ME 6302: Spring 2012

Final Exam (Two Hours and 30 minutes)

Problem 1
The schematic of a test section in an experiment is shown in the figure below. The test section is a
channel with a 1 mm by 2 mm rectangular cross-section. Water at a temperature of 360 K flows in the
test section before it enters the heated segment. The heated segment is 100 mm long. At inlet to the
heated segment the pressure is maintained at 200 kPa. The wall temperature in the heated segment is
maintained at 400 K. The flow at inlet to the heated segment can be assumed to be fully developed.
a) Neglecting pressure drop in channel, find the minimum water flow rate that is necessary to avoid bulk
boiling in the heated segment.
b) Calculate the pressure drop in the heated segment for your solution in Part a. Is your solution of Part a
acceptable? If not, how would you derive a correct solution?
Assume that bulk boiling starts when liquid bulk temperature reaches saturation temperature. For
simplicity, use thermally developed flow correlations.

Problem 2
According to Bergles and Rohsenow (1963), in during subcooled flow of water nucleate boiling

starts when :

(Ts Tsat )ONB

qs

= 0.556
1.156
1082 P

n = 0.463P 0.0234

(12.10)
(12.11)

where P is in bar, T is in K, and qs is the wall heat flux and is in W / m 2 .

Water at atmospheric pressure flows in a long metallic tube that is 10. mm in diameter. The tube surface
is subjected to a uniform heat flux. The mean velocity in the tube is 2.4 m/s. At a location where the bulk
temperature of water is 360 K we would like to avoid nucleate boiling. What is the maximum heat flux
that can be tolerated without the occurrence of nucleate boiling?

Problem 3
The flat, horizontal bottom surface of a vessel is at -30C temperature. The surface area of the vessels
bottom surface is 0.25 m2. The vessel should rest on a flat block of metal which is at 300 K, and has high
thermal conductivity. To insulate the vessel from the underlying block, it has been suggested to use a
partially vacuumed layer of air, 3 cm in thickness, to separate the bottom surface of the vessel from the
underlying block.
Neglecting heat transfer due to radiation, find the total heat transfer rate when the air pressure in the
insulating layer is 0.1 bar, 0.05 bar, and 0.01 bar.
Problem 4
Consider the flow of helium in a long rectangular microchannel, where the accommodation coefficients
are = T = 0.85 . The microchannel diameter is 40 m . At a location where pressure is equal to 1.2
bars, the Mach number representing the mean helium velocity is equal to 0.02 and the mean fluid
temperature is equal to 310 K. Calculate the frictional pressure gradient, and the local heat transfer
coefficient assuming a uniform wall heat flux boundary condition.
Problem 5
Consider the roof of a car that is moving in still, atmospheric air with a speed of 120 km/hr. The air
temperature is 300 K.
a) Assuming that the cars roof is adiabatic, calculate the temperature of the roofs surface temperature at
0.25 m downstream from the leading edge of the roof.
b) Assume that a bug, that can be idealized as a sphere with 0.29 mm diameter, is trapped in the
boundary layer at the location described in part a so that its center is 1.04 mm away from the wall.
Estimate the drag force experienced by the bug. Also, estimate the velocity difference across the bugs
body.
c) How would you find the air temperature where the bug is located? (Note that you do not need to do
calculations. You only need to explain.)
You can find the drag coefficient for the bug from

CD = 25 / Re d + 0.5407

where d is the diameter of the bug.

