ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

ASSESSMENT
PROJECT REPORT
FOR THE PROPOSED MATERNITY BUILDING
AT
OLLA HEALTH CENTRE

Chief Officer, Health Services

Mandera County Government

Prepared for Approval By

National Environment Management Authority
Mandera County.

Proponent:
Chief Officer, Health Services
Mandera County Government

EIA/EA Lead Expert:

Linet Bosire,
P.O Box 1734 Kisii

June 20, 2016

CERTIFICATION
I,

Achuti Mochama, certify that the information provided in this Environmental Impact
Assessment report for the proposed maternity project at Olla health centre within
Mandera County, is to the best of my knowledge true and correct.

Sign:..Date:.
Linet Bosire NEMA Licence no: NEMA/EIA/EL/4523

REPORT SUBMISSION
I, on behalf of the proponent
submit this Environmental Impact Assessment report for the proposed maternity project
at Olla health centre within Mandera County
To the best of my knowledge all information contained in this report is accurate and a
truthful representation of all findings as relating to the project.
Sign:..Date:.
Designation

Disclaimer
This Environmental Impact Assessment report has been prepared in accordance with the ElA
regulations (Kenya Gazette Notice No. 56 of 13 June 2003), Environmental Management and
Coordination Act, 1999 and the National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA)
Kenya. The views represented in this report do not necessarily reflect the views of the
proponent.

ii

Executive Summary
The project is located at Olla within Mandera County. The total project will cost Ksh
21,866,037

This Environmental Impact Assessment document is aimed at providing a description of

existing environmental situation in the project areas, identification of the relevant legal and
administrative framework, revealing the potential beneficial and adverse impacts associated
with project implementation and defining the measures that are appropriate to enhance the
potential beneficial impacts and to prevent mitigate or minimize potential adverse impacts.
The EIA process requires identification and assessment of all potential significant
environmental effects arising from the proposed project. The methodology used in identifying
the likely significant environmental effects of the proposed project included desk review of
the existing available materials (design documents and available literature to collect the
environmental baseline data) as well as field works conducted on proposed site (site-specific
surveys conducted during design development) and public consultation.
The legislations cited and reviewed in for this project include: EMCA (Water Quality)
Regulations 2006, EMCA (Waste Management) Regulations 2006, Wildlife (Conservation
and management) Act, Public Health Act (Cap 242), Water Act 2002, Agriculture Act
(Chapter 318), Forest Act, 2005, Labour Laws of Kenya, Physical Planning Act, 1999, Penal
Code (Cap. 63), Public Procurement and Disposal Act 2005, Building Code 2000 and Land
Planning Act (Cap. 303) among others.
The baseline conditions of the project affected area were studied based on the results of the
investigations conducted by design consultant as well as through studying available materials
and literature.
Public participations
This report contains the findings of the environmental impact survey carried out through the
methodologies described in the report, notably from interviews, households, public
participation and some representatives from the project area. The project stakeholders got an
opportunity to express their views through the meetings and household surveys.
No Action alternative is considered from the perspective of not developing the Project.
The No Action alternative for the hospital construction would lead to insufficient provision
of health care services on the basis of family medicine, further deterioration of hospital
networks in the regions, as well as reduction of access to quality health care services provided
to the population, in particular the most vulnerable groups.
The project is not expected to have significant or irreversible negative environmental impacts
neither at the construction, nor at operation phases.
Impacts of the construction phase will be typical for all medium scale construction activities,
short-term and limited to the project sites which are State owned land plots with user rights
already granted to the medical institutions currently operating in these plots. Impacts of the
operation phase will be typical for operating medical institutions. There are no specially
protected areas or threatened or endangered endemic species in the project area.
The likely adverse environmental impacts during the construction phase will include the
following: degradation of soil, landscape and soil erosion due to improper disposal of
iii

excavated materials and construction waste; spillage of oil and other substances during the
construction; pollution of water resources and soil by construction run-offs; use of temporary
construction sites (access roads, camps, machinery sites, storage facilities, etc); use of borrow
pits; extraction of aggregate material, such as gravel, sand, rock; temporary air pollution
related to increased truck traffic during the construction, release of dust from digging-loading
works and heavy machinery operation; noise and vibration disturbances; safety hazards
during implementation of construction works.
The likely adverse environmental impacts during the operation phase include: emissions to
atmosphere associated with operation of heating system and subsequent emission of
pollutants originated during burning of fuel; impacts on water and soil as a result of improper
maintenance of water supply and wastewater system, drainage system, vehicles and
equipment, boiler house and electrical sub-station, safety hazards associated with improper
operation or absence of fire-fighting system; waste disposal issues associated with improper
categorization and utilization/disposal of domestic and medical waste generated in the
hospital.
Among the long-term social impacts the followings shall be mentioned: provision of reliable,
timely and high-quality primary health care services on the basis of family medicine;
provision of a wide range of healthcare services in one medical center; improved access to
quality health care services provided to the population, in particular the most vulnerable
groups; reduction of hospital operation and maintenance costs; creation of new employment
opportunities; overall improvement of the socio-economic situation and population welfare.
The likely adverse impacts mentioned above can be prevented, minimized and additional
loads on natural resources can be minimized by timely and due implementation of mitigation
measures provided in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP). These measures
specifically developed for the construction phase of the project include: use existing quarries,
borrow sites, waste disposal sites and avoid opening of new ones, obtain all required
agreements and permits in case of opening a new quarry as well as for waste disposal; use the
existing access roads avoiding construction of new ones; carefully delineate all access roads,
work sites, construction materials storage, waste temporary accumulation sites and monitor
these sites closely so that they do not expand unduly during construction; scrap the top layer
of soil in the areas designated for establishment of construction camps/storage sites and store
it in piles for further restoration of site; compact the top surface of access roads and work
sites to facilitate water runoff and avoid flooding the area; conduct dust-depressing measures
aimed at prevention of air pollution; use closed/covered trucks for transportation of loose
construction materials; regular check of proper technical conditions of machinery and
equipment; disposal of excavated materials and construction waste in agreed disposal sites;
ban disposal of waste into waterways, their beds, wetlands, flood plains, or in immediate
proximity to them. Where possible; restoration to quasi-original conditions of landscape after
completion of construction works; use of appropriate safety uniform by personnel involved in
construction works.
Mitigation measures proposed for the operation phase include: proper maintenance of water
supply and wastewater system; regular check of proper technical conditions of vehicles and
equipment; proper maintenance of boiler house; ensure presence and working condition of
fire-fighting equipment, proper disposal of domestic and medical waste. Proper and timely
implementation of the proposed mitigation measures regularly monitored according to the
Monitoring Plan.

iv

Overall, the positive socio-economic and environmental impacts of the construction of a new
health centre will greatly overweight the potential environmental risks, since it will allow to
expand primary health care services on the basis of family medicine, to upgrade hospital
networks in the regions, to improve access to quality health care services provided to the
population, in particular the most vulnerable groups.
The EIA Study Project Report concludes that the construction of the Project should be
undertaken and makes the following key recommendations:
The development is undertaken since the project is environmentally friendly with its
surroundings
The identified impacts, mitigating measures and environmental monitoring &
management plans should be implemented as part of project monitoring and
evaluation activities.
During the implementation of the project, positive impacts such as labour sourcing
from the local community where possible should be enforced to improve economic
gains for the population.
All project staff members should be trained on the effective application of
technology to reduce negative environmental impacts.
It is recommended that the project be issued with EIA certificate by NEMA

Table of Contents
Executive Summary....................................................................................... iii
List of tables ................................................................................................ viii
1.

INTRODUCTION ...................................................................... 1

1.1 Background........................................................................................... 1
1.2 Screening .............................................................................................. 1
1.3 Scoping ................................................................................................. 1
2.
STUDY METHODOLOGY ........................................................................ 2
2.1 Technical Approach .............................................................................. 2
Information Collecting Methodologies ............................................................. 2
Information Evaluating Methodologies ............................................................ 2
2.2 Technical Methodology ........................................................................ 3
Methodology for collecting information ........................................................... 3
Methodology for presenting Information ......................................................... 3
3.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION ......................................................... 4
4.

LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK .......... 7

4.1 Environmental Management & Coordination Act (EMCA) .................. 7

4.2 Water Act 2002 .................................................................................... 7
4.3 The Trust Land Act and the Physical Planning Act ............................... 8
4.4 Way Leaves Act (CAP. 292)................................................................... 8
4.5 The Public Health Act (CAP. 242) ......................................................... 8
4.6 The Land Acquisition Act (CAP. 295) .................................................... 8
4.7 Occupational Health and Safety Act .................................................... 9
4.8 Environmental Regulations .................................................................. 9
The EIA/EA Regulations ..................................................................................... 9
EMCA Noise and Excessive Vibration Pollution Control ................................. 10
EMCA Wetlands, River Banks, Lake & Sea Shore Management ..................... 10
EMCA Waste Management ............................................................................. 10
EMCA Water Quality ....................................................................................... 10
Environmental Quality Standards and Guidelines .......................................... 10
4.9 International/ Trans-boundary Regulations....................................... 10
4.10 Forest Act 2005. ................................................................................. 11
4.11 Agriculture Act (cap 318).................................................................... 11
4.12 Wildlife (Conservation and Management) Act (cap 376) .................. 11
4.13 Occupational Safety and Health Act No. 15 of 2007 .......................... 11
4.14 World health organization drinking water quality standards ............ 11
4.15 Food, Drugs and Chemical Substances Act (CAP 254) ....................... 11
4.16 Local Authority Act (Cap. 265), .......................................................... 12
4.17 Penal Code (Cap. 63): ......................................................................... 12
4.18 The Public Roads and Roads of Access Act (Cap 22 Laws of Kenya) .. 12
4.19 The Traffic Act Chapter 295 Laws of Kenya........................................ 12
4.20 The Radiation Protection Act (Cap 243 Laws of Kenya) ..................... 12
4.21 Work Injury and Benefits Act, 2007 ................................................... 13
vi

4.22
4.23
4.24
4.25
4.26
4.27
4.28
4.29
5.
6.
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
7.

The Lakes and Rivers Act Chapter 409 Laws of Kenya ....................... 13
The Standards Act Cap 496 ................................................................ 13
Building Code 1968 ............................................................................ 13
Energy Act of 2006 ............................................................................. 13
Petroleum Act, Cap. 116 .................................................................... 13
Antiquities and Monuments Act, 1983 (Cap 215) .............................. 14
The Registration of Titles Act Cap 281 ............................................... 14
The Land Titles Act Cap 282 ............................................................... 15
BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY........................... 16
PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION............ 23
Methodology ...................................................................................... 23
EIA study presentation ....................................................................... 23
Water Demand and Quality effects ................................................... 23
Gaseous Emissions ............................................................................. 23
Accidents during operation ................................................................ 23
PROJECT ALTERNATIVES ................................................... 24

7.1 Relocation option ............................................................................... 24

7.2 No Project Alternative ........................................................................ 24
7.3 The Proposed Development Alternative............................................ 25
7.4 Waste water management alternatives ............................................ 25
Solid waste management alternatives ............................................................ 25
8.
IMPACT IDENTIFICATION AND MITIGATION ................ 26
8.1 Expected Short Term Environmental and Social Impacts ................... 26
8.2 Expected Long Term Social and Environmental Impacts ................... 29
8.3 Mitigation Measures .......................................................................... 30
Detailed description of general construction related Impacts ..................... 32
Soil-related Impacts......................................................................................... 33
Quarries and Gravel pits .................................................................................. 33
Resource Harvesting Impacts .......................................................................... 33
Social Impacts arising from construction camps ............................................. 33
Water Resources ............................................................................................. 34
Air Quality Impacts .......................................................................................... 34
Biodiversity and Conservation Impacts ........................................................... 35
Economic and Poverty Impacts ....................................................................... 35
Preservation of historical and archaeological data ......................................... 36
Health, Safety & HIV & AIDS Impacts .............................................................. 36
Construction Materials .................................................................................... 36
Facilities for the Workforce ............................................................................. 37
Public Health and Occupational Safety ........................................................... 37
Clean Up Upon and disposal of waste material .............................................. 37
9.
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT PLAN
9.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................... 50

10.

REFERENCES ......................................................................... 51

11.

APPENDICES .......................................................................... 52

vii

39

List of tables
Table 9.1: Mitigation plan (Construction) .................................................... 41
Table 9.2: Mitigation plan (Operation) ........................................................ 44
Table 9.3: Monitoring plan (Construction) .................................................. 45
Table 9.4: Monitoring plan (Operation) ....................................................... 47
Table 9.5: The Environmental Mitigation & Monitoring Plan: Decommissioning 48

viii

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The Terms of reference for the study required that the study:
Conduct an EIA by identifying both positive and negative impacts and the most appropriate
interventions during construction and operation.
Collect baseline socioeconomic data of the proposed project area and potential impact
expected from project construction, implementation and operation from existing secondary
data sources.
Develop an environmental monitoring program (EMP) during construction and operation and
present plans to minimize, mitigate, or eliminate negative effects and impacts. Describe how
this plan will be implemented.
Identify and contact stakeholders, facilitate public consultation and workshops at an
appropriate time in the assignment schedule.
Gather and provide any other data and information that will be useful for the study.
Maintain all correspondences with NEMA relating to the EIA including improvement orders
in close consultation with the client.
Obtain an Environmental Impact Assessment Licence from NEMA. The assignment shall be
complete upon receipt of the licence by the client.
1.2 Screening
Screening was carried out to assess the requirements of the proposed project to be subject to
Environmental & Social Impact Assessment. It was based on the project scope and scale, and on the
significance of impacts and environmental sensitivity of the receiving environment.
Overall, screening is determined by reference to mandatory and discretionary provisions set out
through the Environmental Management and Co-ordination (EMCA) Act No. 8 of 1999. EMCA
makes it mandatory for the project proponents to carry out an Environmental Assessment (EA) of
development projects and incorporate environmental and social mitigation actions as part of the
project planning for projects likely to impact positively and negatively on the environment. Section
58 of the EMCA requires that all projects listed under the Second Schedule be subjected to
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).
1.3 Scoping
Scoping was to mainly identify the significant issues which should be addressed by the particular
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment.
The characteristics of the proposed development included the magnitude of influence, the
accumulation with other proposed development, the use of natural resources, the production of
wastes, pollution and nuisances and the risk of accidents.
The location of proposed project was of significance in assessing the environmental sensitivity of
geographical areas likely to be affected by proposed development in particular having regard to the
existing land use, the relative abundance, quality and regenerative capacity of natural resources in the
area, the absorption capacity of the natural environment, paying particular attention to areas such as
any wetlands or swamps, riparian zones, areas classified or protected under legislation, densely
populated areas and the landscapes

