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http://archive.org/details/gascalorimetryOOhill
GAS CALORIMETRY
BY
THESIS FOR
THE
COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
Presented June, 1910 s*f
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
June 1
THIS
IS
Ifeheraiah..
ENTITLED
IS
190G
William Hill
Gas Calorinetry
DEGREE OF
Bachelor of Science
In Chemical Engi ne e r ing
Instructor in
APPROVED:
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT OF
168025
rJ
7-
Charge
Gas Calorimetry.
In 1726, Dr.
the discovery.
an English engineer of
Birmingham, lighted his dwelling with gas of this kind. Eleven years
later, in 1803, the celebrated Soho works at Birmingham were il-
luminated by gas.
in 1802, Lebon,
In 1810
and during the same year gas was first used for street lighting.
Remark-
has been, it met with considerable objection at first. This was due
in a large measure to the poisonous effect of certain of its con-
stituents.
these objectionable
the great convenience in using it, gas came rapidly into favor.
As soon as gas came to be recognized as an important illuminant,
2.
it
of illuminating power.
arbitrary
standard conditions.
During the first forty years of the history of the gas industry
no thought was given to the possibility of using gas as a fuel. The
chief reason for this lies in the fact that the manufacture of the
type of gas used in those early years required a special grade of
producer gas, depends on the fact that when a limited supply of air
is forced over incandescent coal or other carbonaceous substances,
a partial oxidation is effected, with the formation of carbon
monoxide.
steam present.
3.
invention of
tire
gas engine.
manufacture of gas.
The se developments have changed the state of affairs in the
gas world.
candle power of the gas but on the temperature to which the mantle
is heated.
tically 811 the gas manufactured, being used under conditions where
its value to the consumer depends on its heat giving capacity.
Commission of the State of New York for 1909, the estimate that
less that 20$ of the gas consumed in the State of New York is
4.
To ue now,
it
is surprising that,
lest thirty years, so little has be^n sail of the heat value of
gases. It is only during the last five or ten years, that any interest
at all has been manifested in it, and in this country its advent as
a matter of importance is even more recent.
this is perhaps due to the old idea that there existed some definite
of the State of New York, during 1909, is perhaps the best along
this line.
Coal Gas.
Candle Power
Water Gas.
Heat Value 3.T.U. Candle Power
1.
16.2
585
1.
20.3
592
2.
13.9
597
2.
17.6
597
3.
14.1
627
3.
15.5
606
4.
14.4
647
4.
17.3
621
5.
15.9
658
5.
22.0
633.5
6.
17.1
655
6.
31.5
633.0
7.
16.7
727
7.
19.1
651
8.
19.2
691
8.
20.0
662
9.
16.5
715.5
9.
21 .0
676.5
10.
17.4
727. 5
10.
21.5
693.0
5.
as in the sixth and seventh samples of coal gas and the first and
and methane,
The foregoing facts explain the unusual activity shown at present by gas authorities in changing gas requirements from old candle
of the State of New YorX in their report foT 1909 recommending the
volume.
the calorie per cubic foot, while in this country values are usually expressed in B. T. U. per cubic foot.
It is unfortunate that the term calorific value as applied to
The net
Alt.
sc
6.
have applied a
in obtaining it we
nearly the true heating effect obtained from gas in many of its uses.
However since it does not represent this true heating effect exactly,
there ee*=ms ro valid reason for its use in preference to the gross
total heat value. And at present we find almost every one except
er.
and 30 inches of
7.
To the first
water.
ties of water and gas used, the heat value of the gas may be cal-
culated.
Hemples
0?
*3Y*
8.
Prof. Parr's
Then if in one we
burn our Known standard gas and in the other our unknown gas, we
get rises in temperature proportional to the heat values of the
two gases.
the accuracy of these last two types of calorimeters and to determine the relative merits of the two for commercial work.
The
representative to be used.
As Hempels
Calorimeter cannot be
considered of any commercial importance, the choice for a representative of the third type, naturally
The water
3,
OJ
43
La.
jn ,.,,
t<k
r. i <j
*V 10
<r
tM l rM O0Q !
Fig./
FlG.
20.
rig. 2.
passes down the tube, 6, entering the water Jacket at the bottom.
It then raises through the water jacket and strikes the baffle
thermometer.
The gas from the mains first passes through the meter
see fig.
(2) and then through a pressure gauge before going to the burner,
27,
gases are thus in contact with the coldest water so that maximum
extraction of heat is
effected.
The Parr gas calorimeter is constructed along radically different lines from the Junker.
