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BUTTERFLIES
AND MOTHS
A GUIDE TO THE MORE COMMON
AMERICAN SPECIES
by
ROBERT T. MITCHELL
and
HERBERT S. ZIM
Illustrated by
ANDRE DURENCEAU
Go&fNl,
NEW YORK
FOREWORD
Thi s book pre s e n t s a n i n t rod uct i o n to A m e r i c a n b u tte r
fl i e s a n d m oths . So n u m erous a re No r th Am e r i ca n
s p ec i e s that o n l y a bo u t fo u r p e r c e n t have bee n in
c l u ded, but the se were s e l ected to i n clu d e the most
co m m o n , w i d e s prea d , i m po rta n t , o r u n u s u a l k i n d s .
S p ec i a l a t te n t i o n ha s b e e n g i ve n t o i m m a t u re fo r m s
a n d t o ra n g e m a ps.
A n d re D u re n cea u d e se rves o u r s p ec i a l tha n ks for
his m a g n i fice n t a r t, so pa i n sta k i n g l y d o n e. The tech
n i ca l a s s i sta nce of W i l l i a m D. F i eld ha s a l so bee n
i nva l u a b l e . The a u tho rs a re a l so gratefu l l y i n d e bted
to other s p ec i a l i sts fo r m e r l y or c u r re n t l y of the S m i th
son i a n I n st i t u t i o n , e s p ec i a l ly H. W. Cop p s , J. F. Ga tes
C l a r ke, Do u g l a s Fe rg u so n , Ro n a l d Hod g e s , a n d E . L.
Tod d . A m o n g n u m e ro u s othe rs w h o co n t r i b uted a re
W. A. A n d e r so n , T. L. B i s se l l , J. H . Fa l e s , R. S . S i m m o n s ,
R i cha rd S m i th, a n d seve ra l ento m o l ogists of the U . S .
Fo rest S e r v i c e .
Thi s Revi sed Ed i t i o n in c l u d es rece n t cha n g e s i n s c i
e n t i fi c a n d co m m o n n a m e s a n d g eog ra phica l d i str i
b u t i o n s , a n d i t stresses conserva t i o n . Ro be rt Ro b b i n s
o f the Un i te d States Na t i o n a l M u se u m g a ve va l u a b l e
techn i ca l a s s i sta n ce i n the sect i o n o n b u t te r fl i e s . New
a r two r k was d o n e by Ra y S k i b i n s k i .
R. T. M .
H. S . Z.
Revised Edition, 1987
Copyright 1987,1977,1964 renewed 1992,1963 renewed 1991, 1962 renewed
1990 Golden Books Publishing Company, Inc., New York, New York 10106. All rights
CONTENTS
INTRODU C I N G L E P I DOPT E RA
C l a s s i fi ca t i o n of Lepi doptera; l i f e h i stori es; eggs, l a rvae, p u pae ,
a d u l t s; e n e m i es , defen ses; conserva t i o n , rea r i n g , co l l ecti ng; other
stud i e s , b i b l i og ra p h y
19
B U T T E RFLI E S
20
30
38
Swa l lowta i l s .
S u l p h u r s a n d W h i tes . .
B r u s h - footed B u tterf l i e s
61
62
63
Meta l m a r k s
S n o u t B u t te rfl i e s . .
Gossa mer W i n g s .
......... 74
S K I P P E RS
.............................. 81
MOT H S
Bagworm Mot h s
C l e a r w i n g Mot h s
S l u g Caterp i l l a r Mot h s
P l u m e Mot h s .
F l a n ne l Mot h s .
Leaf Rol l ers .
C a r p e n terwo r m s .
S n o u t Mot h s
Co se Bearers .
Leaf M i ners .
O l e t h r e u t i d Mot h s
G e l e c h i i d Mot h s
T i n e i d Mot h s .
Other Mot h s
82
95
1 05
1 06
1 10
117
1 17
1 17
1 18
1 32
1 36
1 38
1 39
1 40
S p h i n x Mot h s
G i a nt S i l k Mot h s
Tr u e S i l k Mot h s
Reg a l Mot h s
T i g e r Mot h s .
Cte n u c h a Mot h s
Fo rester Mot h s .
D i o p t i d Mot h s
Noctu i d Mot h s .
T h e Prom i n e n ts
Tussock Mot h s . .
l o s i oca m p i d s
Za n o l i d s
Geometers
1 44
1 44
1 45
1 46
1 46
1 46
1 47
1 48
150
1 50
151
1 52
153
153
S C I E N TI F I C NAMES
INDEX
... 154
.
157
INTRODUCING
LEPIDOPTERA
ptera for w i n g s .
19 fa m i l ies of
74).
moth
sca l es
S cover the
ngs of a l l
Lepidoptera i n overlapping rows.
Moth scales are va riable, some
times "hairy." Butterfly sca les are
more uniform. Some1 on mal es,
a re mod ified into scent sca les.
Ia Moth
Monarch Butte r f l y
PUPAL STAGES
male's claspers
at end of abdomen
10
11
CO NSER VATIO N i s o f
g row i n g i m porta n c e . At
l ea st two species of b u tter
fl i es are now exti nct, a n d
a n u m ber o f ot her Le p i
doptera have bee n l i sted
as Threatened or Enda n
gered. Here are so me
ways that yo u ca n he l p.
12
13
A cylin d r i ca l ca rd boa rd ro l l ed
oats box m a kes an i dea l e m e r
g e n ce cage for cocoon s a n d ch rysa l
i ses. W h e n the ope n top is covered
with a n y l o n stoc k i ng ( h e l d in place
by tucking t h e leg a n d toe u nder a
l oop of m a te r i a l nea r t h e r i m ) , the
a d u l t ca n be captu red and b ro u g h t
Homemade cage
t o h a n d by extending the l eg a bove
the ope n top a s t h e a d u l t flies i nto t h e l eg trying to
escape .
For pupa for m ed in soil , use topless rou n d ca n s w i t h
a roug h (rusty) s u rface for c l i m bing , covered w i t h g a uze,
nett i n g , o r a stock i n g . T h e n cover the ca n w i th a pi ece
of c l ea r po l yet h y l e n e to keep the soil fro m d r y i n g o u t
a n d t o l et you s e e a n y e m e rging mot h s .
After yo u have co mpl eted you r observatio n s , ret u r n
the a d u l ts t o t h eir prefe rred ha bita t.
COLLECT SPARINGLY-a nd be s u re to fo l l ow l a w s
co nce r n i n g e n d a ngered spec i e s . The c h i ef aims o f a
co l l ecto r s h o u l d be to obta i n s u bjects for rea r i n g or for
m a k i n g a study co l l ect i o n . Us ua l l y, a d u l ts a re co l l ected
w h i l e feed i ng at fl owers o r ba i t . They are ra re l y ca u g h t
on t h e w i n g . T h e specimen i s qu i c k l y tra n sferred t o a
kil l i ng ja r. Later i t i s mou nted , sprea d , l a be l e d , a n d
cata loged . To m a ke a n accepta ble study co l l ecti o n , some
i te m s m u st be p u rcha sed from a b i o l og i ca l supp l y h o u se
(see be low). Othe rs ca n be ho m e m a d e .
American Biological Supply Co., 1330 Dillon Heights Ave., Baltimore, MD
21228
BioQuip Products, P.O. Box 61, Santo Monico, CA 90406
Carolina Biological Supply Co., 2700 York Rd., Burlington, NC 27215
Word's Natural Science Establishment, Inc., 5100 West Henrietta Rd., Rochester, NY 14692-9012
15
-,_.__
COLLECTI N G N ETS s h o u l d be
l i g h twe i g h t , w i t h r i m 1 2 to 1 5
i nche s i n d i a m eter. Strong n y l o n
n e t b o g s h o u l d be 2 7 to 3 2 i nch es
deep, rou g h l y f u n n e l- s h a ped b u t
n o t s h a r p l y po i n ted a t t h e e n d .
collecting net
k i l ling jar
commercial
spreading board
homemade
spreading board
16
KI LLING JARS s h o u l d h a v e w i de
m o u t h s a n d sea l t i g h t l y. P u t
e n o u g h p a p e r towe l i ng i n t h e bot
tom to a bsorb a teaspoon to a
t a b l espoon of l i q u i d . To u se , odd
enough e t h y l acetate o r carbon
tetrachloride to satu rate the paper;
pou r off a n y excess. Spec i m e n s too
s t i ff for m o u n t i n g co n be r e l a xed
by e n c l os i n g for a few h o u r s in a
p l a s t i c food storage box on a s h eet
of p l a st i c spread ove r water- s a t u
r a t e d paper towe l i n g .
INSECT PINS
Rive!dele
1SIV-V14Md
moths.
LABELS
RTMi tchell !
Collector 1
_..,_...
photographically
Supplement your
17
18
BUTTERFLIES
Butterfl i es
a bout
number
considered
d isti nct
rest with
erect.
their
Anten n a e
of
butterfl ies
are
c l u b l i ke,
are
seldom
c l u b l ik e,
and
are
often
fea th ery.
hangs
freely from a
19
P I P EVI N E
SWALLOWTA I L
20
PIPEVINE SWALLOWTAIL,
is more common in the southern
part of its range. The female hos
slightly larger whitish spots along
the margin of the
front wings
21
22
ANISE
SWAL LOWTAI L is
probably the m ost common swa l
l owta i l west o f the Rocky Moun
tains. The early stag es of the
l a rva closely resemble those of
the Black Swa l l owtail in form
and color. The larva feeds mainly
on anise o r Sweet Fennel of the
carrot family. The a d u l t fem a l e
l ooks very m uc h l ike the m a l e .
lndro
2 .0-3 .0"
23
24
G I A N T SWALLOWTAI L cat
erpillars are known as Ora n g e
D o g s o r Orange P u ppies in the
South, where they d o occasional
damage to citrus trees, especia l l y
i n young g roves. Four o r five
h u nd red eggs may be laid by
one female, deposited one at a
time near tips of l eaves o r
bra nches. T h e caterpil l a rs feed
o n Prickly Ash and the Hop Tree
in a d d ition to citrus.
The Giant Swa l l owta il is more
S P I C E B U S H SWALLOWTA I L
i s som etimes called t h e Green
clouded Swa ll owtail because the
m a l e's hindwing h a s a pro
n o u nced g reenish tone. This spe
cies has a red-ora n g e spot on
the u p p e r ma rgin of the hind
wing a bove.
These swa l lowtails freq uent
l ow, damp woods, visiting open
fields less often than m a n y other
swa l l owtails. They a re active,
steady fliers a n d seldom alig ht.
N u m bers of them often gather at
p u d d l es on wood land roads o r
at oth e r w e t places. This butter
fly has several geogra phic forms,
same with larger yellow spots
and other va riations.
EASTE RN
TIGER
SWAL
LOWTA I L s hows difference in
color betwee n sexes. Females ore
dimorphic
(show
two
color
forms); some o re yellow a n d oth
e rs d a rk brow n . The d a rk form
is uncommon i n the N orth. The
l a rva of the Eastern Tiger Swa l
l owtail feeds mostly o n Wild
C herry and Tuliptrees.
WEST E R N
TIGER
SWAL
LOWTA I L is not dimorphic. I t
differs f r o m t h e Easter n Swa l l ow
tail in having the s pots o n the
underside of the forewing merge
to form a b a n d (see below). T h e
caterpil l a r is like that of the East
ern Tig er Swa ll owtail but feeds
o n willow, poplar, and hops,
pla nts of m oist weste rn a reas.
U nderside of forewing:
Easter n Tige r
Weste rn Tige r
spotted
banded
27
SWAL LOWTWO-TA I L E D
TA I L , our largest b utte rfly, oc
c u rs from British Col u m bia to
Calif. a n d eastward to weste rn
Texas a n d Monta n a . The cater-
Z E B RA SWA L LOWTA I L , a n
eastern species more common i n
t h e South, varies i n m a rking a n d
size. S p r i n g f o r m s are sma l lest;
later brood s l a rger with longer
tails. La rva feeds o n pawpaw.
pudd les. Eggs a re spi n d le-sha ped, sc u l ptu red with fine
ridges and pits. The la rva, usua lly l o n g , g reen, a n d slen
d e r with little h a i r, feeds ma i n ly o n leg umes and mus
tards. Some a re crop pests. The pupa, often comp ressed
a n d tria n g u l a r, is held in place by a s i l k g i r d l e . Most
species h a ve more t h a n one brood a year, especia l ly i n
t h e South, where th ree o r even more m a y occur.
A L FA L FA B U T T E R F LY, a lso
cal led the Orange S u l p h u r, oc
cu rs in many hybrid forms, cross
in g with the Cloud ed S u l p h u r. It
can be disti n g u ished from the
C l ouded S u l p h u r by the ora nge
CLOUDED SULPHUR, a l so
called the Common S u l p h u r,
ranges through most of N o rth
America but i s most common in
the E a st. I t is the " p u d d l e butter
fly" that swa rms i n moist places
and over clover fields. Like the
Alfalfa B u tterfly, some females
are w h i t e , b u t g e n e ra l l y t h e
C l o u d ed female h a s less black o n
the m a r g i n o f t h e wings. The
la rva is more common on clove r
than on alfalfa a n d cannot be
distin g u ished from that of the Al
falfa Butte rfly. There are seve ral
broods yea rly.