2. STUDY METHODOLOGY
2.1 Technical Approach
The three important aspects of the ESIA process included: Collecting information, evaluating the
information and presenting relevant social & environmental information for use in project planning
and decision making.
After baseline study, the methodology proposed in the tender proposal was refined to accommodate
the challenges and extent of the study. Thus, the following methodology shall be used in the study:
The approach to the ESIA process was two-fold:Environmental assessment
Collecting information
Evaluating the information and
Environmental Management
Presenting relevant social & environmental information for use in project planning and
decision making.
Information Collecting Methodologies
Data search
This was done with the aim of gathering all the data available in order to establish baseline
conditions such as soils, topography drainage characteristics and population to be served by the
project. The results of this data search will help to identify the information gaps and needs, thereby
forming the basis for prediction of environmental impacts, enhancement of positive and mitigation of
negative impacts.
Data search was carried out through fieldwork observations and consultations (Primary data search)
and desktop studies (Secondary data search). Examples of pertinent data sources included:
Review of relevant legislation and other secondary literature
Expert Consultations
Focus Group Discussions (FGD)
Photography
Public participation meetings
Information Evaluating Methodologies
This involved analysis of environmental, socio-economic and bio-physical data. The analyses helped
to uncover the impacts of the project as well as formed the basis for prediction of other impacts.
The following methods were used for data analysis:
Use of Impact identification methods to predict the event of impacts as well as their
significance. The methods employed included checklists.
Economic evaluation of environmental impacts in a bid to cost the mitigation measures
Brainstorming among study team members
Use of computer data management & processing software
2.1.2 Information Presentation Methodologies
Through this report, the highlight has been the predictions on how the environment may change if
specified development alternatives were to occur and how best to manage the anticipated
environmental changes.
2

Specifically, information is presented through

Photographs
Descriptive report chapters
Environmental Mitigation measures
Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMP)
2.2 Technical Methodology
Methodology for collecting information
Field Reconnaissance & scoping
The consultant made a familiarization tour of the entire length of the proposed project and structures
and the relevant parts of the project structures and special installations such as bridges, culverts and
storm water drains, its townships, and market centers. The tour helped in acquisition of rudimentary
information about the human, natural and built environment. This background helped to anchor the
leading features, issues, inquiries and visions upon which the desk and field studies were based.
Desk Studies
This constituted the main secondary data collection method. All relevant literature was reviewed and
documented in the relevant chapters of this report.
Public/stakeholders Consultations:
The Consultant identified project stakeholders and held public meetings with them to delineate the
appropriate boundaries of the environmental assessment and to identify potential adverse
environmental and social issues.
Methodology for presenting Information
Information was presented using descriptive chapters in this report.

3. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Pre-Construction Phase: the Project Design Process
The Project implementation process commenced with step-by-step engineering design of the
project house. The design used the principles of design and construction of buildings.
Preliminary planning was done prior to design. This involved choosing a suitable site that
would be economically viable, with suitable foundation material, and ensuring the availability
of project building materials. The design was based on the most technically viable option for the
site.
Criteria for Design
The basic principle of design is to produce a safe and stable functional structure through all phases of
construction and operation. To accomplish this, the following criteria were met:
The foundation will be safe against overtopping during extreme land tremors by providing
sufficient steel and concrete works capacity.
There will be sufficient space for movement of materials and people
Aesthetic values have been inbuilt in design.
Construction Phase: the Construction Process
The Construction process will involve:
Site clearance
Earthworks
Masonry works
Site Preparation
Before construction is to begin the ground must be prepared. This will involve clearing of vegetation
and removal of topsoil. Topsoil is not the optimal foundation to build on. Before the foundation is to
be built up, the foundation depth will be excavated to a depth of at least 1 m and possibly deeper
depending on conditions.
Construction Process:
Materials Transfer and site office construction.
There will be constructed a site office. This shall be used for storage of materials as well as acting as
a meeting place for construction staff. The site office shall be built with mabati and wooden
fabrication. Cement and plaster will be briefly stored here prior to usage. There will be building
materials movement to the site and solid waste transfer from the site. The materials to the site will
include: cement, ballast, timber, hand tools, paint, sand, steel, plaster, bricks and blocks. Solid wastes
will arise from excavations, masonry works and fittings fixing.
Excavations
Excavation is the removal of soil or rock material from the earth surface to provide a free volume for
construction foundation laying. Excavations can be shallow (up to 1.5m deep), medium (1.5-3.0 m
deep) deep (over 3 m deep). The method of excavation will depend entirely on presence of ground
water and machinery.
Shoring & Scaffolding
These are temporal supports to the structure. All precautions will be taken to avoid any danger to any
person from collapse of structure. Shoring will be applied to give support to walls which are
dangerous or are likely to become unstable due to subsidence, bulging or leaning. These are temporal
4

structures such as ladders, working platforms and guard rails. They enable workers to carry out
operations to distant positions in building structures. Scaffolding can be of steel, timber or
aluminum.
Reinforced concrete foundations
These are regions through which a structure transmits load to the earth. They are made of concrete
and steel works. Their constructions impart environment through spillage of wastewater, cement,
sand and compaction of the soil structure.
Formwork, Floors and roofs
These are moulds or box into which wet concrete can be poured and compacted so that it will flow
and finally set to the inner profile of the mould. This will be used especially for the beams. Steelwork
and concrete work will be done. The function of any floor is to provide a level surface which is
capable of supporting all the live and dead loads imposed. Reinforced concrete will be used to
construct the floors. Roof trusses will be used to support roofing materials and provide structural
form to the building.
Drainage
This is a system of pipes, generally underground, used to convey the discharge from the roofs, paved
areas and sanitary fittings to a point of discharge or treatment. The discharge from roofs and paved
areas shall be conveyed to the main surface drainage system while discharge from sanitary units will
be directed into septic tanks.
Domestic sanitary fittings and pipe work
Sanitary fittings or appliances can be considered as:
Soil fitments: those which are used to remove soil water and human excreta such as water
closets and urinals.
Wastewater fitments: those which are used to remove the waste water from washing and the
preparation of food including appliances such as wash basins, baths, showers and sinks. All
sanitary appliances will be made from impervious materials. They will be quit in operation,
easy to clean and of convenient shape.
These fittings shall be installed carefully with minimal adverse safety and environmental impact.
Domestic electrical installations
This is basically wiring operations. Only qualified and licensed KPLC technicians will be employed
to do the work.
The above operations will be applied in the construction of the project house. Thus, the EIA project
report has carefully considered all the operations in view to provide enhancement for positive
impacts and mitigation for negative impacts.
Tidying up, cosmetic work and other minor works
These activities prove unnecessarily costly if heavy plant is to be used. Such finishing work will
include the following:
Grass planting
Fencing
Digging drains
Concreting high erosion risk areas
Operation Phase
This phase will involve house occupancy by tenants. The tenants activities will include:
Use of water, electricity, petroleum & wood fuels
Generation of both solid, liquid and gaseous wastes
Increase of fire risk
Decommissioning Phase
5

Some of the wastes expected are:

Paper
Glass
Aluminium cans
Cardboard
Steel cans
Milk cartons and plastic bags
Cooking oils and fats
Waste bags
Decommissioning Process
Project decommissioning process /work will constitute:
Decommissioning EIA;
Decommissioning design;
Excavation of the foundation;
Demolish of the structures

Disposal of materials;
Clean up and rehabilitation of site;
Revegetation of former project area and;
Post decommissioning monitoring.

Decommissioning EIA
To meet requirements of Environmental Management and Coordination Act 1999, the environmental
assessment will consider the potential impacts of the project to:
Water quality;
Wildlife and wildlife habitat;
worker safety;
Heritage values;
Vegetation;
Social and economic values
Additional factors that will be considered on the likelihood of the project causing significant adverse
environmental effects are:
Cumulative environmental effects;
Current land use and resources;
Effect of environment on project;
Accidents and malfunctions

4. LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

There are several laws and regulations that exist that govern issues of environmental concern in Kenya.
However, the most significant act that specifically addresses the issues of environmental impacts of
development projects, including those on housing development, roads, water and sanitation, is the
Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA), 1999.
4.1 Environmental Management & Coordination Act (EMCA)
The principal National legislation is the Environmental Management & Coordination Act of 1999
typically referred to as EMCA. EMCA empowers stakeholders to participate in sustainable management
of the natural resources. It calls for Environmental Impact assessment (EIA) (under Section 58) to guide
the implementation of environmentally sound decisions. Projects likely to cause environmental impacts
are listed in three categories. It is under this provision that the current study is being undertaken;
The Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) harmonizes the various requirements
of the other existing laws and regulations by stipulating that where the provisions of any existing law
conflicts with itself, then the provisions of the EMCA shall prevail. This way, the EMCA is able to
minimize any conflicts in enforcement of the various environmental laws and regulations as applied to
the relevant sectors. EMCA represents the culmination of a series of initiatives and activities
coordinated by Government and stakeholders. It accentuates the right of every person in Kenya to live in
a clean and healthy environment and obliges each and every one to safeguard and enhance the
environment. It is the master plan for the environment in Kenya and contains a National Environment
Policy, Framework Environmental Legislation and Environmental Strategy.
The Act consists of sector plans for the medium and long term intended to lead to sustainable
development in the country. EMCA puts special emphasis on environmental management, pollutions
and nuisances, and the necessity to safeguard the well-being of the populations.
The second schedule of EMCA stipulates that an EIA is required for:
Water transport, presumably water distribution systems,
Drilling for the purposes of using groundwater for water supplies,
Use of water for agricultural purposes for irrigation,
It should therefore be clear that the granting of a license by NEMA for the project is a prerequisite for
proper legal project implementation.
4.2 Water Act 2002
The Water Act makes provision for the conservation, control, apportionment and use of water resources
in Kenya, and for incidental and connected purposes. Protection of water supply is clearly a critical
issue under the Act. Pollution of water is an offence. Section 75 allows a licensee for water supply to
construct and maintain drains, sewers and other works for intercepting, treating or disposing of any foul
water arising or flowing upon land for preventing water from being polluted. Section 76 prohibits
discharge of trade effluent into sewers without consent, and section 77 indicates some payment for such
discharge. The Water Act No.8
This act, apart from its introductory part1 on interpretations contains key issues on ownership and
control of water in Kenya and water resources management through the creation, under powers vested in
the Minister of Water. The Water Act (2002) aims at providing for harmonized and streamlined
management of water resources, water supply and sewerage services. Responsibility for infrastructure
7

development and the provision of services now lies with Water Services Boards (WSB), seven of which
have been established countrywide. These Boards are required to contract out water delivery services to
Water Services Providers (WSPs), which may be public, private entities or community managed entities
dedicated to water services provision.
The Act also provides for public consultations where appropriate in the use of the resources notably
where such use is likely to impact negatively on the quantity, quality of the water resources in any
catchment area
4.3 The Trust Land Act and the Physical Planning Act
The act state that while giving due considerations to the rights and obligations of landowners, there shall
be compensation whenever a materials site, diversion or realignment results into relocation of settlement
or any change of user whatsoever of privately owned land parcels.
Under the physical planning act, physical development activities are supposed to be carried out
according to the physical plans. Accordingly the processes of physical planning involve two stages; the
plan making stage and the development control stage. The former involves drawing up the actual plan to
indicate the various activities and zones whereas the later involves the process of determining
applications by developers to carry out specific development activities. Section 36 states if in
connection with a development application a local authority is of the opinion that proposals for
industrial location, dumping site, sewerage treatment, quarries or any other development activity will
have injurious impact on the environment, the applicant shall be required to submit together with the
application an environment impact assessment report.
4.4 Way Leaves Act (CAP. 292)
Way Leaves Act (Cap. 292) Section 3 of the Act states that the Government may carry any works
through, over or under any land whatsoever provided it shall not interfere with any existing building or
structures of an ongoing activity. Notice, however, will be given one month before carrying out any such
works (section 4) with full description of the intended works and targeted place for inspection. Any
damages caused by the works would then be compensated to the owner as per section. Finally section 8
states that any person without consent causes any building to be newly erected on a way leave, or cause
hindrance along the way leave shall be guilty of an offence and any alternations will be done at his/her
costs.
4.5 The Public Health Act (CAP. 242)
Part IX Section 8 & 9 of the Act states that no person/institution shall cause nuisance or condition liable
to be injurious or dangerous to human health. Any noxious matter or waste water flowing or discharged
into a water course is deemed as a nuisance. Part Xll Section 136 states that all collections of water,
sewage. Rubbish. Refuse and other fluids which permits or facilitates the breeding or multiplication of
pests shall be deemed nuisances The Act addresses matters of sanitation, hygiene and general
environmental health and safety.
The Act places responsibility for protection of water supplies from any pollution dangerous to health on
the local authorities. The Act empowers the Minister for Health to make rules and impose on local
authorities and others, the duty of enforcing such rules.
4.6 The Land Acquisition Act (CAP. 295)
This Act provides for the compulsory or otherwise acquisition of land from private ownership for the
benefit of the general public. Section 3 states that when the Minister is satisfied on the need for
acquisition. Notice will be issued through the Kenya Gazette and copies delivered to all the persons
affected. Full compensation for any damage resulting from the entry onto land to things such as survey
8

upon necessary authorization will be undertaken in accordance with section 5 of the Act. Likewise
where land is acquired compulsorily, full compensation shall be paid promptly to all persons affected in
accordance to sections 8 and 10 along the following parameters;

Area of land acquired,

Property value in the opinion of the Commissioner of land

Amount of the compensation payable,

Market value of the property.

Damages sustained from the severance of the land parcel from the land

Damages to other property in the process of acquiring the said land parcel.

Consequences of changing residence or place of business by the land owners,

Damages from diminution of profits of the land acquired

Part II of the Act allows for the temporary acquisition of land for utilization in promotion of the public
good for periods not exceeding 5 years. At the expiry of the period, the Commissioner of Land shall
vacate the land and undertake to restore the land to the conditions it was before. Any damages or
reduction of value shall be compensated to the land owners
4.7 Occupational Health and Safety Act
This legislation provides for protection of workers during construction and operation phases. It is
tailored at implementation of the EHS plan in compliance with the relevant sections of this Act.
4.8 Environmental Regulations
The EIA/EA Regulations
The preparation of the EIA study and subsequent approval procedures are set out in the EIA Study, legal
notice 101 of 2003. According to the regulations, an EIA study should incorporate but not limited to the
following:
The proposed location of the project

The objective of the project

The technology, procedures and process to be used in the implementation of the project

The materials to be used in the construction and implementation of the project

The products and by-products and waste generated by the project

The environmental effects of the project including the socio-cultural impacts, effects and direct,
indirect, cumulative, irreversible, short-term and long-term effects anticipated.