Thes** gas
holders are
tn<?c
to not JfTO^sv
ttl
a*orf)
er.
** IB rT
f"^ P
e
0*9
a"** }r
wifT
"Detail
V<d
Corrections
"The
PfvRR
Gins
Chlorimeter,
DR<\Y<>N^
Fig.
4.
No.
3.
10.
amounts of water.
is burned.
value of the standard gas and the relative rise in th^ two systems
the heat value of the unknown gas is calculated,
stirring is
both,
pulleys.
stopping places in these constrictions, they are accurately indicated on the gauge glasses.
It will be evident that in an arrangement of this kind errors
Also if
we keep the rise in the two systems nearly the same errors due to
beer,
be used.
made by supplying a
1C SIMIi
11.
326
B.
T.
U.
on house gas whose value ranges from 600 to 700 B. T. U. per cubic
foot, we would burn two volumes of hydrogen against one of house
gas.
The fol-
Table
1.
1.
2.42 degrees
2.42 degrees.
2.
2.42 degrees
2.41 degrees.
3.
2.37 degrees
2.37 degrees.
4.
2.46 degrees
2.47 degrees.
5.
2.48 degrees
2.49 degrees.
6.
2.41 degrees
2.41 degrees.
MM
12.
occur due to the fact that there was not an exact balance between
the heat obtained from our etandard gas and our unknown gas, a radiation curve was established for the heaters.
In procuring data
f,
or thii
The
the heater.
suppositional case.
Sup-
pose we are using two volumes of hydrogen as our standard and are
3.
T.
U.
The
gas of 652 B. T. U.
with
From our curve then we see that the gain from atmosphere
is .015 x 7 equal .105 which gives a true rise due to heat from
of 74.2 degrees on our house gas side which gives a mean difference
tealue
equal .112.
T.
U.
EUGcNB DIETZCEN
CO.. CHICAGO.
1*2
B.
T.
U.
if care is used
and curves
Junker apparatus proved very unsatisfactory and had to be discarded as there was no means of ascertaining its water level and
it could not be made to give consist ant readings.
By careful adjust-
occasioned by uneven heating, the water from the heater was forced
through a large aspirator bottle of almost 12 liters capacity,
regulated at will and with variations of not more than from .01
degreee to .02 degrees
during a determination.
iq S.Jt/oJa
rcc
14.
burned at
uniform rate of 6.5 feet per hour and the water flow
regulated to give maximum outgoing temperature, In their recommendations for operating flow calorimeters, the committee of the American
exit
systems.
T.
U.
per
IJ.
results.
The gas for the Junker was drawn from the
all cases, the samples for the Parr instrument were drawn from a
cock ^ust ahead of the meter, while readings were being taken on
Junker.
15
Table
Sample.
II.
1-2-3-4-5-6-7-
R00B
Junker"
U
81.0
78.0
80.0
\lrl'
647.2
713.0- 658.3- 716.9- 625.5-633.0-648.6-658.1-
Difference
28.9
17.5
obtained
marked difference between the results
Parr instrument giving the higher
on the two instruments, with the
the exit gases are at apin samples 4,5, 6, and 7 where
results,
the surrounding atmosphere.we
proximately the same temperature as
The mean of these together
23.2.
find a difference of from 21.7 to
same
made under approximately the
with many other determinations
difference
T. U. as the average
oonditione gives a value of 22.5 3.
under
machines, when both are working
between the results of the two
we note
in samples 1,2,3, and 8
the best theoretical conditions,
and by studying
from this mean difference
a considerable variation
a suggestive
the tests were run, we find
the conditions under which
find the
In samples 1,2, and 3 we
explanation of this variation.
while
warmer than the room temperature
Junker
the
of
gases
exhaust
cases we would
cooler. Thus in the former
in sample 8 they are
would give greater differs
which
Junker
the
on
expect lower results
In like manner in sampl
instruments.
two
the
of
be tween the results
conditions are
as the temperature
difference
less
expect
8 W e would
of
Junker. This explanation,
the
on
results
high
such as to give
Here we find a
16.
tion.
Table 111.
1
- 564.6
B. T. U.
- 566.9
B.T.U.
- 565.8
B.T.U.
- 567.8
B.
- 564.6
B.T. U.
- 564.8
B.T. U.
T.U.
B.T.U.
