSartifactsarestoredin
theDDICandcanbeaccessedinABAPprogramsviaOpenSQLinthesame
mannerasordinaryABAPtablesorviews.

CDSinABAP:AStepbyStepApproach
LetsseeABAPbasedCDSinactioninarealworlddevelopmentscenario.
Here,IllshowyouanexamplethatdemonstrateshowtouseCDSwithSAPs
developmenttoolset.
1.StartABAPinEclipse
First,youneedtostartABAPinEclipse,whichisaplugintoolforABAP
developmentthatyouinstallinyourEclipseworkspace.(Ifyoudonotyethavea
localinstallationofEclipse,simplydownloadthelatestversioncurrentlyMars
toyourdesktop.)SAPsEclipsebasedplugins,includingABAPinEclipse,
areavailablefromitstoolsupdatesite(https://tools.hana.ondemand.com).
TostartABAPinEclipse,opentheEclipseprojectexplorerandswitchtothe
ABAPdevelopmentperspective.Tobegindevelopmentwork,establisha
connectiontotheABAPbackendbycreatinganABAPproject(intheexample,
M36_001_d002831_en).Withthisconnection,youcancreatenewABAP
repositoryartifacts,suchasABAPprograms,classes,and,asinourexample,
CDSartifacts.

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Youcancreatetheserepositoryartifactsaslocalobjectsbelongingtothe$TMP
package,butinthisexampleweuseanexistingpackagecalledZDEV201to
housetheCDSartifact.Simplyrightclickonthepackageicon,andfromthe
contextmenuselectNew>OtherABAPRepositoryObject(seeFigure1).

Figure1Createanewrepositoryobject

2.CreateaNewCDSView
IntheNewABAPRepositoryObjectpopup,searchfortheDDLsourceeditor
andselectittolaunchtheNewDDLSourcewizard(seeFigure2).First,specify
thebasicpropertiesoftheview.Intheexamplewhichisasimplescenario
basedonSAPswellknownEnterpriseProcurementModel(EPM)demomodel
wewanttocountopeninvoicesthathavenotyetbeenpaidbybusiness
partners.Sowespecifythetechnicalname(ZDDLS_E2E_INV_COUNT_201)
andsomeshorttexttodescribetheview(CDSview:openinvoicecount).The
underlyingpackage(ZDEV201)isassignedautomatically.

Figure2Specifythebasicpropertiesoftheview

NotethatoneofthefundamentaldifferencesbetweenCDSinnativeSAP
HANAandCDSinABAPliesintheviewdefinition.InboththeABAPandSAP
HANAscenarios,youbeginyourdevelopmentworkbycreatingviewsontopof
existingdatabasetablesthatarecontainedintheDDIC.WithCDSinnative
SAPHANA,youmustcreatethebasicentitytypesthatcorrespondtotheDDIC

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tablesaspartoftheCDSviewdefinition.WithCDSinABAP,youcansimply
refertoanyunderlyingDDICtable,view,ortypefromwithintheCDSview
definition,avoidingtheneedtoduplicatetheDDICtabledefinitionsonthe
CDSlayer.IntheABAPscenario,theCDSdefinitionsareconsideredDDIC
artifactsandneedtobeactivatedlikeanyotherDDICartifact,andwhen
changesaremade,theirimpactispropagatedtodependentartifacts.
3.AssignaTransportRequest
OnthenextscreenoftheNewDDLSourcewizard,assignatransportrequest
fortheview(seeFigure3).AfterassigningtheviewsDDLsourcetoanexisting
ABAPpackage,eitherselectanopentransportrequestorcreateanewone,
whichyoucanusetokeeptrackofthechangesthatmakeupyourdevelopment
tasks.Thistransportrequestcanbebundledwithtasksfromotherdevelopers
andlatertransportedtoasubsequentsystemfortestandthenproduction.