A concise description of national environmental legislative and regulatory framework, baseline

information and any other information related to the project

A description of the potentially affected environment

Alternative technologies and processes available and reasons for preferring the chosen
technology and processes

An analysis of alternatives including project sites, design and technologies and reasons for
preferring the proposed site, design and technologies

An Environmental management plan proposing the measures for eliminating , minimizing or

mitigating adverse impacts on the environment, including the cost, time frame and responsibility
to implement the measures.

The provision of an action plan for the prevention and management of foreseeable accidents and
hazardous activities in the cause of carrying out activities

The measures to prevent health hazards and to ensure security in the working environment for
the employees and for the management of emergencies
9

An identification of gaps in the knowledge and uncertainties which were encountered in

compiling the information
An economic and social analysis of the project
An indication of whether the environment of any other state is likely to be affected and the
available alternative and mitigating measures

EMCA Noise and Excessive Vibration Pollution Control

Enacted as Legal Notice No. 61, these regulations stipulate acceptable noise levels. They stipulate that
noise means any undesirable sound that is intrinsically objectionable or that may cause adverse effects
on human health or the environment and noise pollution means the emission of uncontrolled noise that
is likely to cause danger to human health or damage to the environment.
EMCA Wetlands, River Banks, Lake & Sea Shore Management
Enacted as Special Issue 5, Legal Notice No. 19, these regulations stipulate, among other things, that
river bank means the rising ground from the highest normal water mark, bordering or adjacent to a
river in the form of rock, mud, gravel or sand and in cases of flood plains include the point where the
water surface touches the land, that land not being the bed of the river; that sustainable use means
present use of the environment or natural resources which does not compromise the ability to use the
same by future generations or degrade the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems.
EMCA Waste Management
These Regulations shall apply to all categories of waste as is provided. They describe Biodegradable
substance as a substance that can be degraded by micro-organisms.
EMCA Water Quality
Enacted as Legal Notice No. 120, these regulations broadly cover Part I -Protection of Sources of Water
for Domestic Use, Part II - Water for Industrial Part III Use and Effluent Discharge, Water for
Agricultural Use, Part IV - Other Uses and Part V - Miscellaneous Provisions.
Environmental Quality Standards and Guidelines
In order to operationalize the framework environmental law, NEMA has recently developing the
following regulations:

Air Pollution

Conservation of Biological Diversity

Chemicals Management
Some of these regulations are already in force. In cases where these regulations are not in force yet,
standards set by the Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS), World Health Organization (WHO), the
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), and other international standards were
reviewed.
4.9 International/ Trans-boundary Regulations
In the event that the Sewerage Treatment Plant i.e. WSPs development is financed by another agency
apart from the Government of Kenya, e.g., the World Bank, or the African Development Bank, the
European commission, these agencies may require that their environmental regulations be considered.
Currently, the Word bank Safeguard Policies on Involuntary resettlement are shaping up in the country
and have been employed in many World Bank Funded Projects, mainly in the water and the energy
sectors. Some of these are as follows.

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4.10 Forest Act 2005.

Specifically, the Forest Act mandates the Kenya Forest Service to conserve and manage all forests. It
also sets out the roles and responsibilities of communities in managing forests. The act is important
because the project may reduce forest land and impact on the access of forest goods. Measures have to
be taken to reduce negative impacts on forests.
4.11 Agriculture Act (cap 318)
The Agriculture Act (cap 318) is the principal land use statute covering inter alia soil conservation
agricultural land use and conservation issues such as the preservation of soil fertility. The Act prohibits
any land use practices that may intensify soil erosion. The act prohibit cutting down or destroying
vegetation on any land of which the slope is 35 per cent. The rules stipulate strict regulations on the
cultivation of any land whose slope is between 12 percent and 35 per cent when the soil is not properly
protected from erosion. The Act also provides for protection of watercourses setting aside a riparian
zone of a minimum 2 meters equivalent to the width of river to a maximum of 30 meters. The act is
important because the proposed project impacts on land use and the agricultural sector once the project
is put up.
4.12 Wildlife (Conservation and Management) Act (cap 376)
The Wildlife (Conservation and Management) Act (cap 376) provides for the protection and
Management of Kenyas Wildlife through National Parks and Reserves. The Act controls activities in
these protected areas and the conservation of wildlife populations outside the protected areas. It is
important for the proposed project, which touches on wildlife, and will impact on their habitat and
movement. The proponent shall ensure that human wildlife conflicts are not induced by the project,
instead reduced.
4.13 Occupational Safety and Health Act No. 15 of 2007
With respect to occupational health and safety, several regulations have been developed under the
Factories and Other Places of Work Act Cap 514. This Act has since been repealed and replaced with
the Occupational Safety and Health Act No. 15 of 2007. However, the regulations are still in force until
specifically repealed under the new Act.
The proponent is required to provide all necessary personal protection equipment during execution of
project activities. Moreover, the Environmental management plan shall incorporate safety measures in
the project implementation phases.
4.14 World health organization drinking water quality standards
In addition to the above legislations, the world health organization drinking water quality standards is
globally recognized and used for assessment of water quality to safeguard public health. Hence water
test results will be required to validate compliance of the project water to WHO standards.
4.15 Food, Drugs and Chemical Substances Act (CAP 254)
This Act (which has been invoked for the consumption of genetically modified food), requires that food,
drugs, cosmetics, devices and chemical substances should not be sold if they are unwholesome,
poisonous, or adulterated. It further prohibits deceptive labeling. The statute also gives powers to
authorized officers to inspect and examine any premises for evidence of contravention of the provisions
of the law. There is thus no explicit policy and legal framework for the development and introduction of
modern biotechnology in Kenya. The green house farming shall be carried out within the guidelines of
this Act,

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4.16 Local Authority Act (Cap. 265),

Local Authority Act (Cap. 265), Section 160 helps local authorities ensure effective utilization of the
water and sewages systems. It states in part that municipal authorities have powers to establish and
maintain sanitary services for the removal and destruction of, or otherwise deal with kinds of refuse and
effluent and where such service is established, compel its use y persons to whom the services is
available. However, to protect against illegal connections, section 173 states that any person who,
without prior consent in writing from the council, erects a building on; excavate or opens-up; or injures
or destroys a sewers, drains or pipes shall be guilty of an offence. Any demolitions and repairs thereof
shall be carried out at the expense of the offender. The activities to be carried out shall be required to
comply with this Act.
4.17 Penal Code (Cap. 63):
The Penal Code (Cap. 63): Section 191 of the Penal Code states that any person or institution that
voluntarily corrupts or foils water for public springs or reservoirs, rendering it less fit for its ordinary use
is guilty of an offence. Section 192 of the same act says a person who makes or violates the atmosphere
in any place to make it noxious to health of persons/institution in dwellings or business premises in the
neighborhood or those passing along way, commits an offence punishable by law.
In summary, the legislations review presented in this report confirmed that the project complies with
relevant statutory requirements.
4.18 The Public Roads and Roads of Access Act (Cap 22 Laws of Kenya)
Section 8 and 9 of the Act provides for the dedication, conversion or alignment of public travel lines
including construction of access roads adjacent lands from the nearest part of a public road. Section 10
and 11 allows for notices to be served on the adjacent landowners seeking permission to construct the
respective roads. The project design concept has utilized the required road reserves and relevant road
widening surrenders. This Act consolidates the law relating to traffic on all public roads. The Act also
prohibits encroachment on and electrical damage to roads including land reserved for roads. The
proposed project location complies with the provision of the Act.
4.19 The Traffic Act Chapter 295 Laws of Kenya
This Act consolidates the law relating to traffic on all public roads. Key sections include registration and
licensing of vehicles; driving licenses; driving and other offences relating to the use of vehicles on
roads; regulation of traffic; accidents; offences by drivers other than motor vehicles and other road users.
Many types of equipment and fuel shall be transported through the roads to the proposed site. Their
registration and licensing will be required to follow the stipulated road regulations. The Act also
prohibits encroachment on and damage to roads including land reserved for roads. The project is within
the provision of the Act.
4.20 The Radiation Protection Act (Cap 243 Laws of Kenya)
This is an Act of Parliament to provide for the protection of the public and radiation workers from the
dangers arising from the use of devices or material capable of producing ionizing radiation and for
connected purposes. Since 1982, Kenya decided to join in the global movement for the use of nuclear
energy for peaceful purposes, a movement lead by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).
Most of such uses are in the fields of medicine, agriculture, energy and environmental monitoring. The
dangers of injury to the public prompted the adoption of the Radiation Protection Act (Cap 243) in
November 1984 to provide according to its citation, protection of the public and radiation workers from
the dangers arising from the use of devices or materials capable of producing ionizing radiation and for
connected purpose.
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The Act prohibits the unauthorized manufacture, production, possession or use, sale, disposal, lease,
loan or dealership, import, export of any irradiating device or radioactive material. All authorized
buyers, sellers, users, of such device must be properly licensed.
The Act is administered by the Chief Radiation Protection Officer assisted by a Radiation Protection
Board.
The proposed project wont emit/produce ionizing radiations
4.21 Work Injury and Benefits Act, 2007
This Act provides for compensation to employees for work related injuries and disease contracted in the
course of their employment and for connected purposes. Key sections of the Act include the obligations
of employers; right to compensation; reporting of accidents; compensation; occupational diseases;
medical aid etc. In case of any accidents or incidents during the project cycle, this Act will guide the
course of action to be taken.
4.22 The Lakes and Rivers Act Chapter 409 Laws of Kenya
This Act provides for protection of rivers, lakes and associated flora and fauna. The provisions of this
Act May be applied in the management of the project.
4.23 The Standards Act Cap 496
The Act is meant to promote the standardization of the specification of commodities, and code of
practice; to establish a Kenya Bureau of Standards, to define its functions and provide for its
management and control. The proponent will ensure that commodities and codes of practice utilized in
the project adhere to the provisions of this Act.
4.24 Building Code 1968
Section 194 requires that where sewer exists, the occupants of the nearby premises shall apply to the
local authority for a permit to connect to the sewer line and all the wastewater must be discharged into
sewers.
4.25 Energy Act of 2006
This is an Act of Parliament passed to amend and consolidates the law relating to energy, to provide for
the establishment, powers and functions of the Energy Regulatory Commission and the Rural
Electrification Authority and for connected purposes. The Energy Act of 2006 replaced the Electric
Power Act of 1997 and The Petroleum Act, Cap 116. The Energy Act, amongst other issues, deals with
all matters relating to all forms of energy including the generation, transmission, distribution, supply and
use of electrical energy as well as the legal basis for establishing the systems associated with these
purposes.
4.26 Petroleum Act, Cap. 116
The legislation has noted several challenges that face the sector which include proliferation of
substandard Petroleum Products dispensing and storage sites which pose environment health and safety
risks; diversion of petroleum products destined for export into the local market by unscrupulous
business people to evade tax and a dominance of the market by a few companies among others. The
Government noted these challenges in its energy policy contained in Session Paper No. 4 of 2004 on
Energy and recommended review of the Petroleum Act Cap 116 and other energy sector statutes and
the introduction of a new energy sector legislation to cover petroleum, electricity and renewable
energy. It also recommended the formation of a single energy sector regulator to regulate electricity,
downstream petroleum, renewable energy and other forms of energy.
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The act makes provisions for restricting and regulation for the importation, transport and storage of
petroleum. A license to store petroleum in an installation shall authorize the keeping of the quantity and
description of the petroleum product specified therein within the confines of the installation whether in
tanks, storage sheds or otherwise in accordance with the specifications and plans attached to the
license.
The Act provides for specifications in the granting of a license of the premises to be licensed giving
particulars of the materials and construction of each building.
The position of the premises in
relation to adjoining property and distances from neighbouring buildings should be specified. The
position and capacity of each tank, the position of all buildings, structures or other works within the
installation, all lighting arrangements including position of electric cables, switches and fuse boxes,
drainage systems, water connections, fire hydrants and fire-fighting appliances should also be specified.
Vision 2030 and Fuel Facilities
Efficient physical infrastructure for transport and communication is imperative for the desired
Kenyas socio-economic transformation and has been identified as a central pillar in Vision 2030.
Energy supply has likewise been identified as one of the infrastructural enablers of economic,
social and political pillars of Kenyas Vision 2030.
Under the Vision 2030 Kenyas Energy Policy is geared to enable provision of adequate, quality,
reliable and affordable energy to stimulate high and sustained economic growth. The countrys
energy MTP (2008 2012) aims at meeting the energy demands of the country by facilitating access
to modern and quality energy to all sectors of the countrys economy.
In the Vision 2030 it has been noted that access to energy is an imperative for rapid and
sustained economic growth and poverty reduction. In this regard the government encourages private
investment in the energy sector in order to help achieve the stated development objectives.
The transport and communication goal as stipulated in Vision 2030 is to ensure that the country is
firmly interconnected through an efficient network of transport and communication infrastructure; roads, railways, ports, airports, waterways and telecommunication.
The Vision 2030 MTP (2008 2012) seeks to accelerate infrastructure development in the country
with a focus on quality, aesthetics and functionality of the infrastructure services. Interventions
in this area are based on the realization that effective and reliable infrastructure is critical in promoting
the countrys competitiveness at the national, regional and global levels.
4.27 Antiquities and Monuments Act, 1983 (Cap 215)
This Act aims to preserve Kenyas national heritage. Kenya is rich in its antiquities, monuments and
cultural and natural sites which are spread all over the country. The National Museums is the custodian
of the countrys cultural heritage. Through the National Museums many of these sites are protected by
law by having them gazette under the Act. The proposed site has no sites of cultural heritage.
4.28 The Registration of Titles Act Cap 281
This Act provides for the transfer of the land by registration of titles. Parts within the Act elaborate on
mechanisms of bringing lands under the Act, and for related purposes.

14

The Act also elaborates on the incorporation of group representatives and the administration of groups.
Section 34 of this Act states that when land is intended to be transferred or any right of way or other
easement is intended to be created or transferred, the registered proprietor or, if the proprietor is of
unsound mind, the guardian or other person appointed by the court to act on his/her behalf in the matter,
shall execute, in original only, a transfer in form F in the First Schedule, which transfer shall, for
description of the land intended be dealt with, refer to the grant or certificate of title of the land, or shall
give such description as May be sufficient to identify it, and shall contain an accurate statement of the
land and easement, or the easement, intended to be transferred or created, and a memorandum of all
leases, charges and other encumbrances to which the land May be subject, and of all rights-of-way,
easements and privileges intended to be conveyed.
4.29 The Land Titles Act Cap 282
The Land Titles Act Cap 282 section 10 (1) states that there shall be appointed and attached to the Land
Registration Court a qualified surveyor who, with such assistants as May be necessary, shall survey
land, make a plan or plans thereof and define and mark the boundaries of any areas therein as, when and
where directed by the Recorder of Titles, either before, during or after the termination of any question
concerning land or any interest connected therewith, and every area so defined and marked shall be
further marked with a number of other distinctive symbol to be shown upon the plan or plans for the
purposes of complete identification and registration thereof as is herein after prescribed.