P I N K- E D G E D S U L PH U R can
be d isti n g u ished from other s u l
ph u rs by the p i n k wing e d g e s
and the p i n k-edged si lver s p o t o n
the u n derside o f each hindwing.
31
1.0-1 .3"
female
,J
1 .6 - 1 .7"
1.3-1.5"
32
...
ORANGE-BARRED SULPH U R
is com m o n a l o n g the G u l f of
Mexico, occasio n a l l y straying into
mid d l e Atl antic a n d midwestern
slates. The larva, yel lowish-g reen,
with black and y e l l ow bands a n d
s m a l l b lack s pi nes, feeds a n Cas
sia a n d on oth e r closely related
pla nts of the pea family. At least
two broods each year.
C L O U D L E S S S U L P H U R, also
known as the Gia n t S u l p h u r, is
a b u n d a n t in the tropics and com
mon in our southern states. H u g e
flocks d u ring mig ration a re a n
impressive sig ht. Breeding i s c o n
tin uous in the tro pics, b u t t o the
north there a re two broods with
a d u lts overwi nterin g . Wild Senna
is its chief food .
...
D O G - F ACE,
.._
L ITTL E S U L P H U R is common
east of the Rockies. The l a rva
feeds an Senna, Pa rtridg e Pea,
and other legu mes. There are two
o r three broods a year. This spe
cies m ig rates i n large flocks.
34
...
M U STA R D W H I T E has a cir
c u m p o l a r ra nge. The veins o n the
u n d e rsid e are outlined with d a rk
sca les. The l a rva, green with
g reenish-yellow stripes, feeds on
various m u stards.
1.0-1 .3"
...
FA I RY Y E L LOW, a lso known
as Barred S u l p h u r, h a s a g ra y
bar in the forewing of males a n d
some females. It ranges from
Florida a n d Texas so uthward,
feeding on Joint Vetc h and other
l e g u mes.
P I N E W H I T E , a pest of pines
a n d Balsa m Fir in the West, has
one brood a n d overwinters as
eggs. The fem a l e has more black
m a rkings than the male.
G R EAT S O U T H E R N W H I T E
o f t h e G u lf Coast a n d Miss. Val
ley, sometimes mig rates. I f so, a
dark phase is i nvolve d . The l a rva
feed s mostly on m ustards.
G I A N T W H I T E is common i n
the tro pics a n d b r e e d s to south
ern Texas, straying northwa rd.
Like the G reat Southern White
it a l so has a d a rk phase.
FLO R I D A W H I T E is a wide
spread butterfly that strays n orth
from Fla. and Tex. All have
orange on the u n d e rsid es; m ost
fem a l es a l so have d a rk m a rks.
C H E C K E R E D W H I T E , or Com
m o n Wh ite, occurs all over tem
perate N.A. I t was more common
before the Cabbage Butterfly a r
rived a n d spread. Larva feeds o n
cabbage a n d other m usta rds.
A d u lts occu r early i n spring a n d
prod uce at l east three b roods.
C A B B A G E B U TTE RFLY, i nt r o
d uced from Eu rope a bout 1 8 6 0 , has
spread ac ross N . A . a nd beco m e a
pest of cabbage , brocco l i , k o l e ,
ca u l i fl ower, a nd ot h e r m u stards
ond of t h e ga rden na st u r t i u m . I t is
one of the first bu tterfl ies to e merge
in spring .
T H E MONARC H , o n e o f t h e best
known b u tterfl i e s , is noted for i t s
m i g ra to r y h a b i t s . I n fa l l , f l ocks o f
Mo n a rc h s move south wa rd t o Ca l
iforn i a a nd Mexico. Rest i n g
m i g ra n ts o r w i n ter res i d e n ts m a y
cover e n t i re trees . I n s p r i n g t h e y
ret u r n n o r t h w a r d t o t h e i r breed i n g
a rea s , s o m e a s far a s s o u t h e r n
Ca n a d a . T h ree o r fo u r broods m a y
b e produced i n o n e year. T h e m o l e
sce n t g l a n d s o re m a rked by a spot
of dark sca les in t h e center of the
h i n d w i n g s; t h i s s pot is not fou n d
38
o n t h e fe m a l e . Fe m a l e s d i ffer a l so
in h a v i n g broo d e r b l o c k ve i n l i n e s .
The l a r va feed s o n m i l kweeds a n d
re l a ted p l a nts, t h e j u i ces of w h i c h
ca use t h e Mona rch's u n p a l a ta b i l
i t y t o m a n y b i rd s . T h e M o n a rch's
deve l o p m e n t tokes a bout a m o n t h
f r o m con ica l eggs- l a i d s i n g l y o n
l e a v e s o r b l o s s o m s- t o a d u l t ,
w h i c h emerges from a s h i n y g ree n ,
g o l d-speck led h a n g i n g c h r y sa l i s .
T h e l a r va , stri ped w i t h ye l l ow,
b l o c k , a n d w h i te , is a bo u t 2 i n .
l o n g w h e n fu liy g row n .
39
<IIIII CREOLE
loca l ly i n t h e
Eas t . Ma l e d i ffers f r o m C reo l e i n
l a ck i ng r a i s e d d a rk s ca l es o n
forew i n g . Fe m a l e's forew i n g usu
a l ly has 4 eyes pots b e l o w.
40
1 . 5 ''
L I TT L E W O O D SATYR prefers
open woods and meadows ove r
g rown with s h r u b bery. Occ urs
east of the Rockies.
CARO L I N A SATY R is m o u se
g ray above, without eyespots.
Occurs from N .J. to Fla., west to
Texas, a n d up the Miss. Valley.
GEORGIA
SATY R
m a rshy a reas or open pine
woods. Distribution is simil a r
t h a t o f t h e C a rolina Satyr .
.A.
.A.
PLAIN RINGLET r a n g e s t h ro u g h
Canada south to Con n . a n d the
northern M i dwest. T h e u n ders i d e
of t h e h i n d w i n g h a s an i so l a ted
lig h t-co l o red patch.
C A L I F O R N I A R I N G L ET is
very common west of t h e Rockies.
It is nea r-white above, d a rker be
l ow, with a n a n g u l a r w hite patch
o n its h indwin g .
COM M O N A L P I N E i s common
i n spring i n the mou ntains from
New Mexico to Wash . and
Alaska. Larva feeds o n g rasses.
COM M O N W O O D N Y M P H
varies s o i n color a n d patter n i n
its nation-wide range that d iffer
ent forms are hard to recog nize.
The northeaste r n form is i l l us
trated . Southeastern form is
larger, and the l ower eyespot o n
the forewing is smal ler. I n t h e
West it is darker and smaller,
and does not have the l ig h t band
o n the forewing.
N EVADA ARCTI C is also
cal l ed the Greater Arctic. The
female lacks the dark shad i n g on
the male's forewing. Othe r spe
cies of arctics, mostly smal l e r and
some without eyespots, occu r in
Canada, the Rackies, and alpine
New England.
REGAL F R I TILLARY f r e q u e n t s
roa d s i d e s o n d w e t m e a d o w s ,
feed i n g o n m i lkweeds a n d t h i s
t l e s . Both rows of s pots on t h e
h i n d w i n g o f t h e fe m o l e o re w h i te
b u t o n l y t h e i n ne r row of t h e m a l e
i s w h i te . Larva i s l ike Great Spa n
g l ed, b u t b l a ck , mottle d w i t h ye l
l o w . F o r m e r l y fa i r l y c o m m o n
t h r o u g h o u t t h e N o r t h e a s t a s far
we st a s N e b r a ska a n d M i ssou r i ,
t h i s s t r ik i n g spec i e s now a ppea rs
to be d i m i n i s h i ng a l a r m i n g l y i n
n u m be r s .
G R EAT S P A N G L E D F R I T I L
L A RY is sing l e-brooded in the
N o rth a n d d o u b le-brooded i n the
South. La rva hibernates soon
after hatching a n d the fol l owing
spring feeds a t night o n vio l ets .
The a d u lts, in typical fritil l a ry
fashion, p refer m a rshes a n d
d a m p meadows. This i s o n e o f t h e
best known friti l l a ries.
A P H R O D I T E , s i m i l a r to G r e a t
Spa ng l e d , is s m a l l e r a n d h a s a
na rrower, ye l l owish m a rg i n a l band
u n der the h i nd w i n g . It prefers h i g h
e l ev a t i ons from s o . C o n. t o G a . w.
to the Roc k i es . A n o t h e r s p ec i es ,
At l a n t i s , is l i ke A p h rod i te , b u t i ts
fore w i n g has a d a r k m a rg i n . It
occ u rs from C a n . so. t h r u m t n s . to
V i rg i n i a.
male
3.7-3.8"
...
D I A N A is an u n usual fritillary
beca use the sexes d iffer so i n
color and markings a n d beca u se
it prefers wood lands ta open
E U RY N O M E rese m b l es the Ne
vada Friti llary, but the g reenish
tint covers o n ly top third of
u n derside of the hindwing. Oc
c u rs i n the Rockies from N. Mex.
to Can., west to Cascades.
.. .
underside
...
S I LV E R - B O R D E R E D F R I T I L
LARY appears i n m a n y vari
eties. Some are also found in
E u rope. All have the heavil y sil
vered u nderside of the hindwing.
...
EAST E R N M EADOW F R I T I L
LARY h a s o uter marg i n angled
near apex, not c u rved as i n other
fritil laries. I t lacks the dark outer
marg in, but has b lack spots.
WESTERN M EA D OW F R I T I L
LARY resembles the Silver
bordered in shape but is d iffer
ent beneath . Those i n the North
are darker above than those i n
t h e South. They are
com mon i n mou n ta i n
val l eys o f the West,
rang i n g from Colo
rado to Cal iforn ia
a n d north to British
C o l u m bia.
47
S I LVERY
C H EC K E R
S POT is s i m i l a r to H a rris' on the
u p pe r su rface. Found a l o n g
roads, la kes, a n d open meadows
from Maine to North Carolina
a n d west to the Rockies.
13)
HARRIS'
C H E CKER
S POT is a l so variable a n d very
loca l . I t prefers d a m p fields a n d
u nderbrush. Ran ges f r o m Nova
Scotia west to Ma n itoba a n d
south t o I l l i n ois a n d W. Va .
1 4 ) C H A L C E D O N C H E C K
E R S POT is q u ite variable i n
color a n d patte r n . I t is common
along the Pacific i n the lower
mountain levels and feeds o n
pla nts of the fi g wort fami ly.
1 2 1 F I E L D C R E S C E N T is com
mon in California a n d occurs
from Arizona to Alaska, with
both spring a n d fall broods, in
damp
meadows
and
along
strea ms. La rva feeds on asters.
1 3 1 P H A O N C R E S C E N T is
easy to tell from othe r crescents
by its u n d e rsid e. The forewing
a bove has a ba n d of wh ite to yel
l owish spots. G u l f slates to C a l if.
1 4 1 P E A R L C R E S C E N T , one
of the most common butterflies, is
found a ro u n d p u d d l es and flow
ers. I t ranges over a l l North
Ame rica south of H udson Bay,
except for the Pacific Coast.
A N G LE W I N G S a re n a m ed for t h e s h a rp, a n g u l a r m a r
g i n s of t h e i r wings. T h e u n d e rsides of t h e wings c losely
rese m b l e dead leaves o r bark, camoufl a g i n g a n g le w i n g s
in their wood land h a u n ts. E g g s som eti m es occur i n a
h a n g i n g c h a i n . The la rva is spiny; t h e a n g u la r pupa
hangs free. L i ke crescents, angle wings have light and
d a r k seaso n a l fo rms. They h i bernate as a d u lts.
Q U E S T I O N M A RK, the
a n g l e wing, is n a med for the sil
very mark o n the u n d erside of its
hindwing. The p u rplish margin of
the wings is a lso d i stinctive. The
l a rva feed s mainly on e l m .
SATY R l a c k s t h e broad, dark 11>
hindwing margin of Comma. Un
l i ke the Zephyr, it is brown be
neath, a n d lacks the g reenish
l u ster a bove of the Fawn. La rva
feeds mostly in nettles.
1 .82 .0"'
50
hindwing
of d ark form
COM M A is a common o n g l e
wing o f moist open wood l a n d .
Lo rvo feeds o n n ettle o n d hops.
As in a l l a n g l e wings, the Comma
has a d a r k summer form, shown
i n the hindwing deta i l .
...
FAW N , or Green Comma, has a
g reen ish tint to its wings. Found
i n the m o u ntains from easter n
C a n a d a a n d C a r o l i n a s to t h e
N .W. states. La rva l ives on birch
and a l der, feed i n g o n the u n der
sides of leaves.
...
Z E P H Y R, l i ke the Satyr, lacks
dark margin o n hindwing but is
g ray beneath. Seen from May to
Sept. La rva feeds on elm a n d c u r
rant. The d a rker form below was
once considered a sepa rate
species-si/en us.
52
THI S T L E B U TT E R F L I ES a re a widespread g ro u p . O n e
species, t h e Pai nted lady, ranges t h r o u g h a l l temperdte
and some tropica l a reas. Th ese butterflies freq u e n t fl ow
ers, especia l l y thistles. A d u lts h i be r n ate. Some species m i
g rate. T h e l a rva e a re s p i n y .
PA I N T E D L A D Y is called t h e
Cosmopolit a n because o f its wide
range. I t is also n oted for its mi
g rations. The l a rva b uilds a
webbed n est on the food pla nt,
usually thistl e . A d u lts prefer
open pl aces. There are usually
two broods a year in the North.
