Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Seminar Outline
Earthquake background
Plate Tectonics
Largest quakes since 1900
Seismic Waves & Epicenter
Richter Scale
Earthquake failures
Earthquake cause and effect
SD graph introduction
Design Response Spectra
Analysis steps
CS graph for light wood / wood panels
SDS graph for low-rise
SD1 graph for high-rise
Vertical force and shear distribution
Example: Two-story wood residence
Horizontal diaphragms
Flexible diaphragm
Rigid diaphragm
Critical seismic design issues
Hill site design
Stability issues
Eccentricity
Hazard configurations
Critical wood-frame items
Moment frames
Eccentric bracing
Visco-elastic bracing
Base isolators
Earthquake fatalities 197099
Effect of mass (dead load)
Bibliography & seismic web site
Plate Tectonics
USA
Turns ~ 1/year
USGS map
USGS map
#
1
2
3
4
5
Eleven largest
Location
Date
Chile
1960
Alaska
1964
Aleutian Islands
1957
Kamchatka
1952
Sumatra (Tsunami) 2004
49 73
10
M
8.8
8.7
8.6
8.5
8.5
8.5
Period
Time of wave cycle. Resonant building &
earthquake periods may cause collapse.
Richter scale
Developed 1935 by Charles Richter.
Earthquake magnitude as logarithm of
wave amplitude recorded by seismograph;
adjusted for distance to epicenter.
Each whole number increase represents
a tenfold increase in force and amplitude
and 31 times more energy.
USGS figures
Cosmetic damage
Soft-story collapse
Collapsed soft-story
Use moment frames to resist collapse
H
L
T
U
Collapse
Use moment joints
Parking garage
Prefab tree elements
split at intersections
Design strong joints
Brittle failure
Use ductile design
Un-reinforced masonry
Corner pounding failures
Use corner joints
Veneer failure
Avoid stiff veneer on ductile steel frame
2
3
Effect on buildings:
4
5
Overturning
Base shear
6
7
Seismic Design
using
SD-Graphs
by G G Schierle
adapted from IBC-03
Equivalent Lateral Force Analysis
for Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
(ASD = LRFD / 1.4)
Light framing with wood panels
High-rise structures
S D1 graph 1 sec. design spectral accelerations
Cs factors for light fram ing with wood panels (R=6, I=1)
3.0
0.50
0.45
3.5
2.5
3.0
2.0
2.5
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
1.5
0.20
1.0
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
A
B
C
D
E
2.0
1.5
E
0.5
0.0
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1.25
1.5
0.25
0.5
0.75
1.25
1.5
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.06
0.08
0.08
0.10
0.10
0.12
0.13
0.16
0.19
0.24
0.25
0.32
0.32
0.40
0.38
0.48
0.10
0.19
0.29
0.38
0.48
0.57
0.76
1.14
1.52
1.90
2.28
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.10
0.12
0.12
0.16
0.16
0.24
0.24
0.32
0.32
0.40
0.40
0.48
0.48
0.12
0.14
0.24
0.29
0.36
0.39
0.48
0.48
0.60
0.60
0.71
0.71
0.95
0.95
1.43
1.43
1.90
1.90
2.38
2.38
2.86
2.86
0.02
0.03
0.19
0.33
0.43
0.52
0.60
0.71
0.95
1.43
1.90
2.38
2.86
C
D
0.05
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.09
0.11
0.14
0.21
0.29
0.36
0.43
0.30
0.40
0.43
0.43
0.54
0.64
0.86
1.29
1.71
2.14
2.57
Cs for site class A-E for 0.2 sec mapped spectral accelerations Ss (top line)
D
E
SDS for site class A-E for 0.2 sec. mapped spectral accelerations SS (top line)
A
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
1.5
2.5
0.04
0.05
0.08
0.10
0.11
0.14
0.15
0.19
0.19
0.24
0.38
0.48
0.57
0.71
0.76
0.95
0.95
1.19
1.14
1.43
0.08
0.15
0.21
0.27
0.31
0.62
0.93
1.24
1.55
1.86
0.11
0.17
0.19
0.30
0.26
0.40
0.30
0.46
0.36
0.57
0.71
1.14
1.07
1.71
1.43
2.28
1.79
2.86
2.14
3.43
SD1 for site class A-E for 1 sec. mapped spectral accelerations S1 (top line)
Base shear V
V = CS W
MCE:
Maximum
Considered
Earthquake
MCE values
0.2 second SS
MCE values
1 second S1
for low-rise
for high-rise
http://eqdesign.cr.usgs.gov/html/lookup-2002-interp-D6.html
Enter latitude in the left box in decimal degrees (range: 24.6 to 50.0)
Enter negative longitude in the right box (range: -125.0 to -65.0)
OUTPUT
LOCATION 37.7795 Lat. -122.4195 Long.
