Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Handbook of Animal
Husbandry
Dr. Jibachha Sah
Jibachha Publishing
Bharatpur-5, Narayangarh, Chitwan, Nepal
Copyright material
Jibachhas Handbook of Animal Husbandry
i i
Jibachha's
Handbook of Animal Husbandry
Edited by: Dr. Jibachha Sah and Dr. Prabhakar Kumar Shah
Copyright @ 29 September 2016, Jibachha Publishing
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval
system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
Published by Jibachha's Publishing
Bharatpur-5, Lankupul, Naryanagarh, Chitwan, Nepal.
E-mail: Jibachha@yahoo.com, vhrtc@yahoo.com
ISBN:
www.vhrtc.com.np
www.facebook.com/vhrtc
Printed at:
A quality printing house
Quality Press
Copyright material
ii ii
Preface
Animal Husbandry plays a major role in providing employment especially self-employment
with high participation of women in Nepal. Livestock products also play a main role in
export earnings. This sector provides full time occupation in some cases at the location
itself with better utilization of human resources. It provides balanced nutrition in the form
of milk, egg and meat besides farm power.
In Nepal, various veterinary institutions spread over the country provide veterinary health
services and play a major role in increasing the production potentialities of the livestock
and poultry. There is an increase in cross bred population and decrease of unproductive
animals with the implementation of cross breeding programs.
This concise handbook attempts to provide 23 chapters; basic information on animal
husbandry, zoological classification, anatomy and physiology, nutrition, genetics, breeding,
care and management, forage and fodder production, cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, horse,
poultry, rabbit, fish, dog, cat, dairying production and project plans.
This handbook has been compiled from the standard text book, journals and various
resources, authors do not claim all the originality of text in the book. In this book
compilation is based on syllabus of veterinary technical school and competitive exams.
So this book will be very useful for institutional students, teachers, extension workers,
veterinary undergraduate students and also for researchers.
This is our 40th book on veterinary and animal husbandry; more than 31 books are in
Nepali language. Amongst these best seller approaches more than 30,000 copies.
We would like to acknowledge Professor Dr. Shyam K. Shah (AFU, Rampur), Professor
Dr. Jagat Lal Yadav (AFU, Rampur) and Professor Ramashish Sah (AFU, Rampur) for
their contribution in their respective major subjects Animal reproduction, Animal nutrition
and LPM respectively.
The authors feel the responsibility of presenting the pioneer handbook dealing with
livestock husbandry and trusts that error, omissions and criticism will be called to his
attention in order that later edition may be improved. Of course a multitude of issues are
not covered in the book and we welcome your input regarding topics for future tips.
Dr. Prabhakar Kumar Shah
B.V.Sc & A.H. (P.U.), M.V.Sc (Medicine, AFU)
Research Co-ordinator
29 September, 2016
iii iii
is
hi
ng
Abbreviations
Pu
bl
Ji
ba
ch
ha
ABD
:
ADB
:
AFU
:
APP
:
CBS
:
CPRs
:
DDC
:
DFTQC :
DLS
:
FAO
:
GDP
:
HACCP :
IFAD
:
INGO :
LMP
:
MAF
:
MoAD :
MoF
:
NARC :
NCBD :
NDDB :
NGO
:
NLBC :
OECD :
OIE
:
UNCED :
WTO
:
iv iv
is
hi
ng
Table of Contents
Preface
Abbreviations
iii
iv
SECTION 1
1-134
Animal husbandry
1.8
1.9
1.10
ba
1.11
1.12
bl
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
Pu