Figure3Assignatransportrequest

Thereisnoneedtogotothelowerlevelsoftheunderlyingdatabase(suchas
SAPHANA)tomanagethetransportofCDSartifacts.Allchangesand
transportsaremanagedintheABAPlayerendtoend.
4.SelectaTemplatefortheCDSView
ThelastscreenoftheNewDDLSourcewizard(Figure4)offersaselectionof
templatesforcreatingaCDSview,includingadisplayofthedefaultsyntax
providedwitheach.Thereisatemplateforabasicviewtemplatesforbuilding
viewswithmoreadvancedfeatures(suchasjoins,associations,and
parameters)andatemplateforextendingaview(byaddingfields,forinstance).
Fortheexample,wechoosethebasicviewtemplate.

Figure4Selectthebasicviewtemplate

Thetemplatesincludeplaceholdersforcodethatyoufillinstepbystep.Ifyou
laterdiscovertheneedtochangeorextendthenatureofyourCDSview,you
canalwayschangethesourcecodedirectlyintheDDLeditorandfreelyeditall
partsofitasneeded.Thisisparticularlyhelpfulifyouwanttocopyportionsof
thesourcecodefromexamplecode,forinstance.

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5.CompletetheCodingfortheViewDefinition
AfterselectingthetemplateandclickingonFinish,youarereadytofillthe
placeholdersprovidedbythetemplatetocompletethedefinitionofourview
ZDDLS_E2E_INV_COUNT_201(seeFigure5).OpentheDDLeditorwhich
isasourcecodeeditorthatoffersveryrichcontextsensitivecodecompletion
capabilitiesfromtheprojectperspectiveintheEclipseprojectexplorerviathe
contextmenu.

Figure5DefinetheviewintheDDLeditor

First,specifyanABAPrepositorynamefortheviewZV_INVCNT_201inthe
example.Thetextlabelandviewnamearefilledinautomaticallybasedonthe
informationenteredwhenspecifyingthebasicpropertiesoftheview.Then
specifythetargetdatasourcefortheinvoicecount.Theunderlyingbasetableto
beusedasthetargetdatasourceisnamedsepm_sddl_so_invoice_header
(referencedasinv)butwiththecodecompletionfunctionalityincludedwith
CDS,youdonthavetorememberlongnamesliketheseyoucansimplystart
typingaprefix,suchassepm_sddl_so,andallmatchingbasetablesare
displayedinalist,whereyoucanviewthedetailsofeachtable(suchasfields
andtheirtypes)andselectthetableyouwant.
YoucanviewthedetailsofanyofthesyntacticalelementsthatmakeupaCDS
viewdefinitionontheflybypressingtheF2key.Thetooltippopupshowsallthe
attributes,thecorrespondingdataelementsandtypes,andtheassociations
(relationships)betweentheelementandothertablesorviews,includingtheir
cardinality.Forinstance,intheexample,thetooltippopupshowsthatthe
invoiceheadertablecontainsanumberofassociations,includinganassociation
withabuyertable.Withthetooltipfunctionality,thereisnoneedtonavigate
deeplyinsidetheDDICalloftherelevantinformationisvisibleinoneplace.
6.AddAnyAssociations
Fortheviewtocountthenumberofopeninvoices,itneedstocollect
informationaboutthebuyer,suchasthecustomerIDandname.Toenablethis,
navigatealongtheassociationbetweentheviewsunderlyinginvoiceheader
tableandthebuyertable,whichissyntacticallyfacilitatedbyapathexpression
separatedbydots.Toaddtheassociationtotheviewdefinition,youtypea
referencetotheinvoiceheadertable(inv)followedbyadot(seeFigure6).A
listofavailableattributes,includingassociations,appearsonceyouhavetyped
thedot.

Figure6Addanassociationtoatabletocollectinformation

Selectbuyertoaddtheassociationtosepm_sddl_businesspartner,whichisa
viewthatencapsulatesthebuyertable,totheviewdefinition,andthenadd
anotherdottodisplaythecolumnsavailableinthebuyerview(seeFigure7).

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Addthecolumnsyouneedtocounttheopeninvoices:business_partner_id,
company_name,andaddress_key.Figure8showsthecompletedcode.

Figure7Definetheassociation

Figure8Thecompletedviewdefinition

7.ExecutetheCodeandViewtheResults
WithCDS,youcanactivateandtestyourcoderightawaybypressingtheF8
key,whichimmediatelypreviewstheresultsinthedatabrowser(seeFigure9).