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5. BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY

Physical geography
Mandera County is one of the 47 counties in Kenya, located in the north eastern part of the country and
borders Ethiopia to the North, Somalia to the East and Wajir County to the South. It is 1,100km from
Nairobi. The county has a population of 1,025,756 and covers an area of 25,991.5km. The County is
subdivided into six sub counties: Mandera West, Mandera South, Banisa, Mandera North, Mandera
East, and Lafey and 30 wards.
The County is characterized by low lying rocky hills located on the plains that rise gradually from 400
meters above sea level in the south at Elwak to 970 metres above sea level on the border with Ethiopia.
The rest of topography is low lying, characterized by dense vegetation with thorny shrubs of savannah
type. This is especially found along foots of isolated hills, and the area are covered by bushes, shrubs,
boulders and invasive mathenge coverage. The flat plains make drainage very poor, causing floods
during heavy rain downpours. There are no lakes, swamps or dams but earth pans are a common in the
county
Ecological conditions
There are two ecological zones in the county: Arid and semi-arid. Ninety five per cent of the county is
semi-arid with dense vegetation mainly thorny shrubs and bushes along foots of isolated hills and
mathenge trees along gullies.

Mandera has an area of 25,991.5 km. Most of the land is rangeland supporting livestock production.
Availability of water is the critical factor for agricultural production hence the concentration of crop
production along River Daua and other places with laggas where water collects.
Generally the soils in most parts of the county are fertile since they have not been exploited. There are a
few areas where soil acidity does not allow for arable crop production. Forty thousand hectares is under
16

irrigation but only 15,000-20,000ha has the potential to be fully exploited. The area under rain-fed
agriculture is very low considering that reliability of rainfall is below 30 per cent.
According to Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey (KIHBS 2005/06), over 90% of the land is
communally owned and used for grazing with some few pockets (along River Daua) used for rain fed
and irrigated agriculture. Only five per cent of the land within urban centres had title deeds while a
majority of rural households use ancestral rights to land without formalised tenure system. The county
receives bi-modal rains with long rains occurring in the months of April and May while the short rains
occur in October and November. Rainfall is scanty and unpredictable averaging 255 mm. Temperatures
are relatively high with a minimum and a maximum of 240C and 420C in July and February respectively.
However, due to climate change effects, the temperatures and precipitation in the county are expected to
change and impact on agriculture development. About 95% of the county is semi-arid with dense
vegetation of thorny shrubs and mathenge trees (GoK, 2013)
Climatic Conditions
Temperatures are relatively very high with a minimum of 240C in July and a maximum of 420C in
February. Variation in altitude brings differences in temperatures across the county where places near
Banissa constituency experiences low temperatures due to neighbouring highlands in Ethiopia. Rainfall
is scanty and unpredictable averaging 255mm. The long rains fall in the months of April and May while
the short rains fall in October and November.
Most parts of the county experiences long hours (approximately 11 hours) of sunshine in a day. This
causes high evaporation rates thus causing withering to most of the vegetation before maturity. The
continuous sunshine in the county has a potential for harvesting and utilization of solar energy.
Demographic characteristics and Political Units
The Kenya Population and Housing Census (KPHC) of 2009 put the county population at 1,025,756
persons (559,943 Male and 465,813 Female). In 2012 the population was projected to grow at 3.96%
giving 1,152,506 people. By 2015 and 2017, the population was projected at 1,294,917 and 1,399,503
respectively. The increase in the overall population calls for more investment in economic and social
facilities, education, agriculture, health as well as creating employment opportunities. The employment
level was 307,375 persons which represented 73% of the 2012 projected total labour force. In addition,
the county had a poverty rate of 89.1% compared with national average of 46%. Unemployment rate in
the county stands at 69 per cent. This can be attributed to factors such as low literacy levels, limited
opportunities, limited financial credit facilities, which are Sharia compliant, non-functional vocational
training institutions, dependency on aid, and frequent conflicts among the communities, which
disrupts the normal functioning of society.
Infrastructure and Access
The County has a total of 1,884.5km of road network. There is no bitumen surface. The gravel surface
covers an approximate length of 494.5 km while earth surface covers an approximate length of 1390 km.
The county has neither rail network nor sea/lake ports. The county is served by four (4) functional
airstrips in Rhamu, Elwak, Mandera and Takaba. There are other 4 non serviceable airstrips in
Malkamari, Arabia, Banissa and Lafey.
The county is served by four post offices located in Elwak, Rhamu, Takaba and Mandera Town. Elwak,
Takaba, Banisa, Rhamu, Mandera town and a few heavily settled areas like Ashabito, Wargadud, Guba,
Malkamari, Dandu, Eldanaba, Shirmbir Fatuma, Kotulo, Lafey are under mobile networks. There is
need for more boosters to increase area under coverage.

17

There are 13 cyber cafes in the county but with the expansion in rural electrification, these numbers are
bound to increase. Internet is accessed through mobile phone and computers using modems. There are
seven courier service providers and the land lines telephones covers Mandera Town and Elwak Market
centre.
Financial Institutions: Banks, SACCOs, Micro Finance Institutions
There are three banks in the county, two in Mandera town (KCB and Equity) and one in Elwak town
(Equity). There are five registered SACCOs in the county with a total registration of 100 persons. Only
four are active. However, there are no Micro Finance Institutions.
Education Institutions: Primary/Secondary Schools, Polytechnics, Colleges,
Universities
There are 175 public primary schools, 32 public secondary schools and ten private secondary schools
and three operational youth polytechnics and one mid level College that offers Diploma and Certificate
courses in the county. Mandera County has no single Public University. Its a challenge to the leadership
of Mandera County to see to it that there is one. Mandera County Government is planning to establish a
world class International University [Mandera University of Science and Technology-MUST] to cater
for the education needs of our population and economic positioning ourselves to cater for higher
education needs for our neighbours. The county has no public college but has two private colleges
Border Point Teachers College and Maarifa college. The county is in need of P1 to be sponsored as
locals not pursuing Teaching Profession. Mandera county has a total of five Youth Polytechnics namely
Mandera East YP, Takaba YP, Elwak, Banisa, and Fino. The county is keen on youth empowerment.
We propose setting up a fully fledged Technical Training Institute for youth empowerment in each of
the six constituencies by the year 2017.
Energy Access (Main Sources of Energy, Electricity Coverage
The main source of energy is firewood, which is used by 95.6% of the house holds for cooking (KIHBS
2005/2006). Mandera East, Mandera North, Mandera South and Mandera West constituency
headquarters have electricity supply. New electricity coverage is being extended to Lafey and Banissa
constituencies. There is potential to develop a green and sustainable energy supply within the county by
exploiting solar, wind, biofuel and coal petroleum.
Markets and Urban Centres
There are six markets/urban centres in the county namely Rhamu, Elwak, Takaba, Banissa, Mandera and
Lafey.
Housing: Types
The main types of houses commonly used are manyatta traditional huts (used by 73.8% of the
households) and shanty structures (19.7%). The main walling materials for the houses are grass/straw
and mud/wood with permanent structures mainly found in urban centres (KIHBS 2005/2006).
Land and Land Use
Land is the most important resource in agricultural production. Mandera County has an area of 25,991.5
km2 .Most of the land is rangeland supporting livestock production. In the context of agricultural
production land suitability for crop production is limited to availability of water hence the concentration
of crop production activities along river Daua and other places with laggas where water settles.
Generally the soils in most parts of the county are fertile since they have not been exploited. There are a
few areas with soil salinity and sodicity where arable crop production cannot be practised. Under
irrigation 4000ha is exploited but the potential area is 15,000-20,000ha whereas under rainfed
agriculture the exploited area is very low considering that reliability of rainfall is below 30%. There is
18

need to focus on increasing area under irrigation by developing irrigation infrastructure and exploiting
groundwater sources. There is also need for sustainable land use practices and environmental
conservation in the county.
The range of crops that can be grown in the county includes cereals, pulses, horticultural crops, oil crops
and fruit trees. The main challenge in the county is land degradation resulting in some areas rendered
unsuitable for crop production. The available land for agriculture has not been fully exploited due to
resource constraints.
There are two ecological zones in the county. Mandera East, Mandera North, Mandera West, Mandera
Central and Banissa Constituencies are classified under LM (IV-VI) zone while Lafey Constituency is
classified as LM (V-VI) zone
Forestry and Agro Forestry
Main Forest Types and Size of Forests
The main forest type is dry land forest which covers the whole county with Mandera North, Mandera
West and Banissa constituencies having the largest share of the forest cover.
Main Forest Products, Gazetted and Ungazetted Forests
Firewood, building materials, charcoal, Gum and resins, aloe vera and honey are some of the main forest
products. The county has no gazetted forests.
Promotion of Agro-Forestry and Green Economy
Promotion of tree planting is mostly done at household level.
a) Income generating activities including farm forests
Bee keeping is practised as an income generating activity in the county.
b) Protection of water catchment areas
Dandu hill and Chiracha water catchment areas have been protected.
c) Prevention of soil erosion
Farmers have been trained on how to conserve environment to control soil erosion through introduction
of Leucaena on water fallow and protection of indigenous trees.
d) Provision of wood fuel and Generation of energy for industries
Communal land produces wood fuel that is consumed domestically.
e) Improvement of Soil fertility by growing fertilizer trees
Leucaena leucocephala have been introduced in irrigated areas along river Daua as well as continued
conservation of Acacia tortilis
f) Growing of fruit trees for improved nutrition both for Domestic use and surplus for markets
Fruit trees like, Bananas, mangoes, lemons and guavas are grown by some farmers under irrigation
along river Daua for domestic consumption and commercial.

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Environment and Climate Change

Major Contributors to Environmental Degradation in the County
Over grazing, charcoal burning, and quarrying activities are the leading environmental degradation
causes in the county. Poor waste disposal in settlement areas and towns (especially polythene bags and
plastic packages) is also a big menace.
Effects of Environmental Degradation
Some of the effects of environmental degradation experienced in the county are soil erosion, wind
storms, formation of gullies, drought, climate change and floods during rainy season.
Climate Change and its Effects in the County
Prolonged droughts and flooding leading to severe famine, disease outbreaks, loss of livestock, human
and wildlife conflicts over resources are some of the effects experienced in the county due to climate
change.
Climate Change Mitigation Measures and Adaptation Strategies
Agro-pastoralism, de-stocking and re-stocking, water trucking, tree planting, rain water harvesting,
provision of relief food are some of the mitigation measures and adoption strategies undertaken to
mitigate against climate change in the county.
Mining
Ongoing Activities
Quarrying and sand harvesting are the main ongoing mining activities undertaken in the county. Oil
exploration is currently being undertaken in Ashabito and Kotulo in Mandera North Constituency by
multinational companies to ascertain its viability.
Mining Potentials
The county is believed to be rich in mineral resources (oil, gold, coal, precious stones) and there is
abundance of limestone deposits (specifically in Elwak and Rhamu towns) from which cement can be
manufactured.
Tourism
Main Tourist Attractions, National Parks/Reserves
The presence of hilly landscape and wild animals and birds are the main tourist attractions the county
can benefit from. The only game reserve in the county is Malkamari game reserve in Banissa
constituency.
Main Wildlife
The County is a home to a number of wild animal species, the most notable ones being Lions, Hyena,
Cheetah, Leopard, Oryx, Baboons, Gerenuk, Dikdik, Antelopes, gazelles, Crocodiles in River Daua,
Water Buck and Reticulated Giraffes. Hyenas kill domestic animals thus turning to be a menace to the
county.
Tourist Class Hotels/Restaurants, Bed Occupancy
There are no tourist class hotels/lodges in the county. Most common are ordinary lodges that are build
using the local expertise. There are however, medium class hotels mostly found in the major towns of
the county and others still under construction. The bed occupancy of these medium class hotels is
approximately 120 beds.
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Employment and Other Sources of Income

Wage Earners
Wage earners in the county cut across all the sectors. According to the 2009 Kenya Population and
Housing Census, the total population aged 5 years and above who are employed in urban stood at 27,164
representing 38.9 per cent of the urban population with 66.6 per cent being males and 33.4 per cent
being females. In rural settings, the total population aged 5 years and above who were employed as per
the 2009 KPHC stood at 280,211 representing 17.1% of rural population. 63% of this total were males
while 37% were females.
Self-Employed
Livestock, agriculture and trade sub-sectors absorb the larger percentage of the self-employed
population in the county. This population is engaged in livestock and livestock products selling,
vegetable and fruit selling and operation of small businesses.
Labour Force
The countys labour force aged 15-64 years as per the 2012 projected population is 419,601 persons of
which 228,332 are males and 191,269 females. This represents 36.4 per cent of the county population.
Unemployment rate in the county stands at 69 per cent This can be attributed to factors such as low
literacy, limited employment opportunities, limited financial credit facilities which are Sharia
Compliant, non-functional vocational training institutions, dependency on aid, and frequent conflicts
among the communities which disrupts the normal functioning of society.
Water and Sanitation
Water resources and quality
The main water resources in the county are river (River Daua), ponds, streams, earth pans, boreholes
with pump, protected dug wells and unprotected dug wells. The quality of the water from these
resources is poor and residents are advised to treat it before use.
Water Supply Schemes
There is one main water supply scheme namely Mandera Water and Sewerage Company that serves
Mandera town and its environs.
Water Sources (Distance to Nearest Water Points)
The average distance to the nearest water point is 25Kms. The distance reduces in rural areas during
rainy seasons and vice versa. Presence of piped water in the constituency headquarters shortens the
distance considerably.
Sanitation
According to the Basic Report KIHBS 2005/06, the main types of toilet facilities in the county are pit
latrines (38.9%), uncovered pit latrines (34.8%), VIP latrines (19%), and covered pit latrines (4.1%).
The other 42% have no access to toilet facilities. In terms of waste disposal methods, 82.2% of
households burn their wastes, 12.2% use garbage pits, 3.9% use public garbage heap, 0.8% dispose by
using private firms, 0.5% by local authorities while 0.4% by neighbourhood community groups.
Health Access and Nutrition
There are six Level IV facilities in the county, nine level III facilities, 24 Level II facilities, six Nursing
homes and 60 Private clinics. The doctor/population ratio is 1:114,000 while the nurse/population ratio
is 1:25,000.
Education and Literacy
21