Greatest variation equal 3.2
equal .56
Greatest percent variation
apfound on the Junker instrument,
This variation, in values
exit
relative temperatures of the
the
in
variations
parently due to
inthan the worK of former
larger
is
however
room,
ga ses and the
*
qinoe in the east, this raatSince
expect.
to ._,..
ue
lead
would
vestigatore
that
further than a suggestion
notice,
no
received
t has usually
approximately the
two temperatures
these
keep
to
lt 18 advisable
on a gas
<4 v, the
+>, rifnire
desire to test the Junker
with
together
This,
earns.
on the Junker
to run a long series,
us
led
value,
of Known heating
was generated from
The hydrogen used
hydrogen.
using
instrument,
bottles conheing led through wash
acid,
hydrochloric
zlno and
urn,,
re^ve acid vapors before
caustic solution to
ning
I
Per cent.
then
the gas, as hurned,
17.
T.
B.
U.
p*r
cubic foot.
Table IV
sho'-vs
the results.
Table iv.
Gas temp
Room Temp.
degrees F.
degrees P
ft ft
r\
Exhaust temp.
degrees
ft ft
T,
Heat value.
3.T. J.
ft
Tin
311.
ft
nil
80
na
ft
79.0
n n ft
79.0
Tt ft
82.0
O ft
82.
ft
ft
O ft
.
82
71 A
310.
83.0
84.0
84A .
ft
311.5
83.0
84.0
84.0
311.7
84.
84.
T ft
312.
83.0
82. 5
82.5
99
83.0
ft
82.5
ft ft
82. 5
T ft
1
1
312.
83.5P
ft IT
83.0
84.
310.9
83.5
83.0
84.
310.4
81.0
82.
82.0
309.8
81.5
82.0
82.0
310.2
78.0
77.5
78.0
310.7
78.0
77.5
78.0
311.5
78.0
80.0
80.0
311. 1
78.0
81.0
80.0
99 ft ft
77.0
78.0
78.0
309.3
77.0
78.0
78.0
310.7
77.0
78.0
78.0
311.5
76.5
77.0
76.5
311.5
76.5
77.0
76.5
311.1
ft
83.
r\
~r
ft
79.0
Ci
311.4
99
cu.ft.
80.3
79.
ft
ft
ft
310.4
"I
99
9
309. ft
B.T.U. but the mean of these results, which is 310.9 3.T. U.,is
no
mi
18.
13.1 B.T. U. less than the accepted value for the gas burned.
A second series on hydrogen was then run in which the con-
ditions were varied, that is the temperature of the exit gases, wlh
respect to the surrounding atmosphere.
table V.
Table V.
Gas temp.
degrees F.
Boom temp.
degrees P.
Exhaust temp
degrees
P.
Heat value.
3.T.U./ cu.ft.
82.0
83.5
82.0
315.0
83.0
83.0
79.0
320.6
83.0
83.0
72.5
336.1
77.0
79.0
78.0
315.9
77.0
79.0
78.0
316.6
78.0
76.5
72.5
320.6
82.0
82.0
82.0
310.0
83.0
82.0
72.0
335.6
33.0
82.0
72.0
334.9
80.0
78.0
71.5
327.4
80.0
78.0
71.5
328.1
80.0
78.0
75.5
317.6
80.0
78.0
75.5
319.4
81.0
82.0
82.0
309.4
86.0
86.0
90.0
303.4
86.0
86.0
90.0
303.5
-rrc
EUGENE DIETZGEN
CO..
CHICAGO.
19.
to 335.6 3.T.
TJ.
fahrenheit.
results, agrees quite closely with the mean value obtained in series
fc
which all conditions were Kept the same as in the first except the
Table VI.
1-2-3
Sample
4- 5-
-7
Gas. Temp. degrees 80.0- 80.0- 80.0 - 80.0- 81.0- 78.0 - 78.0 - 78.0
Exhaust"
Room temp
B. T.
U. Junker
B.T. U. Parr
Difference
- 56.0 - 6S.0
3.5
3.8
0.1
0.1
0.4
3.2
3.6
in all
cases except the 2nd. 3rd and 6th, the difference between room and
exhaust temperatures is 12.0 degrees P. in the 2nd and 3rd. it is
-=1
I
20.
13.0 degrees while in the 6th it is 11.0 degrees. Here we see that
to get concordant reeults on the two instruments,
it is necessary
to cool the exit gases in the Junker, from 11.0 to 12.0 degrees
degree difference in temperature between the exit gases and the room,
It is difficult to concieve
stream of
water is used.
flowing
21.
In this
connection it is well to note that when operating under good conditions, the
to 4 degrees be-
jacket,
H.
ratio of
when viewed carefully these two sources of error seem quite sufficient to account for the errors found in the Junker apparatus,
22.
determination on
For commercial
wotlc,
curves, which
"in
18b
f
T*
*
+
v
i
-4
-f
:'S