Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Abstract: This paper focuses on the application of a special controller that can introduce
damping to interarea oscillations of electric power systems by modulating the active power
output of wind generators and can thus replace power system stabilizers of conventional
synchronous generator units. The controller is tested for Doubly Fed Asynchronous Generators,
as well as for Full Converter Wind Generators, on a simplified interconnected system and on an
autonomous four-generator, two-area system traditionally used for interarea oscillation analysis
and is shown to perform efficiently without significant adverse side effects.
Keywords: Power-system stabilizers, renewable energy systems.
1. INTRODUCTION
gear
box
stator
rotor
AC
stator
DC
rotor side
converter
The advanced control capabilities of modern wind generators have been already used in the literature to enhance
network damping via auxiliary power system stabilizer
Copyright by the
International Federation of Automatic Control (IFAC)
AC
grid side
converter
Increased wind power penetration causes reasonable concerns as to possible stability threats that might be encountered, when a large percentage of system load is supplied by new technology wind generators. One particular
aspect of system stability is the electromechanical oscillations damping. Electromechanical oscillations stem from
the synchronous operation of interconnected synchronous
machines, i.e. basically the large synchronous generators of
thermal power plants. A mechanical analog of synchronous
generators operating in synchronism is masses interconnected with springs. In steady-state all generators rotate
at exactly the same speed (masses are at equilibrium),
producing the necessary power to cover the system load.
As interconnections expand and are more and more
stressed due to increased transactions, power system interarea oscillations can become a critical issue. Interarea
oscillation modes are associated with the swinging of many
machines in one part of the system against machines in
other parts (Kundur (1994)). In this paper the oscillation damping contribution of a simple controller added to
variable-speed wind generators is examined.
DC
stator
rotor
AC
DC
stator
DC
generator side
converter
AC
grid side
converter
11713
+
Tm = Pm
t
2. DFAG MODEL
1
1+sTcon
Pord
Ipmax
Eq
IP cmd
1
Xeq
xy
dq
dq
xy
IP =iq
Te = Pg
1
2Hg s
Ktg
V
id
1
1+sTcon
2 b
p s
Dtg
Eqcmd
1
2Ht s
vd
vq
pll
max
Kpll
min
KpQ
Vmeas
1
s
+
1
1+sTr
jXeq
1
1+s0.01
Qmax
Qord
Qmax
KiQ
s
+
Qmin
Qmin
tanref
wpss
Pord
MP P T
Qord
IQ
current
limiter
Ic
V
Pord
&
IP
V
1
1+sTcon
Itot
dq
xy
11714
SG
4. WIND PSS
2
4
8
WG
PL6
PL4
g
P
ref
1
1+sTw
torque
control
err
Kptrq +
5. APPLICATION TO A SIMPLIFIED
INTERCONNECTED SYSTEM
err
MP P T
Tmax
Pmax &Pmax
Pmax
+
Kitrq
s
1
1+sTpc
Pmin &Pmin
Tmin
wpss
Kwpss
sTw
1+sTw
Pord
Pmin
Pwpss
In this section the Wind PSS is applied in a small interconnected system. The one-line diagram of the test system
is drawn in Fig. 6. A conventional power plant is interconnected through a step-up transformer and two parallel
High Voltage (HV) lines to an infinite bus representing a
large interconnection. The synchronous generator of the
conventional power plant is represented by a fourth order
model. Constant mechanical power input is assumed. An
IEEE type DC1A excitation system model is used, without
considering saturation effects.The loads of buses 4 and 6
are modeled as constant admittances. A wind farm (WF)
equipped with variable speed wind generators is connected
to HV bus 4. The WF is represented by a single wind
generator and step-up transformer and is connected to
the HV system via a Medium Voltage (MV) line and
an MV/HV substation transformer. The equivalent wind
generator is assumed to operate with unity power factor.
At the considered operating point, the conventional power
plant produces its nominal power, which is 380 MW and
the wind farm produces 45 MW (88% on its rated MW).