53
...
R E D A D M I RAL is fo u n d world
wide i n n o rth tem perate reg ions.
It is a swift e rratic flier seen in
open wood l a nd a n d a ro u n d But
terfly Bush. The l a rva l ives a n d
feeds s i n g l y o n leaves o f nettles,
the edges of w h ic h i t d raws to-
u nderside
A M E R I CA N PA I N T E D LADY,
o r H u nter's Butterfly, has two
l a rg e eyespots on the u n d e rside
of the hindwing. Painted and
West Coast lad ies have 5 small
spots each. Greenish eggs are
laid o n eve rlasting a n d b u rd ock.
la rva is black with yellow stripes.
M I L B E RT ' S
T O RT O I S E
S H E L L is a northern species of
open a reas a n d m o u ntain mead
ows. la rva feeds on n ettle.
M O U R N I N G C L O A K occ u rs
t h r o u g h o u t t e m p e rate N .A .
Ad u lts that have h i bern ated moy
be seen s u n n i n g i n early spring
with open wings. Eggs are l a id
in m asses a r o u n d the twigs of
elm, wil low a n d poplar. la rvae
may become pests.
Mourning C l oak
larva
55
56
A D M I RAL
W E I D E M EY E R ' S
has wh ite spots a l o n g the margin
of the forewing. F o u n d o n
m o u ntain s l o p e s a n d w e t pl aces
where aspen and wil low g row.
57
CAL I FO R N I A S I ST E R is sim
ilar to Lorq u i n 's A d m i ral but has
b l u e l i n es o n u n d ersides of wings.
It is a common C a l ifornia butter-
fly, freq u e n ti n g t h e u p p e r
branches o f l ive oaks, o n which
the l a rva feeds. The b u tterfly
rarely sips n ectar from flowers.
LEAFW I N G B U TTE R F L I ES a re a t r o p i c a l g r o u p i n
w h i c h the u n d e rsides o f t h e wings rese m b l e dead leaves.
Color and wing shape va ry g reatly. Two seaso n a l forms
occur-a wet a n d a d ry. The forewi ngs of the d ry-season
form are l ess c u rved . la rva h ides by day i n a ro l l ed leaf.
The g o a tweeds a re the only N o rth America n species.
G O A TW E E D
B U TT E R F L Y
ranges from G a . a n d Tex. u p the
Miss. Val ley. Its d ry-season form
is l ig hter i n color. Female i s l i ke
Morrison 's, but light spots o n
wings f o r m a conti n u o u s b a n d .
58
MORRISON'S
GOATW E E D
has a tropical range but e nters
Texas. Mal e is q uite si m i l a r to
Goatweed B utterfly but is more
b r i l l ia nt. Female ( i l l ustrated) d if
fers in color and pattern.
E M P E R O R , OR HAC K B E R RY, B U TT E R F L I E S a re
fo u n d n e a r Hackberry trees, on w h i c h the la rva feed s i n
colon ies. The striped caterpi l la r ta pers toward both e n d s
a n d bears two "horns" beh i n d the h e a d . I t h i bernates
when pa rtly g row n . Ad u lts show much geogra p h i c varia
tio n . The fema les a re larger than the ma les and are a l so
lig hter i n color.
59
R U D DY DAG G E R W I N G of
southern F l a . and Texas, may
stray northwa rd. The o r n ate fila
ment-bearing l a rva feeds o n fi g
a n d A nacardium.
0.9- 1 .0"
little Metal mark
'
L I T T L E M ETA L M A R K is more
common in t h e southern part of
its range. I t occurs in open g rassy
a reas, where it is d isting uished
by its small size and its u ncheck
ered wing m a rgins.
N O RT H E R N M ETALM A R K is
r e l a tively r a r e a n d h a s b e e n
confused with simil a r species. T h e
win g s are d a r k e r t h a n those of
t h e litt l e a n d t h e Swa m p a n d
hove a n irreg u l a r d a rk b a n d . The
Northern prefers d ry hilly ter rain
and open woods.
SWA M P M ET A L M A R K l acks
the i n n e r d a rk irreg u la r b a n d af
the N o rth e r n , a n d wing margins
are slig htly checkered. I t occu rs
in wet meadows and swa m p s in
s u m m e r . O v e r wi n t e r s a s l a rva
that feeds o n swa m p thistl e.
. P
61
M O R M O N M ETALM ARK, a
desert species, occ u rs through the
Southwest. I ts wing spots are
white
rather
than
meta l l ic.
A m o unts of gray o r brown o n
hindwing va ry as shown.
NAIS
M ETAL M A R K occurs
from Colorado to Mexico. I ts
wing fringes a re checkered, but
i n overa l l a ppearance it is not
d istinctly l i ke other meta l m a rks.
The l a rva feeds on Wild P l u m .
p rojecti n g
m o uth
pa rts
(pa lpi)
which
rese m b l e
62
a swift, d a rt i n g
flight
and
are
re a d i l y attracted to
flowers .
...
G RAY or C O M M O N H A I R
S T R E A K is also cal led the Cot
ton S q u a re Borer or the Bean
Lyca enid beca u se of d a m a g e it
sometimes does to crops. I t over
winters i n the p u pa l stag e a n d
emerges early i n the s p r i n g .
...
GREAT PURPLE HAI RSTREAK
fema l es have two ta i l s on each
h i nd w i ng , a s d o s o m e m a l e s . T h e
fe m a l e l a c k s s e x - p a d s- b l a c k
spots o n forew i n g . T h e l a rva feeds
on m i s t l etoe. D o u b l e - brood ed .
COLORADO H A I R ST R E A K i s
1 .5"
63
White-M
Hairstreak
1 .2"
64
Red-banded
Hoi rstreak
1 .0"
Coral
Hoi rstreak
1 .3"
W H I TE-M H A I RSTREAK, a
southeaste r n species, is n a med
for the i nve rted wh ite M o n the
u n d erside of the h i n d w i n g . The
upper s u rface of the wing i s b l u e .
ACA D I A N H A I RSTREAK h a s
widely sepa rated spots i n stead o f
tra nsverse l i nes. The l a rva feeds
o n w i l l ow. A d u lts a re found in
wet a reas where willows g row.
R E D - B A N D E D H A I RSTREAK
occurs from Florida a n d Mexico
to New York and Michigan, but is
com moner i n the South. Male up
perside i s brown; female, b l u ish .
CORAL H A I R ST R E A K is tail
less. Coral red spots on u n d e r
side may form a solid b a n d . I t
overwi nters i n the egg stage.
Ad u lts appear by midsummer.
Banded
Hairstreok
1 .0 - 1 .2"
California
Hairstreak
1 . 1 - 1 .3"
Hedgerow
Hairstreak
1 .2"
Sylvan
Hoirstreak
1 .0"
CA L I FO R N I A H A I RSTREAK
is sing le-brooded, a ppearing o n
the wing i n m i d s u m m e r i n t h e
foothi l l s. La rva feeds on Cea
nothus and, probably, on oak.
H E D G E ROW H A I R STREAK,
reddish brown above, is common
i n the Rockies a n d west to the
Pacific coast i n s u m m e r. Feeds on
Cercocarpus and Ceanoth us.
STR I P E D H A I R ST R E A K is d is
tinctly striped u n d e r neath. It is
widely d istrib uted east of the
Rockies. The l a rva feeds o n m a n y
p l a nts, i n c l u d i n g oak a n d w i l l ow.
O L I V E H A I R ST R E A K , d o u ble
b rooded, overwinters a s a p u pa .
T h e a d u lts occ u r i n s p r i n g a n d
m idsummer, u s u a l l y n e a r r e d ce
dars, the l a rval food pla nts.
SYLVAN H A I R S T R E A K re
sembles C a l ifornia
H a i rstrea k
but is lighter beneath a n d has
o n l y one small red spot. The
l a rva feed s o n w i l l ow.
65
Western Banded E l fi n
1 .2"
u nd e r s i de
BAN D E D E LF I N , a l so ca l l e d Pine
E l f i n , is u s u a l l y f o u n d in open p i n e
sta n d s . T h e l a rva feeds p r i m a r i l y
o n t h e seed l i n g s of both h a rd a n d
soft p i nes, o n w h i c h i t i s we l l
camouflaged.
BROWN E LFI N, redd i s h brown
o n the u n d e r s i d e , i s fo u n d in a n d
a l o n g t h e edges o f o p e n woods
w h e re its food p l a nts, b l u eberry
and She e p la u re l , g row.
66
Western E lfin
0.9- 1 .0"
W E ST E R N E L F I N is obscurely
ma rked beneath . I t occu rs i n both
lowla n d s a n d m o u ntains, often
freq uenting Ceanoth us bl ossoms.
The l a rva feeds o n sed u m .
H OA RY E L F I N g ets its n a m e
f r o m the g ra y color o n the u n d e r
side. It occ u rs in open, d ry,
heath-covered a reas. The l a rva
feeds o n bearbe rry.
H E N RY ' S E L F I N o f o p e n woods
is l ess g ray o n the u n derside a n d
is dark b r o w n ot the b a s e of t h e
sca l l o ped h i n d wi n g . The l arva
feeds on b l u e berry.
67
68
P U R P L I S H C O P P E R is common
from spring to fall, mostly in
moist meadows. The u n d erside of
the h i ndwing i s marked with a
faint red l i n e . The l a rva feeds
mostly o n dock and k n otweeds.
B RO N Z E C O P P E R frequ ents
wet mead ows. I t is d o u b le
brooded a n d h i bern ates i n the
egg stage. The m a r g i n of the
u nderside of the h i n dwing has
a broad ora nge band. The l a rva
feeds mostly o n seve ral species
of dock and knotweed.
GO RGO N C O P P E R h a s o n l y a
midsummer b rood. Its u n derside
is typica l of the coppers. The fe
m a le rese m b l es that of the P u r
plish C o p p e r but is less bright.
The larva feeds on friog o n u m .
underside
"
0.9- 1 . 1 "
EAST E R N TA I L E D B L U E, very
common a l l through its range,
occu rs from early spring to fa l l,
with several g e n e rations yearly.
I t overwinters a s a ful l-grown
l a rva, which feeds m ostly on
flowers of leg u m es. M a l es i n
spring h a v e na rrower dark bor
ders a bove. Spring females a re
d a rker; some a r e brown above.
Pygmy B l ue
0.5-0.7"
u nderside
Common Blue
0 . 8 - 1 .3"
Dwarf Blue
0.5-0.7"
Common
Blue
f)
,,
;:. :
(,, I .
Western
Tai led
Blue
0.9- 1 . 1 "
ma le-summer
,.
ma le-spri n g
/1
BIJ
a re the small est of a l l N o rth
American butterflies. The Pygmy
i s common i n its range. Its larva
is well camouflaged on Lamb's
Ton g u e, its food plant.
DWARF B L U E is s i m i l a r but
lacks t h e white spot and fringe
o n the upperside of the forew i n g .
C O M M O N B L U E, o r S p r i n g
Azure,
occ u rring
throughout
N orth America, is a n ot h e r e a r l y
spring b utte rfly. Spring forms a r e
d a rker than s u m m e r forms, w i t h
spots o n t h e u n d ersides s o m e
t i m e s f u sed . The u n d erside m a r k
i n g s of s u m m e r forms a re u s u a l l y
pale. The s l u g - l i ke l a rva f e e d s o n
flowers a n d excretes a sweet liq
u i d called h o n eyd ew, for which i t
i s followed by a n ts.
WESTE RN TAI L E D BLU E is m ost
easi l y d i st i ng u i s h e d from Easte r n
b y i ts l e s s-spotted u nd e rs i d e . I n
some a reas t h e Ea ste r n a n d West
e r n Ta i l ed B l u e s occ u r tog e t h e r.
71
(2)
underside
( 1 , 2, 3 ) M A R I N E B L U E ap
pears l ater i n spring t h a n ather
b l ues. La rva feeds mostly an buds
and b l ossoms of wiste ria, alfalfa,
locoweed, and other legumes.
! 4 , 5 ) A C M O N B L U E occurs
early spring to fall. The female
is brownish or b l u is h . The broad
orange b a n d with black spots o n
h indwing is d isti n ctive.
! 6 ) R E A K I RT'S B L U E is easily
d isti n g u ished by the w hite-ringed
black spots on the u n dersid e of
the forewing. Mesq u ite is o n e of
its food plants.
! 7, 8, 9 ) O RAN G E- B O R
D E R E D B L U E, or Mel issa Blue,
is d o u b l e-brood e d . la rva feeds
o n leg u mes. Note orange spots
on u p per h i ndwing of female.
C l l S I L V E RY B L U E l a cks the
black s pots along the margin of
u n d e rside of h i ndwing. The up
perside resem b les the l ig h t forms
of the Saepiol u s Blue.
1 2, 3, 4 1 S A E P I O L U S B L U E is
va riable; some forms i n the West
are d a r k . The row of tiny orange
spots o n the u n d erside of hind
w i n g i s d i sti n ctive.
1 5, 6 , 71 S O N O RA B L U E a p
pears very early in s p r i n g . It is
fou n d n e a r sto necrop (Sedum)
and other succ u lent p l a nts. La rva
feeds in the thick p l a n t tissues.