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EES Ver. 8.881: #1733: Mechanical Engineering Department, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA
"ME 6302: Final 2012"
"Problem dealing with flow in rectangular channels in a think, volumetrically heated metallic plate"
"Basic SI Unit System"
T_in=273
P_in=2.e5
2*a=1.e-3
2*b=2.e-3
T_s=400
l=100e-3
"Pressure drop in the test section will cause the saturation temperature to fall.
For simplicity, for property calculations, will neglect the effect of pressure drop on saturation temperature.
Note that the thermophysical properties of water are not sensitive pressure, but depend on temperature. "
T_sat_Pin=T_sat(water, P=P_in)
T_avg=0.5*((T_in+T_sat_PIN)/2+T_s)
rho=density(water, P=P_in, T=T_avg)
mu=viscosity(water, P=P_in, T=T_avg)
k=conductivity (water, P=P_in, T=T_avg)
Pr=Prandtl(water, P=P_in, T=T_avg)
C_P=CP(water, P=P_in, T=T_avg)
"EES can solve the coupled momentum (pressure drop) and heat transfer equations. However, as a general solution method without
access to EES and similar tools, one can can do teh following. First estimate the mass flow rate negelcting the efect of pressure
drop:
Use Eq. (4.4.60) for htc, assuming thermally developed flow:"
alpha_star=a/b
D_H=a*b/(2.*(a+b))
Nuss_DH=7.541*(1.-2.61*alpha_Star+4.97*alpha_star^2-5.119*alpha_star^3+2.702*alpha_star^4-0.548*alpha_star^5)
h*D_H/k=Nuss_DH
T_out=T_sat_Pin
m_dot=-(h*(2.*a+2.*b))/(C_P*ln((T_s-T_out)/(T_s-T_in)))
"Having m_dot, we can now estimate pressure drop, etc."
U_m=m_dot/(rho*(2.*a)*(2.*b))
Re_DH=rho*U_m*D_H/mu
"Find C_f from Eq. (4.3.17):"
C_f*Re_DH=24*(1.-1.3553*alpha_star+1.9467*alpha_star^2-1.7012*alpha_star^3+0.9564*alpha_star^4-0.2537*alpha_star^5)
f=4.*C_f
DeltaP=(f/D_H)*l*(1/2)*rho*U_m^2
"The pressure drop is very large. Large pressure drop leads to lower saturation pressure temperature near exit, and therefore boiling.
A correct solution must be iterative and must make sure that fluid bulk temperature at exit does not surpass the local \saturation
pressure at that location.
The physical system indeed may not be able to avoid boiling. The following commented formulation in fact confirms this. Boiling can
thus be avoided only by increasing the inlet pressure as well."
"For the accurate solution, for simplicity, let us use the properties we obtine above."
{U_m_c=m_dot_c/(rho*(2.*a)*(2.*b))
Re_DH_c=rho*U_m_c*D_H/mu
C_f_c*Re_DH_c=24*(1.-1.3553*alpha_star+1.9467*alpha_star^2-1.7012*alpha_star^3+0.9564*alpha_star^4-0.2537*alpha_star^5)
f_c=4.*C_f_c
DeltaP_c=(f_c/D_H)*l*(1/2)*rho*U_m_c^2
P_out=P_in-DeltaP_c
T_out_c=T_sat_c
m_dot_c=-(h*(2.*a+2.*b))/(C_P*ln((T_s-T_out_c)/(T_s-T_in)))

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T_sat_c=T_sat(water, P=P_out)}
"These equations show that a solution is not possible, and boiling will occr. To avoid boiling the pressure at inlet must be increases."
ME 6302: Final 2012
Problem dealing with flow in rectangular channels in a think, volumetrically heated metallic plate
Basic SI Unit System

T in

= 273

P in

= 200000

2 a = 0.001
2 b = 0.002
T s = 400
l = 0.1
Pressure drop in the test section will cause the saturation temperature to fall.
For simplicity, for property calculations, will neglect the effect of pressure drop on saturation temperature.
Note that the thermophysical properties of water are not sensitive pressure, but depend on temperature.
T sat,Pin
T avg

= T sat
= 0.5

'Water' , P =P in
T in + T sat,Pin
2

+ Ts

= 'Water' , P =P in , T = T avg
= Visc 'Water' , P =P in , T = T avg
k = k 'Water' , P =P in , T = T avg
Pr = Pr 'Water' , P =P in , T = T avg
CP

= Cp 'Water' , P =P in , T = T avg

EES can solve the coupled momentum (pressure drop) and heat transfer equations. However, as a general solution method
without access to EES and similar tools, one can can do teh following. First estimate the mass flow rate negelcting the efect
of pressure drop:
Use Eq. (4.4.60) for htc, assuming thermally developed flow:

star

DH

= a

Nuss DH

b
a + b

= 7.541

1 2.61 star

+ 4.97 star

5.119 star

+ 2.702 star

0.548 star

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EES Ver. 8.881: #1733: Mechanical Engineering Department, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA

DH
k

T out

= Nuss DH

= T sat,Pin
h

m =

2 a + 2 b
T s T out
ln
T s T in

CP

Having m, we can now estimate pressure drop, etc.

