Beruflich Dokumente
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ESSAY QUESTIONS
1.
2.
Substrate concentration
pH shifts
Temperature shifts
Competitive inhibition
Crossing over
Nondisjunction
3.
4.
5.
Discuss the significance of each of the events listed below in the evolution of
living organisms.
a.
b.
c.
d.
6.
Many areas of North America that were once covered with many small lakes
and ponds have undergone succession and are now continuously covered
with forests. Give a detailed description of the events (biotic and abiotic
factors) that lead to the establishment of a climax forest.
7.
8.
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Mitochondrion
Endoplasmic reticulum
Chloroplast
Golgi apparatus
9.
10.
Describe the structure and function of the reflex arc in higher vertebrates.
Include a description of the cell types and a discussion of the mechanism of
transmission of the impulse.
11.
Define, discuss, and give examples of each of the following close interactions
of species.
a.
b.
c.
d.
12.
Define, discuss, and give an example of how each of the following isolating
mechanisms contributes to speciation in organisms.
a.
b.
c.
d.
13.
Predator-prey relationships
Commensalism
Mutualism
Parasitism
Geographic barriers
Ecological (including seasonal) isolation
Behavioral isolation
Polyploidy
14.
GGA
CTT
GGG TCC
16.
In the life cycles of a fern and a flowering plant, compare and contrast each
of the following.
a.
b.
c.
17.
Describe the special relationship between the two terms in each of the
following pairs.
a.
b.
c.
18.
Define and explain the role of each of the following in social behavior.
a.
b.
c.
Territoriality
Dominance hierarchies
Courtship behavior
19.
20.
Describe the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane. Discuss the role
of the membrane in the movement of materials through it by each of the
following processes.
a.
b.
21.
Autosomal linkage
Sex-linked (X-linked) inheritance
Polygenic (multiple-gene) inheritance
Active transport
Passive transport
22.
23.
Describe the trophic levels in a typical ecosystem. Discuss the flow of energy
through the ecosystem, the relationship between the different trophic levels,
and the factors that limit the number of trophic levels.
24.
Pheromones
Mimicry
Stereotyped behavior (instinct)
25.
26.
27.
Define the following plant responses and explain the mechanism of control
for each. Cite experimental evidence as part of your discussion.
a.
b.
28.
Discuss the sources and actions of each of the following pairs of hormones in
humans and describe the feedback mechanisms that control their release.
a.
b.
c.
29.
Insulin glucagon
Parathyroid hormone calcitonin
Thyrotropin (TSH) thyroxine (T4)
30.
Phototropism
Photoperiodism
Population genetics
Molecular biology
Comparative anatomy and embryology
C4 metabolism
Amniotic egg
Four-chambered heart
Pollen
31.
32.
Describe the operon hypothesis and discuss how it explains the control of
messenger-RNA production and the regulation of protein synthesis in
bacterial cells.
33.
Describe the structure of a bean seed and discuss its germination to the
seedling stage. Include in your essay hormonal controls, structural changes,
and tissue differentiation.
34.
Artery vein
Small intestine colon
Skeletal muscle cardiac muscle
Anterior pituitary posterior pituitary
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
Describe the processes of fat and protein digestion and product absorption as
they occur in the human stomach and small intestine. Include a discussion
of the enzymatic reactions involved.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
Discuss the processes of exchange of O2 and CO2 that will occur at the alveoli
and muscle cells of mammals. Include in your answer a description of the
transport of these gases in the blood.
47.
After an enzyme is mixed with its substrate, the amount of product formed is
determined at 10-second intervals for 1 minute. Data from this experiment
are shown below.
Time (sec)
Product formed (mg)
0
0.00
10
0.25
20
0.50
30
0.70
40
0.80
50
0.85
60
0.85
48.
49.
Trace the pathway in a flowering plant as the water moves from the soil
through the tissues of the root, stem, and leaves to the atmosphere. Explain
the mechanisms involved in conducting water through these tissues.
50.
51.
Explain what occurs during the Krebs (citric acid) cycle and electron transport
by describing the following.
a.
b.
c.
d.
52.
c.
53.
Describe negative and positive feedback loops, and discuss how feedback
mechanisms regulate each of the following.
a.
b.
54.
The location of the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain in the
mitochondria.
The cyclic nature of the reactions in the Krebs cycle.
The production of ATP and reduced coenzymes during the cycle.
The chemiosmotic production of ATP during electron transport.
Succession
Energy flow between trophic levels
Limiting factors
Carrying capacity
55.
a.
b.
c.
d.
10
20
30
40
22oC Germinating
Seeds
0.0
8.8
16.0
23.7
32.0
Dry Seeds
0.0
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.1
10oC Germinating
Seeds
0.0
2.9
6.2
9.4
12.5
Dry Seeds
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.1
0.2
Using the graph paper provided, plot the results for the germinating
seeds at 22oC and at 10oC.