(8,
9, 1 0) SQ U ARE-SPOTTED
BLUE occu rs in J u n e or J uly
73
S KIP PER S
Ski ppers (more tha n 3, 000 ki nds) a re d i st i ng u i shed from
true butterfli es by the a nten nae, which a re fa rther a pa rt
at the ba se a n d e n d i n po i nted , cu rved clu bs. S k i ppers
a re na med for the i r s k i p p i n g fl i ght. Most a re drab. Ma n y
a re d i ffi c u l t t o d i st i ng u i sh. The i r bod i e s a re rob u st a n d
moth- l i ke . The l a rvae, d i st i nct l y n a r rowed behi nd the
head , rest d u ring the day between l ea ves p u l l ed loose l y
togethe r by s ilk stra nds. The smooth p u pae a re for m ed
i n s i m i l a r shelte rs, ofte n on the g ro u nd.
D G E D , o r Frosted,
r occu rs from southern
E n g l a n d to Fla. and west to
a n d I owa . U n d e rside resembles
Silver-spotte d .
La rva
feeds mostly o n tick trefo i l s.
S I LVER-S POTT E D
S K I P P E R,
common throughout the warm
seasons from so. Canada through
C e n . Amer., has d istinctive silve r
patch o n the h i n d w i n g . T h e l a rva
feeds o n locusts and w i steria.
N O R T H E R N C L O U DY W I N G
is d ifficult t o tell from Southern
Cloudy Wing. The s pots on the
forewing a re u s u a l l y smaller a n d
t h e wing fringes are d a rker. I t i s
d o u b leb rooded i n the North,
may have th ree o r more broods
i n the South, and overwinters in
the p u p a l stage. The g reen l a rva,
which l ives i n a s i J k. J i ned nest,
feeds on cl over a n d other her
baceo u s legumes.
L O N G TA I L E D S K I P P E R is
a lso c a l l ed the Bean leaf Rol ler
beca use of the way the l a rva at
tacks c u ltivated beans. C o m m o n
i n the Southeast. It overwi nters
as a pupa.
G O L D EN - B A N D E D S K I P PER
is genera l l y u ncommon a n d un
u s u a l l y s l u g g i s h . I t occurs i n wet
wood l a n d s from N .Y. south and
west to Arizo n a . The l a rva is
l ight g reen with yellow d ots.
SOUTHERN C L O U D Y W I N G
p refers woods m a r g i n s, especia l l y
near clover a n d other l e g u m e s
on w h i c h t h e b rown larva feed s.
Note the larger wh ite s pots on
the forewings.
D U S KY-W I N G
J U V E N A L'S
occurs i n woods margins i n
Sleepy's r a n g e i n spri n g . H i n d
wing h a s two d i stinct white spots
below. Female is paler tha n male.
D R EAMY D U S KY-W I N G i s
s m a l l e r than Sleepy Dusky-wing;
a lso has n o clear spots o n the
forewing. like the Sleepy, it oc
c u rs i n early s p r i n g .
MOT T L E D D U S KY- W I N G h a s
w h i te ma rks of upperside repeated
bel ow. Fe m a l e is l i g hter t h a n t h e
m a l e. Ad u l ts occ u r i n l a te Ma y a nd
m i d -J u l y.
M O U R N F U L D U S KY-W I N G of
the West Coast has w hite dashes
o n the u nderside next to the white
fringe on the h i ndwing.
F U N E R E A L D U S K Y- W I N G ,
found so u t h west from C o l o . a nd
Te x . , h a s w h i t e f r i ng e s an t h e
h indw ings. Larva fee d s o n a l f a l fa.
76
C H E C K E R E D S K I P P E R , a com
m o n species, varies g reatly i n the
a m o u n t of g ray. Fl ies fast with
o u t the characteristic skip p i n g
motion. La rva feeds o n m a l lows.
(or
Larger C a n n a Leaf Rol ler) ranges
from Argenti n a n o rth to Tex., So.
Cor., a n d occasio n a l l y northward.
La rva feeds o n opening l eaves
be d estructive.
...
1 .0 1 .2"
S O UT H E R N S OOTY-W I N G i s
l i ke the Common, but wings have
faint dark bands. Occ u rs from P o .
to Nebr. a n d the S . E . La rva feeds
on Lamb's Q u a rte rs.
77
A
L EAST S K I P P E R, common east
of the Rockies from spring to fa l l ,
flies close t o the g ro u n d , u s u a l l y
i n m a rshy a reas. It v a r i e s i n t h e
a m o u n t of orange a bove.
C O BW E B S K I P P E R occurs in
early spring from Wisconsin a n d
Texas eastward. I t a n d the I nd i a n
S k i p p e r resem b l e U ncas Skipper.
J U BA S K I P P E R i s fo u n d i n
s a g e b r u s h r e g i o n s from the P a
c i fi c coasta l states e a s t to Colo
rado. See n in both spring, fall.
I N D I AN S K I P P E R a p pears in
early spring i n eastern U n ited
States a n d C a n a d a . La rva feeds
o n Panic Grass.
L E O N A R D ' S S K I P P E R , a l ate
s u m m e r, easte r n species, fre
q uents wet mead ows and open
regions. The l a rva feeds on g rass
and overwi nters when sma l l .
G O L D E N S K I P P E R o f the a rid
Southwest occ u rs from April to
Septe m ber. The u n d e rside is
p l a i n yellow. La rva feeds o n Ber
m u d a Grass (Cynodon dactylon).
0.7-1 .0"
V E R N A L S K I P P E R, o r Little
G lassy Wing, is a midsummer
species found east of the Rockies.
Female resembles male. The l a rva
feed s on g rass.
F I E L D S K I P P E R , or Sachem, oc
c u rs i n the South in s p r i n g . By
midsummer it ranges to N .Y., N .
Oak., a n d S a n Francisco. L a rva
feeds on Be r m u d a Grass.
...
ZA B U LO N S K I P P E R is found
from Massachusetts to Texas.
Male rese m bles Hobomok and fe
male looks l i k e the Pocahontas
form of Hobomok. Z a b u l o n a n d
Hobomok both feed o n g rasses.
OCOLA S K I P P E R ranges as
far n orth a s N.Y., and is common
from Virg i n i a and Arkansas
south to Florida and Texas. The
markings of its forewings a re
repeated on the u n derside.
80
YU CCA S K I P P E R occu rs i n
semi-arid reg ions f r o m the Ca ro
linas to Florida and west to C a l i
forn ia. Females are l a rger than
males, with a row of fo u r yel low
spots on the h i ndwing. Both h ave
broad wings a n d stout
bod ies. La rva feeds on
yucca stalks.
M OT H S
The
8,000 o r so species of
those o f
backs.
Their a nten
c l u b typi ca l
occu rs
throughout eastern North Amer
ica. The lo rvo, active ot nig ht,
feeds on the Trum pet Vine. See
pp. 82-94 for other sphinxes.
'
'
S P H I NX M OT H S , a b o u t 1 00 N . A. species, h a v e l a rge,
sto ut l a rv a e t h a t h o l d t h e body erect, i n a s p h i nx - l i k e
positi o n . Most l a rvae have a h o r n at t h e rea r of t h e
b o d y . A d u lts a re powerfu l f l i e rs; they often have a l o n g
p roboscis, u s e d to s u c k n e cta r. Some a re c a l l e d h awk
moths for t h e i r swooping f l i g ht; othe rs, h u m m i n g b i rd
moths because they h over w h i l e fee d i n g .
P I N K - S P O TT E D H AW K
M OTH ranges throughout most
of the Weste r n Hem isphere. The
l a rva, o r Sweetpotato Hornworm,
feeds o n Sweet Potato vines and
c l osely related p l a n ts. This hawk
moth is a stro n g flier and has
been seen far a t sea.
83
FOU R- H OR N E D S P H I NX, or E l m
Sph inx, occu rs from C a n a d a to Florida,
a n d west thro u g h the Miss. Valley . Adu lt
has p a l e r col o r on front margin of fore
wing than Catalpa and Waved sphinxes.
The l a rva, which feeds on e l m o r birch,
has fo u r g reen o r b rown rough p rojec
tions o n the thoracic seg ments.
H E R M I T S P H I N X l a rva, which
feeds o n m i n ts, has a n abrupt
hump near its front e n d . Herm it
l i ke S p h i nx, of the Southwest, is
similar but is light g ray a n d lacks
the long black stri pe down the
middle of its a bdomen .
PAWPAW S P H I N X is brown
of varying shades, with sma l l
wh ite spots o n each side o f the
center abdominal stripe. The
la rva feeds o n leaves of Pawpaw
a n d Black Alder.
85
E L EGANT S P H I N X is m uch
like the Great Ash Sphinx but is
a darker g ray. These m oths are
fre q uently seen at eve n i n g prim
rose flowers. The l a rva is some
times a pest of a pple and p l u m
Great Ash
Sphinx
l a rva
G R EAT A S H S P H I N X, o r Pen
marked S p h inx, g ets the latter
name from the black wavy
streaks o n the forewings. I ts
thorax is lig hter than that of the
A p p l e S p h i n x o r Wild C h erry
Sphinx and lacks the w hite
streaks on the sides. The larva
feed s mostly on ash trees but
also on lilac a n d privet. I t is
doubl e-brooded i n some a reas,
but i n others it occurs i n a l l
stages from spring t o fa l l .
86
L A U R E L S P H I NX, in spite of
its n am e, feeds mostly on the
leaves of lilac a n d Fringe Trees.
I t closely resembles the Apple
a n d Wild C herry Sphinx Moths
i n form but has a d istinct brown
color.
A P P L E S P H I NX resembles the
Wild C herry Sphinx but lacks
both the white shading along the
front edge of the forewing and
the black band d own the side of
the abdomen. I t occu rs i n mid
summer. The l arva is bright g reen
a n d has seven sla nted white l ines
edged with pink. I t feeds mainly
o n apple, ash, wild rose, Myrtle
a n d Sweet Fern.
WILD C H E RRY S PH I NX looks
much like Apple Sphinx but has
a lateral black band on the ab
domen. The larva feeds on
cherry, p l um, a n d apple. U n l ike
most other hawkmoth larvae, it
hides d u ring the day. I t is d a rker
than the larva of Great Ash
Sphinx and has violet body
stripes. I n the Apple Sphinx these
are p i n kish; i n the La u re l Sphinx
they a re often b l u ish ma rked
with black.
87
E LLO S P H I N X i s co m m o n from
t h e Gu l f states to t h e t ropics a n d
often strays nort hwa rd . Fe m a l es
l a c k t h e d a r k strea ks i n t h e fore
w i ngs. The l a rva feeds most l y on
po i nset t i a a n d
88
3.5-5.5"
i n b o t h a pale a n d
form. The larva has
g ra n u l a r skin a n d a n
short caudal horn. I t
poplars a n d w i l lows.
occu r s
a d a rker
a rough,
u n us u a l l y
feeds o n
89
ONE-EYED SPH I N X is d a r k e r
a n d more c o m m o n i n t h e western
part of its range. Larva (an w i l low)
rese m b l e s t h e S m a l l -eyed Sph i n x
b u l l o c k s red spats a n d h a s a p i n k ,
v i o l et, or b l u e ho r n.
...
2.0-2.5"
BLI N D E D S P H I N X
es t h e
Sma l l -eyed, but its forew i n g s have
sca l l o ped m a rg i n s . The l a rva a l so
looks l i ke that of S m a l l -eyed . It
feeds o n a v a r i ety of trees but pre
fers b i rc h , w i l l ow, and cherry.
N E S S U S S P H I N X fl ies at early
d usk. The l a rva resembles that of
the Hog Sphinx but has a s horter
horn and more o b l i q u e ma rks on
the side of the body. I t feeds on
grape and Virg i n i a C reeper.
AZALEA S P H I N X resembles
the Hog S p h i n x a l so, but the
forewi n g i s brown i nstead of
g reenish and the h i n dwings are
entirely orange-brown. The larva
feeds o n v i b u r n u m a n d azalea.
H O G S P H I N X, o r Virg i n ia
Creeper S p h i nx, shown a t rest,
has h i ndwings a l most entirely
bright orange-brown. I t is com
m o n a n d sometimes becomes a
pest in vineyards. U n l i ke most
hawkmoth l a rvae that b u r row i n
the g ro u n d t o p u pate, a Hog
Sphinx l a rva forms a loose co
coon of sil k among dead leaves
on the g ro u n d .
92
H Y D RA N G EA S P H I N X occurs
i n much the sa m e range a s Hog
Sphinx. At rest it assumes the po
sition shown for Hog Sphinx. The
l a rva feeds on Hydrangea, But
ton bu sh, a n d Swa m p loosestrife.
AC H E M O N S P H I N X l a r v a
rese m b l e s t h a t o f P a n d o r u s S p h i n x
except t h o t t h e spots o n t h e s i d es
of t h e body a re long and a n g u l a r
i nstead o f ova l . T h i s s p ec i e s feeds
on g r a pe a n d V i rg i n i a C reeper.
&
PAN DORUS SPHINX, w h e n a n
a l most h a l f-grown l a rv a , loses i t s
h o r n a n d acq u i res a g l a ssy eye
spot i n i t s p l ace. The l a rva , g reen or
redd i s h brow n , feeds o n g ra pe a n d
V i rg i n i a C reeper.
LESSER V I N E SPHINX, a trop i
ca l spec i e s , stra y s i n to New E n g .
La rva fee d s on g ra pe a n d Va .
C reeper. It i s m a rked w i t h b l a c k ,
w h i te , a n d r e d , a n d h a s a n eye
spot i n p l ace of a h o r n .