Um

Re DH

m
2 a 2 b
= Um

DH

Find Cf from Eq. (4.3.17):

C f Re DH

= 24

1 1.3553 star

+ 1.9467 star

1.7012 star

+ 0.9564 star

0.2537

star

f = 4 Cf
P

f
DH

l 1 / 2 Um

The pressure drop is very large. Large pressure drop leads to lower saturation pressure temperature near exit, and therefore
boiling.
A correct solution must be iterative and must make sure that fluid bulk temperature at exit does not surpass the local \saturation
pressure at that location.
The physical system indeed may not be able to avoid boiling. The following commented formulation in fact confirms this. Boiling
can thus be avoided only by increasing the inlet pressure as well.
For the accurate solution, for simplicity, let us use the properties we obtine above.
These equations show that a solution is not possible, and boiling will occr. To avoid boiling the pressure at inlet must be increases.

SOLUTION
Unit Settings: SI K Pa J mass deg
a = 0.0005
star = 0.5
CP = 4208
P = 57269
h = 13476
k = 0.6628
m = 0.003254
NussDH = 3.389
ReDH = 896.3
= 963.1
Tout = 393.4
Ts = 400
5 potential unit problems were detected.

b = 0.001
DH = 0.0001667
l = 0.1
Pr = 1.921
Tavg = 366.6
Tsat,Pin = 393.4

Cf = 0.01736
f = 0.06943
= 0.0003026
Pin = 200000
Tin = 273
Um = 1.69

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EES Ver. 8.881: #1733: Mechanical Engineering Department, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA
"ME 6302; 2012, final, Problem xx.2"
"Use Basic SI Unit System"
P=101330.
D=0.01
T_m=366.
T_sat=T_sat(Water, P=P)
U_m=2.4
rho=density(water, P=P, T=T_m)
mu=viscosity(water, P=P, T=T_m)
k=conductivity(water, P=P, T=T_m)
C_P=CP(water, P=P, T=T_m)
Pr=Prandtl(water, P=P, T=T_m)
Re_D=rho*U_m*D/mu
"Must find heta transfer coefficient to be able to relate wall temperature to heat flux."
"Use Gnielinski's correlation, and for meglect the effect of T_s-T_m on propertries for now:"
f=1./(1.82*log10(Re_D)-1.64)^2
C_f=f/4
Nuss_D=((Re_D-1000)*Pr*(C_f/2))/(1.0+12.7*sqrt(C_f/2)*(Pr^(2/3)-1))
Nuss_D=h*D/k
"To check, get h by Dittus-Boelter correlation as well."
Nuss_D_DB=0.023*Re_D^0.8*Pr^0.4
"Now apply Bergles-Rohsenow correlation, etc."
n=0.463*(P/1.e5)^0.0243
T_s-T_sat=0.556*(((h*(T_s-T_m))/(1082.*(P/1.e5)^1.156)))^n
q_dd_s=h*(T_s-T_m)

ME 6302; 2012, final, Problem xx.2

Use Basic SI Unit System

P = 101330
D = 0.01
Tm
T sat
Um

= 366
= T sat

'Water' , P =P

= 2.4

= 'Water' , P =P , T = T m
= Visc 'Water' , P =P , T = T m
k = k 'Water' , P =P , T = T m
CP

= Cp 'Water' , P =P , T = T m

Pr = Pr 'Water' , P =P , T = T m
Re D

= Um

Must find heta transfer coefficient to be able to relate wall temperature to heat flux.
Use Gnielinski's correlation, and for meglect the effect of Ts-Tm on propertries for now:

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EES Ver. 8.881: #1733: Mechanical Engineering Department, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA

f =

1.82 log Re D

Cf =

1.64

f
4
Re D 1000

Nuss D =

Cf

1 + 12.7

Nuss D = h

Pr
Pr

2 /

Cf
2
3

D
k

To check, get h by Dittus-Boelter correlation as well.

Nuss D,DB

= 0.023 Re D

0.8

Pr

0.4

Now apply Bergles-Rohsenow correlation, etc.

n = 0.463

T s T sat

P
100000

= 0.556

0.0243

h
1082

q dd,s

= h

Ts Tm
P
100000

1.156

Ts Tm

SOLUTION
Unit Settings: SI K Pa J mass deg
Cf = 0.004766
CP = 4208
h = 17044
k = 0.6625
NussD = 257.3
NussD,DB = 240.2
qdd,s = 235231
ReD = 75919
Ts = 379.8
Tsat = 373.1
5 potential unit problems were detected.