Pre-School Education
The county has 175 public ECDE centres with 16,324 children, with 94 trained and 115 untrained ECDE
teachers. Only 4 ECDE teachers are currently employed by the former Mandera Town Council. The
County does not have an ECDE public Tertiary learning institution, apart from an In-service ECDE
Training Centre at Mandera Secondary School. The objective of the county is to train ECDE teachers
and employ.
According to Ministry of Education EMIS (2009) on a policy framework for education on Aligning
Education and training to the Constitution of Kenya (2010) and Kenya Vision 2030 and beyond draft
April, 2012, the ECDE Net Enrollment Rate (NER) in 2009 was 6.3 per cent (6.2 per cent male and 6.3
per cent female) compared to the national rate of 41.8 per cent (41.3 per cent male and 42.3 per cent
female).
Primary Education
The County has 175 public Primary schools with a total enrolment of 71,506 pupils with 47,451 boys
and 24,045 girls and total of 808 teachers with a shortfall of 703 teachers thus giving a teacher pupil
ratio of 1:88. The dropout rate is 6.6 per cent. The Primary Education NER for the county is 42.4 per
cent (53.4 per cent boys and 29.8 per cent girls) compared to the national rate of 77.2 per cent (76.2 per
cent males and 78.3 per cent females) as per the spatial analytical report for North Eastern region (2011)
and Ministry of Education EMIS (2009). There are 30 mobile schools, eight in Mandera East, seven in
Lafey, two in Mandera West, eight in Banissa and five in Mandera North constituencies. There are also
a total of 27 low-cost boarding schools which are fully funded by the national government in the county.
Literacy
The countys population literacy rate is 25.4 per cent compared to the national which is 79 per cent
(Basic Integrated Household Survey 2005/ 2006 Revised Edition). This is caused by pastoralist lifestyle,
high levels of poverty, shortfall of teachers, retrogressive cultural practises like early marriages. The
county is to construct two boarding wing for the adults as they are in need of classes for both primary
and secondary level. Our mission is to eradicate illiteracy and promote life-long learning among adults
and out of school youth to enable them make informed decision and become self reliant.
Secondary Education
There are 32 public secondary schools in the county with Moi Girls and Mandera Boys Secondary
schools being National Secondary Schools. The total enrolment is 8,798 (6,592 boys and 2206 girls) and
a total of 264 teachers with a short fall of 200 teachers thus giving a teacher student ratio of 1:33. The
Secondary NER for the county stood at 5.2 per cent (7.6 per cent boys and 2.2per cent girls) compared
to the national rate of 24.0 per cent (22.2 per cent boys and 25.9 per cent girls) as per the MOE spatial
analytical report for North Eastern region (2011) and Ministry of Education EMIS (2009).
None of the secondary schools have a school bus. The county will provide school buses to the six
constituencies [one each]. Also students will be sponsored to teaching colleges as locals do not pursue
teaching profession.
There are a total of five youth polytechnics in the county with only three being operational. There are
also two private colleges namely Maarifa College (which offers different courses, e.g. computer
packages, secretarial course, and business studies) and Border Point Teachers College. There is no
single Public University in the county. Its a challenge to the leadership Mandera County to see to it that
there is one.

22

6. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION

According to the NEMA EIA procedures (2002), it is important that all persons likely to be affected by
the project are consulted for their concerns. To comply with this, the affected people were consulted
through qualitative discussions. The participants were offered the opportunity to give their views and
opinions that are reported in this chapter.
6.1 Methodology
Public participation for the EIA Study was conducted through interview guides, to allow for systematic
understanding and interaction of the potentially affected persons (PAPs) and the Proponents. The
project beneficiaries and the general public to find out their views as regards the project and the socioeconomic status of the area. The findings reported herein are important for both the proponent and the
relevant agencies in future programming.
6.2 EIA study presentation
The consultants briefed the participants on the projects background, description, anticipated impacts,
enhancement measures for positive impacts, mitigation measures for negative impacts and the proposed
environmental management plans, among others. The minutes, responses and participant lists are
contained in the minutes attached.
Key resolutions were:
Wigade to ensure quality work is done during operations
People support the project fully
The project will bring many benefits to the community
Recommendations of the EIA study to be fully enforced by NEMA
Other issues raised included:
6.3 Water Demand and Quality effects
The filling station employs only 1 attendant whose domestic water consumption is not significant. There
being no car wash activities, the project has negligible impact on water usage. The water sources are at a
radius of 3km away and given that the centre is located on a hill flat plain, there is absolutely negligible
interaction with surface water. Hence little impact on surface water quality.
6.4 Gaseous Emissions
During operation phase of the project, undesirable emissions are being emitted from vehicles coming for
filling. Dust is also emitted and if not well taken care of will lead to respiratory diseases to the
neighboring residents. The management agreed to control vehicle speed into the centre, make use of
unleaded petrol and ensure putting engines off during filling.
6.5 Accidents during operation
There is likelihood that during the operation phase of the project, people operating within the site may
be involved in accidents. The records detailing such occurrences will be kept and action taken. A first
AID kit has already been put in place.

23

7. PROJECT ALTERNATIVES
7.1 Relocation option
Relocation to a different site can be considered for the project implementation. At present the
landowner/developer does not have an alternative site. This means that he has to look for the land.
Looking for the land to accommodate the scale and size of the project and completing official
transaction on it may take up to more than one year although there is no guarantee that the land would be
available. The developer will spend another one year on design and approvals since design and planning
has to be according to site conditions. Project design and planning before the stage of implementation
will cost the developer a large sum of money. Whatever has been done and paid to date will be counted
as a loss to the developer.
Assuming the project will be given a positive response by the relevant authorities including NEMA, this
project would have been delayed for more years before implementation. This is a delay that the
economy can ill afford. This would also lead to a situation like No Project Alternative option. The other
consequence of this is that it would be a discouragement for private/local investors especially in this key
sector of our economy. In consideration of the above concerns and impact assessment of the current
proposed site, relocation of the project is not a viable option.
7.2 No Project Alternative
The No Project Alternative option in respect to the proposed project implies that the status quo is
maintained. This option is the most suitable alternative from an extreme environmental perspective as it
ensures non-interference with the existing conditions. Under the No Project Alternative, the proponent's
proposal would not receive the necessary approval from NEMA.
In this case No Action alternative will lead to the following consequences:

Insufficient provision of health care services on the basis of family medicine,

Further deterioration of hospital networks in the regions,

Distribution of healthcare services in different medical centers, which reduces the efficiency and
reliability of diagnostics and treatment;

Reduction of access to quality health care services provided to the population, in particular the
most vulnerable groups, and

Increase of O&M costs associated with healthcare infrastructure;

Increased migration from rural areas, and

Decline of socio-economic situation and in population welfare.

Based on above list it may be stated that the potential negative consequences of the No Action
alternative greatly overweight the environmental risks associated with the Project implementation.
From the analysis above, it becomes apparent that the No Project alternative is no alternative to the local
people, Kenyans, and the government of Kenya.

24

7.3 The Proposed Development Alternative

Under the proposed development alternative, the developers of the project would be issued with an EIA
License. In issuing the license, NEMA would approve the proponent's proposed development, provided
all environmental measures are complied with, during its construction and occupation. This alternative
consists of the applicant's final proposal with the inclusion of the NEMA regulations and procedures as
stipulated in the environmental impacts to the maximum extent practicable
7.4 Waste water management alternatives
Six locally available technologies are discussed below: Alternative one: Connection to the sewer system
Connection to a large main sewer line would solve the wastewater management issue at a very minimal
cost and in an environmental efficient manner. This alternative is recommended, but is not available at
the site. Hence not feasible.
Alternative Two: Use of septic tanks
This involves the construction of underground concrete-made tanks to store the sludge with soak pits. It
is expensive to construct and regularly empting in large discharge points. But, they are the most suitable
alternative for places without sewage systems. Hence, it is recommended.
Alternative three: Conventional wastewater treatment plant
This is not tenable due to the existing alternatives as outlined as well as the prohibitive capital outlay.
Hence not recommended.
Alternative four: Use of stabilization ponds/lagoons
The investment cost is prohibitive. This option is not preferable in the area because the land
requirements are unavailable and the connection to existing sewer system is readily available. Hence,
not recommended.
Alternative five: Use of Constructed/Artificial wetland
This is one of the powerful tools/methods used in raising the quality of life and health standards of local
communities in developing countries. Constructed wetland plants act as filters for toxins. The
advantages of the system are the simple technology, low capital and maintenance costs required.
However, they require large open pieces of land and a longer time to function. Long-term studies on
plant species on the site will also be required to avoid biological weed behavioral problems. Hence it is
not the best alternative for this kind of project since it requires costly technical and financial input.
Solid waste management alternatives
An integrated solid waste management system is recommendable. First, the proponent will give priority
to Reduction at Source of the materials. This option will demand a solid waste management awareness
programme in the management and facility users. Secondly, Recycling, Reuse and composting of the
waste will be the second alternative in priority. This will call for a source separation programme to be
put in place. The recyclables will be sold to waste buyers. The third priority in the hierarchy of options
is combustion of the waste that is not recyclable in order to produce energy. Finally, sanitary land filling
will be the last option for the proponent to consider. The consultant recommended that the proponent
need to contract a licensed solid waste management firm to collect and dispose the waste.

25

8. IMPACT IDENTIFICATION AND MITIGATION

This section addresses major potential environmental impacts associated with the construction and
operation of the health centre, and presents proposed mitigation measures.
The project is not expected to have significant or irreversible negative environmental impacts
neither at the construction, nor at operation phases. Impacts of the construction phase will be
typical for all medium scale construction activities, short-term and limited to the project sites
which are State owned land plots. Impacts of the operation phase will be typical for operating
medical institutions. There are no specially protected areas or threatened or endangered endemic
species in the project area.
The likely adverse environmental impacts during the construction phase will include the
following: degradation of soil, landscape and soil erosion due to improper disposal of excavated
materials and construction waste; spillage of oil and other substances during the construction;
pollution of water resources and soil by construction run-offs; use of temporary construction sites
(access roads, camps, machinery sites, storage facilities, etc); use of borrow pits; extraction of
aggregate material, such as gravel, sand, rock; temporary air pollution related to increased truck
traffic during the construction, release of dust from digging-loading works and heavy machinery
operation; noise and vibration disturbances; safety hazards during implementation of construction
works.
The likely adverse environmental impacts during the operation phase include the following:
emissions to atmosphere associated with operation of heating system and subsequent emission of
pollutants originated during burning of fuel; impacts on water and soil as a result of improper
maintenance of water supply and wastewater system, drainage system, vehicles and equipment,
boiler house and electrical sub-station, safety hazards associated with improper operation or
absence of fire-fighting system; waste disposal issues associated with improper categorization and
utilization/disposal of domestic and medical waste generated in the hospital.
The long-term positive socio-economic impacts of the operation of the centre, on the other
hand, are expected to be significant, since the Project will provide reliable primary health care
services on the basis of family medicine, upgraded hospital networks in the regions, improved
access to quality health care services provided to the population, in particular the most vulnerable
groups, reduction of O&M costs; creation of new employment opportunities; overall improvement
of the socio-economic situation and population welfare.
The most important potential short-term and long-term environmental and social impacts as well
as relevant mitigation measures are presented below.
8.1 Expected Short Term Environmental and Social Impacts
The potential negative environmental and social impacts of the Project implementation
construction in the sort-term run are of modest nature and are presented below.
The potential negative environmental and social impacts expected during construction
works are followings:
Generation of excavated materials and construction wastes. Excavated earth and
construction wastes will be generated during earth works on foundations and the
construction works of new hospital building and associated infrastructure (including boiler
26

house and electrical sub-station). These effects will be localized, and will be minimized by
means of appropriate removal and disposal procedures;

Degradation of landscapes and soil erosion. Implementation of earthworks associated

with construction works of new hospital and associated infrastructure may cause
degradation of existing landscape and soil erosion. These impacts will be mostly
associated with installation of on-site concrete-mixing plant, construction material storage
and waste temporary accumulation site;

Impacts from temporary access roads and work sites. Installation of on-site concretemixing plant, as well as construction materials storage and waste temporary accumulation
site, camp, machinery site, storage facilities can enhance soil erosion, and degrade the
landscape;

Pollution of water and soil by construction run-offs. Improper storage of construction

materials, construction waste and excavated materials, as well as spillage of fuel, oil and
other substances during construction can cause pollution of soil and/or water. It should me
mentioned that there are no water bodies located nearby the proposed construction site;

Noise and vibration disturbances during construction are related to the implementation
of civil works and truck traffic associated with transportation of construction
materials/waste. These impacts will occur during the construction works and will include
noise and vibration caused by operation of heavy machinery;

Temporary air pollution (dust) occur during construction works and includes release of
dust from digging-loading works and heavy machinery operation, emission of harmful
substances from combustion of diesel used by transportation means and machinery during
the construction works, emissions from welding, concrete-mixing, asphalt-placing,
activities, as well as dust caused by improper storage of friable construction materials and
non-timely disposal of friable construction waste. According to calculations provided
further in this chapter level of emission is expected to be within the appropriate RA
standards/norms.

Safety hazards from construction activities include injuries of workers who were not
applying appropriate Personal protective equipment (such as gloves, hard hats, safety
glasses, ear plugs, aprons, safety shoes, and respirators). Prevention of injuries and
accidents is an important factor to be considered during construction works, since a single
injury can handicap an employee for life, or it can be fatal. No major hazards are expected
during the construction activities, as long as proper safety procedures (including
appropriate safety uniform and equipment) are applied;

Threats of extracting aggregate materials (such as gravel, sand, rock, etc) include
uncontrolled extraction of rock and harvest of sand and gravel from the riverbeds. The
uncontrolled extraction of materials by quarry activities may cause landscape degradation,
irreversible loss of soils, while excessive harvest of sand and gravel may impact the stream
morphology, bed load movement, water quality, habitat quality and quantity. In Armenia
Construction Contractor can choose the quarry/borrow pit sites to be used for material
extraction; some of them even possess their own quarries approved by the respective state
entities. No major threats are expected as long as the Contractor uses the approved
quarries/borrow pits for material extraction and properly restore them after the completion
of works.

Disturbance to nearby located residents and businesses is associated with temporary

air pollution, noise and vibration caused during implementation of civil works and
operation of heavy machinery.

27

Description of potential impacts on the environment during the construction phase of the
project is presented below.
Air quality:
Emission of dust from digging-loading works, harmful substances from combustion of diesel used
by transportation means and machinery during the construction works, welding and concrete
mixing, asphalt placing works were calculated based on the operating standard. These pollutants
contribute to greenhouses gases and may cause direct and indirect health problems of the people
working and living in the area (such as respiratory diseases, allergies, etc.).The summarized
results are presented in the table below.