W H I T E - L I N E D S PH I N X, or
Striped Morn ing Sphinx, often
flies by day. The larva is some
times g reen with a series of yel
low spots. When a b u n dant it is
a pest, feed ing on many broadplants from southern Can
ada i nto Centra l America.
G A L I U M S PH I NX is from the
Old World. The l a rva, like that of
the White-l ined Sphi nx, has two
color forms. In E u rope it feeds on
bedstraw (Galium) b u t in Amer
ica mainly on Epilobium and
other plants.
94
G IA N T S I L K M O T H S , most of w h i c h a re l a rg e and at
tra ctive, n u m be r a bout
95
96
G L OV ER'S S IL K M OTH re
se m b l e s Cecropia in early stages,
but ma t u re l a rva has yel low i n
stead o f red t h o racic tu bercles.
Feed s a n che rry, wil low, alder,
wild cu rra nt, a n d other p l a nts.
C EANOTHUS S IL K MOTH i s
s i n g le-b rooded . la rva resembles
that of G l over's, b u t its yellow
thoracic tu bercles a re ringed with
black at the m i d d l e . Prefers buck
bush (Ce a nothus) l eaves.
97
2.0-3.3"
COLUMBIA S I LK MOTH l a rva
h a s red thoracic t u be r c l e s l i ke t h a t
o f Cecrop i a , b u t t h e y a re r i nged
with black a t t h e base . T h e cocoo n ,
attached l e n g t h w i se , h a s s i l v e r y
strea k s . A d u l t rese m b l e s a s m a l l
Cecro p i a Moth b u t l ac k s redd i s h
m a rg i n s t o t h e w h i te w i n g ba n d s .
98
POLYPH E M U S M O T H , per
haps the commonest giant silk
moth, was named after the one
eyed g i a n t Polyphemus of Greek
mythology because of the large
eyespots on its h i ndwings. I n the
South it has two broods. The
accordi!>n-shaped l a rva feeds on
a variety of trees a n d shrubs,
especially o n oak, hickory, elm,
m a ple, a n d birch. The rounded,
tough, parchment-l ike cocoon is
found h a n g i n g o n the food plant.
99
P R O M E T H E A M OT H , a l so
called the Spicebush Si l k Moth,
was once considere d a s a pos
sible basis for deve lopmen t of a n
American si l k i n d u stry. Males fly
i n the late afternoon-an u n usual
habit. Spicebush, Sassafras, T u l i p
tree, a n d W i l d C h e rry are pre
!erred foods of the l a rva. The
cocoon is a lways s u s p e n d ed on
the food p l a n t, where it can eas
ily be seen in winter. There a re
two brood s yearly in the South.
1 00
cocoon
T U L I P -T R E E S I L K M OT H
l a rva feeds mostly o n t u l i p trees.
I t rese m b l e s the Prometheo l a rva
but has fewer and shorte r tu.
bercles. The cocoon i s not fas
tened to the food plant a s with
most other l a r g e silk moths. The
male looks more l i k e its mote
than does the m o l e P rometheo.
The T u l i p -tree Silk Moth flies o n l y
at n ig ht. L i k e Prometheo, it i s
d o u b l e-brooded i n the S o u t h , but
it is not a s common a s Promethe a .
101
seaso n a l
f o r m s where it i s d o u b le-broode d .
The summer form has y e l l o w wing
margi ns, whereas the spring form
h o s p i n k to p u rple w i n g marg i n s.
La rva feeds m a i n l y on Sweet
Gum, hicko ry, w a l n u t, birch, a n d
o a k . Pupa is active i n i t s papery
cocoon, usually s p u n on the
g ro u n d .
1 02
mole
2.03.0"
1 04
500
1 ,300 yards l o n g . Stra n d s a re com b i n ed to make a
M OT H
varies i n the color o f its wings
a n d in the presence or a bsence
of forewi ng markings. The la rva
feeds on Honey Locust a n d Ken
tucky Coffee Tree. This m oth is
d o u b lebrooded. I t ove rwinters
a s a p u pa i n the g r o u n d .
RO SY M A P L E M OTH l a rva,
called the Greenstriped Maple
Worm, overwinters a s a pupa.
Like oakworms (p. 1 07) they feed
i n large colonies and sometimes
strip Red and Silver m a ples of
their leaves. There a re two
broods yearly.
OAK
S P I N Y OAKWORM
is the
la rgest of the species i l l u strated.
The male resembles the female
more closely than i n the other
Oakworm species.
P I N K - ST R I P E D OAKWORM
Male has na rrower, more tria n g u
lor forewings, thinner beyond
the spot than other species. Fe
male lacks spotting o n
-y
1 08
1 09
T I G E R M OT H S a re sma l l to m ed i u m i n size a n d g e n e r
a l ly light i n color. Ma ny have conspicuous spots or stripes.
O n ly a few of some
.'
cocoon
111
G A R D E N T I G E R M OTH is so
vo rioble thot its forms look like
different species. The hindwings
may be yellow with d a r k spots,
a n d the forewings may bear very
broad white ba nds.
FA L L W E BW O R M is a lso vari
able. Some moths have heavily
spotted wings. Others have anly
a few black d ots. The bodies of
some a re yel l ow with b lack d ots
on the sides, while others a re
p l a i n white. The social l a rvae ex
tend their webs ove r the foliage
of the m a n y deciduous trees on
which they feed . The webs may
soon cover l a rge branches. These
webs a re sometimes confused
with those of tent caterpil l a rs
(p. 1 38). Large n u m bers of eggs
a re laid i n ma sses, u s u a l l y on
the undersides of leaves. P u pae
overwinter i n cocoons.
...
CLY M E N E is a H a plaa Tiger
Moth, of which there are five
species north of Mexico. In some
the hindwings are white or buff.
Clymene hos one brood. The
moths occ u r i n m idsummer.
A P A N T E S I S TIGER MOTHS
i n c l u d e some 30 species, often
varyi n g g reatly in color. In gen
eral their forewi n g s ore jet black
with i r reg u l a r w h ite strea ks, a n d
t h e i r h i n dwings a re yel l ow or red
with black spots or bands. The
h a i ry caterpi l l a rs l ive over the
winter and feed mostly o n herba
ceous p l a nts. Males are common
ly captu red at lig hts.
ARGE is d o u b l ebrooded, with
moths occurring J u ne and Sept.
VI RGO has a typical Apa ntesis
color
patte r n .
I t is sing le
brooded, with m oths on the wing
mainly i n J u ly.
1 .83.0"
1 13
1 14
YELLOW WOOLLY
BEAR
l a rvae are seen more commonly
than the a d u lts. They vary from
pale yellow to reddish a n d a re
confused with Acree Moth la rvae
(p. 1 1 1 ), but have black heads.
There a re two broods.
1 .0 - 1 .8"
RA N C H M A N ' S T I G E R M OTH
is one of the la rgest a n d m ost
attractive mem bers of this g r o u p .
Another com m o n f o r m of this
moth has yellow hindwings a n d
a yellow
D O G B A N E T I G E R M OT H
varies in the a m o u n t of yellow
on the front edge of the fore
wing. I t is probably double
brooded. The caterpil l a r, with a n
u n usually l i g ht hairlike covering,
feeds a l most entirely on dog
bane. May be very common.
1 .3-1 .8"
1 15
S H OWY H O L O M E L I N A is the
brightest of the eight or so holo
melina moths of North America.
Others a re mainly yellowish,
g ray, or d u l l red. The l a rva, l i ke
that of the Dog bane Moth, has
a soft, h a i rlike covering. The co
coon is very thin, with few hairs.
MILKW E E D TU SSOCK MOTH i s
bette r k n o w n b y i t s l a r v a , w h i c h i s
fo u n d i n l a te s u m m e r feed i n g i n
co l o n i es o n m i l kweed . W h e n d i s
tu rbed it freq u e n t l y rol l s i n to a ba l l
a n d d rops from the p l a n t . The pupa
ove r w i nters i n a cocoo n w h i c h i s
very h a i r y.
BELLA M OT H , o r Ra!!lebox
Moth, is loca l ly common but is re
stricted to the vici n ity of its food
pla nt, Rattlebox, and othe r kinds
of Crota/aria. The la rva lacks the
hairs typical of tiger moths. The
pupa, which is u n usually o rnate,
overwinters.
1 16
3 .5-6.0"
1 18
AM E C A N DAGG E R M OTH
is the l a rgest o f the daggers. The
la rva feeds on a variety of trees.
Winter is passed as a p u pa, often
in an old stu m p . The cocoon in
cludes the hair of the l a rva .
S M E A R E D DAG G E R M OT H
occurs more commonly i n wet
l a nds, where the la rva feeds o n
willow, sma rtweed, a lder, Button
bush, a n d catta i l . Overwi nterin g
cocoon is thin but stro n g .
COTTO N W O O D
DAGGER
M OTH varies g reatly i n m a r k
i n g s. la rva has soft yellow h a i r
l ike America n Dagger but has
five hair pencils on its abdomen.
I t feeds o n poplars a n d willows.
1 19
BLACK
C U TW O R M ,
a l so
called the G reasy C utworm, oc
c u rs throughout the U.S. and
southe r n Canada. Larva is a b u r
rower, found mostly in low spots.
Overwi nters a s a p u p a .
S POTT E D C U TW O R M i s one
of the most d a m a g i n g , feed ing
o n a wide va riety of pla nts a n d
often c l i m b i n g t h e m . It over
wi nters a s a nearly mature l a rva.
May have th ree broods yearly.
W-M A R K E D C U TWORM i s a
c l i m ber, feed i n g on a wide va
riety of trees, s h r u bs, and her
baceous pla nts. I t overwinters a s
a larva a n d , i n m ost a reas, has
two breeds each year.
PALE-S I D E D C U TW O R M l ives
m ostly i n a t u n n e l i nto which it
d rags p ieces of cut-off pla nts for
food . There may be four broods
yearly. The winter i s passed in
the pupal sta ge.
PALE W E ST E R N C U TWORM
moths occ u r i n A u g . a n d Sept.
and lay eggs o n newly c u ltivated
l a n d . Overwintering may be as
eggs or yo u n g l a rvae. Pla nts a re
attacked below the soil s u rface.
1 .3 1 .5"
C U T
GARDEN
ST R I P E D
WO R M is sing le-b rood ed. The
moth occu rs throughout most of
U.S. in s u m m e r . L a rvae rest ex
posed on food p l a nts. They ma
ture and p u pate i n f a l l .
G LASSY C U TW O R M occu rs
from C a n a d a to N . J . a n d west
to the Pacific. It feeds o n roots
and lower ste ms of g rasses. I t is
sing le-brooded a n d overwi nters
os partly g rown l a rv a .
larva
larva
1 .3 - 1 .5"
S POTT E D - S I D E D C U TWO R M
h a s one g e n eration. The moth
occ urs from Al berta a n d Texas
eastward i n the fa l l . F u l l -g rown
l a rvae a p pea r o n dock and c h ick
weed i n early s p r i n g .
121
DARK- S I D E D C U TWORM is
a clim ber, sometimes very d e
structive to orchards a n d shrubs.
Eggs hatch d u ring winter and
la rvae become f u l l-g rown by
J u n e. There i s o n e brood.
B R O N Z E D C U TWORM prefers
g rasses and cerea ls. Moths occur
i n Sept. a n d Oct. a n d eggs hatch
d u ring winter. By April or May
the larvae are f u ll-g rown, but
they d o not p u pate until J u ly.
1 22
D I N G Y C U TW O R M wi nters a s
immature l a rva, matu ring i n late
spring. I t l ies i nactive (estivates)
until A u g ust, when it p u pates,
emerg i n g a s a math i n a month
or so.
B R I STLY C U TW O R M often oc
c u rs i n clover with the Dingy C ut
worm. It is d o u b l e-brooded.
La rva com pletes g rowth i n the
spring like that
D i n g y C ut
worm but d oes n n1fl >d;,,nt..
C U TWO R M ,
probably t h e mast d estructive
cutworm, attacks m a n y d iffe rent
cra ps. I t overwi nters as a p u p a
a n d may h a v e four broods. Oc
curs throughout North America .
ARMY
WO R M , also cal led Cotton C u t
worm beca use it bores i n to cotto n
bolls, is com mon in the South.
Feeds on many plants. Winter is
passed as a p u pa.
1 23
ARMYWORM has t w o or m o re
broods. The spring o n e is m ost
destructive, especia l ly to oats
and s m a l l g ra i ns. Natural ene
m ies red uce later broods. It over
winters as m oth, p u pa, o r l a rva.
1 24
on a wide variety of g a rd e n a n d
fi e l d cro ps. T h e r e are u s u a l l y two
b roods each year, moths occu r
ring in May a n d Aug ust. Over
winters i n p u p a l stag e .
COTTON L E A FWORM is a
slender, l o o p i n g l a rva that feeds
only o n cotto n . Spines at end of
the moth's t o n g u e sometimes i n
j u r e r i p e f r u it. T h i s tropical spe
cies ca n n ot su rvive U .S. w i n ters.
G R E E N C L O V E RWO R M , a
looping la rva, feeds on clover,
a lfalfa, and other legu mes. W i n
ter is usually p assed a s a n a d u lt
but some may w i nter as p u pa e .
T h e r e are t w o to four broods.
