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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Wat
er</h1>
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ass="mw-content-ltr"><div role="note" class="hatnote">This article is about gene
ral aspects of water. For a detailed discussion of its physical and chemical pro
perties, see <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">Pro
perties of water</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Water_(disambiguation)"
class="mw-disambig" title="Water (disambiguation)">Water (disambiguation)</a>.<
/div>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Iceberg_with_ho
le_near_Sandersons_Hope_2007-07-28_2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//uploa
d.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Iceberg_with_hole_near_Sandersons_H
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ikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Iceberg_with_hole_near_Sandersons_Hope_2007-07-28_2.
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Water in three states: liquid, solid (<a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a>),
and gas (invisible <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</
a> in the air). <a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">Clouds</a> are accumulations
of water droplets, <a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">condensed<
/a> from vapor-saturated air.</div>
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352" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="//upload.wik
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ideo.webm/220px--Water_Video.webm.jpg" /><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikiped
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<p><b>Water</b> (chemical formula: <b>H<sub>2</sub>O</b>) is a transparent <a hr
ef="/wiki/Fluid" title="Fluid">fluid</a> which forms the world's streams, lakes,
oceans and rain and is the major constituent of the fluids of organisms. A <a h
ref="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">water molecule</a> c
ontains one <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> and two <a href="/w
iki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">at
oms</a> that are connected by <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond
">covalent bonds</a>. Water is a <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a
> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_ambient_temperature_and_pressure" class="mw-redirec
t" title="Standard ambient temperature and pressure">standard ambient temperatur
e and pressure</a>, but it often co-exists on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth
">Earth</a> in its <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a> state, <a href=
"/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gaseous</a> s
tate, <a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">steam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Water_vapor"
title="Water vapor">water vapor</a>). It also exists as <a href="/wiki/Snow" ti
tle="Snow">snow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">fog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dew
" title="Dew">dew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">cloud</a>.</p>
<p>Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference
"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> It is vital for all known forms of <a hre
f="/wiki/Life#Range_of_tolerance" title="Life">life</a>. On Earth, 96.5% of the
planet's crust water is found in seas and oceans, 1.7% in groundwater, 1.7% in g
laciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland, a small fraction in other
large water bodies, and 0.001% in the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphe
re">air</a> as <a href="/wiki/Vapor" title="Vapor">vapor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clo
ud" title="Cloud">clouds</a> (formed of ice and liquid water suspended in air),
and <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Preci
pitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-b1_2-0" class="refer
ence"><a href="#cite_note-b1-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="referen
ce"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> Only 2.5% of this water is <a href="/wi
ki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a>, and 98.8%
of that water is in ice (excepting ice in clouds) and <a href="/wiki/Groundwater
" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a>. Less than 0.3% of all freshwater is in ri
vers, lakes, and the atmosphere, and an even smaller amount of the Earth's fresh
water (0.003%) is contained within biological bodies and manufactured products.<
sup id="cite_ref-b1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b1-2">[2]</a></su
p> A greater quantity of water is found in the earth's interior.<sup id="cite_re
f-crockett_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crockett-4">[4]</a></sup><
/p>
<p>Water on Earth moves continually through the <a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" titl
e="Water cycle">water cycle</a> of <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporatio

n">evaporation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">trans
piration</a> (<a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">evap
otranspiration</a>), <a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">condensat
ion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="
Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Surface_runof
f" title="Surface runoff">runoff</a>, usually reaching the sea. Evaporation and
transpiration contribute to the precipitation over land. Water used in the produ
ction of a good or service is known as <a href="/wiki/Virtual_water" title="Virt
ual water">virtual water</a>.</p>
<p>Safe <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a>
is essential to humans and other lifeforms even though it provides no <a href="
/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">calories</a> or <a href="/wiki/Organic_co
mpound" title="Organic compound">organic</a> <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nut
rient">nutrients</a>. Access to safe drinking water has improved over the last d
ecades in almost every part of the world, but approximately one billion people s
till lack access to safe water and over 2.5 billion lack access to adequate <a h
ref="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN-5">[5]</a></sup> There is a clear co
rrelation between access to safe water and <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product
_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross domestic product per capita">gross
domestic product per capita</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href=
"#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> However, some observers have estimated that by 2025
more than half of the <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population"
>world population</a> will be facing water-based vulnerability.<sup id="cite_ref
-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> A report, issued in N
ovember 2009, suggests that by 2030, in some developing regions of the world, wa
ter demand will exceed supply by 50%.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a h
ref="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> Water plays an important role in the <a href="/
wiki/World_economy" title="World economy">world economy</a>, as it functions as
a <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a> for a wide variety of chem
ical substances and facilitates industrial cooling and transportation. Approxima
tely 70% of the freshwater used by humans goes to <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" ti
tle="Agriculture">agriculture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baroni2007_9-0" class="refer
ence"><a href="#cite_note-Baroni2007-9">[9]</a></sup></p>
<p></p>
<div id="toc" class="toc">
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Chemical_and_physical_properties">
<span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Chemical and physical pro
perties</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Taste_and_odor"><span class="tocnu
mber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Taste and odor</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Distribution_in_nature"><span clas
s="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Distribution in nature</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#In_the_universe"><span class="tocn
umber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">In the universe</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Water_vapor"><span class="tocnumbe
r">3.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Water vapor</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Liquid_water"><span class="tocnumb
er">3.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Liquid water</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Water_ice"><span class="tocnumber"
>3.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Water ice</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Exotic_forms"><span class="tocnumb
er">3.1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Exotic forms</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Water_and_habitable_zone"><span cl
ass="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Water and habitable zone</span>
</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#On_Earth"><span class="tocnumber"
>4</span> <span class="toctext">On Earth</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Water_cycle"><span class="tocnumb
er">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Water cycle</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Fresh_water_storage"><span class=
"tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Fresh water storage</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Sea_water_and_tides"><span class=
"tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Sea water and tides</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Effects_on_life"><span class="toc
number">5</span> <span class="toctext">Effects on life</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Aquatic_life_forms"><span class="
tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Aquatic life forms</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Effects_on_human_civilization"><s
pan class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Effects on human civilizati
on</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Health_and_pollution"><span class
="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Health and pollution</span></a></l
i>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Human_uses"><span class="tocnumbe
r">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Human uses</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Agriculture"><span class="tocnumb
er">6.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Agriculture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#As_a_scientific_standard"><span c
lass="tocnumber">6.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">As a scientific standard</sp
an></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#For_drinking"><span class="tocnum
ber">6.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">For drinking</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Washing"><span class="tocnumber">
6.2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Washing</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Transportation"><span class="tocn
umber">6.2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Transportation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Chemical_uses"><span class="tocnu
mber">6.2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Chemical uses</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#Heat_exchange"><span class="tocnu
mber">6.2.7</span> <span class="toctext">Heat exchange</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#Fire_extinction"><span class="toc
number">6.2.8</span> <span class="toctext">Fire extinction</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="#Recreation"><span class="tocnumbe
r">6.2.9</span> <span class="toctext">Recreation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#Water_industry"><span class="tocn
umber">6.2.10</span> <span class="toctext">Water industry</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="#Industrial_applications"><span cl
ass="tocnumber">6.2.11</span> <span class="toctext">Industrial applications</spa
n></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><a href="#Food_processing"><span class="toc
number">6.2.12</span> <span class="toctext">Food processing</span></a></li>

</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Law.2C_politics.2C_and_crisis"><s
pan class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Law, politics, and crisis</
span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#In_culture"><span class="tocnumbe
r">8</span> <span class="toctext">In culture</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Religion"><span class="tocnumber"
>8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Religion</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Philosophy"><span class="tocnumbe
r">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Philosophy</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber"
>9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumbe
r">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="toc
number">11</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocn
umber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Chemical_and_physical_properties">Chemical and
physical properties</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_wat
er" title="Properties of water">Properties of water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_(d
ata_page)" title="Water (data page)">Water (data page)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/W
ater_model" title="Water model">Water model</a></div>
<div class="thumb tleft">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:3D_model_hydrog
en_bonds_in_water.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wik
ipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/3D_model_hydrogen_bonds_in_water.svg/220px-3D_model_hy
drogen_bonds_in_water.svg.png" width="220" height="218" class="thumbimage" srcse
t="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/3D_model_hydrogen_bonds_i
n_water.svg/330px-3D_model_hydrogen_bonds_in_water.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikime
dia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/3D_model_hydrogen_bonds_in_water.svg/440px3D_model_hydrogen_bonds_in_water.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-hei
ght="397" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:3D_model_hydrogen_bonds_in_water.svg" c
lass="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Model of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond">hydrogen bonds</a>
(1) between molecules of water.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_droplet_b
lue_bg05.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/co
mmons/thumb/f/fc/Water_droplet_blue_bg05.jpg/220px-Water_droplet_blue_bg05.jpg"
width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikip
edia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Water_droplet_blue_bg05.jpg/330px-Water_droplet_blue_bg0
5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Water_droplet_bl
ue_bg05.jpg/440px-Water_droplet_blue_bg05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-fi
le-height="1067" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_droplet_blue_bg05.jpg" class="int
ernal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Impact from a water drop causes an upward "rebound" jet surrounded by circular <
a href="/wiki/Capillary_wave" title="Capillary wave">capillary waves</a>.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:SnowflakesWilso
nBentley.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/co
mmons/thumb/c/c2/SnowflakesWilsonBentley.jpg/220px-SnowflakesWilsonBentley.jpg"
width="220" height="281" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikip
edia/commons/thumb/c/c2/SnowflakesWilsonBentley.jpg/330px-SnowflakesWilsonBentle
y.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/SnowflakesWilson
Bentley.jpg/440px-SnowflakesWilsonBentley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-fi
le-height="1437" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:SnowflakesWilsonBentley.jpg" class="int
ernal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
<i><a href="/wiki/Snowflake" title="Snowflake">Snowflakes</a></i> by <a href="/w
iki/Wilson_Bentley" title="Wilson Bentley">Wilson Bentley</a>, 1902.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Spider_web_Luc_
Viatour.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/com
mons/thumb/4/43/Spider_web_Luc_Viatour.jpg/220px-Spider_web_Luc_Viatour.jpg" wid
th="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi
a/commons/thumb/4/43/Spider_web_Luc_Viatour.jpg/330px-Spider_web_Luc_Viatour.jpg
1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Spider_web_Luc_Viatou
r.jpg/440px-Spider_web_Luc_Viatour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3160" data-file-heig
ht="2373" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Spider_web_Luc_Viatour.jpg" class="inte
rnal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
<a href="/wiki/Dew" title="Dew">Dew</a> drops adhering to a <a href="/wiki/Spide
r_web" title="Spider web">spider web</a>.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Capillarity.svg
" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/
6/64/Capillarity.svg/170px-Capillarity.svg.png" width="170" height="227" class="
thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Capillar
ity.svg/255px-Capillarity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons
/thumb/6/64/Capillarity.svg/340px-Capillarity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="549"
data-file-height="733" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Capillarity.svg" class="internal" title
="Enlarge"></a></div>
<a href="/wiki/Capillary_action" title="Capillary action">Capillary action</a> o
f water compared to <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">
mercury</a>.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Water is the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">ch
emical substance</a> with <a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formu
la">chemical formula</a> <span><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-math
ml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
>
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mtext>H</mtext>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" />
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mtext>O</mtext>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O}}}</annota
tion>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/
373648858d1d59d300f88386b46dd95e01f04c5a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline"
aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.634ex; height:2.843
ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O}}}" /></span>: one <a href="/wiki/Molecule" t
itle="Molecule">molecule</a> of water has two <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hy
drogen">hydrogen</a> <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> <a href="/wiki/
Covalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Covalent">covalently</a> <a href="/wiki/Che
mical_bond" title="Chemical bond">bonded</a> to a single <a href="/wiki/Oxygen"
title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> atom.</p>
<p>Water appears in nature in all three common states of matter (solid, liquid,
and gas) and may take many different forms on Earth: water vapor and <a href="/w
iki/Cloud" title="Cloud">clouds</a> in the sky, <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="
Seawater">seawater</a> in the oceans, <a href="/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg">ic
ebergs</a> in the polar oceans, <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers
</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mountain" title="Mountain">mountains</a>, fresh and s
alt water <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/River" tit
le="River">rivers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers</a>
in the ground.</p>
<p>The major chemical and physical properties of water are:</p>
<ul>
<li>Water is a liquid at <a href="/wiki/Standard_conditions" class="mw-redirect"
title="Standard conditions">standard temperature and pressure</a> of 273.15 K (
0 C, 32 F) and an absolute pressure of exactly 100 000 Pa (1 bar, 14.5 p
si, 0.98692 atm). It is tasteless and odorless. The intrinsic <a href="/wiki/Col
or_of_water" title="Color of water">color of water</a> and ice is a very slight
blue hue, although both appear colorless in small quantities. Water vapour is es
sentially invisible as a gas.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#c
ite_note-10">[10]</a></sup></li>
<li>Water is <a href="/wiki/Transparency_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tr
ansparency (optics)">transparent</a> in the visible <a href="/wiki/Electromagnet
ic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a>. Thus
<a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">aquatic plants</a> can live
in water because <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a> can rea
ch them. Infrared light is strongly <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(electromagnetic_r
adiation)" title="Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)">absorbed</a> by the hy
drogen-oxygen or OH bonds.</li>
<li>Since the water molecule is not linear and the oxygen atom has a higher <a h
ref="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">electronegativity</a> th
an hydrogen atoms, the oxygen atom carries a slight negative charge, whereas the
hydrogen atoms are slightly positive. As a result, water is a <a href="/wiki/Po
lar_molecule" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar molecule">polar molecule</a> with

