Carnot Cycle

Engine Terms
Top dead center
Bottom dead center
Bore
Stroke

Clearance volume
Displacement volume
Compression ratio

Mean

Effective

Pressure

(MEP):
It is a fictitious pressure that, if
it acted on the piston during
the entire power stroke, would
produce the same amount of
net work as that produced
during

the

actual

cycle

(Figure).

Reciprocating engines
Spark-Ignition (SI) Engines: the combustion of the
airfuel mixture is initiated by a spark plug. (Otto
cycle)
Compression-Ignition (CI) Engines the airfuel
mixture is self-ignited as a result of compressing the
mixture above its self-ignition temperature. (Diesel
cycles)

Otto Cycle

For Otto Cycle:

Example 1:
An ideal Otto cycle has a compression ratio of
8. At the beginning of the compression process,
air is at 100 kPa and 17C, and 800 kJ/kg of
heat is transferred to air during the constantvolume heat-addition process. Accounting for
the variation of specific heats of air with
temperature, determine
(a) the maximum temperature and pressure that
occur during the cycle,
(b) the net work output,
(c) the thermal efficiency,
(d ) the mean effective pressure for the cycle.

Diesel Cycle

In diesel engines, the spark plug is replaced by a

fuel injector, and only air is compressed during
the compression process.

Example 2:
An ideal Diesel cycle with air as the working
fluid has a compression ratio of 18 and a cutoff
ratio of 2. At the beginning of the compression
process, the working fluid is at 100 kPa, 27 C,
and 0.002 m3. Utilizing the cold-air-standard
assumptions, determine
(a) the temperature and pressure of air at the end
of each process
(b) the net work output and the thermal
efficiency,
(c) the mean effective pressure.

Example 3:
An air-standard cycle is executed in a closed system and
is composed of the following four processes:
1-2 Isentropic compression from 100 kPa and 27C
to 1 MPa
2-3 P = constant heat addition in amount of 2800
kJ/kg
3-4 v = constant heat rejection to 100 kPa
4-1 P = constant heat rejection to initial state
(a) Show the cycle on P-v and T-s diagrams.
(b) Calculate the maximum temperature in the cycle.
(c) Determine the thermal efficiency.
Assume constant specific heats at room temperature.

Example 4:
A four-cylinder, four-stroke, 2.2 L gasoline engine
operates on the Otto cycle with a compression ratio of 10.
The air is at 100 kPa and 60C at the beginning of the
compression process, and the maximum pressure in the
cycle is 8 MPa. The compression and expansion processes
may be modeled as polytropic with a polytropic constant
of 1.3. Using constant specific heats, determine
(a) the temperature at the end of the expansion process,
(b) the net work output and the thermal efficiency,
(c) the mean effective pressure,
(d ) the total mass contained in the cylinder
(e) The airfuel ratio, defined as the amount of air divided
by the amount of fuel intake. What is the total mass of
fuel and air if air-fuel ratio is 16?
Consider, cp = 1.110 kJ/kgK, cv = 0.823 kJ/kgK,
R = 0.287 kJ/kgK,

Example 5:
An oil engine working in the Dual cycle, the heat
liberated at constant pressure being twice that liberated at
constant volume. The compression ratio of the engine is 8
and the expansion ratio is 5.3. But the compression and
expansion process follow the law pv1.3 = C. The pressure
and temperature at the beginning of compression are 1 bar
and 27 0c respectively. Assume cv = 0.717 kJ/kg.K and cp
= 1.004 kJ/kg.K for air. Find the air-standard efficiency
and mean effective pressure.