1 25
CABBAGE L O O P E R , a com
m o n species, feed s mostly o n cab
bage and other members of the
cabbage fa mily. Two b roods oc
c u r i n the North. H ibernates as
p u pa i n loosely woven cocoon.
1 26
B I LO B E D LOO P E R feeds o n a l
falfa, clover, a n d m a n y other
pla nts. Larva resem b les Cabbage
Leaper's but has stripes a n the
sides of its head. I t hibernates
as a p u pa i n a thin cocoon .
G R E E N FRU I TW O R M eats i n
to y o u n g a p ples, pea rs, cherries,
and other fruit i n spring. Moths
emerge in the fal l and overwinte r .
T h e l a rva resembles t h a t of C o p
p e r U n derwi ng (p. 1 30).
D R I E D L EA F M OTH , o r Litte r
Moth, l a rva feeds on l ichens a n d
d e a d leaves. T h e d evelopment
from tiny eggs is very slow. The
moths a re o n the wing i n mid
summer a n d a re sing l e-brooded.
1 27
W I DOW U N D E RW I N G is one
of some seventeen cotoca l a moths
with plain dark brown under
wings. This caterpi l l a r feed s
m ostly on w a l n u t a n d h ickory.
U N D E RW I N G , OR CATOCALA, M OT H S (about
1 00 kinds i n A m e rica n o rth of Mexi co) rea d i l y c o m e to
W H I T E U N D E RW I N G varies
g reatly i n the fo rewi ng patte r n .
The cate r p i l l a r closely resemb les
that of the Widow U n d erwing
but feeds o n willow and poplar.
1 28
A H O L I BAH U N D E RW I N G is
hard to tell from several other
catocala moths. Note its large
size, with a wingspread occasion-
T I N Y N Y M P H U N D E RW I N G
i s o n e o f several species of small
catocalas with similar yellow un
derwings. The forewi ngs vary
g reatly i n patte r n . The l a rva
feeds on oak.
P E N I T E N T U N D E RW I N G flies
from July to October. La rva lacks
the fringe of hairs a n d swol l e n
sadd l e patch of the W i d o w U n
derwi ng cate r p i l l a r larva. Feeds
o n wa l n ut and h ickory.
C O P P E R U N D E RW I N G occurs
from midsummer to fall but hides
i n cracks d u ring the d ay. In the
spring, l a rva feeds o n many
pla nts, including Wood bine. It,
too, is not a catocal a u nderwi n g .
1 30
P E A R LY
is
o n e of th ree wood nymphs. Bea u
tiful Wood Nymph is l a r g e r a n d
has a d a r k m a r g i n o n t h e hind
wing. Calif. Wood Nymph has a
black dot on hindwing.
1 .0 - 1 .8"
W H ITE-VE I N E D DAG G E R re
sembles the Smeared Dagger ( p .
1 1 9) i n the l a rval stag e b u t has
finer h a i r. Feeds o n marsh pla nts,
especially catta il. Cocoon is made
in folded leaves.
131
T H E P RO M I N E N T S , n u m bering a bo u t 1 00 species
n o rth of Mexico, rese m b l e noctuids. Rea d i ly a ttra cted to
lights. Many of them ca n be told by their h a i ry legs w h e n
a t rest. la rva e of m ost species l i v e o n t r e e leaves. Ma n y
species l a c k a n a l p r o l e g s a n d h o l d their rea r e n d s erect.
1 .0-1 .8"
T E N T
on poplar
a n d willow. la rva resem b les that
of the Poplar Te ntmaker. I t over
winters as p u pa, often in its tent.
POPLAR T E N T M A K E R is one
of seven tentmakers. A l l tent
maker l a rvae a r e g regarious.
They l ive i n a s i l k-lined tent made
by d rawing l eaf edges together.
This
d o u bl e-b rooded
species
feeds o n willow and poplar.
T E N TAC L E D
P RO M I N E N T
occ urs from Q u e . a n d I l l . south
to Fla. and Tex. S i m i l a r species
occ u r throughout the U.S. la rva
feeds on aspen a n d wil low a n d
waves vivid
tentacles when
a l a rmed. The p u p a overwi nters
1 32
Y E LLOW- N E C K E D
CATE R
P I L L A R feeds o n m a n y kinds of
trees, p refe rring apple. U n like
most hand-maid moths, it has a
sca l l oped outer m a r g i n on the
forewi n g .
H A N D - MA I D M OT H S n u m be r 1 2 s p e c i e s that re
se m b le one a n oth e r c losely. The la rvae feed i n colonies
a n d m a y be n u merous e n o u g h to strip trees. W h e n dis
turbed they h o l d both e n d s of their bodies erect. Most
species a re s i n g le- brooded, ove rwi nteri n g as p u p a e i n
the g ro u n d . The Wa l n ut Caterpi l l a r feeds o n wa l n ut a n d
h i ckory. T h e S u m a c Caterpi l l a r feed s o n ly o n s u m a c . T h e
outer m a r g i n s of the forewi n g s o f th ese two moths a re
straig ht. T h e moth of the Wa l n ut Caterpi l l a r is d a r k .
1 33
S A D D L E D PROM I N E N T is so
named for the sad d l e m a r k o n
the back of the g reen, pointed
tailed l a rva, which feeds m a i n ly
on leaves of beech a n d maple.
The moth resembles that of the
Va riable Oak Leaf Cate r p i l l a r.
V A R I A B L E O A K L EA F CAT
E R P I LLAR, found i n late s u m
mer and fall, m a y lay 500 e g g s
singly, on oak. La rva overwinters
i n the soil and p u pates i n spri n g .
A N G U I N A M OTH is commonly
recog nized by its u n usual cater
pillar, which feeds o n va rious
legumes, especi a l l y locust. The
Anguina Moth is d o u b l e-brooded .
E L M LEAF CATE R P I L L A R is
well camouflaged on e l m foliage.
Moths occu r in J u ne a n d August.
P u pae spe n d winter i n cocoons o n
the g ro u n d .
1 34
is d o u b l e-brooded. The
moth lays eggs i n masses on the
u n d e rsides of a p ple, cherry, and
other leaves. The l a rvae are g re
garious. Cocoons overwinter on
the g r o u n d ; p u pate i n spring.
ROU G H P RO M I N E N T
d o u b l e-brooded only i n
northern pa rt o f its range. T h e
la rva, w h i c h feed s mostly on
oaks, p u pates i n the soil.
R E D - H U M P E D OAKWORM is
g regarious only a s young l a rva.
I t feeds on varieties of oaks a n d
i s d o u b l e-brooded i n t h e South.
The cocoon is spun on the g r o u n d .
1 35
MOTH is E u rasia n .
F o u n d i n Mass. a n d B r . Columbia
i n 1 920, it has spread through
N . E . a n d N.W. U.S. a n d Canada.
I n J u l y eggs a re laid i n masses.
La rva prefers poplar and wil low.
I t hibernates when partly g rown.
, num
1 36
WH I T E - M A R K E D T U S S O C K
M OTH is a serious pest of m a n y
decid uous trees. I t is d o u ble
brooded. The w i n g l ess female
l ays eggs, w h ic h overwinter, o n
her cocoon. The p u pa l stage lasts
about 2 weeks.
W ESTERN T U S S O C K M OT H
i s s i n g l e-brooded, overwinters a s
eggs o n the cocoon . Lo rva feeds
o n many trees and sometimes
damages a pp l es. Except for
black heads and crimson prolegs,
it resembles l a rva of White
m a rked Tussock Moth.
RU STY
TUSSOCK
M OTH
m a l e is r ust b rown i n color. U n
l ike the t w o a bove species, e g g s
are not covered w i t h h a i r from
the female. La rva h a s black
head a n d black hair pencils on
sides of abdomen.
P I N E TUSSOCK MOTH is a
pest of J ack, Pitch, a n d Red
p i n es, spruce, and sometimes fir.
I t is s i n g l e-brooded, overwinters
a s h a ir-covered eggs. Male fore
wings are relatively wel l-marked.
1 37
1 38
man
in
some y e a rs .
The
l a rva,
C h e rry
Moth
h a s one b rood a n n u a l l y.
1 39
FALL C A N K E RW O R M feeds
o n many kinds of trees but pre
fers a p p l e and e l m . The moths
emerge late i n fall when the
wingless females lay eggs i n
masses o n tree t r u n ks. T h e eggs
hatch i n spring.
SPRING
C A N K E RW O R M
l a rvae differ from F a l l C a n ker.
worm1s i n having two rathe r than
th ree abdominal p rolegs, but,
l i ke them, p u p ate in the soi l .
The moths occ u r mostly i n spring.
B R U C E S PA N W O R M occurs
from N.J. to Quebec, and west to
Al berta. The moth occ u rs i n fa l l
o n Sugar Maple, poplar, beech,
and other trees. The fem a l e is
wingless. The l a rva resembles
Spring C a n kerworm's i n form but
has six n a r row wh ite stripes.
0.91 .4"'
1 40
S P E A R- M A R K E D B L A C
M OTH h a s variable amou nts of
black and wh ite. I t has two
b roods per year. Larvae live to
g ether i n nests of leaves, mostly
b i rch and willow. Pupae over
winte r in soi l .
C H E RRY
SCALLOP-SH E L L
M OTH i s commonly seen i n the
l a rval stag e i n n ests of wild
che rry l eaves. D o u bl e-brood ed.
The p u p a overwinters i n the soi l .
C U RRANT S P A N WORM is a
pest of c u rrant a n d g ooseberry.
Eggs a re l a id i n early sum mer
but d o not hatch u ntil the next
spring. La rva p u pates i n the soil
i n May or early J u ne.
<IIIII
P E P P E R-AN D-SALT
occurs in late spring a n d early
s u m m er. Both sexes a re winged.
The l a rva, cal led C l eft-headed
Spa nworm, feeds on many decid
uous trees. Pupa overwinters.
1 . 1 - 1 .5"
1 42
CHAI N -SPOTTE D G E O M
ETER moths occu r from Aug. to
Oct. Eggs ove rwinter, hatching
late i n spring. larva feeds mostly
on shrubs a n d sma l l trees. P u pae
form on leaves i n loose cocoons.
ll;lar;va -
...___
..,.....
T H R E E-S POTT E D F I L L I P is
single-broode d . Moths occ u r in
early summer. larva is green
with n arrow, broken, white l ines
and a yellow stripe on each side
of the back. I t feeds o n maple.
C ROC U S
G E O M ETER,
or
Cranberry looper, feeds o n
m a n y l ow-g row i n g pla nts. Moths
occ u r in early summer. They vary
g reatly in a m o u n t of wing spotting. Females are often spotless.
P u pa overwinters.
LARGE M A P L E SPANWORM
prefers maple a n d oak to its
many other food plants. The l a rva
resembles a twig . There a re two
b roods. Moths occ u r lhroug h the
summer. P u pa overwinters.
1 43
1 44
SCj)UASH V I N E B O R E R occ u rs
in most of North America except
along the Pacific coast. La rva
feed s in squash stems a n d is a
serious pest. It overwinters in the
ground; p u pates i n the spring.
S P I N Y OAK-S L U G a lso h a s
sti n g i n g spines. Besides oak, it
feed s o n pea r, w i l l ow, che.rry,
and other trees. The moth occurs
i n J u ne. The n u m be r of g reen
spots o n the forewing varies.
S L U G CAT E R P I L LA R M OT H S n u m be r ove r 40 N o rt h
A m e r i ca n species. The l a rvae c r a w l l i ke s l ugs; t h e i r t h o
racic l egs a r e sma l l a n d i nstead of prol egs t h e y h a v e suck
i n g d i scs. T h e ova l to s p h e rical cocoo n , m a d e of dark
b rown sil k, h a s a l i d a t o n e e n d w h i c h the emerging moth
pushes aside. la rva e overwinter i n t h e cocoo ns.
HAG M OTH feeds mostly o n
shrubs. The l a rva, sometimes
called Mon key Slug, has projec
tions bea ring sti n g i n g
h a i rs
along its sides. These hairs are
woven i nto the cocoon .
S K I F F M OT H occurs i n mid
summer. Eggs a re foot a n d wafer
l i ke. la rva, without h a i r or sti ng
ing spines, p refers oak, Wild
C herry, a n d syca more. H a s dis
tinct races varying in color.
1 45
Ragweed
Plume Moth
0.4-0.5"
FRU I T T R E E L E A F ROLL E R
occu r s i n a p p le-growing a reas o f
t h e U . S . a n d C a n a d a . E g g s are
laid i n m asses on tree l imbs,
where they overwi nter. They
hatch early in spring.
Z I M M E R M A N P I N E M OT H
occ u rs in no. U . S . a n d s o . C a n
ada, attacking p i n es. la rvae
often feed a n d p u pate on twigs
infested by a n other i nsect. Eggs
or l a rvae overwinter.
fema le
S O U T H E R N C O R N STA L K
B O R E R occ u rs from Md. a n d
K a n s . south t o Flo. a n d M e x . a n d
west to A r i z . lorvo hibernates i n
c o r n sta l ks j u st above the roots.
The species is d o u b le-brooded.
C E L E RY L E A F T I E R is widely
d istributed. I t s u rvives cold win
ters only i n greenhouses. Besides
celery, it is a pest of many g a r
d e n a n d g re e n house p l a nts,
feed i n g and p u pating in leaves.
GA R D E N W E B W O R M , a pest
of alfalfa and other crops, ranges
from S. America to so. Canada .