an <a href="/wiki/Electrical_dipole_moment" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric
al dipole moment">electrical dipole moment</a>. Water also can form an unusually
large number of intermolecular <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bonds" class="mw-redirec
t" title="Hydrogen bonds">hydrogen bonds</a> (four) for a molecule of its size.
These factors lead to strong attractive forces between molecules of water, givin
g rise to water's high <a href="/wiki/Surface_tension" title="Surface tension">s
urface tension</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11
">[11]</a></sup> and capillary forces. The <a href="/wiki/Capillary_action" titl
e="Capillary action">capillary action</a> refers to the tendency of water to mov
e up a narrow tube against the force of <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">
gravity</a>. This property is relied upon by all <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant"
title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</a>, such as trees.<sup id="cite_ref-12"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup></li>
<li>Water is a good polar <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a> an
d is often referred to as <i>the universal <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solven
t">solvent</a></i>. Substances that dissolve in water, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Salt
_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="S
ugar">sugars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al
kali" title="Alkali">alkalis</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gases
</a> especially oxygen and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide"
>carbon dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbonation" title="Carbonation">carbonation
</a>) are known as <i><a href="/wiki/Hydrophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyd
rophilic">hydrophilic</a></i> (water-loving) substances, while those that are <a
href="/wiki/Miscibility" title="Miscibility">immiscible</a> with water (e.g., <
a href="/wiki/Lipids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipids">fats and oils</a>), are
known as <i><a href="/wiki/Hydrophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophobic"
>hydrophobic</a></i> (water-fearing) substances.</li>
<li>All of the components in cells (<a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">prot
eins</a>, <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polysacchar
ide" title="Polysaccharide">polysaccharides</a>) are dissolved in water, derivin
g their structure and activity from their interactions with the water.</li>
<li>Pure water has a low <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redir
ect" title="Electrical conductivity">electrical conductivity</a>, but this incre
ases with the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_(chemistry)" title="Dissolution (chemis
try)">dissolution</a> of a small amount of ionic material such as <a href="/wiki
/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a>.</li>
<li>The <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boiling point</a> of
water (and all other liquids) is dependent on the <a href="/wiki/Ambient_pressu
re" title="Ambient pressure">ambient pressure</a>. For example, on the top of <a
href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a> water boils
at 68 C (154 F), compared to 100 C (212 F) at <a href="/wiki/Sea
_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a> at a similar latitude (since latitude mo
difies atmospheric pressure slightly). Conversely, water deep in the ocean near
<a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">geothermal vents</a>
can reach temperatures of hundreds of degrees and remain liquid.</li>
<li>At 4181.3 J/(kgK), water has a high <a href="/wiki/Specific_heat_capacity" cl
ass="mw-redirect" title="Specific heat capacity">specific heat capacity</a>, as
well as a high <a href="/wiki/Heat_of_vaporization" class="mw-redirect" title="H
eat of vaporization">heat of vaporization</a> (<span class="nowrap">2257 kJ/kg</
span>), both of which are a result of the extensive <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bond
ing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen bonding">hydrogen bonding</a> between i
ts molecules. These two unusual properties allow water to moderate Earth's <a hr
ef="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> by buffering large fluctuations i
n temperature.</li>
<li>The <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> of liquid water is 1
,000 kg/m<sup>3</sup> (62.43 lb/cu ft) at 4 C. Ice has a dens
ity of 917 kg/m<sup>3</sup> (57.25 lb/cu ft).</li>
<li>The maximum density of water occurs at 3.98 C (39.16 F).<sup id="cit
e_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> Most known pu
re substances become more dense as they cool, however water has the anomalous pr
operty of becoming less dense when it is cooled to its solid form, ice. During c
ooling, water becomes more dense until reaching 3.98 C. Below this temperatu
re, the open structure of ice is gradually formed in the low temperature water;
the random orientations of the water molecules in the liquid are maintained by t
he thermal motion, but below 3.98 C there is not enough thermal energy to ma
intain this randomness. As water is cooled there are two competing effects: 1) d
ecreasing volume, and 2) increase overall volume of the liquid as the molecules
begin to orient into the organized structure of ice. Between 3.98 C and 0&#1
60;C, the second effect will cancel the first effect so the net effect is an incr
ease of volume with decreasing temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="referenc
e"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> Water expands to occupy a 9% greater v
olume as ice, which accounts for the fact that ice floats on liquid water, as in
icebergs.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Water is <a href="/wiki/Miscible" class="mw-redirect" title="Miscible">misci
ble</a> with many liquids, such as <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethan
ol</a>, in all proportions, forming a single <a href="/wiki/Homogeneous_(chemist
ry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Homogeneous (chemistry)">homogeneous</a> liquid.
On the other hand, water and most <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oils</a> are
immiscible, usually forming layers with the least dense liquid as the top layer,
and the most dense layer at the bottom.</li>
<li>Water forms an <a href="/wiki/Azeotrope" title="Azeotrope">azeotrope</a> wit
h many other solvents.</li>
<li>Liquid water can be split by the addition of energy equal to the <a href="/w
iki/Standard_enthalpy_of_formation" title="Standard enthalpy of formation">heat
of formation</a> of water in the amount of 285.8 kJ/mol (15.9 MJ/kg). <a href="/
wiki/Electrolysis_of_water" title="Electrolysis of water">Electrolysis of water<
/a> is a commonly used method of splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen. The <
a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> required to split water into hyd
rogen and oxygen by <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolys
is</a> or any other means is greater than the energy that can be collected when
the hydrogen and oxygen recombine.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a hre
f="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup></li>
<li>As an oxide of hydrogen, water is formed when hydrogen or hydrogen-containin
g compounds <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">burn</a> or <a href="/
wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">react</a> with oxygen or oxyge
n-containing compounds. Water is not a <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a
>, it is an end-product of the combustion of hydrogen.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Elements</a> which
are more <a href="/wiki/Electropositivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electropo
sitivity">electropositive</a> than hydrogen such as <a href="/wiki/Lithium" titl
e="Lithium">lithium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, <a hr
ef="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title=
"Potassium">potassium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">caesium</a
> displace hydrogen from water, forming <a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxi
de">hydroxides</a>. Being a flammable gas, the hydrogen given off is dangerous a
nd the reaction of water with the more electropositive of these elements may be
violently explosive.</li>
</ul>
<table class="wikitable">
<tr>
<th>Property</th>
<th>Remarks</th>
<th>Importance to the environment</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Physical state</td>
<td>Only substance occurring naturally in all three phases as solid, liquid, and
gas on Earth's surface</td>

<td>Transfer of heat between ocean and atmosphere by phase change</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Dissolving ability</td>
<td>Dissolves more substances in greater quantities than any other common liquid
</td>
<td>Important in chemical, physical, and biological processes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Density: mass per unit volume</td>
<td>Density is determined by (1) temperature, (2) salinity, and (3) pressure, in
that order of importance. The temperature of maximum density for pure water is
4 C. For seawater, the freezing point decreases with increasing salinity</td
>
<td>Controls oceanic vertical circulation, aids in heat distribution, and allows
seasonal stratification</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Surface tension</td>
<td>Highest of all common liquids</td>
<td>Controls drop formation in rain and clouds; important in cell physiology</td
>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Conduction of heat</td>
<td>Highest of all common liquids</td>
<td>Important on the small scale, especially on cellular level</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Specific Heat capacity</td>
<td>Highest of all common solids and liquids</td>
<td>Prevents extreme range in Earth's temperatures (i.e., great heat moderator)<
/td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Latent heat of fusion</td>
<td>Highest of all common liquids and most solids</td>
<td>Thermostatic heat-regulating effect due to the release of heat on freezing a
nd absorption on melting</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Latent heat of vaporization</td>
<td>Highest of all common substances</td>
<td>Immense importance: a major factor in the transfer of heat in and between oc
ean and atmosphere, driving weather and climate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Refractive index</td>
<td>Increases with increasing salinity and decreases with increasing temperature
</td>
<td>Objects appear closer than in air</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Transparency</td>
<td>Relatively great for visible light; absorption high for infrared and ultravi
olet</td>
<td>Important for photosynthesis</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sound transmission</td>
<td>Good compared with other fluids</td>
<td>Allows for sonar and precision depth recorders to rapidly determine water de
pth, and to detect subsurface features and animals; sounds can be heard great di
stances underwater</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Compressibility</td>
<td>Only slight</td>
<td>Density changes only slightly with pressure/depth</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Boiling and melting points</td>
<td>Unusually high</td>
<td>Allows water to exist as a liquid on most of Earth</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Taste_and_odor">Taste and odor</span></h2>
<p>Pure H<sub>2</sub>O is tasteless and odorless.</p>
<p>Water can dissolve many different substances, giving it varying tastes and od
ors. <a href="/wiki/Humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Humans">Humans</a>, and o
ther animals, have developed senses that enable them to evaluate the <a href="/w
iki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">potability</a> of water by avoiding w
ater that is too salty or <a href="/wiki/Putrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Putr
id">putrid</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-s
pace:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Cit
ation needed"><span title="Although seemingly obvious, it would be better if a r
eference were cited (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
<p>The taste of <a href="/wiki/Spring_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring w
ater">spring water</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mineral_water" title="Mineral water">m
ineral water</a>, often advertised in marketing of consumer products, derives fr
om the minerals dissolved in it. The advertised purity of spring and mineral wat
er refers to absence of <a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">toxins</a>, <a href=
"/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">pollutants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Microorga
nism" title="Microorganism">microbes</a>, not to the absence of naturally occurr
ing minerals.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Distribution_in_nature">Distribution in nature
</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="In_the_universe">In the universe</span></h3>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Band_5_ALMA_rec
eiver.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commo
ns/thumb/c/c3/Band_5_ALMA_receiver.jpg/220px-Band_5_ALMA_receiver.jpg" width="22
0" height="152" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/comm
ons/thumb/c/c3/Band_5_ALMA_receiver.jpg/330px-Band_5_ALMA_receiver.jpg 1.5x, //u
pload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Band_5_ALMA_receiver.jpg/440pxBand_5_ALMA_receiver.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="886" /></a
>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Band_5_ALMA_receiver.jpg" class="intern
al" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Band 5 <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Large_Millimeter_Array" title="Atacama Large Milli
meter Array">ALMA</a> receiver is an instrument specifically designed to detect
water in the Universe.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_not
e-16">[16]</a></sup></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Much of the universe's water is produced as a byproduct of <a href="/wiki/Sta
r_formation" title="Star formation">star formation</a>. The formation of stars i
s accompanied by a strong outward wind of gas and dust. When this outflow of mat
erial eventually impacts the surrounding gas, the shock waves that are created c
ompress and heat the gas. The water observed is quickly produced in this warm de
nse gas.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a>
</sup></p>
<p>On 22 July 2011 a report described the discovery of a gigantic cloud of water
vapor containing "140 trillion times more water than all of Earth's oceans comb
ined" around a <a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">quasar</a> located 12 billi
on light years from Earth. According to the researchers, the "discovery shows th
at water has been prevalent in the universe for nearly its entire existence".<su
p id="cite_ref-Clavin_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clavin-18">[18
]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-water_vapor_cloud_19-0" class="reference"><a href="
#cite_note-water_vapor_cloud-19">[19]</a></sup></p>
<p>Water has been detected in <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_cloud" title="Interste
llar cloud">interstellar clouds</a> within our <a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Gal
axy">galaxy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a>.<
sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<
i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><s
pan title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citati
on needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Water probably exists in abundance in other gala
xies, too, because its components, hydrogen and oxygen, are among the most abund
ant elements in the universe. Based on models of the <a href="/wiki/Formation_an
d_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar Sys
tem">formation and evolution of the Solar System</a> and that of other star syst
ems, most other <a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">planet
ary systems</a> are likely to have similar ingredients.</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Water_vapor">Water vapor</span></h4>
<p>Water is present as vapor in:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Solar_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar atmosphere
">Atmosphere of the Sun</a>: in detectable trace amounts<sup id="cite_ref-Solank
i1994_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solanki1994-20">[20]</a></sup>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mercury" title="Atmosphere of Mercury">Atmosphe
re of Mercury</a>: 3.4%, and large amounts of water in <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(p
lanet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury's</a> <a href="/wiki/Exosphere" title="
Exosphere">exosphere</a><sup id="cite_ref-planetary_society_21-0" class="referen
ce"><a href="#cite_note-planetary_society-21">[21]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus" title="Atmosphere of Venus">Atmosphere o
f Venus</a>: 0.002%<sup id="cite_ref-Bertaux2007_22-0" class="reference"><a href
="#cite_note-Bertaux2007-22">[22]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmo
sphere">Earth's atmosphere</a>: 0.40% over full atmosphere, typically 14% at surfa
ce; as well as <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_the_Moon" title="Atmosphere of the M
oon">that of the Moon</a> in trace amounts<sup id="cite_ref-Sridharan2010_23-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sridharan2010-23">[23]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars" title="Atmosphere of Mars">Atmosphere of
Mars</a>: 0.03%<sup id="cite_ref-Rapp2012_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite
_note-Rapp2012-24">[24]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Ceres" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere of
Ceres">Atmosphere of Ceres</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kuppers2014_25-0" class="refere
nce"><a href="#cite_note-Kuppers2014-25">[25]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Atmosphere of Jupiter">Atmosphe
re of Jupiter</a>: 0.0004%<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite
_note-26">[26]</a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Volatiles" title="Volatiles">ices</a>
only; and that of its moon <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">
Europa</a><sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20131212-EU_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#c
ite_note-NASA-20131212-EU-27">[27]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Saturn" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere o
f Saturn">Atmosphere of Saturn</a> in <a href="/wiki/Volatiles" title="Volatiles
">ices</a> only; and that of its moons <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan
(moon)">Titan</a> (stratospheric), <a href="/wiki/Enceladus_(moon)" class="mw-r

