3/6/2013

Elements of a Computer System

Hardware
Teknik Informatika Pertanian

CPU
The
Th "b
"brain"
i " of
theb d
fKeyboard
Kth
computer
Disk drive
Scanner
Mouse

Computer Software
Screen
Main Memory
Printer
Data and
Plotter
instructions stored
to, fetched from

Hard drive
Zip-Disk
Mainly based on:
James A. O'Brien, and George Marakas. Management Information Systems with MISource
2007, 8th ed. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 2007. ISBN: 13 9780073323091

CD-Rom
Tape Backup

What is software?

Components in a Typical Software Product

z

Software is a
product consists of
computer programs
and data files that
work together to
provide a computer
with the instructions
and data necessary
for carrying out a
specific type of task

Software includes
A computer program is a set of detailed,
instructions that tells a computer how to solve a
problem
bl
or carry outt a ttaskk
Executable files have an .exe file extension, and
can be double-clicked to start the program (run
by users)
Support modules are extra programs that are
not run by users, but help the main program to
run (file extension such as .dll
dll and .ocx)
ocx)
Data files contain data that is necessary for the
program to run, but not supplied by the user
z
z

For example, text of Help file or license agreement,

word lists for a dictionary, graphics
File extensions .txt, .bmp, and .hlp

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Categories of Software

Who Creates Computer Software?

Computer programmers write the

p
p
programs
g
instructions for the computer

Software publishers distribute the software,

they specialize in packaging, marketing, and
selling commercial software

Users who write macros and customize

software

Categories of Application Software

Categories of Application Software

z

General
Purpose

Programs that perform common information

processing jobs for end users;
Examples: word processing, spreadsheet
Also call productivity packages

Custom

Application Software
Commercial
Off-the-Shelf
(COTS)

Open-Source

General Purpose

Custom Software
Software applications developed within an
organization for use by that organization

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Categories of Application Software

z

GP : Software Suites, Integrated Packages

Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS)

Most widely used productivity packages

are bundled as software suites

Many copies sold

Minimal changes beyond scheduled upgrades
Purchasers have no control over specifications,
specifications schedule
schedule, or
evolution, and no access to source code or internal
documentation
Product vendor retains the intellectual property rights of the
software
z

Open-source Software
Developers
p
collaborate on the development
p
of an application
pp
using programming standards which allow anyone to contribute to
the software
As each developer completes a project, the application code
becomes available and free to anyone who wants it

Advantages

Disadvantages

1. Cost less than buying

individual packages

1. All features not used

2. All have similar GUI

2. Takes a lot of disk

space
p
((bloatware))

3. Programs work well

together

Components of Top Software Suites

GP : Word Processing/Desktop Publishing

z

Word Processing
Create, edit, revise, and print documents
E.g., Microsoft Word, Lotus WordPro, Corel
WordPerfect

Desktop Publishing
Produce printed materials that look
professionally published
E.g., Adobe PageMaker, Microsoft Publisher,
QuarkXPress

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GP : Electronic Spreadsheets

Used by virtually every business for

analysis, planning, modeling

GP : Presentation Graphics

Convert numeric
data into graphics

Worksheet of rows and columns

Common
presentation
graphics
packages

Can be stored on local computers or a network

Requires designing format and developing
the relationships (formulas)
Most help you develop charts and graph
displays of spreadsheet results

Microsoft PowerPoint,
PowerPoint
Lotus Freelance,
Corel Presentations

Are used to create

multimedia
presentations of
graphics, photos,
animation, video

Top
pp
packages
g can
tailor files for
transfer in HTML
format to websites

Supports what-if questions

GP : Graphics Software
z

GP : Personal Information Managers

Software used to create

graphics
Software for end user productivity and collaboration

Examples:
z

Adobe Photoshop

Adobe Illustrator

Quark XPress

Adobe PageMaker

CorelDraw

Stores information about clients

Manages schedules, appointments, tasks
Most have ability to access the Web and e-mail
Some support team collaboration by sharing
information with other PIM users
e.g., Lotus Organizer, Microsoft Outlook

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GP : Web Browsers

GP : Search Engines

Software that supports navigation through

point and click, hyper
point-and-click,
hyper-linked
linked Web resources

Browsers are used to gain access

to Internet search engines

Becoming the universal platform

from which end users launch

Google, Ask Jeeves, Look Smart, Lycos,

Overture, Yahoo!