Webbing is conspicuous in b a d l y
i n fested fields. Several broods
occ ur. P u p a passes winter i n soi l .
I N D I A N - M EAL M OT H feeds
on many kinds of stored foods.
The l a rva webs the materials to
gether, making a thin cocoo n .
I n d oors it breeds conti n u o u sly.
M EAL MOTH is com m o n and
widespread. The d i rty-wh ite l a rva
l ives in a silken tube. It feeds
most commonly o n cereals a n d
cereal prod u cts.
M E D I T E RRAN E A N FLO U R
M OTH feeds o n whole grains
a n d cereals but p refers fl o u r,
which the pinkish l a rvae web
a r o u n d them i n m a sses. Since
1 890 it has spread across a l l of
North America.
,.1 t t,
,:
....
.i1 f I
'
"
'
0.60.8"
Ia rva i n seed
M EX I C A N J U M P I N G B E A N S
a r e seeds, u s u a l ly o f a species of
croton from Mexico, that contain
a n active l a rva of a relative of
the Codling Mot h . la rvae over
winter i n the seeds.
C O D L I N G M OT H o cc u rs
where a p p le s g row. After winter
i n g as l a rvae i n cocoo n S1 moths
emerge i n early s p r i n g . The
l a rvae infest pears and other
fruits of the apple family, a lso
E n g l ish Wa l n uts.
P I N E S H OOT
M OT H , a serious pest of Red,
Scotch, Austrian, a n d M u g h o
Pines, l a y s eggs i n e a r l y s u m m e r
near the t w i g t i p s . La rva feeds i n
n eedles at fi rst, l a t e r e nters buds.
Pitch forms over thei r b u rrows.
Larva overwinters in b uds.
A N G O U M O I S G RA I N M OT H
i s a serious pest o f stored, whole
kernel g ra ins, especia l l y wheat
a n d corn, throughout the U n ited
States. Some g ra i n is attacked i n
the field at ha rvest time.
0 .3 -0.8"
1 52
0.3 -0.6"
Case-ma king
Carpet Moth
Clothes Moth
0.3-0.6"
0.3 -0.6"
OTH E R M OT H S
SCIENTIFIC NAMES
Red-spotted Purple,
Limenitis orthemis astyonax
21 Pipevine: Bottus philenor
Polydomos, B. polydamas
22 Block, Papilio polyxenes
Bo ird's, P. bairdii
Anise: P. zelicaon
23 lndra, P. indro
24 Polomedes, P. polamedes
Alaskan: P. machaon oliaska
: ;ffuontes
27 Eastern, P. glaucus
Western: P. rutulus
28 Two-toile& P. multicaudata
Pole, P. eurymedon
Zebra: Eurytides marcellus
29 Clodius: Porno!isius clodius
Smintheus: P. phoebus smintheus
30 Colias eurytheme
31 Clouded, C. philodice
Pink: C. interior
32 Sora, Anthocharis sara
Fa lcote, A. midea
Olympia' Euchloe olr.mpia
33 grJI: ;h; eo
, s
34 Coli!., Zerene eurydice
Southern: Z. cesonio
little: Euremo lisa
35 Sleepy, E. nicippe
Fairy, E. daira
Dainty: Nothalis iole
Mustard: Pieris nopi
36 Pine: Neophosio menapio
Great: Ascio monuste phileto
Giant: Gonyra ;osephino
Florida: Appios drusilla neumoegenii
37 Checkered: Pieris protodice
Cabbage, P. rapoe
38 Donaus plexippus
39 D. gilippus berenice
40 Eyed, Lethe eurydice
Creole, L. creola
Pearly, L. portlandia
41 little, Megisto cyme/a
Gemme& Cyllopsis gemma
Carolina: Hermeuptychio hermes
Georgia: Neonympha oreolotus
Plain: Coenonympho inornota
Calif.: C. california
42 Riding's: Neominois ridingsii
Common: frehio epipsodeo
Common Wood: Cercyonis pegola
Nevada: Oeneis nevodensis
43 Gu If, Agraulis vanillae
Julio: Dryas ;ulio
Zebra: Heliconius choritonius
44 Variegated: fuptoieta claudio
Rego I, Speyeria idalia
45 Great, S. cybele
Aphrodite, S. aphrodite
46 Diona: S. diana
Nevada: S. collippe nevodensis
19
1 54
47
u t':JJ'
t:-/nB.r!epithore
Western:
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
Western: I. iroides
Hoaryo I. polios
Henry's: I. henrici
Frosted: I. irus
American: Lycaena hypophlaeos
Great: L. xonthoides
Ruddy, L rubidus
Purplish, L helloides
gon
,,;'e } t
Harvester: Feniseco torquinius
;; E c ntas
: f b
Pygm : Brephid;um f"Xilis
{
g;: f'a;k,don
Marine: leptotes marino
Reokirt's: Hemiorgus isola
Acmon: Plebejus acmon
Orange: P. melissa
Soepiolus: P. soepio/us
Silveryo G/oucopsyche lygdamus
Sonora: Phifotes sonorensis
Square-spotted, P. bottoides
Hoaryo Acholorus lyciades
Silver: Epor yreus cfarus
Northern, Torybes plyades
Southern, T. bothyllus
Golden, Autochton eel/us
long-tailed: Urbonus proteus
Sleepy: E nnis brizo
Dreamy: (. ice/us
Juvenal's: E. ;uvenalis
Mottled: f. martialis
Mournful : E. tristis
Funereal: f. funeralis
Checkered: Pyrgus communis
Grizzled: P. centaureae
Broz., Calpodes ethlius
Common: Pholisora catullus
Southern, Staphylus hayhurstii
least: Ancyloxypha numitor
e i cas
b :{t
: u
/ n. ':ssacus
leonard's: H. leonordus
Golden: Co eodes ourontioca
Broken Das: wallengrenia otho
long Dash: Polites mystic
Vernal: Pompeius verna
Peck's: Polites coras
Fiery, Hylephila phyleus
Field: Ata/o es campestris
Hobomoko
oanes hobomok
Zebulon: P. zobulon
Roadside: Amblyscirtes vialis
Ocala: Panoquino ocola
Yucca: M othymus yuccoe
Porotreo pj!ebe;o
u
rl; ':fujta
Rustic: Monduca rustico
Five-spotted: M. quinquemaculata
85
1 55
1 14
1 15
1 16
1 17
1 18
1 19
1 20
121
1 22
1 23
1 24
1 25
1 26
1 27
1 28
1 29
1 30
131
1 32
1 56
1 33
1 34
1 35
1 36
1 37
1 38
1 39
1 40
141
1 42
1 43
1 44
1 45
1 46
1 47
1 48
1 49
1 50 I nd i a n - m ea l : Plodia interpunctella
Mea I : Pyrolis farina lis
Med i terra n ea n : Anogasto kuhniello
C i g a r : Coleophora cerasivorella
Pisto l : C . malivorella
So l i ta r y , Cameraria hamadryadella
1 5 1 Stra wberry : Ancylis comptana
Mexica n : Cydio deshaisiona
Ori e n ta l : Gropholitha molesto
Cod l i n g , Cydia pomonella
b'b;f T JHUa
INDEX
Aste r i s k s ( * ) d e n ote p a g e s o n w h i c h i l l u s t r a t i o n s a p pe a r .
Abbot's P i n e S p h i n x , 8 8 * B e l l a M o th , 1 1 6 *
Abbot's S p h i n x , 8 9 *
B i g P o p l ar, 8 9 *
Aca d i a n H a i r strea k , 6 4 * B i l o bed looper, 1 2 6 *
Achemon S p h i n x , 9 3 *
B l a c k C u two r m , 1 2 0 *
Acmon B l u e , 7 2 *
B l a ck Swa l l owta i l , 2 2 *
Acrea Math, 1 1 1 *
Black Witch, 1 1 8 *
B l i nded S p h i n x , 9 1 *
Admirals, 56*-57*
Ah o l i ba h U n d e rwi n g ,
B l u e C o pper, 6 8
1 29 *
B l u es, 7 0 * - 7 3 *
A l a s k a n Swa l l owta i l , 2 4 * B ra z i l i a n S k i pper, 7 7 *
B r i s t l y Cutworm, 1 23 *
A l f a l fa B u t t e r fl y, 3 0 *
A l f a l fa looper, 1 2 6
Broken D a s h , 7 9 *
B r o n ze C o p p e r , 6 9 *
Amer. C o p per, 8 * , 6 8 *
A m e r . Dogger M o t h , 1 1 9 * Bronzed C u two r m , 1 2 2 *
Amer. P a i nted l a d y, 54 Brown C t e n u c h a Math ,
Angle Wings, 50* -5 1 *
1 1 7*
A n g o u m o i s G ra i n , 1 5 2 *
Brown E l fi n , 6 6 *
A n g v i n a Moth, 1 3 4 *
Bruce Spanworm , 1 40 *
A n i se Swa l l owta i l , 2 2 , 2 3 * B ru s h - footed Bu t t erf lies,
Apante s i s T i ger, 1 1 3 *
3 8 * -60*
Buckeyes, 5 2 *
Aphrod i t e , 4 5 *
B u c k Moth , 1 04 *
Apple Sphinx, 87*
Arge T i g e r M ot h, 1 1 3 *
B u t ter f l i e s , 1 9 * - 7 3 *
A r m y C u two r m , 1 2 5 *
A r m yworm Moths, 1 2 4 * - Cabbage B u t te r f l y, 3 7 *
1 25 *
Cabbage looper, 1 2 6 *
Catalpa Sphinx, 84*
Atlantis, 4 5
C a l i f o r n i a Dog-face, 3 4 *
A z a l ea S p h i n x , 9 2 *
C a l i f . H a i r strea k , 6 5 *
C a l i f . Oakworm Moth,
Bagworm Moths, 1 44
B a i rd's Swa l l owta i l , 2 2 ,
1 1 7*
C a l i f o r n i a R i ng l e t , 4 1 *
23*
B a l t i more C h e c k e r s p o t ,
C a l i f o r n i a S i ster, 5 8 *
C a l i f . Wood N y m p h , 1 3 0
48*
C a r o l i n a Sa tyr, 4 1 *
Banded E l fi n , 6 6*
C a ro l i n a S p h i n x , 8 2 *
Banded H a i r strea k , 65 *
Banded Woo l l y Bear, 1 1 1 * C a r penterworm Moths,
Beautiful Wood N y m p h ,
1 47 *
C a rpet Moth, 1 5 3 *
1 30
Case Bearers, 1 50 *
Beet Armywo r m , 1 2 4 *
C a se - m a k i n g C l othes
Mo t h, 1 5 3 *
Catalpa Sphinx, 8 4
C a t a l pawo r m , 8 4 *
Catoc a l a s , 1 2 8 * - 1 3 1 *
C e a n o t h u s S i l k Ma t h, 9 7 *
C e c r o p i a Moth, 9 6 *
C e l e r y leaf T i e r, 1 4 9 *
C e l e r y looper, 1 2 6
C h a i n -spot ted Geometer, 1 4 3 *
C h a l c e d o n C heckerspot,
48*
C heckered S k i pper, 7 7 *
Checkered W h i t e , 3 7 *
Checkerspots, 4 8 *
Cherry Scal lop-she l l ,
141*
C i g a r C a se Bearer, 1 5 0 *
C l ea r w i n g Moths, 1 44 *
C l e f t - h eaded S p a n worm, 1 42 *
Cladius, 2 9 *
C l o u d e d S u l p h u r, 3 1
C l o u d l e s s S u l p hur, 33
Clymene, 1 1 3 *
C o bweb S k i pper, 7 8 *
Cod l i n g M o t h , 1 5 1 *
C o l o r a d o H a i rstrea k , 63 *
C o l u m b i a S i l k Moth, 9 8 *
Comma, 6*, 5 1 *
Common Alpine, 42*
Common Blue, 7 1 *
C o m m o n H a i rstrea k , 6 3 *
C o m m o n S n o u t , 62 *
C o m m o n Sooty-w i n g , 7 7 *
C o m m o n S u l p h u r, 3 1
Common White, 37*
C o m m o n Wood N y m p h ,
42 *
1 57
C o m pton To r t o i se She l l ,
55*
1 1 9*
....
