Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
692
COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
back pressure well below the critical pressure on (a) the exit
velocity, (b) the exit pressure, and (c) the mass flow rate
through the nozzle?
1234C Consider a converging nozzle and a converging
diverging nozzle having the same throat areas. For the same
inlet conditions, how would you compare the mass flow rates
through these two nozzles?
1235C Consider gas flow through a converging nozzle
with specified inlet conditions. We know that the highest
velocity the fluid can have at the nozzle exit is the sonic
velocity, at which point the mass flow rate through the nozzle
is a maximum. If it were possible to achieve hypersonic
velocities at the nozzle exit, how would it affect the mass
flow rate through the nozzle?
1236C How does the parameter Ma* differ from the Mach
number Ma?
1237C Consider the isentropic flow of a fluid through a
convergingdiverging nozzle with a subsonic velocity at the
throat. How does the diverging section affect (a) the velocity,
(b) the pressure, and (c) the mass flow rate of the fluid?
1238C Is it possible to accelerate a fluid to supersonic
velocities with a velocity other than the sonic velocity at the
throat? Explain
1239 Explain why the maximum flow rate per unit area
for a given ideal gas depends only on P0 /1T0. For an ideal
gas with k 1.4 and R 0.287 kJ/kg K, find the constant
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a such that m/A* aP0 /1T 0.
1240 For an ideal gas obtain an expression for the ratio of
the speed of sound where Ma 1 to the speed of sound
based on the stagnation temperature, c*/c0.
1241 Air enters a convergingdiverging nozzle at 1.2 MPa
with a negligible velocity. Approximating the flow as isentropic, determine the back pressure that would result in an
exit Mach number of 1.8. Answer: 209 kPa
1242 Air enters a nozzle at 0.6 MPa, 420 K, and a velocity of 150 m/s. Approximating the flow as isentropic would
determine the pressure and temperature of air at a location
where the air velocity equals the speed of sound. What is the
ratio of the area at this location to the entrance area?
Answers: 360 K, 348 kPa, 0.629
1245 An ideal gas flows through a passage that first converges and then diverges during an adiabatic, reversible,
1251
693
CHAPTER 12
For each case, calculate the mass flow rate (kg/s) through the
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nozzle and plot m as a function of Pb/P0,inlet. Explain your
results.
1255
Run FlowLab using template Nozzle_2d,
which is the same as Prob. 1254, except the flow is twodimensional instead of axisymmetric. Compare the two cases
and discuss the similarities and differences.
1256
Run FlowLab using template Nozzle_
axisymmetric. For the case in which Pb 100 kPa (Pb/P0,inlet
0.4545), plot pressure and Mach number contours to verify
that a normal shock is present near the outlet of the computational domain. Repeat for Pb 215 kPa (Pb/P0,inlet 0.9773).
Discuss the main differences between these two cases.
694
COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
1238, determine the minimum shock angle and the maximum deflection angle a straight oblique shock can have.
1279E Air flowing at 6 psia, 480 R, and Ma1 2.0 is
forced to undergo a compression turn of 15. Determine the
Mach number, pressure, and temperature of air after the compression.
1280 Consider the supersonic flow of air at upstream conditions of 70 kPa and 260 K and a Mach number of 2.4 over
a two-dimensional wedge of half-angle 10. If the axis of the
wedge is tilted 25 with respect to the upstream air flow,
determine the downstream Mach number, pressure, and temperature above the wedge. Answers: 3.105, 23.8 kPa, 191 K
Ma2
Ma1 2.4
25
10
FIGURE P1280
1281 Reconsider Prob. 1280. Determine the downstream
Mach number, pressure, and temperature below the wedge for
a strong oblique shock for an upstream Mach number of 5.
1282E Air at 12 psia, 30F, and a Mach number of 2.0 is
forced to turn upward by a ramp that makes an 8 angle off
the flow direction. As a result, a weak oblique shock forms.
Determine the wave angle, Mach number, pressure, and temperature after the shock.
1283 Air flowing at 40 kPa, 280 K, and Ma1 3.6 is
forced to undergo an expansion turn of 15. Determine the
Mach number, pressure, and temperature of air after the
expansion. Answers: 4.81, 8.31 kPa, 179 K
1284 Air flowing at 60 kPa, 240 K, and a Mach number of
3.4 impinges on a two-dimensional wedge of half-angle 8.
Determine the two possible oblique shock angles, bweak and
bstrong, that could be formed by this wedge. For each case,
calculate the pressure, temperature, and Mach number downstream of the oblique shock.
1285
Air (k 1.4) flows over a two-dimensional wedge of half-angle 10. For 1.5 Ma 5.0, calculate the weak oblique shock angle b (in degrees). Run
FlowLab with the template Wedge_2D. This template calculates the oblique shock angle for supersonic wedge flow.
Compare your analytical results with those calculated by
CFD and discuss.
1286
Repeat Prob. 1285, but for the axisymmetric casea cone of half-angle 10using FlowLab template Wedge_axisymmetric. [You do not have equations for
analytical calculations for this case.]. Compare the 2-D and
axisymmetric results as calculated by CFD and discuss. In particular, for the same angle and Mach number, which case (2-D
or axisymmetric) has the smaller value of b? Why?
1287
Air (k 1.4) flows over a two-dimensional wedge of half-angle d at Ma 2.0. Starting with d
5, calculate the weak oblique shock angle b (in degrees).
Increase d by 5 and repeat until you cannot calculate b. For
this particular wedge, at what angle is an attached weak
oblique shock not possible? Run FlowLab with template
Wedge_2D for the same cases, including one with d greater
than what you were able to compute analytically. Compare
your analytical results with those calculated by CFD and discuss. In particular, discuss what happens to the shock wave at
the high value of d.
1288
Air (k 1.4) flows over an axisymmetric wedge of half-angle d at Ma 3.0. Run FlowLab using
template Wedge_axisymmetric for three cases: d 20, 40,
and 60. For each case, generate a pressure contour plot
(which should be the default plot, plotted automatically; if not,
Post-Contour-Activate). To make a graphics file of the plot,
File-Print Graphics, select the destination as File, specify a file
name, and Accept. Compare with the experimental flow visualization photographs in the textbook for these same cases and
discuss your results.
697
CHAPTER 12
Review Problems
12125
Air (r 1.225
and m 1.789
105 kg/m s) flows over a d 5-mm-diameter Pitot-static
probe that is aligned directly into the flow. We are interested in
how well the Bernoulli approximation works as the Mach
number is increased. Run FlowLab using template Pitot_
static_compressible. This template calculates flow over a Pitotstatic probe and includes viscous losses. Vary the Mach number from 0.1 to 2.0 and record the free-stream velocity and the
stagnation and static pressures as calculated on the surface of
the Pitot-static probe for each case. Using the Bernoulli
approximation, calculate the free-stream velocity based on
these pressures and compare with the known inlet velocity. At
approximately what Mach number does the calculated velocity
error exceed 2 percent? Discuss your results.
kg/m3,
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12136 Plot the mass flow parameter m 2RT0 /(AP0) versus
the Mach number for k 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 in the range of
0 Ma 1.
12137 Helium enters a nozzle at 0.6 MPa, 560 K, and a
velocity of 120 m/s. Assuming isentropic flow, determine the
pressure and temperature of helium at a location where the
velocity equals the speed of sound. What is the ratio of the area
at this location to the entrance area?
12138 Repeat Problem 12137 assuming the entrance
velocity is negligible.
12139