Information searches
E-mail

Using search engines to find information has

become an indispensable part of Internet
Internet,
intranet, and extranet applications

Multimedia file transfer

Discussion groups
Other Internet-based applications

GP : E-mail, Instant Messaging, Weblogs

z

E-mail
Sending and receiving messages and
attachments via the Internet
Internet, intranet
intranet, or
extranet

Instant messaging (IM)

Receive electronic messages instantly

Weblog
g or blog
g
A personal website in dated log format
Updated with new information about a subject
or range of subjects

GP : Groupware
z

Software that helps workgroups collaborate

on group assignments
E-mail,
E
il di
discussion
i groups, d
databases,
t b
audio,
di
and video conferencing
E.g., Lotus Notes, Novell GroupWise,
Microsoft Exchange
Windows SharePoint Services and
W bS h
WebSphere
b
both
th allow
ll
tteams tto create
t
websites for information sharing and
document collaboration

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GP : Integrated Packages
Integrated packages combine the functions
of several programs into one package

Custom : Business Application Software

Function-Specific Application Software

E g Microsoft Works
E.g.,
Works, AppleWork
Advantages
1. Many functions for
lower price

Disadvantages
1. Limited functionality

2 U
2.
Uses lless di
disk
k space
3. Frequently preinstalled on PCs

Thousands of these packages support

specific end-user applications
Customer Relationship Management
Enterprise Resource Planning
Supply Chain Management
Web-enabled electronic commerce

Software Alternatives
z

Outsource software development and

maintenance

Application service providers (ASPs)

Companies that own, operate, and maintain
application software and computer system
resources
Use the application
pp
for a fee over the Internet
Pay-as-you-go
Use expected to accelerate

Software Licensing

COTS and ASP software is licensed, which involves

Intellectual property rights
Copyright and trademark
Trade secrets
Traditional contract law, including
Uniform Commercial Code (UCC)
You dont buy software
You buy a license to use the software
Licensed to protect vendors property rights

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Categories of System Software

Operating Systems
Integrated system of programs that

System
Managementt
M
Programs

System
Development
Programs

Manages hardware, software, network,

and data resources of computer systems
Operating systems, network
management programs, database
management systems, system utilities

Manages the
operations of
the CPU

Helps users develop programs and

procedures, and then prepare them
for processing
Includes language translators and
editors, CASE, and programming tools

Controls the
input/out,
storage
resources, and
activities of the
computer
y
system

Provides
support
services as the
computer
executes
application
programs
p
g

Interface between user and the computer

The operating system must be loaded and activated

before other tasks can be accomplished

Resource Management

Operating System Basic Functions

z
Command-driven
Menu-driven
p
User
Graphical
Interfaces (GUI)

Part of the operating system that manages

the hardware and networking resources of a
p
system
y
computer
Includes CPU, memory, secondary storage
devices, telecommunications, and
input/output peripherals

Common functions
Keeping track of where data and programs
are stored
Subdividing memory; providing virtual
memory capability

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Task Management

File Management
z

Part of the operating system that controls the

creation, deletion, and access of files and
programs

Part of the operating system that manages

the accomplishment of end user computing
tasks

Keeps track of physical location on storage

devices

Controls which task gets access to the CPU,

and for how long

Maintains directories of information about the

location and characteristics of stored files

Can interrupt the CPU at any time to

substitute a higher priority task
Supports preemptive and cooperative multitasking and multi-processing

Popular Operating Systems

z

Windows

Popular Operating Systems

z

GUI, multitasking, networking, multimedia

Microsofts
Microsoft
s operating system
NT, XP, 2003
Different versions manage servers
z

Low-cost, powerful, reliable, Unix-like

operating
ti system
t
Open-source

Standard, enterprise, data center, Web

z
z

Linux

Unix
Multitasking, multi-user, network-managing
Portable - can run on mainframes,
midrange,
and PCs

MAC OS X
Apple operating system for the iMac
GUI
Multitasking
Multimedia

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Interface Between End Users & Computer

User Interface
z

The part of the operating system that allows

you to communicate with it

Determines how user friendly the computer is

Three main types

Command-driven
Menu-driven
Graphical user interfaces (GUI)

Command Line

Graphical User interfaces

Early computers used only this

Came about with menus

Have to memorize codes

Graphical user interface (GUI)

Not very user friendly

Came about with Apples development of

Macintosh Finder

Not colorful usually written in black and

white

Pictures (icons) represent software

No pictures

Colorful

Contributed to the explosion of computer use.

