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EE182 Basic Electronics

Lecture # 15

19.10 Common Collector Formulas

CC Circuit with its proper dc biasing voltage sources
(Two circuits represent the same thing)
Theoretical Circuit

Practical Circuit

19.10 Common Collector Formulas

CC Circuit (Another way of drawing the same circuit with one battery)
Load resistor (RE) is not in the Collector lead but in the Emitter lead
Why Common Collector? Input is between Base and Collector
Output is between Emitter and Collector

19.10 Common Collector Formulas

For NPN Transistor

According to KVL:

Similarly,

According to KVL:

And,

19.11 The Beta Rule

According to this rule, resistance from one part of a transistor

circuit can be referred to another of its parts

For example, in the Collector can be referred to the Base
and, reciprocally, can be referred to the Collector
Similarly, can be referred to the Base and, reciprocally,
can be referred to the Emitter
Since current through is
, hence factor comes
into picture
Similarly, current through is
, hence
(or approximately ) factor comes into picture again
-rule is used that makes transistor calculations quick and easy

19.11 The Beta Rule...

The -rule may be stated as under:
1. When referring to Base circuit, multiply it by ,when
referring to Collector circuit, divide it by
2. When referring to Base circuit, multiply it by
(or
just ), when referring to Emitter circuit, divide it
by
(or just )
Remember one point before you apply this rule:
The point is that only those resistances are transferred which lie
in the path of the current being calculated

Exercise

Exercise

Exercise

Exercise

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Exercise

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Exercise

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Exercise

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Exercise
Solve Example 19.8, 19.9, 19.10, 19.11
Solve Chapter 19 Conventional Problems 1,2,3,4,5,6,7

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EE182 Basic Electronics

Lecture # 16

Topic: BJT as a Switch

BJT as a Switch
19.12 Importance of VCE
VCE is very important in checking whether Transistor is
1. Defective
2. Working in cut-off
3. In Saturation (or well into saturation)
o When VCE =VCC, transistor is in cut-off, i.e., fully turned OFF
o When VCE = 0, transistor is in saturation, i.e., fully turned ON
o When VCE < 0, transistor is well in saturation (it is avioded)
o When VCE = VCC, transistor is is used as Amplifier, i.e., when

IB increase or decreases, IC also increases or decreases

BJT as a Switch
19.13 Cut-off and Saturation Points

BJT as a Switch
Cut-off point: A transistor is in the cut-off region when the

BE Junction is not FB, so it does not conduct any current (as

IB=0). All of the currents are zero, and VCE is equal to VCC
V CE V CC I C R L

Since,
I B 0, IC 0
Hence,
V CE V CC
This value of VCE is written as VCE(cut-off)
In cut-off there is ideally an open between

collector and emitter, it is like an open switch

BJT as a Switch
Saturation point: When the BE junction is FB and there is

enough Base current to produce a maximum Collector

current, such that VCE becomes zero, i.e., VCE=0, the transistor
is said to be Saturated
V CE V CC I C R L
0 V CC I C R L
I C V CC / R L

It is obvious that under saturation:

Whole of VCC drops across RL
Collector current is called IC(sat)
As VCE = 0, so there is ideally a short between collector and
emitter, it is like a closed switch

BJT as a Switch
A control signal can be used to turn a transistor ON and OFF
For Example, an LED
LED OFF

Control
Signal

LED ON

Exercise

Exercise

Exercise
Solve Example 19.12, 19.13, 19.14, 19.15, 19.6

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EE182 Basic Electronics

Lecture # 17

Topic: BJT as an Amplifier

Notation for Voltages and Currents

For DC (or non-time varying) Quantities

We will use capital letters with capital subscripts such as

IE,IB,IC
VE,VB,VC

for DC currents
for DC voltages

VBE,VCB,VCE
VEE,VCC,VBB

for DC voltage differences

for DC supply voltages

For AC Quantities

We will use small letters with small subscripts such as

ie,ib,ic
Ie,Ib,Ic
ve,vb,vc
vbe,vcb,vce

for AC currents
for rms value of AC currents
for instantaneous values of AC voltages to ground
for AC voltages differences

Total (Sum of) AC and DC Voltages and Currents

We will use a hybrid notation. For example,

iE for emitter current and vCE for collector to Emitter voltage

Increase or Decrease Notation

This notation is very helpful in analyzing transistor

operation when ac signal is applied to it. It is simply this:

means increase and means decrease
In fig, if VBB were increased,
IB would increase
this would increase IC,
the drop ICRL would increase
and hence VCE will decrease
It can be written as
VBB , IB , IC , ICRL ,VCE

Applying AC to DC biased transistor

When we apply directly an ac signal to the EBJ of

emitter-base circuit of a properly biased transistor, it

upsets the dc bias

Applying AC to DC biased transistor

Most ac signal sources are nearly a short to dc, So

whole of base current would pass through ac source

rather than the base, thereby spoiling the transistor
bias
To avoid this, the ac source is connected to transistor
via a coupling capacitor
This capacitor act as open circuit for dc but almost a short
for ac source (provided it is of sufficiently large
capacitance)

Transistor AC/DC Analysis

In CE amplifier circuit shown in fig (a), an ac signal vbe is

applied across its EB junction

AC voltage vbe will be added to DC voltage VBE as if the two
were connected in series. Resultant voltage shown in fig (b)

Transistor AC/DC Analysis

First Quarter Cycle

In first quarter cycle of input signal, both vbe and VBE increase
thereby giving rise to the following sequence of changes
vBE , iB , iC , iCRL , vCE
Hence output voltage decreases as shown in fig (c)

Transistor AC/DC Analysis

Second Quarter Cycle

Here vbe as well as vBE decrease. Hence

vBE , iB , iC , iCRL , vCE
Third quarter cycle same as in the first and so on
Important: Output is out of phase with the input voltage

Exercise

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