Rebar

1 History

This article is about the reinforcement bar. For the company, see Rebar (Taiwan). For the art group, see Rebar
art and design studio.
Rebar (short for reinforcing bar), also known as re-

Rebar inside the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk

Originally, concrete structures were unreinforced. Rebar has been used in construction since at least the 15th
century; for example, 2500 m of rebars were used in the
Chteau de Vincennes.[2]

A tied rebar beam cage. This will be embedded inside cast concrete to increase its tensile strength.

More recently, during the 18th century, rebar was used

to form the carcass of the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk
in Russia, built on the orders of the industrialist Akiny
Demidov. The cast iron used for the rebar was of high
quality, and there is no corrosion on them to this day.
The carcass of the tower was connected to its cast iron
tented roof, crowned with one of the rst known lightning
rods.[3] More recently these techniques have been rened
by embedding the steel bars in the concrete, and by the
introduction of deformed bars to improve bonding, thus
producing modern reinforced concrete.

2 Use in concrete and masonry

Corroded concrete and rebar at the bridge of Queen Elizabeth Way crossing the Welland River in Niagara Falls, Ontario,
Canada.

Concrete is a material that is very strong in compression,

but relatively weak in tension. To compensate for this imbalance in concretes behavior, rebar is cast into it to carry
the tensile loads. Most steel reinforcement is divided into
inforcing steel, reinforcement steel,[1] is a steel bar or primary and secondary reinforcement, but there are other
mesh of steel wires used as a tension device in reinforced minor uses:
concrete and reinforced masonry structures to strengthen
Primary reinforcement refers to the steel which is
and hold the concrete in tension. Rebars surface is often
employed to guarantee the resistance needed by the
patterned to form a better bond with the concrete.
1

4 SIZES AND GRADES

structure as a whole to support the design loads.
Secondary reinforcement, also known as distribution
or thermal reinforcement, is employed for durability
and aesthetic reasons, by providing enough localized
resistance to limit cracking and resist stresses caused
by eects such as temperature changes and shrinkage.
Rebar is also employed to confer resistance to concentrated loads by providing enough localized resistance and stiness for a load to spread through a
wider area.
Rebar may also be used to hold other steel bars in
the correct position to accommodate their loads.
External steel tie bars can constrain and reinforce
masonry structures, as illustrated by the Nevyansk
Tower or ancient structures in Rome and the Vatican.

compromise this guard through carbonation from the surface, and salt penetration. Too much concrete cover can
cause bigger crack widths which also compromises the
local guard. As rust takes up greater volume than the
steel from which it was formed, it causes severe internal
pressure on the surrounding concrete, leading to cracking, spalling, and ultimately, structural failure. This phenomenon is known as oxide jacking. This is a particular problem where the concrete is exposed to salt water,
as in bridges where salt is applied to roadways in winter,
or in marine applications. Uncoated, corrosion-resistant
low carbon/chromium (microcomposite), epoxy-coated,
galvanized or stainless steel rebars may be employed in
these situations at greater initial expense, but signicantly
lower expense over the service life of the project. Extra
care is taken during the transport, fabrication, handling,
installation, and concrete placement process when working with epoxy-coated rebar, because damage will reduce
the long-term corrosion resistance of these bars.[6] Even
damaged bars have shown better performance than uncoated reinforcing bars, though issues from debonding of
the epoxy coating from the bars and corrosion under the
epoxy lm have been reported.[7] These bars are used in
over 70,000 bridge decks in the USA.[8]

Masonry structures and the mortar holding them together

have similar properties to concrete and also have a limited ability to carry tensile loads. Some standard masonry
units like blocks and bricks are made with voids to accom- Fiber-reinforced polymer rebar is also used in highmodate rebar, which is then secured in place with grout. corrosion environments. It is available in many forms,
This combination is known as reinforced masonry.
such as spirals for reinforcing columns, common rods,
While any material with sucient tensile strength could and meshes. Most commercially available rebar is
potentially be used to reinforce concrete (glass and basalt made from unidirectional glass bre reinforced thermoset
bers are also common), steel and concrete have simi- resins.
lar coecients of thermal expansion:[4] a concrete struc- Reinforcing steel can also be displaced by impacts such as
tural member reinforced with steel will experience mini- earthquakes, resulting in structural failure. The prime exmal stress as a result of dierential expansions of the two ample of this is the collapse of the Cypress Street Viaduct
interconnected materials caused by temperature changes. in Oakland, California as a result of the 1989 Loma Pri-