edirect" title="Enceladus (moon)">Enceladus</a>: 91%<sup id="cite_ref-Hansen_280" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansen-28">[28]</a></sup> and <a href="
/wiki/Dione_(moon)" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a> (exosphere)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Uranus" title="Atmosphere of Uranus">Atmosphere
of Uranus</a> in trace amounts below 50 bar</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Neptune" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere
of Neptune">Atmosphere of Neptune</a> found in the deeper layers<sup id="cite_re
f-hubbard_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hubbard-29">[29]</a></sup>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrasolar plan
et">Extrasolar planet</a> atmospheres: including those of <a href="/wiki/HD_1897
33_b" title="HD 189733 b">HD 189733 b</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"
><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/HD_209458_b" title="H
D 209458 b">HD 209458 b</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Space.com_water_31-0" class="refer
ence"><a href="#cite_note-Space.com_water-31">[31]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tau_
Bo%C3%B6tis_b" title="Tau Botis b">Tau Botis b</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="re
ference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/HAT-P-11b" title=
"HAT-P-11b">HAT-P-11b</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20140924_33-0" class="reference
"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20140924-33">[33]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hanslmei
er2010_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanslmeier2010-34">[34]</a></
sup> <a href="/wiki/XO-1b" title="XO-1b">XO-1b</a>, <a href="/wiki/WASP-12b" tit
le="WASP-12b">WASP-12b</a>, <a href="/wiki/WASP-17b" title="WASP-17b">WASP-17b</
a>, and <a href="/wiki/WASP-19b" title="WASP-19b">WASP-19b</a>.<sup id="cite_ref
-NASA-20131203_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20131203-35">[35
]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_atmosphere" title="Stellar atmosphere">Stellar atmosp
heres</a>: not limited to cooler stars and even detected in giant hot stars such
as <a href="/wiki/Betelgeuse" title="Betelgeuse">Betelgeuse</a>, <a href="/wiki
/Mu_Cephei" title="Mu Cephei">Mu Cephei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antares" title="Anta
res">Antares</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arcturus" title="Arcturus">Arcturus</a>.<sup
id="cite_ref-Hanslmeier2010_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanslme
ier2010-34">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lund_Observatory_36-0" class="refere
nce"><a href="#cite_note-Lund_Observatory-36">[36]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar
disk">Circumstellar disks</a>: including those of more than half of <a href="/wi
ki/T_Tauri_star" title="T Tauri star">T Tauri stars</a> such as <a href="/wiki/A
A_Tauri" title="AA Tauri">AA Tauri</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hanslmeier2010_34-2" cla
ss="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanslmeier2010-34">[34]</a></sup> as well as
<a href="/wiki/TW_Hydrae" title="TW Hydrae">TW Hydrae</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" cl
ass="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/IRC_%2B102
16" class="mw-redirect" title="IRC +10216">IRC +10216</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" c
lass="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/APM_0
8279%2B5255" title="APM 08279+5255">APM 08279+5255</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Clavin_
18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clavin-18">[18]</a></sup><sup id="ci
te_ref-water_vapor_cloud_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-water_vapor
_cloud-19">[19]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/VY_Canis_Majoris" title="VY Canis Major
is">VY Canis Majoris</a> and <a href="/wiki/S_Persei" title="S Persei">S Persei<
/a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lund_Observatory_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_no
te-Lund_Observatory-36">[36]</a></sup></li>
</ul>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Liquid_water">Liquid water</span></h4>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Turquoise_Water
.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/th
umb/e/e8/Turquoise_Water.jpg/220px-Turquoise_Water.jpg" width="220" height="295"
class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/
Turquoise_Water.jpg/330px-Turquoise_Water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikip
edia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Turquoise_Water.jpg/440px-Turquoise_Water.jpg 2x" data-f
ile-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a>

<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Turquoise_Water.jpg" class="internal" t
itle="Enlarge"></a></div>
Turquoise water with a bit of <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight
</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Liquid water is known to be present on Earth, covering 71% of its surface. Sc
ientists believe liquid water is present in the Saturnian moons of <a href="/wik
i/Enceladus_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enceladus (moon)">Enceladus</a>,
as a 10-kilometre thick ocean approximately 3040 kilometres below Enceladus' sout
h polar surface,<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20140403_40-0" class="reference"><a href=
"#cite_note-NASA-20140403-40">[40]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SCI-20140404_41-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20140404-41">[41]</a></sup> and <a hr
ef="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a>, as a subsurface layer, p
ossibly mixed with <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>.<sup id="
cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup> Jupiter's
moon <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a> has surface
characteristics which suggest a subsurface liquid water ocean.<sup id="cite_ref43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup> Liquid water may al
so exist on Jupiter's moon <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon
)">Ganymede</a> as a layer sandwiched between high pressure ice and rock.<sup id
="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup></p>
<p>Currently, there are two planets known to have flowing liquid water on their
surfaces: Earth and <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref
-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup></p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Water_ice">Water ice</span></h4>
<p>Water is present as ice on:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">Mars</a>: under the rego
lith and at the poles</li>
<li>Earth-Moon system: mainly as <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">ice
sheets</a> on Earth and in Lunar craters and volcanic rocks<sup id="cite_ref-46
" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup> NASA reported the det
ection of water molecules by NASA's Moon Mineralogy Mapper aboard the Indian Spa
ce Research Organization's Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft in September 2009.<sup id="c
ite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup></li>
<li>Jupiter's moons: <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa<
/a>'s surface and also that of Ganymede</li>
<li>Saturn: in the <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn">plane
t's ring system</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sparrow_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#c
ite_note-Sparrow-48">[48]</a></sup> and on the surface and mantle of <a href="/w
iki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enceladus_(m
oon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enceladus (moon)">Enceladus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>-<a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)"
title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a> system<sup id="cite_ref-Sparrow_48-1" class="re
ference"><a href="#cite_note-Sparrow-48">[48]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comets" class="mw-redirect" title="Comets">Comets</a> and rel
ated (<a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a> and <a hre
f="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a> objects).</li>
</ul>
<p>And may also be present on:</p>
<ul>
<li>Mercury's poles<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4
9">[49]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a><
/li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(moon)" title="Tethys (moon)">Tethys</a></li>
</ul>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Exotic_forms">Exotic forms</span></h4>

<p>Water and other <a href="/wiki/Volatiles" title="Volatiles">volatiles</a> pro
bably comprise much of the internal structures of <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="
Uranus">Uranus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a> and t
he water in the deeper layers may be in the form of <a href="/w/index.php?title=
Ionic_water&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ionic water (page
does not exist)">ionic water</a> in which the molecules break down into a soup o
f hydrogen and oxygen ions, and deeper still as <a href="/wiki/Superionic_water"
title="Superionic water">superionic water</a> in which the oxygen crystallises
but the hydrogen ions float about freely within the oxygen lattice.<sup id="cite
_ref-newscientist.com_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newscientist.c
om-50">[50]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Water_and_habitable_zone">Water and habitable
zone</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Water_distr
ibution_on_Earth" title="Water distribution on Earth">Water distribution on Eart
h</a></div>
<p>The existence of liquid water, and to a lesser extent its <a href="/wiki/Gas"
title="Gas">gaseous</a> and solid forms, on Earth are vital to the existence of
<a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">life on Earth</a> as we know it. The
Earth is located in the <a href="/wiki/Habitable_zone" class="mw-redirect" title
="Habitable zone">habitable zone</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_system" class="
mw-redirect" title="Solar system">solar system</a>; if it were slightly closer t
o or farther from the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> (about 5%, or abou
t 8 million kilometers), the conditions which allow the three forms to be presen
t simultaneously would be far less likely to exist.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="
reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="re
ference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup></p>
<p>Earth's <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> allows it to hold
an <a href="/wiki/Celestial_body_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Celesti
al body atmosphere">atmosphere</a>. Water vapor and carbon dioxide in the atmosp
here provide a temperature buffer (<a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Gree
nhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a>) which helps maintain a relatively steady s
urface temperature. If Earth were smaller, a thinner atmosphere would allow temp
erature extremes, thus preventing the accumulation of water except in <a href="/
wiki/Polar_ice_cap" title="Polar ice cap">polar ice caps</a> (as on <a href="/wi
ki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>).</p>
<p>The surface temperature of Earth has been relatively constant through <a href
="/wiki/Geologic_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Geologic time">geologic time</
a> despite varying levels of incoming solar radiation (<a href="/wiki/Insolation
" class="mw-redirect" title="Insolation">insolation</a>), indicating that a dyna
mic process governs Earth's temperature via a combination of greenhouse gases an
d surface or atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a>. This
proposal is known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis" title="Gaia hypothes
is">Gaia hypothesis</a></i>.</p>
<p>The state of water on a planet depends on ambient pressure, which is determin
ed by the planet's gravity. If a planet is sufficiently massive, the water on it
may be solid even at high temperatures, because of the high pressure caused by
gravity, as it was observed on exoplanets <a href="/wiki/Gliese_436_b" title="Gl
iese 436 b">Gliese 436 b</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#ci
te_note-53">[53]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/GJ_1214_b" class="mw-redirect" tit
le="GJ 1214 b">GJ 1214 b</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#c
ite_note-54">[54]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="On_Earth">On Earth</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title=
"Hydrology">Hydrology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_distribution_on_Earth" title=
"Water distribution on Earth">Water distribution on Earth</a></div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_
from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipe
dia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/220px-The_Earth_seen_fr
om_Apollo_17.jpg" width="220" height="220" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.w
ikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/330p
x-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commo
ns/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/440px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo
_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" clas
s="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface; the oceans contain 96.5% of the Earth's
water. The <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_ice_sheet" title="Antarctic ice sheet">Anta
rctic ice sheet</a>, which contains 61% of all fresh water on Earth, is visible
at the bottom. Condensed atmospheric water can be seen as <a href="/wiki/Cloud"
title="Cloud">clouds</a>, contributing to the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Albedo" tit
le="Albedo">albedo</a>.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Hydrology is the study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water th
roughout the Earth. The study of the distribution of water is <a href="/wiki/Hyd
rography" title="Hydrography">hydrography</a>. The study of the distribution and
movement of groundwater is <a href="/wiki/Hydrogeology" title="Hydrogeology">hy
drogeology</a>, of glaciers is <a href="/wiki/Glaciology" title="Glaciology">gla
ciology</a>, of inland waters is <a href="/wiki/Limnology" title="Limnology">lim
nology</a> and distribution of oceans is <a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oce
anography">oceanography</a>. Ecological processes with hydrology are in focus of
<a href="/wiki/Ecohydrology" title="Ecohydrology">ecohydrology</a>.</p>
<p>The collective mass of water found on, under, and over the surface of a plane
t is called the <a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">hydrosphere</a>.
Earth's approximate water volume (the total water supply of the world) is 1,338
,000,000 km<sup>3</sup> (321,000,000 mi<sup>3</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref
-b1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b1-2">[2]</a></sup></p>
<p>Liquid water is found in <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">
bodies of water</a>, such as an ocean, <a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">sea</a>,
<a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">
river</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">stream</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cana
l" title="Canal">canal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">pond</a>, or <a hr
ef="/wiki/Puddle" title="Puddle">puddle</a>. The majority of water on Earth is <
a href="/wiki/Sea_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea water">sea water</a>. Wa
ter is also present in the atmosphere in solid, liquid, and vapor states. It als
o exists as groundwater in <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers</a>.
</p>
<p>Water is important in many geological processes. Groundwater is present in mo
st <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rocks</a>, and the pres
sure of this groundwater affects patterns of <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" tit
le="Fault (geology)">faulting</a>. Water in the <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)"
title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a> is responsible for the melt that produces <
a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanoes</a> at <a href="/wiki/Subductio
n_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Subduction zone">subduction zones</a>. On the
surface of the Earth, water is important in both chemical and physical <a href=
"/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> processes. Water, and to a
lesser but still significant extent, ice, are also responsible for a large amoun
t of <a href="/wiki/Sediment_transport" title="Sediment transport">sediment tran
sport</a> that occurs on the surface of the earth. <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(ge
ology)" title="Deposition (geology)">Deposition</a> of transported sediment form
s many types of <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedime
ntary rocks</a>, which make up the <a href="/wiki/Geologic_record" title="Geolog
ic record">geologic record</a> of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Earth" class="mw
-redirect" title="History of the Earth">Earth history</a>.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Water_cycle">Water cycle</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title
="Water cycle">Water cycle</a></div>