1.3
ch
ha
1.1
1.2
Ji
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
2
3
3
5
7
7
9
10
10
11
11
12
13
13
15
15
15
16
17
19
20
20
22
v v
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
is
hi
ng
ba
1.29
1.30
1.31
1.32
bl
1.20
Pu
1.19
ch
ha
1.17
1.18
1.16.1
Constraints in animal production
Economics of feeding dairy cow
Utilization of waste in animal feeding
1.18.1
Fruit waste as livestock feed
1.18.2
Vegetable wastes as livestock feed
Impact of climate change in dairy cattle
1.19.1
Steps to counteract heat stress
Factor affecting health of animals
1.20.1
Sign of good health in animal
1.20.2
Sign of illness in animal
Bio-diversity conservation in Nepal
Importance of integrated crop-livestock farming system
in Nepal
1.22.1
Advantages of integrated farming
1.22.2
Constraint of integrated farming
Constraints of livestock technology adoption in the
farmer's field
Major challenges in livestock research and development
in Nepal
National and social implications of draught animal
farming and crop production in Nepal
Advantages of local cattle over crossbreeds or exotic
cattle in mountain farming systems
National Livestock policy in Nepal
Organic livestock farming opportunity and constraint in
Nepal
Functions of national veterinary services in Nepal
Rangeland policy in Nepal
Factors influencing livestock productivity
Relation of livestock with agriculture, forestry and
environment
Animal welfare and its implication in livestock industry
in Nepal
Ji
1.33
vi vi
22
22
24
24
26
28
29
31
31
33
34
36
37
37
38
39
40
42
42
45
48
49
50
53
55
1.38
1.39
1.40
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44
1.45
1.46
1.47
ba
1.48
1.49
1.50
1.51
is
hi
ng
1.37
bl
1.36
Pu
1.35
ch
ha
1.34
1.52
Ji
1.53
1.54
1.55
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
71
72
73
75
79
80
83
85
86
87
88
90
92
94
96
98
viiiiv
1.60
1.61
1.62
1.63
1.64
1.65
1.66
1.67
1.68
ba
1.69
is
hi
ng
1.59
bl
1.58
Pu
1.57
ch
ha
1.56
Ji
1.70
viiiviii
99
100
104
104
105
108
110
112
113
115
116
117
118
120
122
122
125
126
128
1.72
1.73
SECTION 2
2.4
2.5
2.6
bl
Pu
2.3
Definition of Taxonomy
Zoological classification of farm animal
2.2.1
Characteristic of Bos indicus cattle
2.2.2
Difference between Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle
Definition of domestication
2.3.1
Characteristics of domestic animals
Difference between ruminant and non-ruminant
Indigenous and exotic livestock genotypes based on
climatic region in Nepal
Glossary of farm animal terms
ch
ha
2.1
2.2
is
hi
ng
1.71
SECTION 3
Ji
ba
3.1
3.2
129
130
132
135-146
135
136
139
140
141
141
142
143
145
147-258
148
150
152
153
157
157
159
161
161
162
163
164
ix xi
Muscular system
3.3.1
Muscle and their main function
3.3.2
Sliding filament theory of contraction of skeletal muscles
3.3.3
Rigor mortis and muscle fatigue
3.3.4
Body cavities
3.3.5
Body fluids
3.3.6
Diffusion and osmosis
3.3.7
Membranes and their types
3.3.8
Tissue, its kinds and basic histological structure
Digestive system
3.4.1
Digestive system of ruminant
3.4.2
Digestive system of nonruminant
3.4.3
Introduction to peritoneum
3.4.4
Role of enzymes and hormones in digestive systems
Respiratory system
3.5.1
Avian respiration
Urinary system
3.6.1
Dietary electrolyte balance in cattle (DEB)
Reproductive system
3.7.1
Male reproductive organs and their function
3.7.2
Structure and function of the female reproductive system
3.7.3
Structure and function of the bovine placenta
3.7.4
Mammary gland
Endocrine system
3.8.1
Glands
3.8.2
Hormones
3.8.3
Endocrine glands of the body, hormones and their