Emission of harmful substances during the construction works

Amount of harmful substances emitted into atmosphere, t/year, g/sec

Construction
works

Inorganic
dust

Cement
dust

CO

VOS*

NOx

SO2

SP**

Welding
aerosol

Mn
oxides

1.45 (5.01)

0.17 (0.45)

0.66
(2.27)

0.064
(0.225)

0.321
(1.1)

0.046
(0.16)

0.032
(0.11)

Welding works

0.016
(0.124)

0.002
(0.016)

Concrete works

0.028
(0.144)

2.2 (7.6)

1.62 (5.46)

2.2 (7.6)

0.66
(2.27)

0.321
(1.1)

0.046
(0.16)

0.032
(0.11)

0.016
(0.124)

0.002
(0.016)

Digging-loading
works
Machinery
operation
Emissions
associated with
diesel fuel

Preparation of
concrete mix
Asphalt-placing
works
TOTAL

0.66
(3.44)
0.752
(3.81)

* Volatile organic substances

** Solid particles
Near-earth concentrations of atmospheric emissions:
Near-earth concentration of emissions was calculated by using Raduga1/ Rainbow computer
software. Input data and assumptions used, as well as analysis data are presented in the design
technical documentation. The results are presented in the table below.
Calculation of near-earth concentrations of emissions
Absolute value of maximal
pollution, mg/m3

Maximal pollution by
MAC parts

N:

Pollutant

Inorganic dust

0.0006

0.0011

Carbon oxide

0.00017

0.000034

Hydrocarbons

0.0002

0.0002

Nitrogen dioxide

0.000085

0.001

28

Sulphur dioxide

0.000012

0.000024

Suspended solids

0.000011

0.000074

Welding aerosol

0.000005

0.00001

Manganese oxide

0.00005

Cement dust

0.047

0.155

During the construction phase the emissions will have temporary nature and as a result of
dispersion with atmospheric air the near-earth concentration of substances will not exceed
the MACs for inhabited areas.
Water use and wastewater:
During construction works water is used for concrete preparation, watering the construction sites,
as well as for ensuring proper conditions for workers and drivers.
Water used for concrete preparation and watering the construction site is considered as non-return
water use leading to discharge of wastewater.
Soils:
The top soil is to be stripped and stored for rehabilitation of the construction site after the
completion of the construction works. Implementation of the proposed project will be associated
with the excavation of earth material that will be re-used for backfilling. Remaining amount of
excessive soil will be used for restoration of other sites. Construction waste originated during the
works will be transported and disposed at specially agreed dump site.

8.2 Expected Long Term Social and Environmental Impacts

Construction will bring positive changes to provision of reliable, high-quality and timely
healthcare services. The expected overall social and environmental impacts from the construction
of the new hospital will be positive, longterm and cumulative in nature, ultimately contributing
to the increased social and economic benefits of the population of the region.
The long-term environmental impacts expected during hospital operation are followings:

Emissions to atmosphere associated with operation of heating system and subsequent

emission of pollutants originated during burning of fuel. According to calculations
provided further in this chapter level of emission is expected to be within the appropriate
RA standards/norms;

Impacts on water and soil as a result of improper maintenance of water supply and
wastewater system, drainage system, vehicles and equipment, boiler house and electrical
sub-station, domestic and medical waste disposal;

Safety hazards during hospital operation are associated with improper operation or
absence of fire-fighting system;

Waste disposal issues are associated with improper categorization and utilization/disposal
of domestic and medical waste generated in the hospital.

Description of potential impacts on the environment during the hospital operation phase is
presented below.
29

Impact on atmosphere is associated with operation of heating system and subsequent emission of
pollutants originated during burning of fuel.
Water supply network of newly constructed hospital will be connected to a water supply system.
To ensure fire-fighting safety, it is envisaged to arrange a hydrant.
Hospital wastewater system will be discharged into the well constructed in the yard, and then
through submerged pump will be pumped into septic tank.
The waste generated in the hospital will be categorized as follows for management purposes:
o Clinical waste, consisted of bio-hazardous waste including sanitary dressings, human
tissue, specimens, infectious materials (items in contact with infectious patients, infected
linen etc), sharps including hypodermic needles and syringes, scalpel blades, razor blades
etc), pathological/anatomical waste, chemical and pharmaceutical waste.
o Domestic waste, consisted of organic domestic waste (food wastage, garden wastage etc);
non-organic domestic waste (plastics, non aluminum cans, cardboard packaging etc); and
domestic recyclable waste (bottles, newspapers, aluminum cans etc).
The main long-term social impacts of the Project are followings:

Reliable, high-quality and timely provision of primary health care services on the basis of
family medicine;
Upgraded hospital facility with up-to-date equipment;

Concentration of healthcare services in one medical center, which will increase the
efficiency of services provided to population and will reduce dependence on visiting
different medical departments located in various places;

Considerable reduction of O&M costs associated with healthcare infrastructure;

Improved access to quality health care services provided to the population, and in
particular to the most vulnerable groups;

Establishment of new opportunities for retraining of family doctors and nurses;

Creation of new employment opportunities (including temporary employment during

construction phase);

Reduction of migration from rural areas, and

Overall improvement of the socio-economic situation and population welfare.

8.3 Mitigation Measures

The key measures recommended to mitigate the above mentioned adverse impacts for
hospital construction phase are listed as follows:

Use existing quarries, borrow sites and waste disposal sites. Avoid opening of new quarries.
Where possible reuse excavated materials to minimize the need for opening a new quarry.
However, if unavoidable, Construction Contractor shall obtain the relevant permit/license
from the Ministry of Nature Protection and the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources for
the opening and operation of new quarries, before commencement of construction activities.
30

Construction Contractor shall obtain agreement from the relevant local/regional authorities
(usually community administration) for disposal of excavated materials and construction
wastes in the approved dump site. No waste shall be disposed into waterways, their beds, or in
immediate proximity to them. Neither shall any waste be dumped into wetlands and flood
plains. Burning of the waste shall be banned.

Choose and delineate carefully all access roads, work sites, construction materials storage and
waste temporary accumulation sites. Manage and monitor these sites closely so that they do
not expand unduly during construction;

In the areas designated for establishment of construction camps and storage sites the top layer
of soil (typically about 20 cm) shall be scraped and stored in piles not exceeding one meter.
After completion of works soil shall be used for site restoration;

Compact the top surface of access roads and work sites to facilitate water runoff and avoid
flooding the area. This can require digging of drainage ditches and connecting them to
existing drainage infrastructure;

Conduct dust-depressing measures aimed at prevention of air pollution through watering of

access roads and construction site. During construction, air pollution levels will be increased
mostly by machine operations for earthwork. The main pollutants caused by these operations
include exhaust gases emitted by machines and dust caused by the earthwork. Water regular
sprinkling during construction works will depress the dust, thus reducing impact on workers.
Additional measures planned to maintain air quality include locating concrete mixing plant
and stockpiles in isolated area, as well as confining working vehicles to designated routes only
following the established schedule. Trucks loaded with loose construction materials (such as
gravel, sand, soil, etc.) shall be covered to minimize dust emissions during transportation;

To reduce the likelihood of oil spillage from construction equipment and fecal contamination
from construction camps, sites for these areas shall be carefully designated and proper
technical condition of machinery and equipment shall be ensured. In addition, sand or fine
gravel should be spread on the ground in the locations designated for parking, and servicing
construction machinery. In case of spillage the polluted layer should be removed to the
designated waste disposal site and replaced with new layer of sand or fine gravel;

Noisy plant and equipment must be sited as far as possible from noise-sensitive buildings.
Barriers (e.g. site huts, buildings, fences) or purpose-built acoustic screens should be used to
reduce the noise reaching sensitive buildings where practicable. Avoid the use of percussive
and impact tools wherever possible. Vehicles and machinery should be fitted with effective
exhaust silencers and maintained in good and efficient working order. Machinery in
intermittent use should be shut down or throttled down to a minimum when not in use.

In case of chance finds during earthworks, the construction contractors shall cease the works
and provide relevant information to the State Agency for Protection of Historical and Cultural
Monuments which after due consideration of the findings, and the Agency experts after
determining the significance of the chance finds shall recommend whether the works can be
continued or the design must be revised.

Restoration to quasi-original conditions of landscape after completion of construction works

and after use of quarries, where possible use the specific plant species typical for the Project
area;

31

Mitigation measures proposed for the hospital operation phase include:

Proper maintenance of water supply and wastewater system is very important in order to
ensure provision of safe and reliable water supply and sewerage services. Regular
maintenance checks of the system shall be performed to ensure its operation state. Drainage
system installed at the hospital site shall be periodically cleaned to ensure proper water flow.

Regular check of proper technical conditions of vehicles and equipment shall be conducted to
minimize emissions to atmosphere and prevent possible leakages of fuel and oil causing soil
and water pollution.

Proper maintenance of boiler house to reduce volumes of emissions to atmosphere associated

with operation of heating system and subsequent emission of pollutants originated during
burning of fuel.

Ensure presence, proper maintenance and good conditions of health and safety equipment and
tools (including availability of the adequate fire fighting equipment). Adequate access and
egress shall be maintained as well as fire signage and emergency lighting shall be provided.

Mechanism and plan of proper categorization and disposal of domestic and medical waste
(including bio-hazardous waste (BHW), pathological waste, chemical and pharmaceutical waste
(C&P waste)) shall be developed and implemented by the hospital administration. Disposal
contracts will be signed with public waste disposal company.
Bio-hazardous waste (BHW), shall be treated in-site or handed over to a licensed waste
treatment & disposal company. The waste shall be either disinfected by steam (e.g. autoclaving)
or shall be incinerated (either locally in a small-scale incinerator or centrally according to the
appropriate contract). Disinfected waste and residues from the waste incineration shall be
disposed of with the domestic healthcare waste. The treatment by chemicals shall be allowed only
in exceptional cases (e.g. during transition phase).
C&P waste consist out of different kind of waste which need specific treatment methods.
Pharmaceutical waste shall be incinerated; alternative solution can be the crushing and
encapsulation or inertization of the waste to avoid the misuse of these items. Chemical waste from
the radiology department (Fixing bath, developing bath, films) shall be sold for external treatment
and silver recovery. Heavy metal containing chemical waste shall be accumulated until a solution
for this type of waste exists in Armenia.
Patho-waste shall be either incinerated (on-site or off-site) or shall be buried in approved burying
places (off-site).
No radioactive waste will be produced by Gyumri Medical Center. Technical assistance
activities as well as provision of HCWM supplies and equipment are planned under the project to
ensure proper management of HCW.
Special traffic management signs shall be installed to regulate and maintain smooth traffic flow
and avoid traffic jams as a result in increased traffic flow to hospital and operation of Ambulance
vehicles.

Detailed description of general construction related Impacts

These impacts have been predicted to occur during any renovation works in future, during
operations and at decommissioning phase.
32

Soil-related Impacts
The key impacts will revolve around removal of productive agricultural lands/top soils during
construction. Soil-related losses sedimentation and pollution of the rivers and possible landslides.
Sedimentation occurs as a result of soil erosion and storm water run-off. Life is so closely
integrated with the biophysical aspects of the environment and so issues such as water quality and
biodiversity conservation deserve special consideration.
Mitigation
Top soil:-Pile up top soil for use in other areas such as sites of landscaping,
rehabilitation of quarry and borrow pits.
Where over excavated or under cut, carry out trimming to obtain a uniform slope, free
from possible landslides.
Balance filling and cutting requirements to avoid the production of excess spoil
materials thereby reducing the need for borrow pits.
Quarries and Gravel pits
Exposure and excavation of these sites will have significant impacts on the land. Some of these
impacts are bush clearing, removal of top soil, excavation and transportation. There is also
disposal of waste and unusable excavated material.
Mitigation
Rehabilitate quarry sites and other material sites to discourage ponding which are
mosquito breeding grounds. Exposed sites are also sites of water-borne disease
transmission for both human and animals.
Top soil should be piled up for use in rehabilitation of the quarry and borrow pits.
Waste excavated materials should be disposed off in a manner that ensures protection
of wetlands and waterways.
Re-vegetation of these sites with the previously existing vegetation or facilitate natural
re-vegetation
Adopt precautions when using explosives which will prevent scattering of rocks,
stumps or other debris outside the work area and prevent damage to surrounding trees,
shrubs and vegetation.
Resource Harvesting Impacts
It is envisaged that sand harvesting will intensify with opening up of the area due to improved
market.
Mitigation
Awareness creation among the sand harvesting enterprises on the dangers of
indiscriminate harvesting of sand. This can be done through the numerous
environmental lobby groups in the area.
Ensure that sand harvesting activities are authorized, regulated and guided by the
Mining Act.
There is need for continuous long-term training and awareness campaigns to
promote environmental conservation to encourage communities in the region to
identify alternative livelihoods.
Social Impacts arising from construction camps
Construction camps, good transport systems and the spread of disease especially HIV & STD tend
to go in tandem. The house construction camps provide enhanced interaction of better paid
construction workers (men who are not living with their families) with the surrounding
communities. The camps are a source of liquid and solid wastes which need to be well disposed.