D = 0.01
= 0.0003046
P = 101330
= 963.4
Um = 2.4

f = 0.01907
n = 0.4631
Pr = 1.934
Tm = 366

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EES Ver. 8.881: #1733: Mechanical Engineering Department, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA
"ME 6302: 2012; Problem on Natural Convection
Problem A on Natural Convection"
"Use Basic SI Units"
Area=0.25
S=0.03
T_s2=300
T_s1=243
P_1=101330./10
P_2=101330/50
"Properties:"
T_avg=0.5*(T_s1+T_s2)
beta=1./T_avg
rho_1=density(air, P=P_1, T=T_avg)
rho_2=density(air, P=P_2, T=T_avg)
mu=viscosity(air, T=T_avg)
k=conductivity(air, T=T_avg)
Pr=Prandtl(air, T=T_avg)
nu_1=mu/rho_1
nu_2=mu/rho_2
C_P=CP(air, T=T_avg)
alpha_1=k/(rho_1*C_P)
alpha_2=k/(rho_2*C_P)
g_grav=9.81
"Rayleigh:"
Ra_S_1=(g_grav*beta*(T_s2-T_s1)*S^3)/(nu_1*alpha_1)
Ra_S_2=(g_grav*beta*(T_s2-T_s1)*S^3)/(nu_2*alpha_2)
"Thus, for Case 1 we can use teh correlation of Holland (1975)."
RHS_2=(Ra_S_1/5830)^(1/3)-1
RHS_1=1.44*(1.-1708/Ra_S_1)
"Because RHS_2<0, it will be dropped from the expression for Nu_D"
Nuss_S_1=1.+RHS_1
Nuss_S_1=h_bar_1*S/k
Q_tot_1=h_bar_1*Area*(T_s2-T_s1)
"For Case 2, heat transfer is primarily by conduction through the air:"
Nuss_S_2=1.0
Nuss_S_2=h_bar_2*S/k
Q_tot_2=h_bar_2*Area*(T_s2-T_s1)
"For Case 3, the heat loss will be essentially the same as Case 2. This is because k for ideal gasses is insensitive to pressure"
ME 6302: 2012; Problem on Natural Convection
Problem A on Natural Convection
Use Basic SI Units

Area = 0.25
S = 0.03
T s2

= 300

T s1

= 243

P1 =

101330
10

P2 =

101330
50

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Properties:
T avg

= 0.5

T s1 + T s2

T avg

1 = 'Air' , P =P 1 , T = T avg
2 = 'Air' , P =P 2 , T = T avg
= Visc 'Air' , T = T avg
k = k 'Air' , T = T avg
Pr = Pr 'Air' , T = T avg

1 =

2 =

CP

= Cp 'Air' , T = T avg

1 =

2 =
g grav

k
1 CP
k
2 CP
= 9.81

Rayleigh:

Ra S,1 =

Ra S,2 =

g grav

T s2 T s1

1 1
g grav

T s2 T s1
2 2

Thus, for Case 1 we can use teh correlation of Holland (1975).

RHS 2

Ra S,1
5830

RHS 1 = 1.44

1 /

1708
Ra S,1

Because RHS2<0, it will be dropped from the expression for NuD

Nuss S,1 = 1 + RHS 1

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EES Ver. 8.881: #1733: Mechanical Engineering Department, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA

Nuss S,1 = h 1

S
k

Q tot,1 = h 1 Area

T s2 T s1

For Case 2, heat transfer is primarily by conduction through the air:

Nuss S,2 = 1
Nuss S,2 = h 2

S
k

Q tot,2 = h 2 Area

T s2 T s1

For Case 3, the heat loss will be essentially the same as Case 2. This is because k for ideal gasses is insensitive to pressure

SOLUTION
Unit Settings: SI K Pa J mass deg
1 = 0.0001802
= 0.003683
h1 = 1.086
= 0.00001721
1 = 0.0001324
P1 = 10133
Qtot,2 = 11.17
1 = 0.13
RHS2 = -0.2632
Ts1 = 243
5 potential unit problems were detected.