physiological functions
Nervous system
3.9.1
Structure of Neuron
3.9.2
Functions of the nervous system
3.9.3
Central nervous system
3.9.4
Cranial nerves
3.6
3.7
ba
3.8
ch
ha
3.5
Pu
bl
3.4
is
hi
ng
3.3
Ji
3.9
x x
165
168
169
171
171
172
172
173
174
180
180
184
190
191
192
194
195
198
199
199
202
208
209
214
215
216
218
220
220
221
221
223
3.11
is
hi
ng
ba
3.12
ch
ha
Pu
bl
3.10
3.9.5
Physiology of nerve impulse (action potential)
3.9.6
Reflex
3.9.7
Cerebrospinal fluid
Circulatory system
3.10.1
Foetal circulation
3.10.2
Animal blood
3.10.2.1 Normal complete blood count values for cattle, sheep
and goats
3.10.3
Avian blood
3.10.4
Common sites for blood collection
3.10.5
Blood circulation (Pulmonary circulation and Systemic
circulation)
3.10.6
Blood coagulation
3.10.7
Blood pressure and pulse
3.10.8
Blood supply to the heart and conduction system
3.10.9
Blood vessels
3.10.10
Erythrocytes: formation, maturation and fate (Life span
of RBC)
3.10.11
Synthesis of hemoglobin
3.10.12
Immunity and defense mechanisms
3.10.13
Leucocytes: formation, their classification, and role of
leucocytes in immunity
3.10.14
Thrombocytes: formation and fate
Lymphatic system
3.11.1
Structure and functions of lymph nodes
Integumentary system
3.12.1
Skin and its appendages: structure and functions;
temperature regulation in animals and birds
Sensory system
3.13.1
Physiology of hearing and balance
3.13.2
Physiology of smell and taste
3.13.3
Physiology of sight
Ji
3.13
224
225
226
227
228
229
231
232
233
233
234
235
237
238
239
242
242
244
246
248
249
251
252
254
255
256
258
xi ix
is
hi
ng
SECTION 4
259-306
Animal genetics
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
ba
4.11
bl
4.3
Pu
4.2
Cell structure
4.1.1
Animal cell
4.1.2
Plant cell
4.1.3
Difference between animal cell and plant cell
Cell division
4.2.1
Mitosis
4.2.2
Meiosis
4.2.3
Difference between mitosis and meiosis
4.2.4
Difference between cell and tissue
Mutation
4.3.1
General characters of mutation
Traits
Genetic variability and its causes
4.5.1
Causes of genetic variability
4.5.2
Factors that decrease genetic variability
4.5.3
Genetic response and factors affecting genetic response
4.5.4
Different types of genetic evaluation
Phenotype
Phenotypic variation
Genotype
4.8.1
Difference between genotype and phenotype
Gene
Heredity
4.10.1
Types of heredity
Mendelian law
4.11.1
Law of Segregation (the "First Law")
4.11.2
Law of Independent Assortment (the "Second Law")
4.11.3
Law of Dominance (the "Third Law")
Lethal factor
4.12.1
Typical lethal factor associated condition in cattle
Sex chromosome
ch
ha
4.1
Ji
4.12
4.13
xiixii
259
259
263
263
264
264
266
269
270
270
272
273
273
273
274
275
275
277
278
279
279
279
280
281
281
282
283
284
284
285
285
4.27
4.28
4.29
4.30
is
hi
ng
bl
ba
4.31
4.32
4.33
4.34
4.35
4.36
Pu
4.22
4.23
4.24
4.25
4.26
ch
ha
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
4.20
4.21
Ji
4.37
4.38
4.39
4.40
4.41
286
286
286
286
287
287
289
291
292
292
293
293
293
293
294
294
296
296
297
297
298
298
299
302
302
303
303
304
xiiiiiix
4.46
4.47
SECTION 5
Animal breeding
ba
ch
ha
5.2
Pu
5.1
is
hi
ng
4.44
4.45
bl
4.42
4.43
Ji
5.3
xivxiv
304
304
304
305
305
305
307-376
307
309
310
311
313
314
314
315
315
316
316
317
318
318
319
321
322
322
323
323
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
is
hi
ng
ba
5.11
5.12
5.13
ch
ha
5.6
Pu
bl
5.4
5.5
5.3.3
Variability of the trait
5.3.4
Correlated traits
5.3.5
Adaptation traits
Factors affecting breeding efficiency
Breeding system
5.5.1
Inbreeding
5.5.2
Outcrossing
5.5.3
Crossbreeding systems