<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_cycle.png
9/94/Water_cycle.png/220px-Water_cycle.png" width="220" height="151" class="thum
bimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Water_cycle.
png/330px-Water_cycle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9
/94/Water_cycle.png/440px-Water_cycle.png 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-he
ight="589" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_cycle.png" class="internal" title
<a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">Water cycle</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">water cycle</a> (known sc
ientifically as the <b>hydrologic cycle</b>) refers to the continuous exchange o
f water within the <a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">hydrosphere</
a>, between the <a href="/wiki/Earth_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Eart
h atmosphere">atmosphere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> water,
<a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">surface water</a>, <a href="
/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plant
" title="Plant">plants</a>.</p>
<p>Water moves perpetually through each of these regions in the <i>water cycle</
i> consisting of following transfer processes:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a> from oceans
and other water bodies into the air and <a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Tra
nspiration">transpiration</a> from land plants and animals into air.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Preci
pitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a>, from water vapor condensing from the
air and falling to earth or ocean.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Runoff_(water)" class="mw-redirect" title="Runoff (water)">ru
noff</a> from the land usually reaching the <a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">sea<
/a>.</li>
</ul>
<p>Most water vapor over the oceans returns to the oceans, but winds carry water
vapor over land at the same rate as runoff into the sea, about 47 <a href=
"/wiki/Metric_tonne_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric tonne unit">Tt</a> p
er year. Over land, evaporation and transpiration contribute another 72 Tt
per year. Precipitation, at a rate of 119 Tt per year over land, has several for
ms: most commonly <a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sno
w" title="Snow">snow</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">hail</a>, with s
ome contribution from <a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">fog</a> and <a href="/wiki
/Dew" title="Dew">dew</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite
_note-55">[55]</a></sup> Dew is small drops of water that are condensed when a h
igh density of water vapor meets a cool surface. Dew usually forms in the mornin
g when the temperature is the lowest, just before sunrise and when the temperatu
re of the earth's surface starts to increase.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="refere
nce"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup> Condensed water in the air may also
<a href="/wiki/Refract" class="mw-redirect" title="Refract">refract</a> <a href=
"/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a> to produce <a href="/wiki/Rainbow
" title="Rainbow">rainbows</a>.</p>
<p>Water runoff often collects over <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Draina
ge basin">watersheds</a> flowing into rivers. A mathematical model used to simul
ate river or stream flow and calculate water quality parameters is a <a href="/w
iki/Hydrological_transport_model" title="Hydrological transport model">hydrologi
cal transport model</a>. Some water is diverted to <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" ti
tle="Irrigation">irrigation</a> for agriculture. Rivers and seas offer opportuni
ty for <a href="/wiki/Travel" title="Travel">travel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comme
rce" title="Commerce">commerce</a>. Through <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosi

on">erosion</a>, runoff shapes the environment creating river <a href="/wiki/Val
ley" title="Valley">valleys</a> and <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River del
ta">deltas</a> which provide rich soil and level ground for the establishment of
population centers. A <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">flood</a> occurs when
an area of land, usually low-lying, is covered with water. It is when a river o
verflows its banks or flood comes from the sea. A <a href="/wiki/Drought" title=
"Drought">drought</a> is an extended period of months or years when a region not
es a deficiency in its water supply. This occurs when a region receives consiste
ntly below average precipitation.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Fresh_water_storage">Fresh water storage</span
></h3>
<div class="thumbimage" style="width:400px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bay_of_Fundy_Hi
gh_Tide.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Bay of Fundy High Tide.jpg" src="//upload.w
ikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bay_of_Fundy_High_Tide.jpg/200px-Bay_o
f_Fundy_High_Tide.jpg" width="200" height="300" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/w
ikipedia/commons/7/76/Bay_of_Fundy_High_Tide.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" dat
a-file-height="450" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Bay_of_Fundy_Low_Tide.jpg" class="
image"><img alt="Bay of Fundy Low Tide.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi
a/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bay_of_Fundy_Low_Tide.jpg/200px-Bay_of_Fundy_Low_Tide.jpg"
width="200" height="300" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/B
ay_of_Fundy_Low_Tide.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450" /></
a></div>
<div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">
Bay of Fundy</a> at high tide (left) and low tide (right)</div>
</div>
</div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Water_resources" t
itle="Water resources">Water resources</a></div>
<p>Some runoff water is trapped for periods of time, for example in lakes. At hi
gh altitude, during winter, and in the far north and south, snow collects in ice
caps, snow pack and glaciers. Water also infiltrates the ground and goes into a
quifers. This groundwater later flows back to the surface in <a href="/wiki/Spri
ng_(hydrosphere)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring (hydrosphere)">springs</a>,
or more spectacularly in <a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">hot sprin
gs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geyser" title="Geyser">geysers</a>. Groundwater is als
o extracted artificially in <a href="/wiki/Water_well" title="Water well">wells<
/a>. This water storage is important, since clean, fresh water is essential to h
uman and other land-based life. In many parts of the world, it is in short suppl
y.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sea_water_and_tides">Sea water and tides</span
></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="
Seawater">Seawater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tides" class="mw-redirect" title="Tide
s">Tides</a></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">Sea water</a> contains about 3.5% <
a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">salt</a> on average, plus
smaller amounts of other substances. The physical properties of sea water diffe
r from fresh water in some important respects. It freezes at a lower temperature
(about 1.9 C) and its density increases with decreasing temperature to the f
reezing point, instead of reaching maximum density at a temperature above freezi
ng. The salinity of water in major seas varies from about 0.7% in the <a href="/
wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> to 4.0% in the <a href="/wiki
/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>.</p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">Tides</a> are the cyclic rising and falling
of local sea levels caused by the <a href="/wiki/Tidal_force" title="Tidal forc
e">tidal forces</a> of the Moon and the Sun acting on the oceans. Tides cause ch
anges in the depth of the marine and <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">est
uarine</a> water bodies and produce oscillating currents known as tidal streams.
The changing tide produced at a given location is the result of the changing po
sitions of the Moon and Sun relative to the Earth coupled with the <a href="/wik
i/Coriolis_effect" class="mw redirect" title="Coriolis effect">effects of Earth
rotation</a> and the local <a href="/wiki/Bathymetry" title="Bathymetry">bathyme
try</a>. The strip of seashore that is submerged at high tide and exposed at low
tide, the <a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">intertidal zo
ne</a>, is an important ecological product of ocean tides.</p>
<h2><span class="mw headline" id="Effects_on_life">Effects on life</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tleft">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Oasis_in_Libya.
jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thu
mb/f/f5/Oasis_in_Libya.jpg/220px Oasis_in_Libya.jpg" width="220" height="165" cl
ass="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Oas
is_in_Libya.jpg/330px Oasis_in_Libya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/thumb/f/f5/Oasis_in_Libya.jpg/440px Oasis_in_Libya.jpg 2x" data file wid
th="1600" data file height="1200" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Oasis_in_Libya.jpg" class="internal" ti
tle="Enlarge"></a></div>
An <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oasis</a> is an isolated <a href="/wiki/W
ater_source" class="mw redirect" title="Water source">water source</a> with <a h
ref="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Des
ert" title="Desert">desert</a>.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Auto and_hetero
trophs.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/comm
ons/thumb/2/2f/Auto and_heterotrophs.svg/220px Auto and_heterotrophs.svg.png" wi
dth="220" height="256" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikiped
ia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Auto and_heterotrophs.svg/330px Auto and_heterotrophs.svg.
png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Auto and_heterotro
phs.svg/440px Auto and_heterotrophs.svg.png 2x" data file width="1633" data file
height="1900" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Auto and_heterotrophs.svg" class="inter
nal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Overview of <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis"><span style="c
olor:green;">photosynthesis</span></a> and <a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration"
title="Cellular respiration"><span style="color:red;">respiration</span></a>. Wa
ter (at right), together with carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), form oxygen and o
rganic compounds (at left), which can be respired to water and (CO<sub>2</sub>).
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>From a <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biological</a> standpoint, wat
er has many distinct properties that are critical for the proliferation of <a hr
ef="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a>. It carries out this role by allowing <a h
ref="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a> to r
eact in ways that ultimately allow <a href="/wiki/Self replication" title="Self
replication">replication</a>. All known forms of life depend on water. Water is
vital both as a <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a> in which man
y of the body's solutes dissolve and as an essential part of many <a href="/wiki
/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolic</a> processes within the body. Metabol
ism is the sum total of anabolism and catabolism. In anabolism, water is removed
from molecules (through energy requiring enzymatic chemical reactions) in order
to grow larger molecules (e.g. starches, triglycerides and proteins for storage
of fuels and information). In catabolism, water is used to break bonds in order
to generate smaller molecules (e.g. glucose, fatty acids and amino acids to be
used for fuels for energy use or other purposes). Without water, these particula
r metabolic processes could not exist.</p>
<p>Water is fundamental to photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthetic cells
use the sun's energy to split off water's hydrogen from oxygen. Hydrogen is comb
ined with CO<sub>2</sub> (absorbed from air or water) to form glucose and releas
e oxygen. All living cells use such fuels and oxidize the hydrogen and carbon to
capture the sun's energy and reform water and CO<sub>2</sub> in the process (ce
llular respiration).</p>
<p>Water is also central to acid base neutrality and enzyme function. An acid, a
hydrogen ion (H<sup>+</sup>, that is, a proton) donor, can be neutralized by a
base, a proton acceptor such as a hydroxide ion (OH<sup></sup>) to form water. Wa
ter is considered to be neutral, with a <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> (th
e negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration) of 7. <a href="/wiki/Acids" cl
ass="mw redirect" title="Acids">Acids</a> have pH values less than 7 while <a hr
ef="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">bases</a> have values great
er than 7.</p>
<h3><span class="mw headline" id="Aquatic_life_forms">Aquatic life forms</span><
/h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hydrobiolog
y" title="Hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Mar
ine life">Marine life</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plan
t">Aquatic plant</a></div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_Linckia_St
arfish.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/comm
ons/thumb/7/76/Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG/170px Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG" width=
"170" height="227" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/c
ommons/thumb/7/76/Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG/255px Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG 1.5x
, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG/
340px Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG 2x" data file width="1200" data file height="160
0" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG" class="inter
nal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Some of the <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> o
f a <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reef</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Diatoms_through
_the_microscope.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikip
edia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg/220px Diatoms_through
_the_microscope.jpg" width="220" height="145" class="thumbimage" srcset="//uploa
d.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg/
330px Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/thumb/3/31/Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg/440px Diatoms_through_the_
microscope.jpg 2x" data file width="1796" data file height="1180" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg" cla
ss="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Some marine <a href="/wiki/Diatom" title="Diatom">diatoms</a> a key <a href="/wi
ki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a> group</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Earth surface waters are filled with life. The earliest life forms appeared i
n water; nearly all <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> live exclusively
in water, and there are many types of marine mammals, such as <a href="/wiki/Dol
phin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">whale
s</a>. Some kinds of animals, such as <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian
">amphibians</a>, spend portions of their lives in water and portions on land. P
lants such as <a href="/wiki/Kelp" title="Kelp">kelp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alga