2 = 0.0009008
CP = 1004
h2 = 0.7837
NussS,1 = 1.385
2 = 0.0006619
P2 = 2027
RaS,1 = 2332
2 = 0.02601
S = 0.03
Ts2 = 300

Area = 0.25
ggrav = 9.81
k = 0.02351
NussS,2 = 1
Pr = 0.7347
Qtot,1 = 15.47
RaS,2 = 93.27
RHS1 = 0.3851
Tavg = 271.5

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EES Ver. 8.881: #1733: Mechanical Engineering Department, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA
"Final 2012 Problem 4"
M_mol=4
R_u=8314.3
T_mean=310
alpha=0.85
alpha_th=0.85
D_H=40.e-6
{a=2.*b
area=(2.*b)*(2.*a)
perim=2.*(2.*b+2.0*a)
D_H=(4.*area/perim)}
T_ref=T_mean
mu=viscosity(He, T=T_ref)
P_1=1.2e5
rho=density(He, P=P_1, T=T_ref)
nu=mu/rho
k=conductivity(He, T=T_ref)
Pr=Prandtl(He, T=T_ref)
gamma=1.67
lambda=nu*sqrt((pi*M_mol)/(2.*R_u*T_ref))
U_sound=sqrt(gamma*(R_u/M_mol)*T_ref)
U_mean=0.02*U_sound
Kn_D=lambda/(D_H)
betaKn=((2.0-alpha)/alpha)*Kn_D
betaTKn=((2.0-alpha_th)/alpha_th)*((2.*gamma)/(gamma+1))*(1./Pr)*Kn_D
Po_Knzero=16
beta_v=(2.-alpha)/alpha
"For pressure gradient, use Eq. (13.6.10)"
Po/Po_Knzero=1./(1.+8.*betaKn)
Re_DH=rho*U_mean*D_H/mu
C_f*Re_DH=Po
DPDx=-4.*C_f*(1./D_H)*0.5*rho*U_mean^2
"For heat transfer coefficient, use Eqs. (13.6.7) and (13.6.25)"
U_s_Star/U_mean=1./(1.+1./(8.*betaKn))
"Shorthand definition for convenience:"
Ratio=U_s_Star/U_mean
Nuss_D=(48/11)/(1.-(6/11)*Ratio+(1./11)*Ratio^2+(48/11)*betaTKn)
Nuss_D=h*D_H/k

Final 2012 Problem 4

M mol

= 4

R u = 8314.3
T mean

= 310

= 0.85
th

= 0.85

DH

= 0.00004

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T ref

= T mean

= Visc 'He' , T = T ref

P1

= 120000

= 'He' , P =P 1 , T = T ref

k = k 'He' , T = T ref
Pr = Pr 'He' , T = T ref
= 1.67
M mol
2 R u T ref

U mean

= 0.02 U sound

Kn D

Ru

U sound

T ref

DH
2

betaKn =

Po Knzero

Kn D

2 th

betaTKn =

M mol

th

2
+ 1

1
Kn D
Pr

= 16
2

For pressure gradient, use Eq. (13.6.10)

Po
Po Knzero
Re DH

1
1 + 8 betaKn

= U mean

C f Re DH

DH

= Po

DPDx = 4 C f

1
0.5 U mean
DH

For heat transfer coefficient, use Eqs. (13.6.7) and (13.6.25)

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EES Ver. 8.881: #1733: Mechanical Engineering Department, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA

U s,Star
U mean

=
1 +

1
8 betaKn

Shorthand definition for convenience:

U s,Star
U mean

Ratio =

Nuss D

48
11

=
1

Nuss D = h

6
1
48
2
Ratio +
Ratio +
betaTKn
11
11
11
DH
k

SOLUTION
Unit Settings: SI K Pa J mass deg
= 0.85
betaTKn = 0.0105
DPDx = -8.070E+06
h = 16423
= 1.704E-07
= 0.0001092
PoKnzero = 16
Ratio = 0.04409
Ru = 8314
Umean = 20.75
3 potential unit problems were detected.

th = 0.85
v = 1.353
DH = 0.00004
k = 0.1539
= 0.00002034
NussD = 4.27
Pr = 0.6867
ReDH = 7.602
Tmean = 310
Usound = 1037

betaKn = 0.005765
Cf = 2.012
= 1.67
KnD = 0.004261
Mmol = 4
Po = 15.29
P1 = 120000
= 0.1864
Tref = 310
Us,Star = 0.9146