Figure9Theresultsetpreviewedinthedatabrowser

AdditionalOptionsforRefiningCDSViews
LetslookatafewdifferentwaysyoucanfinetuneaCDSviewtogettheresult
setthatbestmeetsyourneeds.
UsingAggregationandGrouping
Intheexamplescenario,theresultsetincludesallbusinesspartners,notjustthe
onesthathavenotyetpaidtheirinvoices.Wecanrefinetheresultsbymanually
addingacounterinthesourcecode(seeFigure10).

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Figure10Addacountertotheviewtorefinetheresultset

Thecountfunctionrequiresagroupbyclause,however,whichismissingfrom
oursourcecode.UsingthequickfixcapabilitiesofEclipse,wecanaddthe
missinggroupbyclausewithasingleclick.Clickonthehighlightedselect
statementandchooseAddGroupbyClause,whichautomaticallyinsertsthe
groupbyclausecontainingtheelementsyoudefinedforthecount(seeFigure
11).Torestricttheresultset,wemanuallyaddasimplewhereclausethat
returnsresultswithapaymentstatusotherthanPforpaid(seeFigure12).

Figure11Addagroupbyclausetothecounter

Figure12Addasimplewhereclausetorestricttheresults

NowyoucanreruntheCDSviewbypressingtheF8key,whichrevealsthatthe
resultsetoftheviewisstillrawitcontainsaddresskeys,whichareGUIDs
pointingtoaddressrecords,whentheactualcityandstreetnameswouldbe
moreuseful(seeFigure13).

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Figure13Theresultsetreturnedbythemodifiedviewdefinition

UsingViewHierarchiesandAssociations
Toshowthecityandstreetnamesintheresultset,insteadoftheGUIDs
pointingtoaddressrecords,defineasecondCDSviewthatdeclaresan
associationtotheaddressesofthebusinesspartners.
First,createanotherviewcalledZddls_E2e_Cust_Classify_201intheZDEV201
package,asdescribedpreviously(seeFigure14).Specifythebasicpropertiesof
theviewintheNewDDLSourcewizard,suchasthetechnicalname
(ZDDLS_E2E_CUST_CLASSIFY_201)andsomeshorttexttodescribetheview
(CDSview:customerclassification).

Figure14Createasecondviewtotailortheresultsetdisplay

Onthetransportrequestscreen(Figure15),assignthenewlycreatedviewto
theopendevelopmentrequest,andontheviewtemplatescreen(Figure16),
chooseDefineViewwithAssociation.Thesyntaxforthisisslightlymore
complicatedtheassociationcontainsanoncondition,whichissimilartoa
joinoperation.

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Figure15Assignatransportrequestforthesecondview

Figure16Selecttheviewwithanassociationtemplate

Afterselectingthetemplate,opentheDDLeditortocompletetheview
definition.Aswiththefirstview,specifyanABAPrepositorynameforthe
correspondingABAPview(ZV_CUSTCLSFY_201intheexample).Again,the
textlabelandviewnamearefilledinautomatically.Thenspecifyadatasource
fortheview,whichisthefirstviewcreatedinthisexample
(Zddls_E2e_Inv_Count_201),alongwithatargetdatasourcefortheassociation
createdbythetemplate.Asbefore,pickadatasourcewiththeaidofthecode
completionfunctionalitybytypingtheprefixsepm_sddlandselecting
sepm_sddl_address(referencedas_address)fromthematchingitems(see
Figure17).

Figure17DefinetheviewanditsassociationintheDDLeditor

Next,fillouttheonconditiondefiningthesourceandtargetcolumnsthatare
connectedbytheassociation.Forthesource,specifythefirstview
Zddls_E2e_Inv_Count_201andselectaddress_keyfromthedisplayedlistof
availablecolumns(seeFigure18).Forthetarget,specifythetargetdatasource

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(referencedas_address)fortheassociationandselectthecorresponding
address_keyfromthedisplayedlistofavailablecolumns(seeFigure19).