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Application Servers

Other System Software

z

Utilities
Miscellaneous housekeeping functions
Example:
E ample Norton utilities
tilities incl
includes
des data back
backup,
p
virus protection, data compression, etc.

z
z

Provide an interface between an operating

system a
syste
and
d tthe
e app
application
cat o p
programs
og a s o
of use
users
s

Middleware
Helps diverse software applications exchange
data and work together more efficiently

Programming Languages

Performance Monitors
Programs that monitor and adjust computer
system to keep them running efficiently

Security Monitors
Monitor and control use of computer systems
to prevent unauthorized use of resources

Machine Languages

First Generation Languages

The most basic of programming languages

Strings of binary codes unique to each computer
Requires specific knowledge of the
internal operations of the CPU being used
Must specify the storage location for every
instruction and item of data used
Difficult to work with, and error prone

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Assembler Languages

High-Level Languages

Second Generation Languages

Third Generation Languages

Developed to reduce difficulties

in writing machine language programs

Uses brief statements or arithmetic expressions

Uses assemblers to convert the programs

into machine instructions

Statements translated into machine language

by compilers or interpreters

Symbols used to represent operation codes

and storage locations

Less efficient than assembler language and

requires
i
greater
t translation
t
l ti titime

Alphabetic abbreviations, call mnemonics, and

other symbols represent operation codes,
storage locations, and data elements

Machine dependent
Examples: BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN, C, PASCAL

Fourth-Generation Languages

Object-Oriented Languages

Fourth-Generation Languages
Variety of programming languages that are
nonprocedural and conversational
Programmers specify the result wanted;
the computer determines the sequence of
instructions that accomplish the result

Most widely used software

development languages
Easier to use and more efficient for graphicsoriented user interfaces
Reusable: can use an object from one
application in another application

Simplifies the programming process

Examples: Visual Basic, C++, Java

Natural language; very close to English

Sometimes called fifth-generation (5GLs)

Most object-oriented languages provide a GUI

that supports visual programming

11

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Web Languages

Programming Tools
z

HTML

A page description language that creates

hypertext documents for the Web

XML

Describes Web page content by

applying identifying tags or contextual
labels to the data

Java

Object-oriented programming language that

is simple, secure, and platform independent
Java applets can be executed
on any computer

Language Translators
z

Converts code written in programming

language to a language the computer can
understand

Translator helps computer process data

I dont
understand!
I need a
translator.
translator

Help programmers identify and minimize

errors while they are programming
Graphical programming interfaces
Programming editors
Debuggers

CASE (Computer-Aided Software Engineering) Tools

A combination of many programming tools into
a single application with a common interface
Used in different stages of the systems
development process

Language Translator Programs

Translate instructions written in programming
languages into machine language

Assembler

Compiler

Interpreter

Translates
assembler
language
g g
statement

Translates highlevel language

statements

A compiler that
translates and
executes each
statement in
a program,
one at a time

12

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Programming Language Translation

IF A := B
THEN

Compiler
Interpreter
Assembler
Language
Translator
Program

Open Source Software

When programmers can read, redistribute, and

modify
dif source code,
d the
th software
ft
evolves
l

1001101
1110101
0010110

This can happen at astonishing speed

Produces better software than the traditional
commercial (closed) model

Source
Program
Written in
BASIC
BASIC,
COBOL,
etc.

Language
Translation
Process

The p
proprietary
p
y approach
pp
to software
development has hidden costs that often
outweigh its benefits

Machine
Language
Object
Program

Open Source Software

z

Open source software is not

Shareware
Public
P blic domain soft
software
are
Freeware
A viewer or reader made freely available
without source code

The basic idea

OSS
Is copyrighted & distributed with license terms
Sometimes carries a fee for packaging,
distribution, or support

Open-Source Licensing Characteristics

z

The License
The program must include the source code and allow
di ib i iin source code
distribution
d as wellll as compiled
il d fform
Shall not restrict any party from selling or giving away
the software as a component of an aggregate software
distribution containing programs from several sources
Must allow modifications and derived works, and must
allow them to be distributed under the same terms as
the license of the original software

13

3/6/2013

Open-Source Licensing Characteristics

z

The License (continued)

Open-Source Licensing Characteristics

z

The License (continued)

May restrict source code from being distributed in

modified form only if the license allows the distribution
of patch files with the source code for the purpose of
modifying the program at build time

The rights attached to the program must

appl to all to whom
apply
hom the program is
redistributed, without the need for execution
of an additional license

Must not discriminate against any person or any

group of persons

Must not be specific to a product

Must not restrict anyone from making use of the

program in a specific field of endeavor

Must not contaminate other software by

placing restrictions on any software
distributed along with the licensed software

Examples of Open Source Software

z

Open Office
Can be used for any purpose: domestic, commercial,
educational, or public administration

Mac OS X
Based on a form of UNIX
Advanced GUI
Supports multi-tasking and multimedia
IIntegrated
t
t d Web
W b browser,
b
e-mail,
il iinstant
t t messaging,
i
search engine, digital media player, and more
Includes software development tools

14