e" title="Algae">algae</a> grow in the water and are the basis for some underwat
er ecosystems. <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">Plankton</a> is general
ly the foundation of the ocean <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">foo
d chain</a>.</p>
<p>Aquatic vertebrates must obtain oxygen to survive, and they do so in various
ways. Fish have <a href="/wiki/Gills" class="mw redirect" title="Gills">gills</a
> instead of <a href="/wiki/Lungs" class="mw redirect" title="Lungs">lungs</a>,
although some species of fish, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lungfish" title="Lungf
ish">lungfish</a>, have both. <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal
">Marine mammals</a>, such as dolphins, whales, <a href="/wiki/Otter" title="Ott
er">otters</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seals</a> need to
surface periodically to breathe air. Some amphibians are able to absorb oxygen t
hrough their skin. Invertebrates exhibit a wide range of modifications to surviv
e in poorly oxygenated waters including breathing tubes (see <a href="/wiki/Siph
on_(insect)" class="mw redirect" title="Siphon (insect)">insect</a> and <a href=
"/wiki/Siphon_(mollusc)" title="Siphon (mollusc)">mollusc siphons</a>) and <a hr
ef="/wiki/Gills" class="mw redirect" title="Gills">gills</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/
Carcinus" title="Carcinus">Carcinus</a></i>). However as invertebrate life evolv
ed in an aquatic habitat most have little or no specialisation for respiration i
n water.</p>
<h2><span class="mw headline" id="Effects_on_human_civilization">Effects on huma
n civilization</span></h2>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Longwood_Garden
s Italian_Garden.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Longwood_Gardens Italian_Garden.jpg/220px Longwood_Gard
ens Italian_Garden.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//up
load.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Longwood_Gardens Italian_Garden.
jpg/330px Longwood_Gardens Italian_Garden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikip
edia/commons/thumb/1/19/Longwood_Gardens Italian_Garden.jpg/440px Longwood_Garde
ns Italian_Garden.jpg 2x" data file width="500" data file height="375" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Longwood_Gardens Italian_Garden.jpg" cl
ass="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Water <a href="/wiki/Fountain" title="Fountain">fountain</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Civilization has historically flourished around rivers and major waterways; <
a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, the so called cr
adle of civilization, was situated between the major rivers <a href="/wiki/Tigri
s" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Eup
hrates</a>; the ancient society of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptian
s">Egyptians</a> depended entirely upon the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Ni
le</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> was also founded on the banks
of the Italian river <a href="/wiki/Tiber" title="Tiber">Tiber</a>. Large <a hr
ef="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">metropolises</a> like <a href="/wiki/Ro
tterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">
London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, <a href="/wi
ki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York
City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buen
os Aires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/
wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chi
cago</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> owe thei
r success in part to their easy accessibility via water and the resultant expans
ion of trade. Islands with safe water ports, like <a href="/wiki/Singapore" titl
e="Singapore">Singapore</a>, have flourished for the same reason. In places such
as <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and the <
a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, where water is m
ore scarce, access to clean drinking water was and is a major factor in human de
velopment.</p>
<h3><span class="mw headline" id="Health_and_pollution">Health and pollution</sp
an></h3>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Field_Trip _wat
er_sampling.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia
/commons/thumb/d/da/Field_Trip _water_sampling.jpg/220px Field_Trip _water_sampl
ing.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Field_Trip _water_sampling.jpg/330px Field_Trip
_water_sampling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/F
ield_Trip _water_sampling.jpg/440px Field_Trip _water_sampling.jpg 2x" data file
width="2272" data file height="1704" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Field_Trip _water_sampling.jpg" class="
internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
An environmental science program a student from <a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_Univer
sity" title="Iowa State University">Iowa State University</a> sampling water</di
v>
</div>
</div>
<p>Water fit for human consumption is called drinking water or <a href="/wiki/Po
table_water" class="mw redirect" title="Potable water">potable water</a>. Water
that is not potable may be made potable by filtration or <a href="/wiki/Distilla
tion" title="Distillation">distillation</a>, or by a range of <a href="/wiki/Wat
er_treatment" title="Water treatment">other methods</a>.</p>
<p>Water that is not fit for drinking but is not harmful for humans when used fo
r swimming or bathing is called by various names other than potable or drinking
water, and is sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Safe_water" class="mw redirect" ti
tle="Safe water">safe water</a>, or "safe for bathing". Chlorine is a skin and m
ucous membrane irritant that is used to make water safe for bathing or drinking.
Its use is highly technical and is usually monitored by government regulations
(typically 1 part per million (ppm) for drinking water, and 12 ppm of chlorine no
t yet reacted with impurities for bathing water). Water for bathing may be maint
ained in satisfactory microbiological condition using chemical disinfectants suc
h as <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Oz
one" title="Ozone">ozone</a> or by the use of <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title=
"Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> light.</p>
<p>In the USA, non potable forms of <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater
">wastewater</a> generated by humans may be referred to as <a href="/wiki/Greywa
ter" title="Greywater">greywater</a>, which is treatable and thus easily able to
be made potable again, and <a href="/wiki/Blackwater_(waste)" title="Blackwater
(waste)">blackwater</a>, which generally contains <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title=
"Sewage">sewage</a> and other forms of waste which require <a href="/wiki/Sewage
_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">further treatment</a> in order to be made r
eusable. Greywater composes 5080% of residential wastewater generated by a househ
old's sanitation equipment (<a href="/wiki/Sink" title="Sink">sinks</a>, <a href
="/wiki/Shower" title="Shower">showers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kitchen" title="Ki
tchen">kitchen</a> runoff, but not <a href="/wiki/Toilet" title="Toilet">toilets
</a>, which generate blackwater.) These terms may have different meanings in oth
er countries and cultures.</p>
<p>This natural resource is becoming scarcer in certain places, and its availabi
lity is a major social and economic concern. Currently, about a billion people a
round the world routinely drink unhealthy water. Most countries accepted the goa
l of halving by 2015 the number of people worldwide who do not have access to sa
fe water and <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a> during
the <a href="/wiki/29th_G8_summit" title="29th G8 summit">2003 G8 Evian summit<
/a>.<sup id="cite_ref 57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note 57">[57]</a></su
p> Even if this difficult goal is met, it will still leave more than an estimate
d half a billion people without access to safe drinking water and over a billion
without access to adequate sanitation. Poor <a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title
="Water quality">water quality</a> and bad sanitation are deadly; some five mill
ion deaths a year are caused by polluted drinking water. The <a href="/wiki/Worl
d_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organizati
on</a> estimates that <a href="/wiki/Safe_water" class="mw redirect" title="Safe
water">safe water</a> could prevent 1.4 million child deaths from <a href="/wik
i/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a> each year.<sup id="cite_ref 58" class=
"reference"><a href="#cite_note 58">[58]</a></sup></p>
<p>Water, however, is not a finite resource, but rather re circulated as potable
water in precipitation in quantities many degrees of magnitude higher than huma
n consumption. Therefore, it is the relatively small quantity of water in reserv
e in the earth (about 1% of our drinking <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Wat
er supply">water supply</a>, which is replenished in aquifers around every 1 to
10 years), that is a <a href="/wiki/Non renewable_resource" title="Non renewable
resource">non renewable resource</a>, and it is, rather, the distribution of po
table and irrigation water which is scarce, rather than the actual amount of it
that exists on the earth. Water poor countries use importation of goods as the p
rimary method of importing water (to leave enough for local human consumption),
since the manufacturing process uses around 10 to 100 times products' masses in
water.</p>
<p>In the developing world, 90% of all <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewa
ter">wastewater</a> still goes untreated into local rivers and streams.<sup id="
cite_ref 59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note 59">[59]</a></sup> Some 50 co
untries, with roughly a third of the world's population, also suffer from medium
or high water stress, and 17 of these extract more water annually than is recha
rged through their natural water cycles.<sup id="cite_ref 60" class="reference">
<a href="#cite_note 60">[60]</a></sup> The strain not only affects surface fresh
water bodies like rivers and lakes, but it also degrades groundwater resources.<
/p>
<h3><span class="mw headline" id="Human_uses">Human uses</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Water_suppl
y" title="Water supply">Water supply</a></div>
<h4><span class="mw headline" id="Agriculture">Agriculture</span></h4>
<div id="mwe_player_2" class="PopUpMediaTransform" style="width:220px;" videopay
load="<div class="mediaContainer" style="width:640px">
<video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipe
dia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Subsurface_drip_emission_on_loamy_soil.ogv/640px Subsurf
ace_drip_emission_on_loamy_soil.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload=&quo
t;none" autoplay="" style="width:640px;height:480px" cl
ass="kskin" data durationhint="46.52" data startoffset=&quot
;0" data mwtitle="Subsurface_drip_emission_on_loamy_soil.ogv" dat
a mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikim
edia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b1/Subsurface_drip_emission_on_loamy_soi
l.ogv/Subsurface_drip_emission_on_loamy_soil.ogv.480p.webm" type="vide
o/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data title="SD WebM (4
80P)" data shorttitle="WebM 480P" data transcodekey="480p.we
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oamy_soil.ogv/Subsurface_drip_emission_on_loamy_soil.ogv.480p.ogv" type=&qu
ot;video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data title="S
D Ogg video (480P)" data shorttitle="Ogg 480P" data transcodekey=
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bandwidth="1121784" data framerate="25"/><source src=
"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Subsurface_drip_emission_on_
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160p.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"&q
uot; data title="Low bandwidth Ogg video (160P)" data shorttitle=&quot
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8, vorbis"" data title="WebM (360P)" data shorttitle=&qu
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framerate="25"/></video></div>"><img alt="File:Subsurf
ace drip emission on loamy soil.ogv" style="width:220px;height:165px" src="//upl
oad.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Subsurface_drip_emission_on_loamy
_soil.ogv/220px Subsurface_drip_emission_on_loamy_soil.ogv.jpg" /><a href="//up
load.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Subsurface_drip_emission_on_loamy_soil
.ogv" title="Play media" target="new"><span class="play btn large"><span class="
mw tmh playtext">Play media</span></span></a></div>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Subsurface_drip_emission_on_loamy_soil.
ogv" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Water distribution in subsurface <a href="/wiki/Drip_irrigation" title="Drip irr
igation">drip irrigation</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:SiphonTubes.JPG
7/77/SiphonTubes.JPG/220px SiphonTubes.JPG" width="220" height="157" class="thum
bimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/SiphonTubes.
JPG/330px SiphonTubes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7
/77/SiphonTubes.JPG/440px SiphonTubes.JPG 2x" data file width="2100" data file h
eight="1500" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:SiphonTubes.JPG" class="internal" title
<a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a> of field crops</div
>
</div>
</div>
<p>The most important use of water in <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agricul
ture">agriculture</a> is for <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrig
ation</a>, which is a key component to produce enough food. Irrigation takes up
to 90% of water withdrawn in some developing countries<sup id="cite_ref 61" clas
s="reference"><a href="#cite_note 61">[61]</a></sup> and significant proportions
in more economically developed countries (in the United States, 30% of freshwat
er usage is for irrigation).<sup id="cite_ref Water_Use_in_the_United_States_62
0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note Water_Use_in_the_United_States 62">[62]
</a></sup></p>
<p>Fifty years ago, the common perception was that water was an infinite resourc
e. At this time, there were fewer than half the current number of people on the
planet. People were not as wealthy as today, consumed fewer calories and ate les
s meat, so less water was needed to produce their food. They required a third of
the volume of water we presently take from rivers. Today, the competition for t
he fixed amount of water resources is much more intense, giving rise to the conc
ept of <a href="/wiki/Peak_water" title="Peak water">peak water</a>.<sup id="cit
e_ref 63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note 63">[63]</a></sup> This is becau
se there are now nearly seven billion people on the planet, their consumption of
water thirsty meat and vegetables is rising, and there is increasing competitio
n for water from <a href="/wiki/Industry" title="Industry">industry</a>, <a href
="/wiki/Urbanisation" class="mw redirect" title="Urbanisation">urbanisation</a>
and biofuel crops. In future, even more water will be needed to produce food bec
ause the Earth's population is forecast to rise to 9 billion by 2050.<sup id="ci
te_ref 64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note 64">[64]</a></sup></p>
<p>An assessment of water management in agriculture was conducted in 2007 by the
<a href="/wiki/International_Water_Management_Institute" title="International W
ater Management Institute">International Water Management Institute</a> in <a hr
ef="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> to see if the world had suf
ficient water to provide food for its growing population.<sup id="cite_ref 65" c
lass="reference"><a href="#cite_note 65">[65]</a></sup> It assessed the current
availability of water for agriculture on a global scale and mapped out locations
suffering from water scarcity. It found that a fifth of the world's people, mor
e than 1.2 billion, live in areas of <a href="/wiki/Physical_water_scarcity" tit
le="Physical water scarcity">physical water scarcity</a>, where there is not eno
ugh water to meet all demands. A further 1.6 billion people live in areas experi
encing <a href="/wiki/Economic_water_scarcity" title="Economic water scarcity">e
conomic water scarcity</a>, where the lack of investment in water or insufficien
t human capacity make it impossible for authorities to satisfy the demand for wa
ter. The report found that it would be possible to produce the food required in
future, but that continuation of today's food production and environmental trend
s would lead to crises in many parts of the world. To avoid a global water crisi
s, farmers will have to strive to increase productivity to meet growing demands
for food, while industry and cities find ways to use water more efficiently.<sup
id="cite_ref 66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note 66">[66]</a></sup></p>
<h4><span class="mw headline" id="As_a_scientific_standard">As a scientific stan
dard</span></h4>
<p>On 7 April 1795, the <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">gram</a> was defined i
n <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> to be equal to "the absolute
weight of a volume of pure water equal to a cube of one hundredth of a meter, an
d at the temperature of melting ice."<sup id="cite_ref 67" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note 67">[67]</a></sup> For practical purposes though, a metallic re
ference standard was required, one thousand times more massive, the <a href="/wi
ki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogram</a>. Work was therefore commissioned to d
etermine precisely the mass of one <a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">liter</a>
of water. In spite of the fact that the decreed definition of the gram specifie
d water at 0 C a highly reproducible <i>temperature</i> the scient
ists chose to redefine the standard and to perform their measurements at the tem
perature of highest water <i>density</i>, which was measured at the time as 4&#1
60;C (39 F).<sup id="cite_ref 68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note 68">[
68]</a></sup></p>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Kelvin_temperature_scale" class="mw redirect" title="Kelvi
n temperature scale">Kelvin temperature scale</a> of the SI system is based on t
he <a href="/wiki/Triple_point" title="Triple point">triple point</a> of water,
defined as exactly 273.16 K or 0.01 C. The scale is an <a href="/wiki/A
bsolute_temperature" class="mw redirect" title="Absolute temperature">absolute t
emperature</a> scale with the same increment as the Celsius temperature scale, w
hich was originally defined according to the <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title
="Boiling point">boiling point</a> (set to 100 C) and <a href="/wiki/Melting
_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a> (set to 0 C) of water.</p>
<p>Natural water consists mainly of the isotopes hydrogen 1 and oxygen 16, but t
here is also a small quantity of heavier isotopes such as hydrogen 2 (<a href="/
wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a>). The amount of deuterium oxides
or <a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">heavy water</a> is very smal
l, but it still affects the properties of water. Water from rivers and lakes ten
ds to contain less deuterium than seawater. Therefore, standard water is defined
in the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Standard_Mean_Ocean_Water" title="Vienna Standard
Mean Ocean Water">Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water</a> specification.</p>
<h4><span class="mw headline" id="For_drinking">For drinking</span></h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" ti
tle="Drinking water">Drinking water</a></div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Humanitarian_ai
d_OCPA 2005 10 28 090517a.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia
.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Humanitarian_aid_OCPA 2005 10 28 090517a.jpg/2
20px Humanitarian_aid_OCPA 2005 10 28 090517a.jpg" width="220" height="160" clas
s="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Human
itarian_aid_OCPA 2005 10 28 090517a.jpg/330px Humanitarian_aid_OCPA 2005 10 28 0
90517a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Humanitaria
n_aid_OCPA 2005 10 28 090517a.jpg/440px Humanitarian_aid_OCPA 2005 10 28 090517a
.jpg 2x" data file width="2344" data file height="1701" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Humanitarian_aid_OCPA 2005 10 28 090517
a.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
A young girl drinking <a href="/wiki/Bottled_water" title="Bottled water">bottle
d water</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:2006_Global_Wat
er_Availability.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikip
edia/commons/thumb/8/80/2006_Global_Water_Availability.svg/220px 2006_Global_Wat
er_Availability.svg.png" width="220" height="113" class="thumbimage" srcset="//u
pload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/2006_Global_Water_Availability.
svg/330px 2006_Global_Water_Availability.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wi
kipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/2006_Global_Water_Availability.svg/440px 2006_Global_
Water_Availability.svg.png 2x" data file width="863" data file height="443" /></
a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:2006_Global_Water_Availability.svg" cla
ss="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Water availability: fraction of population using improved water sources by count
ry</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">human body</a> contains fro
m 55% to 78% water, depending on body size.<sup id="cite_ref 69" class="referenc
e"><a href="#cite_note 69">[69]</a></sup> To function properly, the body require
s between one and seven liters of water per <a href="/wiki/Day" title="Day">day<
/a> to avoid <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a>; th
e precise amount depends on the level of activity, temperature, humidity, and ot
her factors. Most of this is ingested through foods or beverages other than drin
king straight water. It is not clear how much water intake is needed by healthy
people, though most specialists agree that approximately 2 liters (6 to 7 glasse
s) of water daily is the minimum to maintain proper hydration.<sup id="cite_ref
70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note 70">[70]</a></sup> Medical literature
favors a lower consumption, typically 1 liter of water for an average male, excl
uding extra requirements due to fluid loss from exercise or warm weather.<sup id
="cite_ref Rhoades_2003_71 0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note Rhoades_2003
71">[71]</a></sup></p>
<p>For those who have healthy kidneys, it is rather difficult to drink too much
water, but (especially in warm humid weather and while exercising) it is dangero
us to drink too little. People can drink far more water than necessary while exe
rcising, however, putting them at risk of <a href="/wiki/Water_intoxication" tit
le="Water intoxication">water intoxication</a> (hyperhydration), which can be fa