Figure18Definethesourcefortheassociation

Figure19Definethetargetfortheassociation

UsingViewFieldsandExpressions
Thenextstepistodefinetheviewfields.Thesystemtellsyouthatthe
address_keycolumnneedstobepartoftheviewssignature(becauseitisthe
linkbetweenthetwoviews),soquicklyadditbytypingtheprefixadandusing
thecodecompletionfunctionality(seeFigure20).Likewise,addcustomerID
andcustomername.Figure21showsthecompleteddefinitionoftheviewfields
fortheassociation.

Figure20Definetheviewfieldsfortheassociation

Figure21Thecompleteddefinitionoftheviewfieldsfortheassociation

Finally,todemonstratetheversatilityofCDS,letsaddacalculatedfieldthatis
basedonconditionsthatneedtobemet.Todefinethisfield,manuallyadda
caseexpression(seeFigure22).Thecompletedcaseexpressionforthe
example(Figure23)deliversacategoryfieldthatassignsacertainvalue
dependingonthenumberofopeninvoices:Cforlessthan5,000Dfor
between5,000and10,000andSformorethan10,000.

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Figure22Addacaseexpressiontoenableacalculatedfield

Figure23Thecompletedcaseexpression

Lastly,addviewfieldsthatcontainaddressinformationbyspecifyingthetarget
datasource_address(seeFigure24)andthenselectingcountry,street,
city,andpostalcodefromthelistofavailablecolumns(seeFigure25).

Figure24Specifythedatasourcefortheviewfields

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Figure25Specifytheviewfieldstodisplayintheresultset

Figure26showsthecompletedcode.

Figure26Therefinedviewdefinition

ViewingtheRefinedResults
Activateandruntheview,whichdisplaystheresultsshowninFigure27.Asyou
cansee,alloftherefinementsarereflectedinthedatabrowser.

Figure27Theresultsetreturnedbytherefinedviewdefinition

TheassociationdetailsdefinedintheDDLeditorarealsointegratedintothe
databrowser.AsintheDDLeditor,youcannavigatealongthevarious
associations,meaningthatyoucanselectarowandviewalistofassociations,
suchasaddress(seeFigure28).Selectinganassociationwilldisplaythe
resultingrecordthatisreferredtobytheassociation(seeFigure29),whichcan
beusedfortestingandanalysis.

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Figure28Navigatingalonganassociationinthedatabrowser

Figure29Displayingtherecordreferredtobytheassociationinthedatabrowser

Figure30showsourcompletedCDSartifactsintheEclipseprojectexplorer.

Figure30ThecompletedCDSartifactsintheEclipseprojectexplorer

Summary
SAPNetWeaver7.4bringstheCDSconceptintroducedfornativeSAPHANA
developmenttotheABAPdevelopmentworld.PowerfulCDSfunctionssuchas
associationsandannotationsarefullyintegratedintoABAPinEclipse,and

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EnhancedABAPDevelomentwithCoreDataServices(CDS)
assistdevelopersateachstepofthedefinitionprocess.AndsinceCDSis
executedatruntimedirectlyonthedatabaselayer,itfacilitatesthecode
pushdownparadigmpioneeredbySAPHANArightfromthebeginning.With
thesefeaturesonhandalongwiththeCDSenhancementsincludedinthe
upcoming7.5releaseofSAPNetWeaver2developerswillhavethetoolsthey
needtosucceedinamodernbusinesslandscape.

1LearnmoreabouttheSAPHANAimplementationofCDSathttp://bit.ly/1jDYMss.[back]
2LearnmoreaboutCDSenhancementsinSAPNetWeaver7.5inmyarticleAFoundationfortheFuturein
theJulySeptember2015issueofSAPinsider(SAPinsiderOnline.com).[back]

KarlKessler
KarlKessler(karl.kessler@sap.com)joinedSAPSEin1992.
HeistheProductManageroftheSAPNetWeaver
foundationwhichincludesSAPNetWeaverApplication
Server,theABAPWorkbench,andtheEclipsebasedABAP
developmenttoolsforSAPNetWeaverandisresponsible
forallrolloutactivities.

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