5.5.4
Terminal crossing
5.5.5
Rotational crossing
5.5.6
Roto-terminal crossing
5.5.7
Grading up
5.5.8
Linebreeding
5.5.9
Hybrid vigor
5.5.10
Cloning
5.5.11
Formation of a gene pool
Heritability
5.6.1
Concept of repeatability
Constraint of animal genetics conservation in Nepal
5.7.1
Method of genetic resource conservation in animal
Principles of mating systems
Definition, scope and importance of biotechnology
5.9.1
Application of biotechnology tools in animal
improvement
In vitro fertilization, cloning and genetic marker
technology
Reproduction parameters in dairy cattle
Hormone and heat synchronization using hormone
Endangered livestock of Nepal, long-term plan for their
conservation
Principle of animal breeding
Measure of breeding efficiency
5.15.1
Factor affecting breeding efficiency
Ji
5.14
5.15
325
325
326
326
327
327
327
328
329
329
329
329
330
330
330
331
331
332
332
333
334
335
337
341
342
342
344
346
348
349
xvvx
5.25
5.26
5.27
5.28
ba
5.29
5.30
is
hi
ng
5.20
5.21
5.22
5.23
5.24
bl
5.18
5.19
Pu
5.17
ch
ha
5.16
5.15.2
Captive breeding, their purpose, importance and risk
Heritability and repeatability estimates for reproductive
trait in cow
Breeding values, measure of genetic and phenotypic
relationships
Calculating estimated breeding value
Conservation (ex-situ / in-situ) and management of
genetic resources in Nepal
Selection of elite bull through breeding plan
Open nucleus breeding scheme
Estimation of breeding values of dairy cow
Animal behaviour and its importance
Variation and causes of variation, important of heredity
and environment
Animal breeding, importance and its scope in livestock
improvement
5.25.1
Objective of animal breeding
5.25.2
Selection of breeding male for natural service
5.25.3
Management of bull
Model for upgrading of local cattle by use of frozen
semen and a nucleus breed unit
Advantages of using artificial insemination (AI) in
livestock breeding program
Genetic parameters for the selection of poultry
maintained for different purposes
Breeding plan for avoiding inbreeding in sheep/goat
Breeding plan for genetic improvement of sheep/goat
5.30.1
Individual flocks
5.30.2
Group flocks
5.30.2.1
Selection in group breeding schemes
Breeding management of sheep and goat
Terminology used in breeding program
Ji
5.31
5.32
xvixvi
350
351
353
353
355
358
359
360
361
363
364
365
365
367
368
368
369
369
370
370
371
371
372
373
is
hi
ng
SECTION 6
377-400
SECTION 7
bl
6.4
6.5
6.6
Pu
6.1
6.2
6.3
Animal reproduction
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
ba
7.7
7.8
ch
ha
7.1
Ji
7.10
377
381
383
383
385
389
391
395
397
401-480
401
409
410
411
412
413
417
417
417
418
419
419
420
421
422
422
422
xvii
iivx
7.16
is
hi
ng
Ji
ba
7.19
7.20
7.21
bl
7.15
Pu
7.12
7.13
7.14
Spermatogenesis
7.11.1
Difference between Spermatogenesis and
Spermiogenesis
7.11.2
Morphology of spermatozoa
7.11.3
Semen abnormality related terms
7.11.4
Average semen volume in different animals
Gametogenesis
Fertilization
Gestation period
7.14.1
Abnormality during the pregnancy and prenatal period
Pregnancy diagnosis
7.15.1
Method of pregnancy diagnosis
7.15.2
Steps of rectal palpation in cattle
7.15.3
Modern technique for pregnancy diagnosis
Parturition
7.16.1
Stages of parturition
7.16.2
Role of hormone in parturition
7.16.3
Twinning
Retained placenta
Postpartum recovery
Artificial insemination
7.21.1
Advantage and disadvantage of AI
7.21.2
Artificial equipments
7.21.3
Artificial insemination technique
7.21.3.1 Thawing of semen
7.21.3.2 Loading the Al gun
7.21.3.3 Inseminating the cow