33

On the other hand, the construction camps are a commercial point for the local population and
small scale businesses such as food vending will thrive. It is not uncommon to have local security
improved as a result of the camps
Enhancement
Provide business opportunities
Offer improved local security
Mitigation
Locate condom dispensers in appropriate locations within the camp and the camp
environs such as market centres
Intensify awareness on HIV/AIDS
As much as practical, source labour locally from men and women who will go back to
their homes at the end of the day.
Provide waste disposal facilities
Water Resources
Pollution of water courses is likely due to oil spills, equipment lubricants, fuels, waste materials
and detergents. Besides, erosion of water courses and material sites will adversely affect water
quality and lead to sedimentation. This is significant because the majority of residents source
domestic water directly from these rivers.
Mitigation
Adequate design of hydraulic structures to accommodate flooding
Limit construction during heavy rains
Planting of conservation vegetation to control erosion and sedimentation
Routine maintenance of construction equipment so as to reduce oil spills
Construction activities shall apply methods that will prevent entrance, accidental
spillage of solid matter, contaminants, debris and other pollutants/wastes into streams
and underground water. Such pollutants include refuse garbage, cement, concrete,
sanitary waste, industrial waste, oils, bitumen, petroleum products, aggregate
processing tailings, mineral salts and thermal pollution.
Dewatering work shall be carefully done to prevent muddy water and eroded materials
from entering the streams of water courses.
Excavated materials or other construction materials shall not be stockpiled or deposited
near or on stream banks or drainage channels.
Wastewater shall not be allowed to enter streams, watercourses or other surface water
without the use of pre-treatment methods that will assure zero damage to biodiversity.
Air Quality Impacts
Construction activities of materials delivery, excavation and construction traffic passages will
generate a lot of dust especially during the dry seasons. Uncovered stock piles are another source
of dust. Vehicular traffic emissions bring about air pollution. Construction activities of
excavation and plant operation will increase ambient noise. Introduction of new sources of noise
is an issue in areas where ambient noise levels have been low. Noise mitigation may be achieved
through a variety of measures that modify the noise source, noise path, or receiver characteristics.
Noise barriers will not be economically practical since they are not cost effective for isolated
individual rural residences.
Mitigation
Reduce unnecessary travel times for moving machinery
Application of water or other approved dust control methods during construction
Avoid night time construction when noise is loudest and use protective clothing like
helmets on construction crew.
As much as practical cover the material stock piles to reduce dust
Apply equipment and methods that reduce dust, emissions and noise pollution
34

Equipment and vehicles that show excessive emissions of exhaust gases due to poor
engine adjustments or other inefficient operating conditions shall not be operated until
corrective repairs or adjustments are made.
Burning of materials resulting from clearing trees and bush, combustible construction
materials, and rubbish will be permitted only when atmospheric conditions for burning
are favourable i.e. during lowest wind speed, with authority from local environmental
management authority, else all organic materials should be decomposed while nonorganics collected for proper disposal by licensed waste management contractors.
No unapproved materials shall be burnt
Storage and handling of flammable materials shall be stored safely away from open
flames.
Night time blasting, the use of jackhammers, pile driving or other operations producing
high intensity noise may be performed only upon approval of the supervisor and the
National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA)

Biodiversity and Conservation Impacts

The density of wildlife in the area is low and very few sighting of wild animals have been
reported. It is not expected that the project will have any significant impact on the presence of
wildlife. There are no designated wildlife areas or game lodges in the region surrounding the
project.
Construction activities will bring along removal of vegetation as well as on the material sites.
Transportation of materials will bring about movement of flora and fauna species from one
location to another. There is therefore the likelihood of species migration. The most critical of this
is to avoid the migration of invasive plant and animal species which have adverse ecological
consequences.
Mitigation
Prevent any unnecessary destruction, scarring or defacing of the natural surroundings
of the Proposed residential house project. Except where clearing is permitted for
permanent works, approved construction or excavation operations, all trees, shrubs and
other vegetation shall be preserved and protected from damage by the contractors
construction operations and equipment.
Movement of crews and equipment shall be performed carefully to prevent damage to
grazing land, crops and other property.
Re-vegetation of borrow pits with original vegetation or facilitate natural re-vegetation
All non-permanent works destruction of landscape shall be repaired and re-seeded
Construction roads and diversions when no longer required will be restored to original
contour and made impassable to vehicular traffic. The surfaces of such roads shall be
scarified as needed to facilitate natural re-vegetation, proper drainage and prevent soil
erosion.
Repair and treatment of accidental injured vegetation and animals shall be done
Economic and Poverty Impacts
The project development will facilitate trade within water points and between existing market
centres. It will provide all-weather access at reduced cost and time. Skilled and unskilled labour
will be directly employed by the construction works. In addition, indirect job opportunities such
as sale of food to construction workers will develop. The project will also facilitate labour and
other migration and regular travel to paid employment in other parts of the region. This migration
will result in socio-cultural interactions which influence behavior
Enhancement
Improved environment for economic activities through employment and commerce.
35

Poverty reduction through employment and trade

Skills transfer-some individuals may gain skills that can be applied in other project
construction projects
Positive foreign cultural influence
Mitigation
Scale up HIV-AIDS campaigns since improved human mobility and income on the
transport sector especially go in tandem with increased HIV transmission.
Preservation of historical and archaeological data
The contractor will be responsible for the conservation or safe preservation of any discovered
evidence of possible scientific or archaeological data with immediate notice to the supervisor.
Care shall be exercised not to damage artefacts of fossils uncovered during excavations.
Health, Safety & HIV & AIDS Impacts
Health statistics show that the prevalence of HIV & AIDS and Malaria dominates in this region.
This further complicates poverty.
Mitigation
Intensify training and awareness creation on malaria and HIV/AIDS prevention at
workplace
Aids awareness shall be included in the orientation program of new staff
An elaborate HIV/AIDS training and awareness programme shall be established
Certified Condoms must be available within reach of all staff members
Work to minimize or altogether eliminate mosquito breeding sites.
Ensure that all equipment are in good working conditions to prevent occupational
hazards
Use of gas masks while working in dusty environment
There shall be established a fire disaster response program, with appropriate fire
hazard protection and prevention.
Construction Materials
There are numerous construction materials that can be deleterious to the health of construction
workers. These include materials or substances made of asbestos, silica, heavy metals (such as
lead and cadmium), and certain chemical substances that are used for the treatment of wood and
timber. However the contractor will complying with regulations for use of standard materials and
it is necessary to instruct him in the use of all materials that may have negative environmental or
health effects.
Mitigation
The following materials and substances, inter alia, will be minimized in usage for the
construction of the development:
High alumina cement; Wood wool slab in permanent formwork to concrete;
Calcium silicate bricks or tiles; Asbestos in any form;
Urea formaldehyde foam or other materials which may release formaldehyde in hazardous
quantities;
Lead, lead paint or any other materials containing lead which may be inhaled, ingested or
absorbed;
Any timber treated with pentachlorophenol;
The contractor will be required to certify the source of all materials. For example, stones for
building must be obtained from bonafide commercial quarries. The use of hardwoods must be
discouraged, unless their sources are proved to be NEMA accredited and sustainable. The project
manager, contractor and contractor will be required keep abreast on any research being
undertaken on the effects of various materials and substances that will be used for the project, so
36

as to pre-empt any delirious impacts on human health, and in order that acceptable alternatives
can be identified and used instead.
Facilities for the Workforce
On the construction staff camp site, workshop and offices shall be provided a portable water
supply, proper sanitation and washing facilities will be put in place for the workforce.
Construction sites attract food vendors who sell food to the workforce. This would present a
security risk as well as pose a hygiene problem. Solid waste will be generated by the workforce,
in the form of food and food wrappers, plastic containers / bottlers, rags, etc.
Mitigation
Portable water and water for washing should also be provided for the workforce.
The contractor must ensure that solid waste generated by the workforce will be disposed
of in a proper and organized manner.
Rules for the maintenance of hygiene on site must be drawn up.
Minimize use of non-organic detergents for cleaning
Locate facilities in such manner so as to preserve trees and vegetation
On completion of the works, all storage and construction buildings, materials and debris
shall be removed from site. The area shall be re-graded for proper drainage and natural
re-vegetation.
Public Health and Occupational Safety
During construction, increased dust, noise and air pollution could be minimal and temporal for the
public at large, but the workforce and those residing / working downwind of the site would be
more exposed to these hazards. In addition, accidents on site may cause injury or death. Sanitation
and hygiene on site are issues of concern, both during the construction and after completion of the
development. If not addressed, this could contribute to contamination of water resource,
proliferation of vermin, and illness associated with unhygienic conditions.
Mitigation
The contractor must comply with the codes of practice provided by the project manager,
the factories Act, the workmens compensation Act, as well as other relevant ordinances,
regulations and union Agreements.
The site must have a fully equipped first aid kit.
All workmen must be provided with suitable protective gear (such as nose masks, ear
muffs, helmets, overalls, industrial boots, etc.), particularly during drilling while working,
and handling chemicals of any sort.
All visitors must be provided with hard hats, as well as other protective gear as necessary.
The contractor must have workmens compensation cover, as required by law.
All stationary floodlights will be required to be dim or shine downwards and shielded to
reduce nuisance to surroundings
Pesticides shall only be used with approval of the supervisor
To minimize impacts on public health on people residing in the vicinity of the site, no
construction activities must be carried out at night, on Sundays or public holiday.
After construction, arrangements must be made by the proponent for the proper disposal
of solid waste through a solid waste contractor.
Clean Up Upon and disposal of waste material
During construction the contractor will construct various facilities, which have to be removed and
dismantled on completion of works. In addition, there will be a lot of scrap, construction debris
and waste material on site.

37

Mitigation
The site must be left in a clean and friendly condition on completion of the works. Any
waste or debris must not be dumped along the road, in the drains outside the site, or in any
other compound.
The contractor shall, at all times, keep the construction area, including storage areas, free
from accumulations of waste materials or rubbish
Any residue from washing out transit mix trucks or concrete operations shall be buried or
cleaned up
Waste materials shall be dumped at an approved dump site
Disposal by burning or burying shall be approved by the supervisor and deal with as
detailed in this report

38

9. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT PLAN

Construction Contractor is responsible for implementation of mitigation measures provided in the
following EMP, as well as for obtaining all construction activities related permits and agreements.
In order to prepare the Construction Contractor to fully understand and work in accordance with
the EMP requirements, the project management team, may organize and conduct the introductory
meeting/training for the relevant personnel of Construction Contractors. If necessary, this
meeting/training can include provision of some basic environmental knowledge as well as specific
knowledge related to EMP implementation e.g. in prevention of damages on vegetation,
transportation, handling and storage of construction materials and waste (including proper
handling of the hazardous materials like oil, etc.).
Monitoring of the EMP will be carried out by the Supervision Contractor (to be hired by the
project management team) and the Construction Supervision Unit headed by the Civil Works and
Environmental Specialist of the County, as a part of overall supervision over construction
activities. Along with other responsibilities the Supervision Contractor will be assigned to track
compliance by the civil works contractors with the EMP.
County appropriate specialist will conduct periodical visits to construction sites to ensure proper
implementation of EMP. He/She will also coordinate environmental training for staff, designers
and local contractors to ensure proper understanding if environmental requirements. Monitoring
of construction activities is required to assure that adverse environmental impacts are avoided
and/or minimized as well as that adequate mitigation measures are properly implemented.
Monitoring during the construction phase will be short-term and localized on hospital site
boundaries.
The monitoring process to be implemented. Monitoring Plan will be based on visual inspections
of the materials used, construction practices, and mitigation methods applied during construction
phase.
Estimated Cost
Estimated costs for the implementation of mitigation and monitoring plans should be
included in contract bids. In general the cost for implementation of mitigation measures is
estimated to comprise about 2-3% of the total construction cost-estimate. The real costs of
the above measures are to be determined during the construction phase.
In the event of an accident or when is deemed necessary by project management team, appropriate
samples shall be taken and analyzed to ensure no hazardous material is spread. If pollution
occurred as a result of Construction Contractors fault, the Construction Contractor will cover the
cost of analysis; otherwise project management team will pay for the sampling and appropriate
analysis. Mitigation measures to be implemented during operation phase (e.g. maintenance of
drainage system, etc.) are to be paid from operation and maintenance budget of operating agency.

Implementation Schedule and Reporting

The following reporting requirements are scheduled to address the progress over implementation
of the Environmental Management Plan.
39

1. Construction Contractor will report to project management team on implementation of

mitigation measures proposed in the EMP on a quarterly basis. The sample format for reporting is
presented below:
Mitigation Measures

M1

M2

M3

M4

M5

M6

a. measure 1
b. measure 2
c. measure ...
etc.

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

2. Supervision Contractor will use the Monitoring Plan framework presented in EMP
to report the progress and compliance of the Construction Contractor with respect to
implementation of mitigation measures. The following sample table could be used to report the
progress to project management team on a quarterly basis:
Monitoring parameters

M1

M2

M3

M4

M5

M6

a. parameter 1
b. parameter 2
c. parameter ...
etc.

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

3. In case of emergency the Construction Contractor/ Supervision Contractor shall fill the Incident
Report Form and submit it to project management team
In addition to above reports project management team project management team will prepare the
reports outlining status of EMP implementation as part of the regular progress reporting. Such
reports shall include information on any environmental issues arising from project-supported
activities, the status of mitigation measures taken, and next steps, if any.
Remedies for EMP Violation
Health project management team, as a client of construction works, will be responsible for
enforcing compliance of contractor with the terms of the contract, including adherence to the
EMP. For minor infringements, an incident which causes temporary but reversible damage, the
contractor will be given 48 hours to remedy the problem and to restore the environment. If
restoration is done satisfactorily during this period, no further actions will be taken. If it is not
done during this period, project management team will arrange for another contractor to do the
restoration, and deduct the cost from the offending contractors next payment. For major
infringements, causing a long-term or irreversible damage, there will be a financial penalty up to
1% of the contract value in addition to the cost for restoration activities.

40

Table 9.1: Mitigation plan (Construction)

POTENTIAL NEGATIVE IMPACT

ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION MEASURES

EXECUTING
AGENCY

SUPERVISING
AGENCY

Establish work site, install concrete-mixing plant as well as organize the site for
construction materials storage that will cause no damage to the vegetation cover and
will prevent blocking the drainage water flow or adversely impacting water quality
by construction run-off.

Construction
Contractor

Supervision
Contractor

Construction
Contractor

Supervision
Contractor

At working site grease and oil discharges from machinery maintenance and fecal
contamination from the construction camp shall be prevented through regular checkup of the condition of machinery and equipment, and removal of polluted soil/sand
in case of spill.

Construction
Contractor

Supervision
Contractor

Establish the sites for preliminary accumulation of excavated materials and waste
that will cause no damage to the vegetation cover and other components of the
environment.

Construction
Contractor

Supervision
Contractor

Site for waste preliminary accumulation shall be clearly delineated and their location
shall be agreed with Supervisor. Such site shall not be established nearby the trees to
avoid damaging them and nearby the water bodies to prevent possible water
pollution by construction run-off.

Construction
Contractor

Supervision
Contractor

Construction Phase
Pollution of water and soil as a result of civil
works implementation, improper construction
materials storage, management and usage

Oils and lubricants (other liquid materials) shall be stored in closed tanks and at
specially designated place to prevent leakage and to minimize pollution of soil and
water in case of leakage. Sand or fine gravel should be spread on the ground in the
locations designated for parking, and servicing construction machinery. In case of
spillage the polluted layer should be removed to the designated waste disposal site
and replaced with new layer of sand or fine gravel.
The construction work sites and storage facilities must be effectively protected
against spill.
Ensure preservation of appropriate rules at the construction camps, including control
over incoming and outgoing vehicles, proper operation o drainage system, etc.

Pollution of water and soil as a result of

improper disposal of excavated materials and
construction wastes

Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Management Plan Reports

41

POTENTIAL NEGATIVE IMPACT

ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION MEASURES

EXECUTING
AGENCY
Construction
Contractor

SUPERVISING
AGENCY
Supervision
Contractor

Construction
Contractor

Supervision
Contractor

Construction
Contractor

Supervision
Contractor

Workers exposed to dust shall be provided with and use necessary protection gear.

Construction
Contractor

Supervision
Contractor

Terminate the works at the established time (e.g. work in daylight time), and avoid
increase of noise and number of peak hours.