tal.<sup id="cite_ref 72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note 72">[72]</a></su
p><sup id="cite_ref 73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note 73">[73]</a></sup>
The popular claim that "a person should consume eight glasses of water per day"
seems to have no real basis in science.<sup id="cite_ref 74" class="reference">
<a href="#cite_note 74">[74]</a></sup> Studies have shown that extra water intak
e, especially up to 500 ml at mealtime was conducive to weight loss.<sup id
="cite_ref 75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note 75">[75]</a></sup><sup id="
cite_ref 76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note 76">[76]</a></sup><sup id="ci
te_ref 77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note 77">[77]</a></sup><sup id="cite
_ref 78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note 78">[78]</a></sup><sup id="cite_r
ef 79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note 79">[79]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref
80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note 80">[80]</a></sup> Adequate fluid int
ake is helpful in preventing constipation.<sup id="cite_ref 81" class="reference
"><a href="#cite_note 81">[81]</a></sup></p>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:DIN_4844 2_D P0
05.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/8/89/DIN_4844 2_D P005.svg/220px DIN_4844 2_D P005.svg.png" width="220" he
ight="220" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/t
humb/8/89/DIN_4844 2_D P005.svg/330px DIN_4844 2_D P005.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.w
ikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/DIN_4844 2_D P005.svg/440px DIN_4844 2
_D P005.svg.png 2x" data file width="574" data file height="574" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:DIN_4844 2_D P005.svg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>
<a href="/wiki/Hazard_symbol" title="Hazard symbol">Hazard symbol</a> for non po
table water</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>An original recommendation for water intake in 1945 by the Food and Nutrition
Board of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Research_Council" class="mw
redirect" title="United States National Research Council">United States National
Research Council</a> read: "An ordinary standard for diverse persons is 1 milli
liter for each calorie of food. Most of this quantity is contained in prepared f
oods."<sup id="cite_ref 82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note 82">[82]</a></
sup> The latest dietary reference intake report by the <a href="/wiki/United_Sta
tes_National_Research_Council" class="mw redirect" title="United States National
Research Council">United States National Research Council</a> in general recomm
ended (including food sources): 3.7 liters for men and 2.7 liters of water total
for women.<sup id="cite_ref 83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note 83">[83]<
/a></sup></p>
<p>Specifically, <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnant</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">breastfeeding</a> women need a
dditional fluids to stay hydrated. The <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Medicine" cla
ss="mw redirect" title="Institute of Medicine">Institute of Medicine</a> (U.S.)
recommends that, on average, men consume 3.0 liters and women 2.2 liters; pregna
nt women should increase intake to 2.4 liters (10 cups) and breastfeeding women
should get 3 liters (12 cups), since an especially large amount of fluid is lost
during nursing.<sup id="cite_ref 84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note 84">
[84]</a></sup> Also noted is that normally, about 20% of water intake comes from
food, while the rest comes from drinking water and beverages (<a href="/wiki/Ca
ffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeinated</a> included). Water is excreted from the b
ody in multiple forms; through <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a> and
<a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a>, through <a href="/wiki/Sweat" cl
ass="mw redirect" title="Sweat">sweating</a>, and by exhalation of water vapor i
n the breath. With physical exertion and heat exposure, water loss will increase
and daily fluid needs may increase as well.</p>
<p>Humans require water with few impurities. Common impurities include metal sal
ts and oxides, including copper, iron, calcium and lead,<sup id="cite_ref 85" cl
ass="reference"><a href="#cite_note 85">[85]</a></sup> and/or harmful <a href="/

wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Vibrio"
title="Vibrio">Vibrio</a></i>. Some <a href="/wiki/Solution" title="Solution">so
lutes</a> are acceptable and even desirable for taste enhancement and to provide
needed <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolytes</a>.<sup id
="cite_ref 86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note 86">[86]</a></sup></p>
<p>The single largest (by volume) freshwater resource suitable for drinking is <
a href="/wiki/Lake_Baikal" title="Lake Baikal">Lake Baikal</a> in Siberia.<sup i
d="cite_ref 87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note 87">[87]</a></sup></p>
<h4><span class="mw headline" id="Washing">Washing</span></h4>
<p>The propensity of water to form <a href="/wiki/Solvation" title="Solvation">s
olutions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion">emulsions</a> is usef
ul in various <a href="/wiki/Washing" title="Washing">washing</a> processes. Man
y industrial processes rely on reactions using chemicals dissolved in water, sus
pension of solids in water <a href="/wiki/Slurry" title="Slurry">slurries</a> or
using water to dissolve and extract substances. Washing is also an important co
mponent of several aspects of personal <a href="/wiki/Body_hygiene" class="mw re
direct" title="Body hygiene">body hygiene</a>.</p>
<h4><span class="mw headline" id="Transportation">Transportation</span></h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ship_transport" ti
tle="Ship transport">Ship transport</a></div>
<p>The use of water for transportation of materials through rivers and canals as
well as the international shipping lanes is an important part of the world econ
omy.</p>
<h4><span class="mw headline" id="Chemical_uses">Chemical uses</span></h4>
<p>Water is widely used in chemical reactions as a <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title
="Solvent">solvent</a> or <a href="/wiki/Reactant" class="mw redirect" title="Re
actant">reactant</a> and less commonly as a <a href="/wiki/Solution" title="Solu
tion">solute</a> or <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw redirect" title="Catalyst
">catalyst</a>. In inorganic reactions, water is a common solvent, dissolving ma
ny ionic compounds. In organic reactions, it is not usually used as a reaction s
olvent, because it does not dissolve the reactants well and is <a href="/wiki/Am
photeric" class="mw redirect" title="Amphoteric">amphoteric</a> (acidic <i>and</
i> basic) and <a href="/wiki/Nucleophilic" class="mw redirect" title="Nucleophil
ic">nucleophilic</a>. Nevertheless, these properties are sometimes desirable. Al
so, acceleration of <a href="/wiki/Diels Alder_reaction" class="mw redirect" tit
le="Diels Alder reaction">Diels Alder reactions</a> by water has been observed.
<a href="/wiki/Supercritical_water" class="mw redirect" title="Supercritical wat
er">Supercritical water</a> has recently been a topic of research. Oxygen satura
ted supercritical water combusts organic pollutants efficiently.</p>
<h4><span class="mw headline" id="Heat_exchange">Heat exchange</span></h4>
<p>Water and steam are a common fluid used for <a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" ti
tle="Heat exchanger">heat exchange</a>, due to its availability and high <a href
="/wiki/Heat_capacity_of_water" class="mw redirect" title="Heat capacity of wate
r">heat capacity</a>, both for cooling and heating. Cool water may even be natur
ally available from a lake or the sea. It's especially effective to transport he
at through <a href="/wiki/Vaporization" title="Vaporization">vaporization</a> an
d <a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">condensation</a> of water be
cause of its large <a href="/wiki/Latent_heat_of_vaporization" class="mw redirec
t" title="Latent heat of vaporization">latent heat of vaporization</a>. A disadv
antage is that metals commonly found in industries such as <a href="/wiki/Steel"
title="Steel">steel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> ar
e <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidized</a> f
aster by untreated water and steam. In almost all <a href="/wiki/Thermal_power_s
tation" title="Thermal power station">thermal power stations</a>, water is used
as the working fluid (used in a closed loop between boiler, steam turbine and co
ndenser), and the coolant (used to exchange the waste heat to a water body or ca
rry it away by <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a> i
n a <a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">cooling tower</a>). In t
he <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, coolin
g power plants is the largest use of water.<sup id="cite_ref Water_Use_in_the_Un

ited_States_62 1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note Water_Use_in_the_United_
States 62">[62]</a></sup></p>
<p>In the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a>
industry, water can also be used as a <a href="/wiki/Neutron_moderator" title="N
eutron moderator">neutron moderator</a>. In most <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor"
title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a>, water is both a coolant and a mod
erator. This provides something of a passive safety measure, as removing the wat
er from the reactor also <a href="/wiki/Void_coefficient" title="Void coefficien
t">slows the nuclear reaction down</a>. However other methods are favored for st
opping a reaction and it is preferred to keep the nuclear core covered with wate
r so as to ensure adequate cooling.</p>
<h4><span class="mw headline" id="Fire_extinction">Fire extinction</span></h4>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:MH 60S_Helicopt
er_dumps_water_onto_Fire.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/MH 60S_Helicopter_dumps_water_onto_Fire.jpg/220
px MH 60S_Helicopter_dumps_water_onto_Fire.jpg" width="220" height="157" class="
thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/MH 60S_H
elicopter_dumps_water_onto_Fire.jpg/330px MH 60S_Helicopter_dumps_water_onto_Fir
e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/MH 60S_Helicopte
r_dumps_water_onto_Fire.jpg/440px MH 60S_Helicopter_dumps_water_onto_Fire.jpg 2x
" data file width="2100" data file height="1500" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:MH 60S_Helicopter_dumps_water_onto_Fire
.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Water is used for <a href="/wiki/Fire_fighting" class="mw redirect" title="Fire
fighting">fighting</a> <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildfires</a>.<
/div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Water has a high heat of vaporization and is relatively inert, which makes it
a good <a href="/wiki/Fire_fighting#Use_of_water" class="mw redirect" title="Fi
re fighting">fire extinguishing</a> fluid. The evaporation of water carries heat
away from the fire. It is dangerous to use water on fires involving oils and or
ganic solvents, because many organic materials float on water and the water tend
s to spread the burning liquid.</p>
<p>Use of water in fire fighting should also take into account the hazards of a
<a href="/wiki/Steam_explosion" title="Steam explosion">steam explosion</a>, whi
ch may occur when water is used on very hot fires in confined spaces, and of a h
ydrogen explosion, when substances which react with water, such as certain metal
s or hot carbon such as <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, <a href="/wi
ki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title
="Coke (fuel)">coke</a> graphite, decompose the water, producing <a href="/wiki/
Water_gas" title="Water gas">water gas</a>.</p>
<p>The power of such explosions was seen in the <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaste
r" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a>, although the water involve
d did not come from fire fighting at that time but the reactor's own water cooli
ng system. A steam explosion occurred when the extreme overheating of the core c
aused water to flash into steam. A hydrogen explosion may have occurred as a res
ult of reaction between steam and hot <a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium
">zirconium</a>.</p>
<h4><span class="mw headline" id="Recreation">Recreation</span></h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Water_sport_(recre
ation)" class="mw redirect" title="Water sport (recreation)">Water sport (recrea
tion)</a></div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Anse_Beac
h_Grenada.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/c
ommons/thumb/8/8c/Grand_Anse_Beach_Grenada.jpg/220px Grand_Anse_Beach_Grenada.jp
g" width="220" height="148" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wi

kipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Grand_Anse_Beach_Grenada.jpg/330px Grand_Anse_Beach_G
renada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Grand_Anse_
Beach_Grenada.jpg/440px Grand_Anse_Beach_Grenada.jpg 2x" data file width="2896"
data file height="1944" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Anse_Beach_Grenada.jpg" class="in
ternal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Grand Anse Beach, St. George's, <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada<
/a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Humans use water for many recreational purposes, as well as for exercising an
d for sports. Some of these include <a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swim
ming (sport)">swimming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waterskiing" class="mw redirect" titl
e="Waterskiing">waterskiing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boating" title="Boating">boating
</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">surfing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Div
ing" title="Diving">diving</a>. In addition, some sports, like <a href="/wiki/Ic
e_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ice_skating" titl
e="Ice skating">ice skating</a>, are played on ice. Lakesides, beaches and <a hr
ef="/wiki/Water_park" title="Water park">water parks</a> are popular places for
people to go to relax and enjoy recreation. Many find the sound and appearance o
f flowing water to be calming, and fountains and other water features are popula
r decorations. Some keep fish and other life in <a href="/wiki/Aquarium" title="
Aquarium">aquariums</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">ponds</a> for show,
fun, and companionship. Humans also use water for snow sports i.e. <a href="/wi
ki/Skiing" title="Skiing">skiing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sledding" title="Sledding">
sledding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snowmobiling" class="mw redirect" title="Snowmobili
ng">snowmobiling</a> or <a href="/wiki/Snowboarding" title="Snowboarding">snowbo
arding</a>, which require the water to be frozen.</p>
<h4><span class="mw headline" id="Water_industry">Water industry</span></h4>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_carrier_i
n_India.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/
thumb/2/27/Water_carrier_in_India.jpg/170px Water_carrier_in_India.jpg" width="1
70" height="237" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/
thumb/2/27/Water_carrier_in_India.jpg/255px Water_carrier_in_India.jpg 1.5x, //u
pload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/27/Water_carrier_in_India.jpg/340px Wat
er_carrier_in_India.jpg 2x" data file width="359" data file height="500" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_carrier_in_India.jpg" class="inte
rnal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
A water carrier in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, 1882. In many
places where running water is not available, water has to be transported by peop
le.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:TapWater china.
JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thu
mb/e/ef/TapWater china.JPG/220px TapWater china.JPG" width="220" height="165" cl
ass="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Tap
Water china.JPG/330px TapWater china.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/thumb/e/ef/TapWater china.JPG/440px TapWater china.JPG 2x" data file wid
th="2272" data file height="1704" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:TapWater china.JPG" class="internal" ti
tle="Enlarge"></a></div>
A manual water <a href="/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">pump</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chin
a" title="China">China</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Usine_Bret_MG_1
648.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons
/thumb/7/7b/Usine_Bret_MG_1648.jpg/220px Usine_Bret_MG_1648.jpg" width="220" hei
ght="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/th
umb/7/7b/Usine_Bret_MG_1648.jpg/330px Usine_Bret_MG_1648.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wiki
media.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Usine_Bret_MG_1648.jpg/440px Usine_Bret_M
G_1648.jpg 2x" data file width="4368" data file height="2912" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Usine_Bret_MG_1648.jpg" class="internal
" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
<a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">Water purification
</a> facility</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Reverse_osmosis
_desalination_plant.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/w
ikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Reverse_osmosis_desalination_plant.JPG/220px Reverse
_osmosis_desalination_plant.JPG" width="220" height="293" class="thumbimage" src
set="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Reverse_osmosis_desalin
ation_plant.JPG/330px Reverse_osmosis_desalination_plant.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wiki
media.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Reverse_osmosis_desalination_plant.JPG/44
0px Reverse_osmosis_desalination_plant.JPG 2x" data file width="2112" data file
height="2816" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Reverse_osmosis_desalination_plant.JPG"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
<a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">Reverse osmosis</a> (RO)
<a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">desalination</a> plant in <a
href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" ti
tle="Spain">Spain</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Water_industry" title="Water industry">water industry</a>
provides drinking water and <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastew
ater</a> services (including <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage trea
tment">sewage treatment</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Household" title="Household">hous
eholds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industry" title="Industry">industry</a>. <a href="
/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">Water supply</a> facilities include <a
href="/wiki/Water_well" title="Water well">water wells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ciste
rn" title="Cistern">cisterns</a> for <a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title=
"Rainwater harvesting">rainwater harvesting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_net
work" title="Water supply network">water supply networks</a>, and <a href="/wiki
/Water_purification" title="Water purification">water purification</a> facilitie
s, <a href="/wiki/Water_tank" title="Water tank">water tanks</a>, <a href="/wiki
/Water_tower" title="Water tower">water towers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_pipe" c
lass="mw redirect" title="Water pipe">water pipes</a> including old <a href="/wi
ki/Aqueduct_(watercourse)" class="mw redirect" title="Aqueduct (watercourse)">aq
ueducts</a>. <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_water_generator" title="Atmospheric wate
r generator">Atmospheric water generators</a> are in development.</p>
<p>Drinking water is often collected at <a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrosphere)" cla
ss="mw redirect" title="Spring (hydrosphere)">springs</a>, extracted from artifi
cial <a href="/wiki/Boring_(earth)" title="Boring (earth)">borings</a> (wells) i
n the ground, or pumped from lakes and rivers. Building more wells in adequate p
laces is thus a possible way to produce more water, assuming the aquifers can su
pply an adequate flow. Other water sources include rainwater collection. Water m
ay require purification for human consumption. This may involve removal of undis
solved substances, dissolved substances and harmful <a href="/wiki/Microbe" clas

s="mw redirect" title="Microbe">microbes</a>. Popular methods are <a href="/wiki
/Filter_(water)" class="mw redirect" title="Filter (water)">filtering</a> with s
and which only removes undissolved material, while <a href="/wiki/Water_chlorina
tion" title="Water chlorination">chlorination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boiling" ti
tle="Boiling">boiling</a> kill harmful microbes. <a href="/wiki/Distillation" ti
tle="Distillation">Distillation</a> does all three functions. More advanced tech
niques exist, such as <a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">re
verse osmosis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">Desalinatio
n</a> of abundant <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">seawater</a> is a mo
re expensive solution used in coastal <a href="/wiki/Arid" title="Arid">arid</a>
<a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climates</a>.</p>
<p>The distribution of drinking water is done through <a href="/wiki/Municipal_w
ater_system" class="mw redirect" title="Municipal water system">municipal water
systems</a>, tanker delivery or as <a href="/wiki/Bottled_water" title="Bottled
water">bottled water</a>. Governments in many countries have programs to distrib
ute water to the needy at no charge.</p>
<p>Reducing usage by using drinking (potable) water only for human consumption i
s another option. In some cities such as <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong K
ong">Hong Kong</a>, sea water is extensively used for flushing toilets citywide
in order to <a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">conser
ve fresh water resources</a>.</p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Polluting water</a> m
ay be the biggest single misuse of water; to the extent that a pollutant limits
other uses of the water, it becomes a waste of the resource, regardless of benef
its to the polluter. Like other types of pollution, this does not enter standard
accounting of market costs, being conceived as <a href="/wiki/Externality" titl
e="Externality">externalities</a> for which the market cannot account. Thus othe
r people pay the price of water pollution, while the private firms' profits are
not redistributed to the local population, victims of this pollution. <a href="/
wiki/Pharmaceuticals" class="mw redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals">Pharmaceutical
s</a> consumed by humans often end up in the waterways and can have detrimental
effects on <a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">aquatic</a> lif
e if they <a href="/wiki/Bioaccumulation" title="Bioaccumulation">bioaccumulate<
/a> and if they are not <a href="/wiki/Biodegradable" class="mw redirect" title=
"Biodegradable">biodegradable</a>.</p>
<p>Municipal and industrial wastewater are typically treated at <a href="/wiki/W
astewater_treatment_plant" class="mw redirect" title="Wastewater treatment plant
">wastewater treatment plants</a>. Mitigation of polluted <a href="/wiki/Surface
_runoff" title="Surface runoff">surface runoff</a> is addressed through a variet
y of prevention and treatment techniques. (<i>See</i> <a href="/wiki/Surface_run
off#Mitigation_and_treatment" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff#Mitigation a
nd treatment</a>.)</p>
<h4><span class="mw headline" id="Industrial_applications">Industrial applicatio
ns</span></h4>
<p>Water is used in <a href="/wiki/Power_generation" class="mw redirect" title="
Power generation">power generation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="
Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a> is electricity obtained from <a href="/wi
ki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a>. Hydroelectric power comes from
water driving a water turbine connected to a generator. Hydroelectricity is a l
ow cost, non polluting, renewable energy source. The energy is supplied by the m
otion of water. Typically a <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dam</a> is construct
ed on a river, creating an artificial lake behind it. Water flowing out of the l
ake is forced through turbines that turn generators.</p>
<div class="thumb tnone" style="margin left: auto; margin right:auto; width:99%;
max width:808px;">
<div class="thumbinner" style="">
<div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:200407 sand
ouping sanxiadaba 4.med.jpg" class="image" title="Three Gorges Dam is the larges
t hydro electric power station."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikiped
ia/commons/thumb/9/95/200407 sandouping sanxiadaba 4.med.jpg/800px 200407 sandou

ping sanxiadaba 4.med.jpg" width="800" height="240" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.o
rg/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/200407 sandouping sanxiadaba 4.med.jpg/1200px 20
0407 sandouping sanxiadaba 4.med.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/comm
ons/thumb/9/95/200407 sandouping sanxiadaba 4.med.jpg/1600px 200407 sandouping s
anxiadaba 4.med.jpg 2x" data file width="4096" data file height="1228" /></a></d
iv>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:200407 sandouping sanxiadaba 4.med.jpg"
title="File:200407 sandouping sanxiadaba 4.med.jpg"></a></div>
<a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a> i
s the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_hydroelectric_power_stations" class="mw
redirect" title="List of the largest hydroelectric power stations">largest hydr
o electric power station</a>.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Pressurized water is used in <a href="/wiki/Hydrodemolition" title="Hydrodemo
lition">water blasting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_jet_cutter" title="Water jet
cutter">water jet cutters</a>. Also, very high pressure water guns are used for
precise cutting. It works very well, is relatively safe, and is not harmful to
the environment. It is also used in the cooling of machinery to prevent overheat
ing, or prevent saw blades from overheating.</p>
<p>Water is also used in many industrial processes and machines, such as the <a
href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">steam turbine</a> and <a href="
/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">heat exchanger</a>, in addition to
its use as a chemical <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a>. Disch
arge of untreated water from industrial uses is <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution"
title="Water pollution">pollution</a>. Pollution includes discharged solutes (ch
emical pollution) and discharged coolant water (<a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution
" title="Thermal pollution">thermal pollution</a>). Industry requires pure water
for many applications and utilizes a variety of purification techniques both in
water supply and discharge.</p>
<h4><span class="mw headline" id="Food_processing">Food processing</span></h4>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuisson_des_pat
es.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/f/f3/Cuisson_des_pates.jpg/220px Cuisson_des_pates.jpg" width="220" height
="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb
/f/f3/Cuisson_des_pates.jpg/330px Cuisson_des_pates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia
.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Cuisson_des_pates.jpg/440px Cuisson_des_pates.
jpg 2x" data file width="2048" data file height="1536" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuisson_des_pates.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Water can be used to cook foods such as <a href="/wiki/Noodles" class="mw redire
ct" title="Noodles">noodles</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Boiling" title="Boiling">Boiling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steaming"
title="Steaming">steaming</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Simmering" title="Simmering">
simmering</a> are popular <a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">cooking</a> me
thods that often require immersing food in water or its gaseous state, steam. Wa
ter is also used for <a href="/wiki/Dishwashing" title="Dishwashing">dishwashing
</a>. Water also plays many critical roles within the field of <a href="/wiki/Fo
od_science" title="Food science">food science</a>. It is important for a food sc
ientist to understand the roles that water plays within food processing to ensur
e the success of their products.<sup class="noprint Inline Template Template Fac
t" style="white space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" tit
le="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to relia
ble sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Solution" title="Solution">Solutes</a> such as salts and sugar

s found in water affect the physical properties of water. The boiling and freezi
ng points of water are affected by solutes, as well as <a href="/wiki/Air_pressu
re" class="mw redirect" title="Air pressure">air pressure</a>, which is in turn
is affected by <a href="/wiki/Altitude" title="Altitude">altitude</a>. Water boi
ls at lower temperatures with the lower air pressure that occurs at higher eleva
tions. One <a href="/wiki/Mole_(unit)" title="Mole (unit)">mole</a> of sucrose (
sugar) per kilogram of water raises the boiling point of water by 0.51 C (0.
918 F), and one mole of salt per kg raises the boiling point by 1.02 C (
1.836 F); similarly, increasing the number of dissolved particles lowers wat
er's freezing point.<sup id="cite_ref vaclacik_88 0" class="reference"><a href="
#cite_note vaclacik 88">[88]</a></sup></p>
<p>Solutes in water also affect water activity that affects many chemical reacti
ons and the growth of microbes in food.<sup id="cite_ref deman_89 0" class="refe
rence"><a href="#cite_note deman 89">[89]</a></sup> Water activity can be descri
bed as a ratio of the vapor pressure of water in a solution to the vapor pressur
e of pure water.<sup id="cite_ref vaclacik_88 1" class="reference"><a href="#cit
e_note vaclacik 88">[88]</a></sup> Solutes in water lower water activitythis is i
mportant to know because most bacterial growth ceases at low levels of water act
ivity.<sup id="cite_ref deman_89 1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note deman
89">[89]</a></sup> Not only does microbial growth affect the safety of food, but
also the preservation and shelf life of food.</p>
<p>Water hardness is also a critical factor in food processing and may be altere
d or treated by using a chemical ion exchange system. It can dramatically affect
the quality of a product, as well as playing a role in sanitation. Water hardne
ss is classified based on concentration of calcium carbonate the water contains.
Water is classified as soft if it contains less than 100 mg/l (UK)<sup id=
"cite_ref DEFRA_90 0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note DEFRA 90">[90]</a></
sup> or less than 60 mg/l (USA).<sup id="cite_ref USGS_91 0" class="referen
ce"><a href="#cite_note USGS 91">[91]</a></sup></p>
<p>According to a report published by the Water Footprint organization in 2010,
a single kilogram of beef requires 15 thousand litres of water; however, the aut
hors also make clear that this is a global average and circumstantial factors de
termine the amount of water used in beef production.<sup id="cite_ref 92" class=
"reference"><a href="#cite_note 92">[92]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw headline" id="Law.2C_politics.2C_and_crisis">Law, politics,
and crisis</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Water_law" class=
"mw redirect" title="Water law">Water law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_right" title
="Water right">Water right</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Water_crisis" class="mw redir
ect" title="Water crisis">Water crisis</a></div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Access_to_drink
ing_water_in_third_world.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Access_to_drinking_water_in_third_world.svg/300
px Access_to_drinking_water_in_third_world.svg.png" width="300" height="225" cla
ss="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Acce
ss_to_drinking_water_in_third_world.svg/450px Access_to_drinking_water_in_third_
world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Access_t
o_drinking_water_in_third_world.svg/600px Access_to_drinking_water_in_third_worl
d.svg.png 2x" data file width="320" data file height="240" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Access_to_drinking_water_in_third_world
.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
An estimate of the share of people in developing countries with access to <a hre
f="/wiki/Potable_water" class="mw redirect" title="Potable water">potable water<
/a> 19702000</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Water_politics" title="Water politics">Water politics</a> is <
a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a> affected by water and <a h