7.21.3.4 Artificial Insemination timing in cattle
7.21.3.5 Cow artificial insemination record
7.21.3.6 Advantage of AI over natural breeding
7.21.3.7 Conception rate
Semen collection
7.22.1
Artificial vagina method (AV)
ch
ha
7.11
7.22
xviii
xviii
424
424
425
426
427
427
427
430
432
436
436
437
440
440
441
443
446
446
447
449
449
450
451
451
451
452
454
455
455
455
456
456
is
hi
ng
7.28
7.29
7.30
bl
7.26
7.27
SECTION 8
Animal nutrition
Ji
ba
ch
ha
8.1
Pu
7.23
7.24
7.25
7.22.2
Electro-ejaculation
7.22.3
Semen evaluation method
7.22.3.1 Determining sperm numbers with a hemocytometer
Factor affecting libido and semen quality in breeding bull
Factor affecting survival of spermatozoa
Factor affecting fertility during artificial insemination in
cow
Embryo transfer (ET)
Factor affecting repeat breeding in cattle and their
remedial measure
Anoestrus in cattle, cause and remedial measure
Cystic ovarian disease (COD) in cattle
Glossary of reproductive terms
459
460
462
463
466
467
469
470
472
476
479
481-610
481
481
482
483
484
485
485
487
488
488
489
491
493
493
494
494
495
xixxix
is
hi
ng
Ji
ba
ch
ha
8.2
Pu
bl
8.1.3.3
Classification of amino acids
8.1.3.4
Structure of amino acid
8.1.4
Lipids
8.1.4.1
Characteristics of lipids
8.1.4.2
Types of lipids
8.1.4.3
Structure of lipids
8.1.4.4
Function of lipids
8.1.5
Minerals
8.1.5.1
Classification of minerals
8.1.5.2
General function
8.1.5.3
Macroelements
8.1.5.4
Microelements
8.1.6
Vitamins
8.1.6.1
Water-soluble vitamins
8.1.6.2
Fat-soluble vitamins
Formulation of ration
8.2.1
Types of ration
8.2.2
Feeding standards
8.2.3
Desirable characteristics of a good ration
8.2.4
Thumb rules of feeding cattle, buffaloes, sheep and goat
8.2.5
Principles of ration formulation for different classes of
animals
8.2.6
Method of ration formulation
8.2.6.1
Pearson square method
8.2.6.2
Trial and error method
8.2.6.3
Linear programming (LP) method
8.2.7
Formulation of milk replacer and calf starter
8.2.8
Classification of concentrate
8.2.9
Classification of roughage
8.2.10
Difference between concentrate and roughages
8.2.11
Difference between concentrate & non-roughage
8.2.12
Energy rich feed ingredients
8.2.13
Protein rich feed ingredients
xxxx
496
496
501
501
502
504
504
506
506
506
507
510
515
516
527
533
533
534
535
536
537
537
537
538
539
539
541
541
542
542
543
543
Ji
ba
8.5
is
hi
ng
Pu
8.4
ch
ha
8.3
bl
8.2.14
8.2.15
544
545
546
546
547
548
548
550
552
552
554
555
556
557
560
562
562
563
564
564
566
566
567
567
570
571
571
572
573
575
xxiixx
8.11
8.12
8.13
8.14
8.15
8.16
8.17
is
hi
ng
ba
8.18
8.19
8.20
8.21
8.22
bl
8.8
8.9
8.10
Pu
8.7
Energy
8.6.1
Basic units of energy
8.6.2
Measures of energy and energy utilization
Use of urea (NPN) in ruminant feed
8.7.1
Factors affecting the use of NPN sources as ruminant feed
8.7.2
Use of NPN and bypass protein in ruminant diets
8.7.3
Constraints to application of the bypass protein
technology
8.7.4
Methods to improve the nutritive value of rice straw
8.7.5
Method of urea treatment
8.7.6
Practical guidelines for use of rice straw as ruminant feed
8.7.7
NPN compound and mechanism of NPN utilization in
ruminant
Feed source available for livestock in Nepal
Feeding balance concentrate mixure for cattle
ch
ha
8.6
Ji
8.23
xxii
xxii
577
577
578
580
580
581
581
582
584
584
585
586
587
588
589
592
596
602
603
605
606
607
607
607
607
608
608
608
is
hi
ng
SECTION 9
611-712
Ji
ba
ch
ha
9.2
Pu
bl
9.1
9.3
611
611
612
613
614
615
618
618
618
619
619
621
623
623
624
625
626
629
629
630
632
634
634
634
636
637
xxiii
iiixx
9.15
9.16
ba
9.17
ch
ha
9.12
9.13