Calculate the rate of oxygen consumption for the germinating seeds at
22oC, using the time interval between 10 and 20 minutes.
Account for the differences in oxygen consumption observed between:
(1)
germinating seeds at 22oC and at 10oC;
(2)
germinating seeds and dry seeds.
Describe the essential features of an experimental apparatus that
could be used to measure oxygen consumption by a small organism.
Explain why each of these features is necessary.
56.
57.
Discuss the adaptations that have enabled flowering plants to overcome the
following problems associated with life on land.
a.
b.
c.
58.
a.
b.
59.
---
Group II
---
Group III
---
Group IV
---
The cumulative water loss due to transpiration of water from each plant was
measured at 10-minute intervals for 30 minutes. Water loss was expressed
as milliliters of water per square centimeter of leaf surface area. The data
for all plants in Group I (room conditions) were averaged. The average
cumulative water loss by the plants in Group I is presented in the table
below.
Average Cumulative Water Loss by the Plants in
Group I
Average Cumulative Water
Time (minutes)
Loss
(mL H2O / cm2)
10
3.5 x 10-4
20
7.7 x 10-4
30
10.6 x 10-4
a.
Construct and label a graph using the data for Group I. Using the
same set of axes, draw and label three additional lines representing
the results that you would predict for Groups II, III, and IV.
b.
Explain how biological and physical processes are responsible for the
differences between each of your predictions and the data for Group I.
c.
Explain how the concept of water potential is used to account for the
movement of water from the plant stem to the atmosphere during
transpiration.
60.
b.
c.
61.
62.
The graph below shows the response of the human immune system to
exposure to an antigen. Use this graph to answer part a and b of this
question.
a.
Describe the events that occur during period I as the immune system
responds to the initial exposure to the antigen.
b.
c.
Explain how infection by the AIDS virus (HIV) affects the function of
both T and B lymphocytes.
Discuss how each of the following has contributed to the evolutionary success
of the organisms in which they are found.
a.
b.
c.
63.
Seeds
Mammalian placenta
Diploidy
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
Select two of the following three pairs and discuss the evolutionary
relationships between the two members each pair you have chosen. In your
discussion include structural adaptations and their functional significance.
PAIR A:
green algae
vascular plants
PAIR B:
prokaryotes
eukaryotes
PAIR C:
amphibians
Reptiles
75.
76.
The problems of survival of animals on land are very different from those of
survival of animals in an aquatic environment. Describe four problems
associated with animal survival in terrestrial environments but not in aquatic
environments. For each problem, explain an evolutionary solution.
77.
Cellular movement
Active transport
Synthesis of molecules
Chemiosmosis
Fermentation
78.
The diagram below shows a segment of DNA with a total length of 4,900
base pairs. The arrows indicate reaction sites for two restriction enzymes
(enzyme X and enzyme Y).
(A)
(B)
(C)
79.
for each property, identify and define the property and explain it in
terms of the physical / chemical nature of water.
For each property, describe one example of how the property affects
the functioning of living organisms.
80.
Structure and function are related in the various organ systems of animals.
Select two of the following four organ systems in vertebrates:
Respiratory
Digestive
Excretory
Nervous
For each of the two systems you choose, discuss the structure and function
of two adaptations that aid in the transport or exchange of molecules (or
ions). Be sure to relate structure to function in each example.
81.
Student A
Student B
Student C
a)
b)
82.
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a
|
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B
|
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b
|
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84.
The
The
The
The
The
expression of a gene
activity of an enzyme
cell cycle
internal water balance of a plant
density of a population
85.
b.
Choose ONE of the variables that you identified and design a controlled
experiment to test your hypothetical explanation. Describe results
that would support or refute your hypothesis.
86.
87.
Dominant
51
280
240
300
360
Recessive
49
0
80
100
120
Total
100
280
320
400
480
a.
b.
c.
Is there evidence indicating whether or not this population is in HardyWeinberg equilibrium? Explain.
Osmosis
Active transport
Facilitated diffusion
Endocytosis/exocytosis
88.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
Explain how DNA meets each of the three criteria stated above.
Select one of the criteria stated above and describe experimental
evidence used to determine that DNA is the hereditary material.
95.
97.
98.
99.
In biological systems, structure and function are related. Choose three of the
following components of organ systems.
alveolus
sarcomere
nephron
villus
capillary
neuron
Charles Darwin proposed that evolution by natural selection was the basis for
the differences that he saw in similar organisms as he traveled and collected
specimens in South America and on the Galapagos Islands.
a) Explain the theory of evolution by natural selection as presented by
Darwin.
b) Each of the following relates to an aspect of evolution by natural
selection. Explain three of the following.
(i) Convergent evolution and the similarities among species (ecological
equivalents) in a particular biome (e.g. tundra, taiga, etc.)