Physical characteristics

Steel has a thermal expansion coecient nearly equal to

that of modern concrete. If this were not so, it would
cause problems through additional longitudinal and perpendicular stresses at temperatures dierent from the
temperature of the setting.[5] Although rebar has ribs that
bind it mechanically to the concrete, it can still be pulled
out of the concrete under high stresses, an occurrence that
often accompanies a larger-scale collapse of the structure. To prevent such a failure, rebar is either deeply
embedded into adjacent structural members (40-60 times
the diameter), or bent and hooked at the ends to lock it
around the concrete and other rebar. This rst approach
increases the friction locking the bar into place, while
the second makes use of the high compressive strength
of concrete.
Common rebar is made of unnished tempered steel,
making it susceptible to rusting. Normally the concrete
cover is able to provide a pH value higher than 12 avoiding the corrosion reaction. Too little concrete cover can

eta earthquake, causing 42 fatalities. The shaking of the

earthquake caused rebars to burst from the concrete and
buckle. Updated building designs, including more circumferential rebar, can address this type of failure.

4 Sizes and grades

4.1 US sizes
Imperial bar sizes give the diameter in units of inch, so
that #8 = 8 8 inch = 1 inch diameter. The cross-sectional
area, as given by r, works out to (bar size/9.027),
which is approximated as (bar size/9) square inches. For
example, the area of #8 bar is (8/9) = 0.79 square inches.
Larger bar sizes are based on the cross-sectional area of
square bars that were formerly used. The diameter of
the equivalent round shapes is rounded to the nearest
inch to provide the bar size. For example, #9 bar has a
cross section of 1.00 square inches, and therefore a diameter of 1.128 inches. #10, #11, #14, and #18 sizes correspond to 11 8 inch, 11 4 , 11 2 , and 2 inch square bars,

4.5

India

respectively.[9] #14 rebar is particularly aected by this

approximation; by diameter it would be #13.5.
The tower and sign industries commonly use slightly
larger jumbo bars #14J and #18J as anchor rods for
large structures.[10] The bars are fabricated from slightly
oversized blanks such that threads can be cut at the ends
to accept standard 1.75 (#14J) and 2.25 (#18J) anchor
nuts.

Steel reinforcement in storage

designation of reinforcement is dened in AS/NZS46712001 using the following formats:

4.4.1 Bars
Examples:
D500N12 is deformed bar, 500 MPa strength,
normal ductility and 12 mm nominal diameter
- also known as N12
R250N20 is round bar, 250 MPa strength, normal ductility and 20 mm nominal diameter also known as R20

Steel reinforcement bars with color codes indicating the grade

4.2

Canadian sizes

Metric bar designations represent the nominal bar diameter in millimeters, rounded to the nearest 5 mm.

Bars are typically abbreviated to simply 'N' (hot-rolled

deformed bar), 'R' (hot-rolled round bar), 'RW' (colddrawn ribbed wire) or 'W' (cold-drawn round wire), as
the yield strength and ductility class can be implied from
the shape. For example, all commercially available wire
has a yield strength of 500 MPa and low ductility, while
round bars are 250 MPa and normal ductility.

4.5 India
4.3

European sizes

Rebars are available in the following grades as per IS:

1786-2008 FE 415/500/500D. Rebars are quenched with
water at a high level pressure so that the outer surface is
hardened while the inner core remains soft. Rebars are
ribbed so that the concrete can have a better grip. Coastal
regions use galvanized rebars to prolong their life.

Metric bar designations represent the nominal bar diameter in millimetres. Preferred bar sizes in Europe are
specied to comply with Table 6 of the standard EN
10080,[11] although various national standards still remain in force (e.g. BS 4449 in the United Kingdom).
In Switzerland some sizes are dierent from European Weight chart of Indians Rebars with tolerances and
standard.
sizes.[12]

4.4

Australian sizes

Reinforcement for use in concrete construction is subject to the requirements of Australian Standards AS36002009 (Concrete Structures) and AS/NZS4671-2001
(Steel Reinforcing for Concrete). There are other standards that apply to testing, welding and galvanising. The

4.5.1 Mesh

4.6 Grades
Rebar is available in grades and specications that vary in
yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, chemical composition, and percentage of elongation.