Interpolated Probabilistic Ground Motion values, in %g, at the site are:
10%PE in 50 yr.
2%PE in 50 yr.
PGA
49.94
76.34
0.2 sec SA 115.35
182.76 Ss = 1.83 (for low-rise)
1.0 sec SA 53.08
92.41 S1 = 0.92 (for high-rise)
Cs factors for light fram ing with wood panels (R=6, I=1)
R = R-factor (1.5-8)
(IBC table 1617.6.2)
I = Importance factor (IBC table 1604.5)
I = 1.5 (essential facilities - hospitals, police & fire stations)
I = 1.25 (large occupancy)
I = 1 (all other facilities)
0.50
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
A
B
C
D
E
A
0.25
0.5
0.75
1.25
1.5
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.08
0.08
0.09
0.08
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.13
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.19
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.25
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.38
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.05
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.09
0.11
0.14
0.21
0.29
0.36
0.43
Cs for site class A-E for 0.2 sec mapped spectral accelerations Ss (top line)
SS from USGS
hard rock
rock
dense soil CS
stiff soil
soft soil
Low-rise (general)
CS = I SDS / R
R
6
1.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
A
B
C
D
E
0.25
0.5
0.75
1.25
1.5
0.10
0.19
0.29
0.38
0.48
0.57
0.76
1.14
1.52
1.90
2.28
0.12
0.14
0.24
0.29
0.36
0.39
0.48
0.48
0.60
0.60
0.71
0.71
0.95
0.95
1.43
1.43
1.90
1.90
2.38
2.38
2.86
2.86
0.19
0.30
0.33
0.40
0.43
0.43
0.52
0.43
0.60
0.54
0.71
0.64
0.95
0.86
1.43
1.29
1.90
1.71
2.38
2.14
2.86
2.57
SS from USGS
hard rock
rock
dense soil SDS
stiff soil
soft soil
High-rise
(T > TS)
CS = I SD1 / (TR) (TS = SDS/SD1)
R
3
8
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
1.5
2.5
0.04
0.05
0.08
0.11
0.08
0.10
0.15
0.19
0.11
0.14
0.21
0.26
0.15
0.19
0.27
0.30
0.19
0.24
0.31
0.36
0.38
0.48
0.62
0.71
0.57
0.71
0.93
1.07
0.76
0.95
1.24
1.43
0.95
1.19
1.55
1.79
1.14
1.43
1.86
2.14
0.17
0.30
0.40
0.46
0.57
1.14
1.71
2.28
2.86
3.43
S1 from USGS
hard rock
rock
dense soil SD1
stiff soil
soft soil
Example:
F3 = 3k
V3 = 3 k
F2 = 2k
V2 = 3+2 = 5 k
F1 = 1k V1 = 3+2+1 = 6 k
Vertical force & shear distribution
Seismic forces increase with height
due to increased acceleration
1 Linear force increase for low-rise
2 Non-linear force increase for high-rise
3 Three-story example
i=1
w ihki
Fi
i= x
where
V = base shear
h = height of level
w = DL per level
k = 1 for T < 0.5 sec
k = 2 for T 2.5 sec
interpolate @ 0.5-2.5
10
10
50
20
40
IBC table 2306.4.1 excerpts
Allowable shear for wood panels with
Douglas-Fir-Large or Southern Pine (Structural I sheathing)
Nail spacing at panel edge (in)
Panel
Nail
Nail
thickness penetration size
2*
5/16 in
1 1/4 in
6d
200
300
390
510
3/8 in
1 3/8 in
8d
230
360
460
610
7/16 in
1 3/8 in
8d
255
395
505
670
1 3/8 in
8d
280
430
550
730
1 1/2 in
10d
340
510
665
870
15/32 in
Horizontal Diaphragms
transfer lateral load to shear walls and
other elements two ways
1 Flexible diaphragm (wood - disputed)
transfers in proportion to tributary area
Shear wall reactions:
R = w (tributary area supported by wall)
w = uniform load (psf)
2 Rigid diaphragm (concrete & steel)
transfers in proportion to wall stiffness.