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EES Ver. 8.881: #1733: Mechanical Engineering Department, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA
"Problem 5, Final 2012
Chapter 3, problem on suspended bug"
P=101330.
T_infinity=300.
x=0.25
d=0.29e-3
U_infinity=120e3/3600.
"Estimate average temperature:"
T_avg=T_infinity+1.
rho=density(air, P=P, T=T_avg)
mu=viscosity(air, T=T_avg)
nu=mu/rho
k=conductivity(air, T=T_avg)
C_P=CP(air, T=T_avg)
Pr=Prandtl(air, T=T_avg)
Re_x=rho*U_infinity*x/mu
"Find recovery temperature"
r_Pr=sqrt(Pr)
T_s_ad=T_infinity+(U_infinity^2/(2.*C_P)*r_Pr)
"Now part b"
delta=5.*x/sqrt(Re_x)
"The location of the bug, in terms of Blasius's coordinates:"
y_center=0.00104
eta_center=y_center*sqrt(U_infinity/(nu*x))
"With eta_center=3, we can find f', or u/U_infinity from Table 3.1"
f_prime=0.846
u_center/U_infinity=f_prime
Re_d=rho*u_center*d/mu
C_D=(0.5407+sqrt(24/Re_d))^2
F_D=C_D*pi*(d^2/4)*(1/2)*rho*U_center^2
"We can find the air velocity difference across teh bug now:"
y_low=y_center-d/2
{eta_low=2.6}
{dd=(y_center-y_low)*2}
eta_low=y_low*sqrt(U_infinity/(nu*x))
y_high=y_center+d/2
eta_high=y_high*sqrt(U_infinity/(nu*x))
"Knowing teh eta's, get f' values from table 31. (or, better, more detailed tables), and from there the air velocities:"
f_prime_low=0.77
f_prime_high=0.92
u_low=f_prime_low*U_infinity
u_high=f_prime_high*U_infinity
"This solution of course does not account for the flowdisturbance caused by the bug.
To find temperatures, we would have to solve (i.e., integrated) Eq. (3.3.15):
up to eta_center, to get T at y_center,
up to eta_low to get T at y_low
up to eta_high, to get T at y_high"

Problem 5, Final 2012

Chapter 3, problem on suspended bug
P = 101330
T

= 300

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x = 0.25
d = 0.00029

120000
3600

Estimate average temperature:

T avg

= T

+ 1

= 'Air' , P =P , T = T avg
= Visc 'Air' , T = T avg

k = k 'Air' , T = T avg
CP

= Cp 'Air' , T = T avg

Pr = Pr 'Air' , T = T avg
Re x = U

Find recovery temperature

r Pr

Pr
2

T s,ad

= T

r Pr
2 CP

Now part b

= 5

x
Re x

The location of the bug, in terms of Blasius's coordinates:

y center

= 0.00104

center

= y center

With etacenter=3, we can find f', or u/Uinfinity from Table 3.1

f' = 0.846
u center
U

= f'

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Re d = u center

CD

FD

= CD

24
Re d

0.5407 +

d
4

1 / 2 u center

We can find the air velocity difference across teh bug now:

y low

= y center

d
2

low

= y low

y high

= y center

high

= y high

d
2
U

Knowing teh eta's, get f' values from table 31. (or, better, more detailed tables), and from there the air velocities:
f prime,low

= 0.77

f prime,high

= 0.92

u low
u high

= f prime,low
= f prime,high

This solution of course does not account for the flowdisturbance caused by the bug.
To find temperatures, we would have to solve (i.e., integrated) Eq. (3.3.15):
up to etacenter, to get T at ycenter,
up to etalow to get T at ylow
up to etahigh, to get T at yhigh

SOLUTION
Unit Settings: SI K Pa J mass deg
CD = 0.5724
= 0.001725
low = 2.594
fprime,high = 0.92
= 0.00001862
Pr = 0.7274
= 1.173
T = 300
uhigh = 30.67
x = 0.25

CP = 1005
center = 3.014
FD = 0.00001763
fprime,low = 0.77
= 0.00001588
Red = 515.1
rPr = 0.8529
Ts,ad = 300.5
U = 33.33
ycenter = 0.00104

d = 0.00029
high = 3.434
f' = 0.846
k = 0.02572
P = 101330
Rex = 524897
Tavg = 301
ucenter = 28.2
ulow = 25.67
yhigh = 0.001185

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ylow = 0.000895
4 potential unit problems were detected.