4 SIZES AND GRADES

In US use, the grade designation is equal to the minimum ASTM marking designations are:
yield strength of the bar in ksi (1000 psi) for example
grade 60 rebar has a minimum yield strength of 60 ksi.
'S' billet A615
Rebar is typically manufactured in grades 40, 60, and 75.
'I' rail A616 (superseded by A996 ASTM A616 /
In countries that use the metric system, the grade desigA616M - 96a Standard Specication for Rail Steel
nation is typically the yield strength in megapascals MPa,
Deformed and Plain Bars for Concrete Reinforcefor example grade 400 (similar to US grade 60).
ment (Withdrawn 1999)". Astm.org. Retrieved
2012-08-24.)
Common US specications, published by ACI and
ASTM, are:
'IR' Rail Meeting Supplementary Requirements S1
A616 (superseded by A996 ASTM A616 / A616M
American Concrete Institute: ACI 318-14 Build- 96a Standard Specication for Rail Steel Deing Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and
formed and Plain Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
Commentary, ISBN 978-0-87031-930-3 (2014)
(Withdrawn 1999)". Astm.org. Retrieved 2012-0824.)
ASTM A82: Specication for Plain Steel Wire for
Concrete Reinforcement
ASTM A184/A184M: Specication for Fabricated
Deformed Steel Bar Mats for Concrete Reinforcement
ASTM A185: Specication for Welded Plain Steel
Wire Fabric for Concrete Reinforcement

'A' Axle A617(superseded by A996 ASTM A617 /

A617M - 96a Standard Specication for Axle Steel
Deformed and Plain Bars for Concrete Reinforcement (Withdrawn 1999)". Astm.org. Retrieved
2012-08-24.)
'W' Low-alloy A706

ASTM A496: Specication for Deformed Steel Historically in Europe, rebar is composed of mild steel
material with a yield strength of approximately 250 MPa
Wire for Concrete Reinforcement
(36 ksi). Modern rebar is composed of high-yield steel,
ASTM A497: Specication for Welded Deformed with a yield strength more typically 500 MPa (72.5 ksi).
Steel Wire Fabric for Concrete Reinforcement
Rebar can be supplied with various grades of ductility.
ASTM A615/A615M: Deformed and plain carbon- The more ductile steel is capable of absorbing considerably more energy when deformed - a behavior that resteel bars for concrete reinforcement
sists earthquake forces and is used in design. These high
ASTM A616/A616M: Specication for Rail-Steel yield strength ductile steels are usually produced using the
Deformed and Plain Bars for Concrete Reinforce- TEMPCORE process,[13] a method of thermomechanical
ment
processing. The manufacture of reinforcing steel by rerolling nished products (e.g. sheets or rails) is not
ASTM A617/A617M: Specication for Axle-Steel allowed.[14] In contrast to structural steel, rebar steel
Deformed and Plain Bars for Concrete Reinforce- grades are not harmonized yet across Europe, each counment
try having their own national standards. However some
ASTM A706/A706M: Low-alloy steel deformed standardization of specication and testing methods exist
under EN 10080 and EN ISO 15630:
and plain bars for concrete reinforcement
ASTM A767/A767M: Specication for ZincCoated(Galvanized) Steel Bars for Concrete
Reinforcement

BS EN 10080: Steel for the reinforcement of concrete. Weldable reinforcing steel. General. (2005)

ASTM A775/A775M: Specication for EpoxyCoated Reinforcing Steel Bars

BS 4449: Steel for the reinforcement of concrete.

Weldable reinforcing steel. Bar, coil and decoiled
product. Specication. (2005/2009)

ASTM A934/A934M: Specication for EpoxyCoated Prefabricated Steel Reinforcing Bars

BS 4482: Steel wire for the reinforcement of concrete products. Specication (2005)

ASTM A955: Deformed and plain stainless-steel

bars for concrete reinforcement

BS 4483: Steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete. Specication (2005)

ASTM A996: Rail-steel and axle-steel deformed

bars for concrete reinforcement

BS 6744: Stainless steel bars for the reinforcement

of and use in concrete. Requirements and test methods. (2001/2009)

ASTM A1035: Standard Specication for Deformed and Plain, Low-carbon, Chromium, Steel
Bars for Concrete Reinforcement