Reactions for walls of equal material:
R1 = WL13 / L3
(L3 = L13+L23+L33)
R2 = WL23 / L3
R3 = WL33 / L3
where
L = Length of walls
W = Total load
Hillside design
To avoid expensive
earthquake repair ..
Stability issues
1 Narrow multistory shear walls are
vulnerable to overturning
2 Mitigations:
A Join windows for wider shear walls
B Attach shear walls to edge beam
3 Narrow shear wall failure
4 Tuck-under parking collapse
5 Use moment frames to resist collapse
3
X-direction concentric
Y-direction eccentric
X-direction eccentric
Y-direction eccentric
X-direction concentric
Y-direction concentric
X-direction concentric
Y-direction concentric
X-direction concentric
Y-direction concentric
X-direction concentric
Y-direction concentric
Hazard Configurations
Differential periods split wings
B
6" MAX
6" MAX
12" MAX
6" MAX
DD
E
E
GYP/FIBER BD.
PLWD.
1.5
3.5
GG
1.0
1.0
Moment frames
Provide ductility
Require rigid
beam-column joints
to transfer moments
Steel:
Reduced beam flanges
reduce joint stress
Link Beam
Eccentric bracing
Short Link Beam for stiffness
Long Link Beam for ductility
Visco elastic bracing
Stiff at normal load
Ductile at large earthquakes
Base Isolators
Dampen seismic load and reduce drift
Good for low-rise
Not good for high-rise
Base isolators consist of
Rubber sheets and steel plates
Joined by a bolt and lead cylinder
Isolate building from ground
Date
May 31, 1970
February 9, 1971
February 4, 1975
February 4, 1976
July 27, 1976
September 19, 1985
December 7, 1988
October 18, 1989
September 2, 1992
September 29, 1993
January 17, 1994
January 16, 1995
July 17, 1998
January 25, 1999
August 17, 1999
September 20, 1999
Time (GMT
20:23
14:00
11:36
09:01
19:42
13:17
07:41
00:04
00:16
22:25
12:30
20:46
08:49
18:19
00:01
17:47
Place
Peru
San Fernando, CA
Haicheng, China
Guatemala
Tangshan, China
Michoacan, Mexico
Spitak, Armenia
Loma Prieta, CA
Nicaragua
Latur-Killari, India
Northridge, CA
Kobe, Japan
New Guinea
Colombia
Izmit, Turkey
Chi-Chi, Taiwan
Latitute
-9.25
34.40
40.72
15.30
39.61
18.44
40.93
37.14
11.77
18.08
34.18
34.57
-2.94
4.45
40.77
23.82
Longitute
-78.84
-118.39
122.73
-89.14
117.89
-102.36
44.11
-121.76
-87.35
76.52
-118.56
135.03
142.58
-75.65
30.00
120.86
Fatalities
66,000
65
10,000
23,000
255,000*
9,500
25,000
63
116
9,748
60
5,502
2,183
1,185
17,118
2,400
M
7.9
6.7
7.0
7.5
7.5
8.0
6.8
6.9
7.7
6.2
6.7
6.9
7.0
6.2
7.6
7.7
V = CS W
Saddle shape
Wave shape
Arch shape
Bibliography
Architectural Structures (Schierle, 2005)
http://www.usc.edu/structures
http://www.usc.edu/seismic
IBC (International Code Council, 2003)
Point shape
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