1 23 *
Cynthia Moth,
r-
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95 *
Dagger Moths, 1 1 9 *
Dogger W i n g s , 60*
D a i n t y S u l p h u r, 3 5 *
Dark- sided Cutworm,
1 22*
Diana, 46*
D i n g y Cutworm, 1 23 *
D i n g y P u r p l e W i n g , 60
Di o p ti d Moths, 1 1 7 *
Dogbane T i g e r Moth,
1 1 5*
1 38 *
1 39 *
1 46*
Funereal Dusky-w i n g ,
76*
G a l i u m S p h i n x , 94 *
Garden Tiger Moth, 1 1 2 *
Garden Webworm, 1 49 *
Gelec h i i d Mot h s , 1 52 *
Gemmed Satyr, 4 1 *
Geometer, 1 40 * - 1 43 *
Georg i a Satyr, 41 *
G i a n t S i l k M o t h s , 95 *-
1 04 *
G i a n t Swa l l owta i l , 25 *
G i a n t White, 3 6 *
G l assy C utwo r m , 1 2 1 *
G l over's S i l k Moth, 9 7 *
Goatweed , 5 8 *
Golden- banded S k i p per,
1 1 7*
E l egant S p h i n x , 86*
E l li n s , 66*-67*
E l l a S p h i n x , 88*
El m leal Caterpi l l a r,
1 34*
E l m Spanworm, 1 42 *
E m peror B u t terflies, 59*
Eur. C or n Borer, 1 48 *
E u r . P i ne Shoot, 1 52 *
E u ry n o me , 4 6 *
Eyed B rown , 40*
1 58
1 52 *
G o r g o n Copper, 69*
G o s s a m e r W i n g s , 63 *-
7 3*
1 33 * - 1 3 5 *
H a p l o a T i g e r Mot h , 1 1 3
H a r r i s ' C heckerspot, 48*
Ha rvester, 70*
Howkmoths, 82* - 8 3 *
Hedge row H a i rstreok,
65*
Heliconians, 43*
H e m l o c k loo per, 1 42 *
Henry's E l fi n , 67*
Herm i t - l i ke Sph i n x , 8 5
Hermit Sphinx, 85*
H i c k o r y H orned Dev i l ,
1 08 *
H i c k o r y Tussock Mot h ,
1 1 4*
Ho ary-edged S k i p per,
74*
H o a r y E l fi n , 6 7 *
Hobomok S k i pper, 80*
H o g Sphinx, 9 2 *
Honey-locust, 1 0 6 *
Hu c k leberry S p h i n x , 90*
H u m m i ng b i rd Moth, 94 *
Hydrangea Sph i n x , 92*
I m p e r i a l Moth, 1 09*
I n d i a n - meal Mot h , 1 50 *
I n d i a n S k i p per, 7 8*
l ndra , 2 3 *
lo m o t h , 6 * , 7 * , 8, 1 03 *
I s a be l l a Moth, 9 * , 1 1 1 *
J u b a S k i pper, 7 8 *
46*
Julia, 43*
Greater W a x M o t h , 1 49 * Juve n o l 's Dusky-wing ,
G r e a t leopa r d , 1 1 0 *
76*
Noctu i d s , 1 1 8 * - 1 3 1 *
P l u m e Moths, 1 46 *
" P o c a h o n ta s , " 8 0 *
N o r t h e r n C l oudy W i n g ,
P o l yd a m a s Swa l l owta i l , 2 1 *
75*
N o r thern Metal m a r k , 6 1 P o l y p h e m u s , 6 , 9 9 *
N o r t hern P e a r l y E y e , 40
P o p l a r Te ntma ker, 1 3 2 *
N o r thern P i n e S p h i n x , B B * P r o methea M o t h , 9 * , 1 0 0 *
P r o m i n ents, 1 3 2 *
O a k w o r m Mot h s , 1 0 7 * P u r p l e W i n g s , 60*
1 09 *
P u r p l i s h C o p per, 69 *
Ocola S k i pper, 8 0 *
P u s s Cate rp i l lar, 7 * , 8 ,
Olethreutids, 1 5 1
1 46 *
O l ive H a i rstrea k , 6 5 *
Pygmy B l u e , 7 1 *
Olympia Marble, 32*
One-eyed S p h i n x , 9 0 *
Qu e e n, 3 9 *
Orange -barred S u l p h u r,
Question Mark, 5 0 *
33*
Orange-bordered B l u e ,
Ragweed P l u m e Moth, 1 46 *
72*
R a n c h m a n 's T i ger, 1 1 5 *
Orange S u l phur, 3 0 *
R a n g e C a t e rp i l l a r, 1 05
Oriental F r u i t , 1 5 1 *
Rea k i r t's B l u e , 7 2 *
Red Admiral, 54*
R e d- banded H a i rstrea k ,
P a i nted lady, 5 3 *
P a l a medes Swa l l owta i l ,
64*
24
Red - h u m ped C a ter p i l lar,
P a l e - s i d e d Cutwo r m , 1 2 0 *
1 35 *
P a l e Swa l l owta i l , 2 8 *
Red - h u m ped Oakwo r m ,
Marine B l u e , 7 2 *
P a l e Tu ssock Moth, 1 1 4 *
1 35 *
Meal M o t h , 1 50 *
Med i i . F l o u r M o t h , 1 50 * P a l e W . C u two r m , 1 2 1 *
Red-spotted P u r p l e ,
1 9* , 57*
Pandora M o t h , 9 8 *
Meta l ma r k s , 6 1 * - 6 2 *
Pandorus S p h i n x , 9 3 *
Mex i c a n Fri t i l l a ry, 4 4
Regal F r i t i l l a r y, 4 4 *
Parnass i u s , 2 0 , 2 9 *
R e g a l M o t h s , 1 06 *
M i l bert's To r t o i s e Sh e l l ,
55*
Pawpaw S p h i n x , 8 5 *
R i d i ng 's Satyr, 4 2 *
P e a c h Tree Borer, 1 44 *
R o a d s i d e S k i p per, 8 0 *
M i l kweed Butterfl i e s ,
38* -39*
P e a r l C rescent, 4 9 *
Rosy Maple Moth, 1 06 *
R o u g h P r o m i ne nt , 1 3 5 *
Pearly Eye, 4 0 *
M i l kweed Tu ssock Moth,
R o y al Mo ths , 1 0 6 *
Pearly Wood N y m p h ,
1 1 6*
R o y a l Wa l n u t , 1 0 8 *
1 30 *
Mimic, 60*
R u d d y C o p per, 6 8 *
Mimosa Webwo r m , 1 5 3 * Peck's S k i p per, 7 9 *
Mona r c h , 6 * , 3 8 * , 3 9
P e n i te nt U nderw i n g , 1 2 9 * R u d d y Dagger Wing, 60 *
Rustic Sphinx, 8 3 *
Mormon Meta l m a r k , 6 2 * Pepper-a nd-sa l t , 1 42 *
Mor r i s o n 's Gootweed, 5 8 * P h a o n C r escent, 4 9 *
R u s t y Tu ssock, 1 3 7 *
P i n e E l fi n , 66*
Mot h s , 8 1 * - 1 5 2 *
Mot tled Dusky-wi n g , 7 6 * P i n e Tu ssock Moth, 1 3 7 *
Saddleback, 7 * , 8, 1 45 *
Mounta i n Swa l l owta i l ,
P i n e White, 3 6 *
Saddled Prominent, 1 34 *
23*
P i n k -edged S u l p h u r, 3 1 * Sae p i o l u s B l u e , 73 *
Mournful Dusky-wi ng, 76* P i n k - spotted Hawk m o t h , S a l t Mars h Cater p i l l a r,
1 1 1 *
Mou r n i n g C l o a k , 5 5 *
82*
Mustard Whi t e, 3 5 *
P i nk-str i ped Oa kwo r m ,
Sara Orange T i p , 3 2 *
1 07*
Satin Moth, 1 36 *
My l i tta Cresce n t , 4 9 *
P i pevine Swa l l owta i l ,
Satyr A n g l e W i n g , 5 0 *
Nais Metolmork , 6 2 *
Satyrs, 4 0 * - 4 2 *
9 * , 1 9 * , 20 * , 2 1 *
Nessus Sph i n x , 9 2 *
P i stol C a s e Bearer, 1 50 * Seq u o i a Sph i n x , 8 9 *
P i tch Tw i g m o t h , 1 5 2 *
N evada Arct i c , 4 2 *
Sheep Moth, 1 03*
N evada B u c k , 1 04 *
P l a i n R i n g let, 4 1
S h o r t - t a i l e d Swa l l owNevada F r i t i l l a r y, 4 6 *
Plebeian Sphinx, 8 1 *
ta i l , 23
1 59
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S howy H o l o m e l i n a , 1 1 6 *
S i l k Mot h s , 1 0 5 *
S i lvered -borde red f r i t i l
lary, 4 7 *
S i lvery C heckerspot, 4 8 *
S i lver-s potted S k i pper,
74*
S i lvery B l u e , 7 3 *
S i sters, 5 6 , 5 8 *
S k i ff Moth, 1 45 *
S k i ppers, 74 * - 8 0 *
S l eepy D u s k y - w i n g , 7 6 *
S l eepy Or a n g e , 3 5 *
S l u g Cate r p i l l a r, 1 45 *
S m a l l -eyed S p h i n x , 9 0 *
S me a red D a g g e r , I 1 9 *
S m i nthe u s , 2 9 *
Snout B utterfl i e s, 6 2 *
Snout Moths, 1 4 8 * - 1 50 *
Snowberry C l earwi n g ,
94*
*
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i
n .
1 50 *
Sonora B l u e , 73 *
Southern C l oudy W i n g ,
75 *
Southern Cor nsta l k
Borer, 1 49 *
Southern Dog-face, 34 *
Southern H a i rstrea k , 6 4 *
Southern Sooty-w i n g ,
77*
Spanworms, 1 40 * - 1 4 3 *
Spear -m a r ke d B l ack
moth , 1 4 1 *
S p h i n x Moths, 8 2 * - 9 4 *
S p i cebush Swa l l owta i l ,
26*
Wa l n u t S p h i n x , 9 1 *
Waved S p h i n x , 8 4 *
Web b i n g C l othes Moth,
1 53 *
We idemeyer's Adm i r a l ,
57*
West C o a s t lady, 5 3 *
We stern Banded E lfi n , 6 6
Western E lfi n , 6 7 *
Western Meadow F r i t i l lary, 47*
Western Ta i l ed B l u e , 7 1 *
Western Tent Cater p i l
lar, 1 3 B *
We stern Ti ger Swa l l owTawny E m peror, 5 9 *
Te ntacled P r o m i nent,
ta i l , 2 7 *
We stern Tu sso c k , 1 3 7 *
1 32 *
Tent Cater p i l l a r s , 6 * ,
Wheat Head Armywo r m ,
1 38 * - 1 39*
1 24 *
Thistle Butterfl i e s , 53 * White A d m i ra l , 5 6 *
W h i te C utwo r m , 1 2 2 *
54*
Three-spotted f i l l i p , 1 4 3 * W h i te- l i ned S p h i n x , 9 4 *
Three- ta i l ed Swal lowWhite-ma rked Tentmaker, 1 3 2 *
ta i l , 28
Ti ger Moths, 1 1 0 * - 1 1 6 *
White-ma rked Tu ssock
Tineid Mot h s , 1 5 3 *
Mot h , 1 3 7 *
Ti ny N ymph U nderwi n g ,
W h i te-M H a i rstrea k , 6 4 '
W h i tes a n d S u l p h u r s ,
1 29 *
Tobacco H ornworm, 8 2 *
30*-37*
Tomato Hornworm, 8 3 *
W h i te U n derw i n g , 1 2 8 *
Wh ite-veined Dagger,
Tor t o i se S h e l l s , 5 5 *
131 *
Tro pi c Queens, 60*
W i d ow Un d erw i n g , 1 2 8 '
True S i l k Moths, 1 05 *
W i l d Ch erry Mo t h , 1 3 9 *
Tu l i p - tree S i l k , 1 0 1 *
Tu ssock Moths, 1 3 6 * W i l d Cherry S p h i n x , 8 7 *
W-Marked C utwo r m , 1 2<
1 37 *
Tw i n -spot ted S p h i n x , 91 *
Two -ta i led Swa l l owta i l ,
Xerces B l ue, 1 2 *
28*
Ye l l ow-necked Caterp i i S p i n y O a k - s l u g , 1 45 *
S p i n y Oakworm, 1 07 *
U nc as Ski pper, 7 8 *
lar, 1 3 3 *
S potted Cutworm, 1 2 0 *
Underw i n g s , 1 2 8 * - 1 3 1 *
Ye l l ow-striped ArmySpotted - s ided Cutwo r m ,
U n i corn Cater p i l lar, 1 3 5 *
wo r m , 1 2 3 *
Ye l l ow Woo l l y B e a r, 1 1 5 *
121 *
Yucca Moth, 1 5 3 *
Va r i a b l e O ak leo/ CatSpot ted Tu ssock Moth,
Yucca S k i pper, 8 0 *
erpi l l a r, 1 3 4 *
1 14*
S p r i n g C a nkerwo r m ,
Va r i egated Cutwo r m , 1 2 3 *
Va r i egated f r i t i l l a r y, 4 4 * Z e b u l o n S k i pper, 8 0 *
1 40 *
Ver n a l Ski pper, 7 9 *
S p ruce Budworm, 1 46 *
Zano l i d s , 1 3 9 *
Zebra, 4 3 *
Square-spotted B l ue, 7 3 * Vice roy, 9 * , 5 6 *
Squash V i n e Borer, 1 44 * V i r g i n i a Ctenucha, 1 1 7 *
Zebra C a te r p i l lar, 1 2 5 *
Virgo Tiger Mot h , 1 1 3 *
Sta l k Borer, 1 3 1 *
Zebra Swa l l owta i l , 2 8 *
Strawberry leaf R o l ler,
Zephyr, 5 1 *
Wa l n ut Cater p i l l a r, 1 3 3 * Z i mmerman P i n e Moth ,
151 *
Stri ped Cutworm, 1 2 2 *
Wa l n u t Spanwo r m , 1 4 1 *
1 48 *
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I
BUTTERFLIES
AND MOTHS
a. C3uu:k
HERBERT S. ZIM, Ph . D. , Sc. D. , an originator and former
editor of the Golden Guide Series, was also an author for
many years. Author of some ninety books and editor of
about as many, he is now Adjunct Professor at the Uni
versity of Miami and Educational Consultant to the Amer
ican Friends Service Committee and other organizations.
He works on educational, population and environmental
problems.
u s $5 .95
Can $8 95
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