DIN 488-1: Reinforcing steels - Part 1: Grades,

properties, marking (2009)

5.1

Stirrups

DIN 488-2: Reinforcing steels - Part 2: Reinforcing 5.1

steel bars (2009)

Stirrups

Stirrups form the outer part of a rebar cage. Stirrups

DIN 488-3: Reinforcing steels - Part 3: Reinforcing are usually rectangular, and are placed at regular intersteel in coils, steel wire (2009)
vals along a column or beam to prevent shear failure.[15]
DIN 488-4: Reinforcing steels - Part 4: Welded fabric (2009)
DIN 488-5: Reinforcing steels - Part 5: Lattice gird- 5.2
ers (2009)

Welding

The American Welding Society (AWS) D 1.4 sets out the

DIN 488-6: Reinforcing steel - Part 6: Assessment practices for welding rebar in the U.S. Without special
of conformity (2010)
consideration the only rebar that is ready to weld is W
grade (Low-alloy A706). Rebar that is not produced
BS EN ISO 15630-1: Steel for the reinforcement
to the ASTM A706 specication is generally not suitable
and prestressing of concrete. Test methods. Reinfor welding without calculating the carbon-equivalent.
forcing bars, wire rod and wire. (2010)
Material with a carbon-equivalent of less than 0.55 can
be welded. (AWS D1.4)
BS EN ISO 15630-2: Steel for the reinforcement
and prestressing of concrete. Test methods. Welded ASTM A 616 & ASTM A 617 (now replaced by the combined standard A996) reinforcing bars are re-rolled rail
fabric. (2010)
steel & re-rolled rail axle steel with uncontrolled chemistry, phosphorus & carbon content. These materials are
not common.

Placing rebar

Rebar cages are normally tied together with wire, although spot welding of cages has been the norm in Europe for many years, and is becoming more common in
the US. High strength steels for prestressed concrete may
absolutely not be welded.

5.3 Mechanical connections

Also known as mechanical couplers or mechanical
splices, mechanical connections are used to connect reinforcing bars together. Mechanical couplers are an effective means to reduce rebar congestion in highly reinforced areas for cast-in-place concrete construction.
These couplers are also used in precast concrete construction at the joints between members.
Steel wire used to secure rebar before concrete is poured over it

Rebar cages are fabricated either on or o the project

site commonly with the help of hydraulic benders and
shears. However, for small or custom work a tool known
as a Hickey, or hand rebar bender, is sucient. The rebars are placed by steel xers rodbusters or concrete
reinforcing iron workers, with bar supports and concrete
or plastic rebar spacers separating the rebar from the
concrete formwork to establish concrete cover and ensure that proper embedment is achieved. The rebars in
the cages are connected either by spot welding, tying
steel wire, sometimes using an electric rebar tier, or with
mechanical connections. For tying epoxy coated or galvanised rebars, epoxy coated or galvanized wire is normally used.

The structural performance criteria for mechanical connections varies between countries, codes, and industries.
As a minimum requirement, codes typically specify that
the rebar to splice connection meets or exceeds 125% of
the specied yield strength of the rebar. More stringent
criteria also requires the development of the specied ultimate strength of the rebar. As an example, ACI 318
species either Type 1 (125% Fy) or Type 2 (125% Fy
and 100% Fu) performance criteria.[16]
For concrete structures designed with ductility in mind, it
is recommended that the mechanical connections are also
capable of failing in a ductile manner, typically known
in the reinforcing steel industry as achieving bar-break.
As an example, Caltrans species a required mode of failure (i.e., necking of the bar).[17]

REFERENCES

of subsequent buildings as steel that has been in the plastic

yield zone exhibits a less ductile failure mechanism. This
results in buildings that are much less safe in earthquake
or wind load situations - these buildings collapse suddenly
instead of using the steel reinforcing bar to absorb energy
and sway, warning occupants of hazardous conditions
and allowing them time to escape.
Rebar, like almost all metal products, can be recycled as
scrap. It is usually combined with other steel products,
melted down, and re-formed.

Rebars with safety caps installed before being covered in concrete.

5.4

Safety

To prevent injury, the protruding ends of steel rebar are

often bent over or covered with special steel-reinforced
plastic plate caps. Mushroom caps may provide protection from scratches and other minor injuries, but provide little to no protection from impalement.[18]

Designations

Reinforcement is usually tabulated in a reinforcement

schedule on construction drawings. This eliminates ambiguity in the notations used around the world. The following list provides examples of the notations used in the
architectural, engineering, and construction industry.