This system is scalable and can represent the equivalent
of one area of a large system by properly selecting base
power values.
5.2 Wind farm with DFAGs
Without stabilizing action the electromechanical oscillation (interarea mode) of the test system is marginally
stable as seen in Table 1.
The Wind PSS washout filter is designed to be active for
frequencies as low as 0.1 Hz, so the time constant Tw
is taken equal to 20 s. With Tw = 20 s, the Wind PSS
adds zero phase at the frequency of the electromechanical
oscillation and, thus, contributes a damping torque as
explained in Section 4.
Adding the Wind PSS to the equivalent DFAG and increasing gradually its gain (from 0 to 1), we plot the root
locus of Fig. 7, where we can observe the movement of the
system dominant eigenvalues (only the upper half of the
complex plane is shown).
11715
50.15
14
SG rotor
speed (Hz)
50.1
12
50
49.95
49.9
10
imag
50.05
49.85
0
SG electromechanical
mode
10
12
14
16
18
20
70
No Wind PSS
With Wind PSS
60
WF active
power (MW)
DFAG VAR
control mode
50
40
30
0.8
0.6
real
0.4
0.2
20
0
Fig. 7. Small system root locus for DFAG PSS gain 0-1.
Torsional mode
Kwpss
0
0.8
Kwpss
0
0.8
Eigenvalue
-0.004 j4.765
-0.151 j4.971
Eigenvalue
-1.087 j12.51
-0.730 j12.27
freq.
0.76 Hz
0.79 Hz
freq.
1.99 Hz
1.95 Hz
14
16
18
20
20.1
No Wind PSS
With Wind PSS
20.05
20
19.95
19.9
0
damp.
0.09 %
3.03 %
damp.
8.65 %
5.94 %
10
12
14
16
18
20
10
time (s)
12
14
16
18
20
45.15
45.1
WT mechanical
power (MW)
e/m mode
12
WT rotor
speed (RPM)
10
time (s)
45
44.95
44.9
44.85
0
45.05
0.05
(RPM)
0.1
0.05
0.1
0
5
time (s)
10
11716
17.5
WT rotor
speed (RPM)
4.95
4.9
4.85
imag
4.8
SG
electromechanical
mode
=0.5
wpss
17.4
17.3
No Wind PSS
17.2
17.1
0
4.75
10
15
20
10
time (s)
15
20
4.7
45.04
WT mechanical
power (MW)
4.65
4.6
4.55
4.5
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
real
45.02
45
44.98
44.96
0
SG rotor
speed (Hz)
Fig. 11. Small system root locus for FC PSS gain 0-1.
50.1
50
49.9
0
10
15
20
WF active
power (MW)
60
50
40
No Wind PSS
With Wind PSS
30
20
0
10
time (s)
15
20
11
5
Area 1
Kwpss
0
0.5
Eigenvalue
-0.006 j4.667
-0.263 j4.837
freq.
0.74 Hz
0.77 Hz
Area 2
G1
G3
10
4
G4
G2
WG
12
13
14
damp.
1.38 %
5.43 %
11717
14
12
DFAG shaft
=3%
=5%
10
G3G4
imag
14
G1G2
interarea
12
DFAG shaft
=50%
2
10
system frequency
control
=70.7%
0
0.8
0.6
real
0.4
0.2
imag
Fig. 16. Root locus for Tw =0.3 s and Kwpss from 0 to 0.5.
A
4
interarea
system frequency
control
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.2
real
3.6
0.6
3.58
=70.7%
system frequency
control
Tw=0.3
3.54
imag
imag
0.5
3.56
interarea
0.4
0.3
0.2
3.52
3.5
0.05
Tw=0.3
DFAG speed
control
0.1
0
real
0.05
real
11718
(a)
P 7> 9 (MW)
300
200
100
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
(b)
P DFAG (MW)
500
No WInd PSS
With Wind PSS
480
460
440
420
0
10
15
time (s)
20
25
30
11719