(ii) Natural selection and the formation of insecticide-resistant insects or
antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
(iii) Speciation and isolation.
(iv) Natural selection and behavior such as kinesis, fixed-action-pattern,
dominance hierarchy, etc.
(v) Natural selection and heterozygotes advantage.
101.
[O2]
6:00 am
09. mg/L
8:00 am
1.7 mg/L
10:00 am
3.1 mg/L
12:00 am
4.9 mg/L
2:00 pm
6.8 mg/L
4:00 pm
8.1 mg/L
6:00 pm
7.9 mg/L
8:00 pm
6.2 mg/L
10:00 p.m.
4.0 mg/L
12:00 midnight
2.4 mg/L
(a) Using the graph paper provided, plot the results that were obtained.
Then, using the same set of axes, draw and label an additional line/curve
representing the results that you would predict had the day been heavily
overcast.
(b) Explain the biological processes that are operating in the lake to produce
the observed data. Explain also how these processes would account for
your prediction of results for a heavily overcast day.
(c) Describe how the introduction of high levels of nutrients such as nitrates
and phosphates into the lake would affect subsequent observations.
Explain your prediction.
102.
103.
(b)
104.
(a)
Describe the cycle of activity for the bombats. Discuss how three of
the following factors might affect the physiology and/or behavior of the
bombats to result in this pattern of activity.
(b)
temperature
food availability
presence of predators
social behavior
105.
The complexity of structure and function varies widely across the animal
kingdom. Despite this variation, animals exhibit common processes. These
include the following:
(a)
transport of materials
response to stimuli
gas exchange
locomotion
Choose two of the processes above and for each, describe the relevant
structures and how they function to accomplish the process in the
following phyla:
Cnidaria (e.g. hydra, jellyfish)
Annelida (e.g. earthworm)
Chordata (e.g. mouse)
(b)
106.
On the axes provided, graph the data for the 5% NaCl solution.
Using the same set of axes, draw and label three additional lines
representing the results that you would predict for the 0% NaCl, 1%
NaCl, and 10% NaCl solutions. Explain your predictions.
Farmlands located near coastal regions are being threatened by
encroaching seawater seeping into the soil. In terms of water
movement into or out of plant cells, explain why seawater could
decrease crop production. Include a discussion of water potential in
your answer.
107.
Bacteria were cultured in a system that allowed for the continual addition of
fresh nutrients and the removal of waste products. Bacteriophage (virus)
were added at the time shown and the following population changes were
observed.
(c)
(d)
(e)
108.
109.
110.
structure, and
role in a cell or organism.
Identify the three germ layers of a triploblastic embryo and discuss the
fates of these germ layers in embryonic development.
Describe acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, and coelomate body plans.
Identify an animal that is representative of each of these types of body
plan.
Compare and contrast the digestive systems of an acoelomate and a
coelomate organism.
111.
In fruit flies, the phenotype for eye color is determined by a certain locus. E
indicates the dominant allele and e indicates the recessive allele. The cross
between a male wild-type fruit fly and a female white-eyed fruit fly produced
the following offspring.
F1
Wild-type
Male
0
Wild-type
Female
45
White-eyed
Male
55
White-eyed
Female
0
Brown-eyed
Female
1
The wild-type and white-eyed individuals from the F1 generation were then
crossed to produce the following offspring
F2
(a)
(b)
(c)
Wild-type
Male
23
Wild-type
Female
31
White-eyed
Male
22
White-eyed
Female
24
Brown-eyed
Female
0
3.84
5.99
7.82
9.49
11.1
X2 =
( o e) 2
e
112.
113.
(a)
(b)
(c)
114.
Flowering in plants.
Water balance in plants
Water balance in terrestrial vertebrates
Body temperature in terrestrial vertebrates
Discuss TWO examples of how cell death affects the development and
functioning of a multicellular organism.
Discuss ONE example of how substances are degraded and reused in
cells.
Discuss the evolutionary significance of death.
115.
116.
117.
(b)
(c)
Water is important for all living organisms. The functions of water are
directly related to its physical properties.
(a)
(b)
(c)
118.
(a)
(b)
119.
(c)
120.
(a)
(b)
For EACH of the four contributions listed above, discuss one example
of supporting evidence.
Darwins ideas have been enhanced and modified as new knowledge
and technologies have become available. Discuss how TWO of the
following have modified biologists interpretation of Darwins original
contributions.
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
Punctuated equilibrium
Genetic engineering
121.
Sample
Sample
provide
Sample
1
2
a
3
122.
Organisms rarely exist alone in the natural environment. The following are
five examples of symbiotic relationships.
123.
124.
125.
126.
Blood-glucose levels
Body temperature
pH of the blood
Osmotic concentration of the blood
Neuron resting-membrane potential