Reuse and recycling

8 References
[1] Merritt, Frederic S., M. Kent Loftin and Jonathan T. Ricketts, Standard Handbook for Civil Engineers, Fourth Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1995, p. 8.17
[2] Le donjon de Vincennes livre son histoire.
[3] The oce of the rst Russian oligarch (Russian)
[4] Coecients of Linear Thermal Expansion. The Engineering ToolBox. Retrieved 2015-07-06.
[5] GFRP Bar Transverse Coecient of Thermal Expansion
Eects on Concrete Cover (PDF). Retrieved 2012-0824.
[6] Recommended Field Handling of Expoy-Coated Reinforcing Bars, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute
[7] Ramniceanu, Andrei Parameters Governing the Corrosion Protection Eciency of Fusion-Bonded Epoxy Coatings on Reinforcing Steel, Virginia Transportation Research Council, January 2008
[8] Epoxy Interest Group. Epoxy Interest Group of CRSI.
Epoxy Interest Group of CRSI. Retrieved 24 August
2012.
[9] Wang, Chu-Kia; Salmon, Charles; Pincheira, Jose (2007).
Reinforced Concrete Design. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley &
Sons. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-471-26286-2.
[10] Threaded Rebar Bolts
[11] BS EN 10080: Steel for the reinforcement of concrete.
Weldable reinforcing steel. General., pp. 19 (2005).
[12] Reinforcement Bars/Re-barsAs/TMT as Per IS.1786.
Indana. Retrieved June 21, 2016.

Workers extracting rebar from demolition rubble

[13] Noville, J.F. (June 2015). TEMPCORE, the most convenient process to produce low cost high strength rebars from
8 to 75 mm (PDF). 2nd ESTAD - METEC. Dsseldorf.

In China and many other countries, after the demolition [14] BS EN 10080: Steel for the reinforcement of concrete.
Weldable reinforcing steel. General., clause 6.4, pp. 13
of a building, workers are called in to remove the rebar.
(2005).
They scour the site, extracting the metal using bolt cutters,
welding equipment, sledgehammers, and other tools. The [15] Jesse (January 29, 2013). Reinforced Concrete Beam
metal is partially straightened, bundled and sold. This
Design: Concrete Beam Stirrups? What are they and why
are they important?". Retrieved 2015-02-04.
practice is extremely detrimental to the structural safety

[16] ACI committee 318 (2014). ACI 318-14 Building

Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary. American Concrete Institute (ACI). ISBN 9780870319303.
[17] California Dept. of Transportation. METHOD OF
TESTS FOR MECHANICAL AND WELDED REINFORCING STEEL SPLICES (PDF). Caltrans. Retrieved Feb 2011. Check date values in: |access-date=
(help)
[18] Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
Mushroom Style Plastic Rebar Covers Used For Impalement Protection. OSHA. Retrieved Feb 2015. Check
date values in: |access-date= (help)

External links
OSHA Rebar impalement protection measures

10

10
10.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Rebar Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebar?oldid=733843129 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Ewen, Tedernst, Michael Hardy,
Gbleem, Arpingstone, Zeizmic, MQuinn, AnonMoos, RadicalBender, Xanzzibar, Rsduhamel, Alan Liefting, Centrx, JamesMLane,
Mintleaf~enwiki, Jorge Stol, Brockert, Cacycle, Mecanismo, Smyth, Thunderbrand, Stesmo, Reuben, Nk, David Gale, Hooperbloob,
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Bay, Djrebar, Thouny, ChuispastonBot, Abhishekitmbm, Hawkoftheredvariety, Gwen-chan, ClueBot NG, Primergrey, Sdstevenspe, Jcolinares, Concreteconstruction, Strike Eagle, BG19bot, Roberticus, Toanin, Technyck, Comfr, BattyBot, ChrisGualtieri, Khazar2, Gshills,
Dexbot, Dpkkpowell, Makecat-bot, Rebarguy, ShepherdWiki, Morg00, 32RB17, Datamok, Clonkex, KurtHeckman, Dunks411, Paragdatar, Nitesh1981, Walid A. Sakr, Skauldel and Anonymous: 218

10.2

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