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Short communication
Computational Simulations Group, SAIT-India Lab, TRIDIB e Bagmane Tech Park, Bangalore 560 093, India
Energy Storage Group, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, 449712, South Korea
h i g h l i g h t s
Earlier work reduced the 10 PDEs to 5 linear ODEs and nonlinear expressions.
Exact solutions are derived here for a linearly varying current period.
Explicit algebraic algorithm which can model any chargeerestedischarge protocol.
a r t i c l e i n f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 16 July 2013
Received in revised form
20 September 2013
Accepted 21 September 2013
Available online 30 September 2013
The detailed isothermal electrochemical model for a lithium ion cell has ten coupled partial differential
equations to describe the cell behavior. In an earlier publication [Journal of Power Sources, 222, 426
(2013)], a reduced order model (ROM) was developed by reducing the detailed model to a set of ve
linear ordinary differential equations and nonlinear algebraic expressions, using uniform reaction rate,
volume averaging and prole based approximations. An arbitrary current prole, involving charge, rest
and discharge, is broken down into constant current and linearly varying current periods. The linearly
varying current period results are generic, since it includes the constant current period results as well.
Hence, the linear ordinary differential equations in ROM are solved for a linearly varying current period
and an explicit algebraic algorithm is developed for lithium ion cell voltage prediction. While the existing
battery management system (BMS) algorithms are equivalent circuit based and ordinary differential
equations, the proposed algorithm is an explicit algebraic algorithm. These results are useful to develop a
BMS algorithm for on-board applications in electric or hybrid vehicles, smart phones etc. This algorithm
is simple enough for a spread-sheet implementation and is useful for rapid analysis of laboratory data.
2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Lithium ion cell
Reduced order model
Volume averaging
Prole based approximations
Explicit algebraic algorithm
Battery management system
1. Introduction
An isothermal model for lithium ion cell has ten coupled partial
differential equations (PDEs) to describe the cell behavior [1e4],
namely: two solid diffusion equations and two solid current
equations in the electrode regions; three electrolyte diffusion
equations and three total current balances in the negative electrode, separator and positive electrode regions, respectively.
Recently, a reduced order model (ROM) has been developed [4],
wherein, using uniform reaction rate, volume averaging and prole
based approximations, the aforementioned ten coupled PDEs are
384
C 1n t C 1n ti
1
FN1n
"
#
I
I
i
f
1
2
t ti :
Ii t ti
2 t t
(10)
Substituting t tf and simplifying gives the average concentration of solid phase Li in the negative electrode at the nal time
as
1 1
Ii If tf ti :
C 1n tf C 1n ti
2 FN1n
dc1n
3hjn i
:
rn
dt
(1)
It
;
hjn it
an Fln
31n
an
:
rn
(3)
dc1n
It
:
ln 1n F
dt
(4)
C 1n
c1n
csn max
(2)
(13)
(14)
C 1p t SoCp0
;
(5)
(6)
(7)
Time is left unscaled since there are many different time scales
in this problem. Consider a linear change of external current from Ii
to If, in the time interval ti to tf. The current at any time in this interval is
If Ii
t ti :
It Ii
tf ti
(15)
C 1rn
rn
c :
csn max 1rn
(16)
dc1rn 30D1n
45
c1rn 2 hjn i:
dt
2rn
rn2
(8)
(17)
s1n
rn2
:
D1n
(18)
Using Eqs. (2), (8), (16) and (18), Eq. (17) gets scaled as
1 6
C 1n t C 1n ti
4I
FN1n i
i
N1n h
SoCn0 C 1n t :
N1p
dC 1n
It
:
FN1n
dt
(11)
Zt
ti
dt
If Ii
tf ti
Zt
3
7
t ti dt 5:
(9)
ti
#
dC 1rn 30
15 1
t ti :
C
I
s1n 1rn
2 FN1n i
dt
tf ti
"
If Ii
(19)
C 1rn
t ti
:
an exp 30
s1n
"
(20)
C 1rn bn gn t ti :
(21)
C 1rp t ap exp
30
s1p
385
#
t ti bp gp t ti ;
(33)
1 If Ii s1p
1
;
where gp
4
FN1p
tf ti