9.14
Pu
bl
9.7
9.8
9.9
9.10
9.11
is
hi
ng
9.4
9.5
9.6
Ji
9.18
xxiv
xxiv
639
639
640
640
641
643
644
645
646
648
650
650
651
651
652
654
657
657
663
663
663
668
669
671
672
675
675
677
679
681
681
683
ch
ha
9.25
9.26
9.27
9.28
9.29
9.30
Pu
bl
9.22
9.23
9.24
is
hi
ng
9.19
9.20
9.21
SECTION 10
Classification of grass
10.1.1
Forage
10.1.2
Fodder
10.1.3
Difference between fodder and forage crop
10.1.4
Salient features of forage crops
10.1.5
Limitations/constraints of forage crops production
10.1.6
Important characteristics of good forage crop
10.1.7
Important characteristics of good fodder crop
Ji
ba
10.1
684
687
688
688
689
690
691
692
693
693
694
694
694
694
695
695
700
704
705
708
710
713-806
713
713
714
715
715
716
716
716
xxvvxx
is
hi
ng
10.8
10.9
10.10
ch
ha
10.11
bl
10.7
Pu
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.12
ba
10.13
Ji
10.14
10.15
xxvi
xxvi
717
719
720
721
722
724
725
726
727
729
730
730
731
733
735
737
738
738
740
743
745
745
746
747
753
755
756
756
is
hi
ng
Ji
ba
10.23
ch
ha
10.22
Pu
bl
10.16
10.17
10.18
10.19
10.20
10.21
10.15.3
Importance of rangelands/grassland
Factors affecting the nutritive value of range forage
Factors affecting forage intake by range ruminants
Definition of annual and perennial forage
Difference between legumes and grasses
Difference between annuals, biennial and perennial grass
Common annual legumes and their cultivation
10.21.1
Berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum)
10.21.2
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)
10.21.3
Lucerne (Medicago sativa)
10.21.4
Stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis)
10.21.5
Soybean (Glycine max)
10.21.6
Bean (Lablab purpureus)
10.21.7
Vetch (Vicia sativa)
10.21.8
Kudzu (Pueraria lobata)
10.21.9
Centro (Centrosema pubescens)
Common annual cereal fodder and their cultivation
10.22.1
Oat (Avena sativa)
10.22.2
Sorgum (Sorghum bicolor)
10.22.3
Maize (Zea mays)
10.22.4
Teosinte (Mexican teosinte)
10.22.5
Bajra (Pennisetum glaucum)
10.22.6
Deenanath (Pennisetum pedicellatum)
Common annual cereal grass and their cultivation
10.23.1
Napier (Pennisetum purpureum)
10.23.2
Guinea grass (Panicum maximum)
10.23.3
Para grass(Brachiaria mutica)
10.23.4
Blue buffelgrass
10.23.5
Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana)
10.23.6
Blue panic (Panicum antidotale)
10.23.7
Molasses (Melinis minutiflora)
10.23.8
Paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum)
758
759
762
763
764
764
765
765
766
766
767
767
768
769
770
771
772
772
773
773
774
774
775
776
776
776
777
778
778
779
779
780
xxvii
iivxx
is
hi
ng
ba
ch
ha
Pu
bl
SECTION 11
Goat
Taxonomy
Economic importance of goat farming in Nepal
11.2.1
Scope of goat farming
Ji
11.1
11.2
781
782
783
784
785
787
789
790
791
793
794
795
797
799
799
801
802
802
803
804
804
807-866
807
807
808
is
hi
ng
11.3
11.6
11.7
ba
11.8
11.9
11.10
ch
ha
Pu
11.4
11.5
bl
11.2.2
11.2.3
11.11
11.12
Ji
11.13
11.14
11.15
810
810
810
811
812
813
813
817
817
818
824
824
824
827
829
832
832
833
836
836
836
837
838
840
840
843
847
853
854
855
856
xxix
xixx
is
hi
ng
Sheep
Taxonomy
12.1.1
Anatomy of Sheep
12.2 History of sheep farming in Nepal
12.3 Importance of sheep farming in Nepal
12.3.1
Advantage of sheep farming
12.3.2
Constraint of sheep farming in Nepal
12.4 Indigenous sheep breeds of Nepal
12.5 Exotic sheep breed
12.6 Feeds
12.7 Factors affecting wool quality and quantity
12.8 Physical and chemical properties of wool
12.9 Difference between fur, wool and hair
12.10 Daily water requirements
12.11 Shearing