Construction
Contractor

Supervision
Contractor

Proper maintenance of machinery and vehicles should be ensured to keep the

impacts as low as possible. Vehicles and machinery should be fitted with effective
exhaust silencers and maintained in good and efficient working order. Machinery in
intermittent use should be shut down or throttled down to a minimum when not in
use. Noisy equipment must be sited as far as possible from the nearby buildings.
Workers in the vicinity of sources of high noise/vibration shall wear necessary
protection gear (e.g. earplugs, etc.).

Construction
Contractor

Supervision
Contractor

The construction equipment will strictly conform to Armenian standards. Regular

checking of vehicle conditions to ensure appropriate use of mufflers, etc.

Construction
Contractor

Supervision
Contractor

Cease the works in case of a chance find during earthworks at the construction site
and provide relevant information to the State Agency for Historical and Cultural
Monuments Protection.
Use excavated soil for backfilling, where possible.

Construction
Contractor

Supervision
Contractor

Construction

Supervision

Arrange proper transport and disposal of excavation materials and wastes to the
approved dump sites designated for the specific purpose and agreed with
local/regional authorities. No waste shall be disposed into waterways, their beds, or
in immediate proximity to them. Neither shall any waste be dumped into wetlands
and flood plains.

Temporary air pollution (dust) related to the

transportation of construction materials/ waste
and truck traffic

Wherever possible excavated materials and waste shall be hauled directly to the
approved disposal site to minimize double handling of the waste, site cleanup and
dust generation.
Use closed/covered trucks for transportation of construction materials (such as
gravel, sand, soil, etc.) to the construction sites and/or removal of construction waste
originated during implementation of civil works to approved dump site. When
possible (warm and dry weather) wash the tires of trucks to minimize dust exposure.
Maintain construction equipment to good standard, improper functioning machinery
that causes excessive pollution will be banned from the construction site.
Clean the surrounding area of the worksite from dust by regular water sprinkling
(during warm and dry months), removal of excess materials and cleaning of sites
upon completion of activities.

Noise and vibration disturbances

Impacts on archaeological sites

Landscape degradation and soil erosion

Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Management Plan Reports

42

POTENTIAL NEGATIVE IMPACT

ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION MEASURES

Accumulate excavated materials and construction waste only in specially designated

places.
Restoration to quasi-original conditions of landscape after completion of
construction works and after use of quarries; restoration of the vegetation cover.
Plant species characteristic to the landscape of the construction site shall be used in
the course of restoration of the vegetation cover.
Safety issues

Provide workers with safety instructions and protective equipment as required by

local laws. In some cases appropriate guidance shall be given to the workers in
charge of handling oil, chemicals or dealing with hazardous materials, etc.

EXECUTING
AGENCY
Contractor

SUPERVISING
AGENCY
Contractor

Construction
Contractor

Supervision
Contractor

Construction
Contractor

Supervision
Contractor

Appropriate traffic signs shall be installed at the nearby roads to be intensively used
for transportation of construction materials and/or construction waste to ensure
smooth flow of transport/vehicles. In some cases a flagman or traffic control
supervisor shall be engaged.

Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Management Plan Reports

43

Table 9.2: Mitigation plan (Operation)

Operation Phase

Flooding and water pollution as a result of

improper maintenance of water supply,
wastewater and drainage systems

Potential pollution as a result of non-timely

waste disposal

Water supply, sewerage systems installed at the hospital shall be periodically cleaned Relevant department County government
to ensure provision of safe and reliable water supply and sewerage services. Regular
of county
maintenance checks of the system shall be performed to ensure its operation state.
government
Drainage system installed at the hospital site shall be periodically cleaned to ensure
proper water flow.
Timely transportation and disposal of waste shall be arranged to prevent overHospital
County government
accumulation of waste on-site and possible subsequent pollution of water and soil.
Mechanism of proper categorization and disposal of domestic and medical waste
shall be developed and implemented in the hospital.
Domestic waste shall be properly collected and timely transported to disposal site
agreed with County government.

Emission to atmosphere from boiler house

Safety issues

For handling the medical waste, administration of the hospital shall sign the
agreement with special licensed organization(s) to be responsible for such waste
collection, transportation and handling in accordance with RA relevant legislation.
Ensure proper maintenance of boiler house to reduce volumes of emissions to
atmosphere associated with operation of heating system and subsequent emission of
pollutants originated during burning of fuel, Timely provision of compulsory
payments for harmful substances emissions, surface and underground water pollution
with wastewater, pollution of other components of environment in accordance with
RA Law on Environmental and Nature Use Charges and RA Law On Rates of
Nature Protection Payments.
Ensure presence, proper maintenance and good conditions of health and safety
equipment and tools (including availability of the adequate fire fighting equipment).
Adequate access and egress shall be maintained as well as fire signage and
emergency lighting shall be provided.

Traffic jams as a result in increased traffic flow Special traffic management signs shall be installed to regulate and maintain smooth
to hospital and operation of Ambulance vehicles traffic flow.

Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Management Plan Reports

Hospital

County government

Hospital

Fire-protection
department of
the Ministry of
Emergency County
government

Road police

police

44

Table 9.3: Monitoring plan (Construction)

PHASE

WHAT PARAMETER
is to be monitored?

WHERE THE
PARAMETER
is to be monitored?

Construction

Material borrow sites and quarries

At the Construction
Contractor

Agreement for waste disposal

At the Construction
Contractor

Agreement with local/regional

authorities (community leader)

Prior to waste transportation to

dump site and disposal

Supervisor

Soil erosion

In new cutting areas

Inspections at site

During construction works and

after the restoration of site is
finished

Supervisor

In the nearby
water bodies

Inspections at site, analysis of water

samples (water quality basic
parameters, organics)
in an approved laboratory

Water pollution

Proper storage of construction

materials, fuel, oil, etc.

Air pollution/dust

Noise and vibration

HOW THE PARAMETER

is to be monitored?
Type of monitoring equipment

WHEN THE PARAMETER* REPORTING

AGENCY
is to be monitored? (frequency of
measurement or continuously)

Permits from Ministry of Nature

After signing a contract, prior to
Protection (in case the opening of a new commencement of civil works and
quarry is required)
opening of a new quarry

Supervisor

During construction, when

Supervisor
pollution by construction run-offs to
nearby water objects
is observed

At work site in case it is used

Inspection
During construction works, when
for storing of construction
work site areas are used for
materials,
storing construction materials,
fuel, oil, etc.
fuel, oil, etc.
At work site
Inspections at site to make sure that the
During civil works
site is regularly watered and that dust is
not significantly affecting the workers
Inspections at site.
At work site
Check of vehicles/machinery technical
During earthworks.
conditions.
On complaint.
Measurement of noise level with
portable (hand-held) device.

Supervisor

Supervisor

Supervisor

Maintenance of construction sites,

machinery, construction materials
storage and waste accumulation
sites, etc.

At work site

Inspection

During construction works and

after restoration of construction
sites

Supervisor

Site safety (presence of relevant

warning signs, fire-fighting
equipment, first-aid kit)

At work site

Inspection

During construction works

Supervisor

Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Management Plan Reports

45

PHASE

WHAT PARAMETER
is to be monitored?

WHERE THE
PARAMETER
is to be monitored?

HOW THE PARAMETER

is to be monitored?
Type of monitoring equipment

WHEN THE PARAMETER* REPORTING

AGENCY
is to be monitored? (frequency of
measurement or continuously)

Personnel safety (availability and

use of relevant safety uniform)

At work site

Inspection

During construction works

Supervisor

Overall workers camp site

conditions

At work site

Inspection

According to the existing

regulations

Supervisor

Accidents at work site including

those with environmental
hazardous materials1

At work site

Accident report
(see: EMP Table 3)

When accident occur

Supervisor

In the case of accident should be filling accident reporting form

Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Management Plan Reports

46

Table 9.4: Monitoring plan (Operation)

Operation

Accidents with hazardous

materials or wastes

At accident site

Accident report

Immediately after
an accident

Traffic Police
County
government

Disposal of domestic waste

At hospital site

Inspection

During operation

County
government

Disposal of medical waste

At hospital site

Inspection

During operation

County
government,
MoH,

Maintenance of water supply,

wastewater and drainage systems

At hospital site

Inspection

According to operational
guidelines of the water
supply/wastewater company as
well as relevant department of
County government

County
government

At streets nearby the hospital

site

Inspection

According police rules

At hospital

Inspection

Payments on annual basis,

according to RA law

Maintenance of traffic flow

Timely implementation of
compulsory payments for nature
use

* Monitoring reports will be developed on quarterly basis as is stated in EMP Section on Implementation Schedule and Reporting.

Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Management Plan Reports

47

Road Police

County
government

The Environmental Monitoring Plan: Decommissioning

Decommissioning is an important phase in the project cycle and comes last to wind up the operational activities of a particular project. It
refers to the final disposal of the project and associated materials at the expiry of the project lifespan. If such a stage is reached, the proponent
needs to remove all materials resulting from the demolition/decommissioning from the site. The following should be undertaken to restore the
environment.
Remove all underground facilities from the site
The site should be well landscaped by flattening the mounds of soil and
Planting indigenous trees and flowers
All the equipment should be removed from the site
Fence and signpost unsafe areas until natural stabilization occurs
Backfill surface openings if practical
Table 9.5: The Environmental Mitigation & Monitoring Plan: Decommissioning
Project
Potential
Impact
Activities/En Description
vironmental
Effect
3.Decommissioning Phase
Demolishing
Dust, solid waste
the quarry

Mitigation/
Enhancement Measures

Cost of Mitigation
/Enhancement

Responsibility

Frequency

Verifiable
Monitoring
Indicators

Workers to use Personal Protective Devices such as

noise masks, breathing masks
Provide dust shields on building under construction
Water sprinkling of driveways to reduce dust emission
during construction

20,000

Project
Proponent

During
demolishing
work

Use of first aid kit

10,000

Project
Proponent

Availability of standby ambulance

20,000

Project
Proponent

Workers to use Personal Protective Devices such

as noise masks, breathing masks

20,000

Project
Proponent

During
demolishing
work
During
demolishing
work
During
demolishing
work

Observable use
of PPE
Records of scrap
material
disposal
site
licenses
and
records
Site
inspection
report

Possible injuries

Land
Leveling

Dust

48

Contract with the

ambulance
ownership.
Observation
records

Re-vegetation

Soil Erosion

Safety Risks

Possible
injuries
from
demolition
activities.

Visual
intrusion

Dust

Noise & Air

pollution

Disturbed
physical
environment
Fuel spillage
from
emptying
tanks
Loss of
income by
petrol
station staff

Noise & dust

Out of order with

physical
topographical
scenery
Oil spillage

50,000

Project
Proponent

Training on safe working procedures

Provision of personal protective equipment such as
safety shoes hand gloves
Ensure provision of PPEs at all stages of project cycle
to workers and office employees and ensure they use
them at all times

10,000

Contractor

All solid waste from the demolition site should be

cleared on completion and disposed suitably bin to the
approved dumpsites
The projects should be blended in a way to merge with
the existing environment
Maintain plant equipment.
Demolition works to be carried out only during
daytime.
Workers working in noisy section to wear ear muffs
Workers should be provided with dust masks
Spraying dusty areas Install dust trappers around the
Undertake a complete environmental
restoration programmer
Landscaping and introducing appropriate
vegetation
Ensure there is no spillage during emptying and
removing of the underground tanks
Any fuels removed from the tanks, surrounding soil
that maybe contaminated must be disposed into
licensed dumpsites.
Compensate and suitably recommend the workers to
help in seeking opportunities elsewhere

20,000

Take appropriate soil conservation measures

49

After
demolishing
work
During
demolishing
work

Inspection report

Contractor

During
demolishing
work

Inspection report

20,000

proponent

During
demolition

Inspection report

20,000

proponent

Immediately
after demolition

Inspection report

10,000

proponent

During
demolition

Observation report

Proponent

During
demolition

Demolition report

Inspection report
Inspection report

9. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The integration of environmental concerns in the implementation strategy of the proposed project will
enhance environmental practices amongst all stakeholders. This will ultimately enhance sustainable
development in the region.
The EIA Study Project Report concludes that the construction of the Project should be undertaken and
makes the following key recommendations:
The development is undertaken since the project is environmentally friendly with its
surroundings
The identified impacts, mitigating measures and environmental monitoring & management
plans should be implemented as part of project monitoring and evaluation activities.
During the implementation of the project, positive impacts such as labor sourcing from the local
community where possible should be enforced to improve economic gains for the population.
All project staff members should be trained on the effective application of technology to reduce
negative environmental impacts.
It is recommended that the project be issued with EIA certificate by NEMA

50

10. REFERENCES
1. Bisset, R. (1995).Development in Environmental Impacts Impact assessment methods in watern.p
(eds)
2. California State University (2001). Draft Environmental Report: faculty of staff housing site H9,
long beach-California.
3. Environmental impacts impact assessment: Theory and practices, London, Rutledge.
4. Kenya gazette supplement Acts 2000, Environmental Management and Coordination Acts Number 8
of 1999.Government printer,
5. Kenya gazette supplement Acts Building Code 2000 by government printer,
6. Kenya gazette supplement Acts forest Act by government printer,
7. Kenya gazette supplement Acts Land Planning Act (Cap.303) government printer
8. Kenya gazette supplement Acts Local Authority Act (Cap.265) government printer,
9. Kenya gazette supplement Acts Penal Code Act (Cap.63) government printer,
10. Kenya gazette supplement Acts Physical Planning Act, 1999 government,
11. Kenya gazette supplement Acts Public Health Act (Cap.242) government printer,
12. Kenya gazette supplement Acts water Act, 2002 government printer,
13. Kenya gazette supplement number 56. Environmental Impact assessment and Impact assessment
Regulations 2003.government printer,
14. The Land titles Acts (Cap.282), government printers,
15. The Registration of titles Acts (Cap.281) government printers,
16. www.kisimadrilling.com/procedures.php
17. http://www.nyamira.go.ke/?cat=29

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11. APPENDICES
Public Participation Qualitative Interview Guide
To the potentially Affected Person,
We seek your views on the project by answering the following questions. We will treat your information
confidentially, revealing only facts as a group representation at the end of the study.
Feel free to accept to respond or reject.
Once you respond to all questions, we will request you to append your signature and personal details on
the form attached.
Q1: Are you affected by the project? If yes proceed to Q2, if not close terminate the interview.
Q2: What do you think are the positive benefits of the project to you?
Q3: What do you think are the negative impacts of the project to you and the environment?
Q4: What are your proposed mitigation measures to negative impacts?
Q5: What are your recommendations for the project? To proceed or be stopped?
Thank you for your input. We will treat your information confidentially, revealing only facts as a group
representation at the end of the study.

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