(34)
bp
1 Ii s1p
1
g s ;
4 FN1p 30 p 1p
(35)
1 If Ii s1n
1
;
gn
4
FN1n
tf ti
and ap C 1rp ti bp :
(36)
1Is
1
g s :
and bn i 1n
4 FN1n 30 n 1n
(22)
(23)
t ti
bn gn t ti :
C 1rn t an exp 30
s1n
(24)
(25)
giving an C 1rn ti bn :
(26)
Thus, Eqs. (22), (23) and (26) determine the three coefcients in
the complete solution of Eq. (24). For the initial condition of an
equilibrated state, the initial average radial concentration gradient
can be set to zero. Knowing the average concentration and the
average radial concentration gradient, the negative electrode SoC is
obtained by scaling Eq. (149) in Ref. [4] as,
SoCn t
csn t
8
1 Its1n
C 1n t
C t
:
csn max
35 1nr
105 FN1n
(27)
dc1rp 30D1p
45 D E
jp ;
1rp
dt
2rp2
rp2
D E
It
;
where jp t
ap Flp
(28)
(29)
(30)
With the maximum solid phase Li capacity from Eq. (14) and the
solid diffusion time constant
s1p
D1p
(31)
dC 1rp 30
C
s1p 1rp
dt
csp t
8
1 Its1p
C 1p t
C t
:
35 1pr
105 FN1p
csp max
(37)
N2k lk 2k c20 ;
(38)
l2k 2k
D2k
(39)
(40)
Electrolyte concentration eld is characterized by the electrolyte ux at the two electrodeeseparator interfaces: q2in(t) and
q2ip(t). The coupled ODEs for these two internal variables in ROM
are (Eqs. (83) and (84) in Refs. [4], along with the average reaction
rates Eqs. (2) and (5) herein)
a11
dq2ip
dq2in
It
;
a12
q2in 1 t
F
dt
dt
and a21
dq2ip
dq2in
It
;
a22
q2ip 1 t
F
dt
dt
(41)
(42)
31p
:
and ap
rp
rp2
SoCp t
C 1rn ti an bn ;
#
If Ii
15 1
t ti :
I
2 N1p F i
tf ti
"
(32)
s
s
s
1 N2n
N2n 1 N2n
s2s 2s 2n
s 2n ;
a11
2 N2s
2 N2s 2s
6
3
N2
3
(43)
s
s
1 N2n
N2n 1 N2n
s2s 2s 2p
s ;
a12
2 N2s
2 N2s 2s
3
3
N2
(44)
N2p
s
s
1 N2n
s2s 2s 2n
;
a21
2 N2s
6
3
N2
(45)
and a22
s
s
1 N2n
s 2s 2p
2 N2s 2s
3
3
N2p s2p
:
N2
3
(46)
386
dq2ip
1
a dq
1 1 t
It:
q 11 2in
a12 2in a12 dt
a12
F
dt
(47)
dq2in
Al1 expl1 t Bl2 expl2 t Q :
dt
a
deta dq2in
a22
q2ip 22 q2in
1
a12 dt
a12
a12
1 t
It:
F
(48)
!
dq2ip
a22 dq2in deta d2 q2in
a22
1 t If Ii
1
:
a12 dt 2
F
dt
a12 dt
a12
tf ti
(49)
Using the above equation coupled with Eq. (8) in Eq. (41) followed by simplication gives
d2 q2in
dq
a11 a22 2in q2in
dt
dt 2
"
#
If Ii
1 t
t ti a12 a22 :
Ii
F
t t
deta
(50)
(58)
Using Eqs. (57) and (58) in Eq. (48) and simplifying gives
1
1
q2ip
a detal1 A expl1 t
a
a12 22
a12 22
a
deta
a22
detal2 B expl2 t 22 P Qt
Q
a12
a12
a12
1 t
It:
1
F
(59)
The initial values of q2in and q2ip are set to zero at the beginning
of the simulation based on the assumption of equilibrated state. At
successive time intervals they are obtained by their continuity in
time i.e. their values at the end of the previous time interval are the
initial values for the successive time interval. Once the initial values
of q2in and q2ip are known, the coefcients A and B can be obtained
by solving Eqs. (57) and (59).
(51)
qCF
2in t A expl1 t B expl2 t:
(52)
qPI
2in t P Qt;
(53)
"
If Ii
1 t
t ti a12
Ii
a11 a22 Q P Qt
F
tf ti
#
a22 :
(54)
1 t If Ii
;
Q
F
tf ti
and; P
determined from the initial value and the initial rate of change of
q2in, as shown below. Differentiating Eq. (57) gives
1 t
Ii ti a11 a12 Q :
F
(55)
(56)
The complete solution to the ODE Eq. (50) is the sum of the
complementary function Eq. (52) and the particular integral Eq.
(53)
(57)
With P and Q determined from Eqs. (55) and (56), A and B are
[5] M.R. Spiegel, Theory and Problems of Advanced Mathematics for Engineers and
Scientists, Schaums Outline Series, McGraw-Hill Inc., 1971 edition, 24th
printing 1996.
1C Excel
4.1
387
1C Simulink
2C Excel
2C Simulink
3.9
Notation
5C Excel
5C Simulink
Voltage (V)
10C Excel
10C Simulink
3.7
3.5
3.3
3.1
2.9
500
1000
1500
2000
Time (s)
2500
3000
3500
References
[1] M. Doyle, J. Newman, J. Electrochem. Soc. 143 (1996) 1890e1903.
[2] V.R. Subramanian, V. Boovaragavan, V.D. Diwakar, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett.
10 (2007) A255eA260.
[3] V.R. Subramanian, V.D. Diwakar, D. Tapriyal, J. Electrochem. Soc. 152 (2005)
A2002eA2008.
[4] V. Senthil Kumar, J. Power Sources 222 (2013) 426e441.