12.12 Effect of external parasites on sheep
Ji
ba
ch
ha
12.1
Pu
SECTION 12
bl
xxxxxx
857
857
858
859
859
860
861
862
862
862
862
867-892
867
868
869
870
870
871
871
875
878
884
885
886
887
887
892
is
hi
ng
SECTION 13
893-918
Horse
13.12
13.13
13.14
13.15
13.16
13.17
13.18
13.19
bl
13.6
13.7
13.8
13.9
13.10
13.11
Pu
13.3
13.4
13.5
Taxonomy
Horse breed
13.2.1
Some popular breeds of horses
Identification of horse
Horse marking
Restraint of horse
13.5.1
Physical restraint
Dentition
Weight measurement
Importance of horse
Categories of horse breed
Management of pregnant mares and foals
Breeding season of horses, estrus cycle in mares and
breeding time
Feeding horses
Standards for the housing and care of horses
Method of selection of horse
Use of horse/mule in Nepal
Difference between horse and mule
Selection criteria of horse and mules
Advantages of spaying and castrating horses
Glossary of horse related terms
ch
ha
13.1
13.2
SECTION 14
ba
Poultry
Ji
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
893
893
895
895
896
897
898
900
900
901
902
903
905
907
911
913
914
915
915
916
916
919-992
919
920
920
922
923
xxxi
ixxx
is
hi
ng
14.8
14.9
ch
ha
14.11
Pu
14.10
bl
14.6
14.7
14.12
ba
14.13
14.14
14.15
Ji
14.16
xxxii
xxxii
923
925
925
927
928
929
930
930
933
935
939
940
945
946
946
947
947
950
958
959
960
961
962
964
965
966
968
969
971
972
972
974
14.22
14.23
is
hi
ng
14.20
14.21
bl
14.19
Pig
Taxonomy
Advantage of pig farming
Economic importance of pig
Constraints in piggery development in Nepal
Starting pig farming in Nepal
Indigenous pig breeds of Nepal
Exotic pig breed
Comparison between native and exotic breed of pig
15.8.1
Production performance of indigenous and commercial
pig breeds
15.9 Pig rearing system in Nepal
15.10 Site selection for pig housing
15.11 Pig housing
Ji
ba
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5
15.6
15.7
15.8
975
976
980
981
982
982
983
984
984
986
987
988
988
989
990
993-1040
ch
ha
SECTION 15
Pu
14.17
14.18
14.16.3
Egg shell structure
Moulting
Artificial Insemination (AI) in bird
14.18.1
Semen collection
14.18.2
Technique of AI in bird
Effects of photoperiod on poultry performance and
immune system
Poultry farm management
Disease control
14.21.1
Biosecurity and eradication
14.21.2
Internal parasites
14.21.3
External parasites
Vaccination schedule
14.22.1
Vaccine handling and storage
14.22.2
Vaccination procedure guide
Poultry related glossary of term
993
994
995
996
997
999
1004
1007
1007
1007
1009
1010
is
hi
ng
Ji
ba
ch
ha
Pu
bl
15.12 Feeding
15.12.1
Feed and water requirement for pigs
15.12.2
Diets for sow gestation and lactation
15.12.3
Dietary nutrient requirements of growing pigs allowed
ad lib feed (90% dry matter)
15.12.4
Formulation of swine feed rations using the Pearson
square method
15.13 Factors influencing nutrient requirements in pigs
15.14 Breeding
15.15 Selection of gilt
15.15.1
Criteria for herd replacement
15.15.2
Breeding gilt
15.15.3
Swine gestation table (115 Days), if bred Jan 1April 30
15.15.4
Swine gestation table (115 Days), if bred May 1
August 31
15.15.5
Swine gestation table (115 Days), if bred September 1
December 31
15.16 Artificial insemination
15.16.1
Identification of oestrus
15.16.2
Timing of AI & method
15.17 Pig management
15.17.1
Pig castration
15.17.2
Pig identification
15.17.2.1 Tagging
15.17.2.2 Notching
15.17.2.3 Tattooing
15.17.2.4 Recording
15.18 Health management
15.18.1
Vaccination
15.18.2
Deworming
15.19 Marketing channel of live pig and pork meat in Nepal
15.20 Pig farming terminology
1013
1013
1014
1015
1017
1018
1020
1021
1021
1022
1022
1023
1024
1026
1026
1027
1028
1028
1029
1029
1030
1034
1036
1037
1037
1037
1039
1039
is
hi
ng
SECTION 16
1041-1062
Rabbit
ch
ha
Pu
bl
Introduction
Taxonomy
Body part of rabbit
Scope for rabbit farming and it's national importance
The advantages of rabbit farming
Limitation of rabbit farming
Major breed of rabbit
Sexing of rabbit
Handling and restraint of rabbits
Housing
Feeding
Breeding
Behavior
Estrus cycle and breeding time
Economic importance of rabbit production
Major diseases of rabbits, their prevention and
treatment
16.16.1
Snuffles
16.16.2
Overgrown teeth
16.16.3
Hairballs (Trichobezoars)
16.16.4
Uterine tumours
16.16.5
Myxomatosis
16.16.6
Calicivirus
16.16.7
Coccidiosis
16.16.8
Ear mites
16.17 Slaughtering and skinning techniques of rabbits
16.18 Techniques of preparing rabbit houses (hutch)
16.19 Techniques of preparing rabbit feed
1041
1041
1042
1043
1044
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1050
1051
1053
1054
1054
1055
1055
1056
1056
1056
1057
1057
1058
1060
1061
Ji
ba
16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5
16.6
16.7
16.8
16.9
16.10
16.11
16.12
16.13
16.14
16.15
16.16
xxxv
vxxx
is
hi
ng
SECTION 17
1063-1094
Fisheries
bl
ch
ha
17.13
17.14
17.15
Taxonomy
Differentiation between fish culture and aquaculture
History of fish farming in Nepal
Scope of fish culture in Nepal
Economic importance of fish
Fish farming system in Nepal
Anatomy of fish and their function
Select site for fish farming
Types of fish pond
Types of water quality in fish pond
Different types of fresh water fishes
Common fish species found in Nepal
17.12.1
Indigenous fish
17.12.2
Exotic species
Characteristics of brood fish
Differentiation of male and female brood fish
Difference between monoculture and polyculture fish
farming
Calculating fertilization rate, hatching rate and fry
survival rate
Importance of water quality in fish culture
Types of net used in aquaculture
Improved fodder grass used in grass carp
Hormones used in brood fish
Liming fish pond
Harvesting methods of fish from pond
Gillnet
Integrated fish culture
Effect of pH and temperature on pond water
Methods of dead fish's preservation
Pu
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4
17.5
17.6
17.7
17.8
17.9
17.10
17.11
17.12
17.16
Ji
ba
17.17
17.18
17.19
17.20
17.21
17.22
17.23
17.24
17.25
17.26
1063
1063
1064
1064
1064
1065
1066
1067
1069
1070
1070
1072
1072
1074
1077
1077
1078
1078
1079
1080
1081
1081
1081
1082
1084
1084
1085
1086
is
hi
ng
SECTION 18
Dairy production
18.3
ba
18.4
Pu
18.2
ch
ha
18.1
Ji
18.5
18.6
18.7
18.8
18.9
bl
1087
1088
1088
1088
1089
1092
1093
1094
1095-1152
1095
1096
1096
1097
1101
1102
1103
1103
1104
1104
1108
1109
1111
1113
1114
1116
1117
1119
1120
1120
1121
ch
ha
18.15
18.16
18.17
18.18
18.19
18.20
18.21
18.22
Pu
bl
18.14
is
hi
ng
18.10
18.11
18.12
18.13
SECTION 19
ba
Introduction
Dog and Cat breed
Dog and cat breeding
19.3.1
Estrus cycle and mating in dogs
19.3.2
Estrus cycle and mating in cats
19.3.3
Care of pregnant bitches and queens
Ji
19.1
19.2
19.3
1122
1123
1127
1129
1131
1132
1132
1133
1134
1134
1137
1138
1139
1141
1143
1144
1145
1147
1148
1148
1149
1150
1153-1166
1153
1153
1155
1155
1156
1157
is
hi
ng
19.4
19.5
19.6
19.7
19.3.4
Care of puppies and kittens
Vaccination of dog & cat
Schedule of routine deworming : canines
Clinical information on dogs
Practical tips for feeding
SECTION 20
1167-1174
Miscellaneous
ch
ha
Pu
bl
20.1
20.2
20.3
SECTION 21
1158
1159
1162
1164
1164
1171
1172
1172
1173
1173
1174
1174
1174
1175-1200
1201-1215
Ji
ba
1167
1168
1170
xl xl