ref="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">water resources</a>. For thi
s reason, water is a strategic resource in the globe and an important element in
many political conflicts. It causes health impacts and damage to biodiversity.<
/p>
<p>1.6 billion people have gained access to a safe water source since 1990.<sup
id="cite_ref 93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note 93">[93]</a></sup> The pr
oportion of people in developing countries with access to safe water is calculat
ed to have improved from 30% in 1970<sup id="cite_ref lomborg_94 0" class="refer
ence"><a href="#cite_note lomborg 94">[94]</a></sup> to 71% in 1990, 79% in 2000
and 84% in 2004. This trend is projected to continue.<sup id="cite_ref UN_5 1"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note UN 5">[5]</a></sup> To halve, by 2015, the
proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water is one o
f the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development
Goals">Millennium Development Goals</a>. This goal is projected to be reached.<
/p>
<p>A 2006 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</
a> report stated that "there is enough water for everyone", but that access to i
t is hampered by mismanagement and corruption.<sup id="cite_ref 95" class="refer
ence"><a href="#cite_note 95">[95]</a></sup> In addition, global initiatives to
improve the efficiency of aid delivery, such as the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Declara
tion_on_Aid_Effectiveness" class="mw redirect" title="Paris Declaration on Aid E
ffectiveness">Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness</a>, have not been taken up
by water sector donors as effectively as they have in education and health, pot
entially leaving multiple donors working on overlapping projects and recipient g
overnments without empowerment to act.<sup id="cite_ref 96" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note 96">[96]</a></sup></p>
<p>The authors of the 2007 <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Assessment_of_Water_Mana
gement_in_Agriculture" title="Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Ag
riculture">Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture</a> cited
poor governance as one reason for some forms of water scarcity. Water governanc
e is the set of formal and informal processes through which decisions related to
water management are made. Good water governance is primarily about knowing wha
t processes work best in a particular physical and socioeconomic context. Mistak
es have sometimes been made by trying to apply 'blueprints' that work in the dev
eloped world to developing world locations and contexts. The Mekong river is one
example; a review by the <a href="/wiki/International_Water_Management_Institut
e" title="International Water Management Institute">International Water Manageme
nt Institute</a> of policies in six countries that rely on the Mekong river for
water found that thorough and transparent cost benefit analyses and environmenta
l impact assessments were rarely undertaken. They also discovered that Cambodia'
s draft water law was much more complex than it needed to be.<sup id="cite_ref 9
7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note 97">[97]</a></sup></p>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/UN_World_Water_Development_Report" title="UN World Water D
evelopment Report">UN World Water Development Report</a> (WWDR, 2003) from the <
a href="/wiki/World_Water_Assessment_Program" class="mw redirect" title="World W
ater Assessment Program">World Water Assessment Program</a> indicates that, in t
he next 20 years, the quantity of water available to everyone is predicted to de
crease by 30%. 40% of the world's inhabitants currently have insufficient fresh
water for minimal <a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">hygiene</a>. More than
2.2 million people died in 2000 from <a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" title=
"Waterborne diseases">waterborne diseases</a> (related to the consumption of con
taminated water) or <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a>. In 2004
, the UK charity <a href="/wiki/WaterAid" title="WaterAid">WaterAid</a> reported
that a child dies every 15 seconds from easily preventable water related diseas
es; often this means lack of <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a> di
sposal; see <a href="/wiki/Toilet" title="Toilet">toilet</a>.</p>
<p>Organizations concerned with water protection include the <a href="/wiki/Inte
rnational_Water_Association" title="International Water Association">Internation
al Water Association</a> (IWA), <a href="/wiki/WaterAid" title="WaterAid">WaterA
id</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_1st" class="mw redirect" title="Water 1st">Water 1s

t</a>, and the American Water Resources Association. The <a href="/wiki/Internat
ional_Water_Management_Institute" title="International Water Management Institut
e">International Water Management Institute</a> undertakes projects with the aim
of using effective water management to reduce poverty. Water related convention
s are <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_to_Combat_Desertification" title=
"United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification">United Nations Convention
to Combat Desertification</a> (UNCCD), <a href="/wiki/International_Convention_f
or_the_Prevention_of_Pollution_from_Ships" class="mw redirect" title="Internatio
nal Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships">International Convent
ion for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nation
s_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law
of the Sea">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a> and <a href="/wi
ki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a>. <a href="
/wiki/World_Day_for_Water" class="mw redirect" title="World Day for Water">World
Day for Water</a> takes place on 22 March and <a href="/wiki/World_Ocean_Day" c
lass="mw redirect" title="World Ocean Day">World Ocean Day</a> on 8 June.</p>
<h2><span class="mw headline" id="In_culture">In culture</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw headline" id="Religion">Religion</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion
" title="Water and religion">Water and religion</a></div>
<p>Water is considered a purifier in most religions. Faiths that incorporate rit
ual washing (<a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">abl
ution</a>) include <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianit
y</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Is
lam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a
>, the <a href="/wiki/Rastafari_movement" class="mw redirect" title="Rastafari m
ovement">Rastafari movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a
>, <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wicca" t
itle="Wicca">Wicca</a>. Immersion (or <a href="/wiki/Aspersion" title="Aspersion
">aspersion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Affusion" title="Affusion">affusion</a>) of a
person in water is a central <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacrame
nt</a> of Christianity (where it is called <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptis
m">baptism</a>); it is also a part of the practice of other religions, including
Islam (<i><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></i>), Judaism (<i><a hr
ef="/wiki/Mikvah" class="mw redirect" title="Mikvah">mikvah</a></i>) and <a href
="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Sanskar" c
lass="mw redirect" title="Amrit Sanskar">Amrit Sanskar</a></i>). In addition, a
ritual bath in pure water is performed for the dead in many religions including
Islam and Judaism. In Islam, the five daily prayers can be done in most cases af
ter completing washing certain parts of the body using clean water (<i><a href="
/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">wudu</a></i>), unless water is unavailable (see <i><a h
ref="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></i>). In Shinto, water is use
d in almost all rituals to cleanse a person or an area (e.g., in the ritual of <
i><a href="/wiki/Misogi" title="Misogi">misogi</a></i>).</p>
<h3><span class="mw headline" id="Philosophy">Philosophy</span></h3>
<p>The Ancient Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">E
mpedocles</a> held that water is one of the four <a href="/wiki/Classical_elemen
ts" class="mw redirect" title="Classical elements">classical elements</a> along
with <a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">fire</a>, earth and <a href="/wiki/Air_(c
lassical_element)" title="Air (classical element)">air</a>, and was regarded as
the <a href="/wiki/Ylem" title="Ylem">ylem</a>, or basic substance of the univer
se. <a href="/wiki/Thales" title="Thales">Thales</a>, who was portrayed by Arist
otle as an astronomer and an engineer, theorized that the earth, which is denser
than water, emerged from the water. Thales, a <a href="/wiki/Monist" class="mw
redirect" title="Monist">monist</a>, believed further that all things are made f
rom water. Plato believed the shape of water is an <a href="/wiki/Icosahedron" t
itle="Icosahedron">icosahedron</a> which accounts for why it is able to flow eas
ily compared to the cube shaped earth.<sup id="cite_ref 98" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note 98">[98]</a></sup></p>
<p>In the theory of the <a href="/wiki/Humorism" title="Humorism">four bodily hu

mors</a>, water was associated with <a href="/wiki/Phlegm" title="Phlegm">phlegm
</a>, as being cold and moist. The <a href="/wiki/Water_(classical_element)" tit
le="Water (classical element)">classical element of water</a> was also one of th
e <a href="/wiki/Five_elements_(Chinese_philosophy)" class="mw redirect" title="
Five elements (Chinese philosophy)">five elements</a> in traditional <a href="/w
iki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese philosophy</a>, along
with <a href="/wiki/Earth_(classical_element)" title="Earth (classical element)
">earth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fire_(classical_element)" title="Fire (classical ele
ment)">fire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wood_(classical_element)" class="mw redirect" ti
tle="Wood (classical element)">wood</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Metal_(classical_ele
ment)" class="mw redirect" title="Metal (classical element)">metal</a>.</p>
<p>Water is also taken as a role model in some parts of traditional and popular
Asian philosophy. James Legge's 1891 translation of the Dao De Jing states "The
highest excellence is like (that of) water. The excellence of water appears in i
ts benefiting all things, and in its occupying, without striving (to the contrar
y), the low place which all men dislike. Hence (its way) is near to (that of) th
e Tao" and "There is nothing in the world more soft and weak than water, and yet
for attacking things that are firm and strong there is nothing that can take pr
ecedence of itfor there is nothing (so effectual) for which it can be changed."<s
up id="cite_ref 99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note 99">[99]</a></sup> <i>
<a href="/wiki/Guanzi_(text)" title="Guanzi (text)">Guanzi</a></i> in "Shui di" c
hapter further elaborates on symbolism of water, proclaiming that "man is water"
and attributing natural qualities of the people of different Chinese regions to
the character of local water resources.<sup id="cite_ref 100" class="reference"
><a href="#cite_note 100">[100]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<div role="navigation" aria label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist trig
ht" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px">
<ul style="display:table;box sizing:border box;padding:0.1em;max width:175px;bac
kground:#f9f9f9;font size:85%;line height:110%;font style:italic;font weight:bol
d">
<li style="display:table row"><span style="display:table cell;padding:0.2em;vert
ical align:middle;text align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Drinking_water.jpg" cla
ss="image"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a
/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/18px Drinking_water.jpg" width="18" height="28" class="no
viewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_wat
er.jpg/28px Drinking_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/th
umb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/37px Drinking_water.jpg 2x" data file width="300" da
ta file height="450" /></a></span><span style="display:table cell;padding:0.2em
0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Por
tal:Water">Water portal</a></span></li>
<li style="display:table row"><span style="display:table cell;padding:0.2em;vert
ical align:middle;text align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Sustainable_development
.svg" class="image"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/common
s/thumb/7/70/Sustainable_development.svg/32px Sustainable_development.svg.png" w
idth="32" height="20" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/thumb/7/70/Sustainable_development.svg/48px Sustainable_development.svg.
png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sustainable_develo
pment.svg/64px Sustainable_development.svg.png 2x" data file width="800" data fi
le height="510" /></a></span><span style="display:table cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em
0.2em 0.3em;vertical align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sustainable_developmen
t" title="Portal:Sustainable development">Sustainable development portal</a></sp
an></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_water"
title="Outline of water">Outline of water</a></div>
<ul>
<li>The <a href="/wiki/Water_(data_page)" title="Water (data page)">water (data
page)</a> is a collection of the chemical and physical properties of water.</li>

</ul>
<p>Water is described in many terms and contexts:</p>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Liquid water an
d ice.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commo
ns/thumb/0/03/Liquid water and ice.png/220px Liquid water and ice.png" width="22
0" height="121" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/comm
ons/thumb/0/03/Liquid water and ice.png/330px Liquid water and ice.png 1.5x, //u
pload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Liquid water and ice.png/440px
Liquid water and ice.png 2x" data file width="1055" data file height="581" /></a
>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Liquid water and ice.png" class="intern
al" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Liquid water and ice structures</div>
</div>
</div>
<ul>
<li><b>according to state</b>
<ul>
<li>solid <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a></li>
<li>liquid water</li>
<li>gaseous <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><b>according to <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology<
/a></b>:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydrometeor" class="mw redirect" title="Hydrometeor">hydromet
eor</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw redirect" title="Preci
pitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<dl>
<dd>
<table border="0|">
<tr>
<td>     </td>
<td>precipitation according to movement</td>
<td>  </td>
<td>precipitation according to state</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> </td>
<td valign="top">
<ul>
<li>vertical (falling) precipitation
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Freezing_rain" title="Freezing rain">freezing rain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drizzle" title="Drizzle">drizzle</a></li>
<li>freezing drizzle</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">snow</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Snow_pellets" class="mw redirect" title="Snow pellets">snow p

ellets</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Snow_grains" title="Snow grains">snow grains</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ice_pellets" title="Ice pellets">ice pellets</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">hail</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ice_crystals" title="Ice crystals">ice crystals</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>horizontal (seated) precipitation
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dew" title="Dew">dew</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hoarfrost" class="mw redirect" title="Hoarfrost">hoarfrost</a
></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_icing" title="Atmospheric icing">atmospheric icin
g</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Glaze_ice" title="Glaze ice">glaze ice</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td>  </td>
<td valign="top">
<ul>
<li>liquid precipitation
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rain</a></li>
<li>freezing rain</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drizzle" title="Drizzle">drizzle</a></li>
<li>freezing drizzle</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dew" title="Dew">dew</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>solid precipitation
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">snow</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Snow_pellets" class="mw redirect" title="Snow pellets">snow p
ellets</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Snow_grains" title="Snow grains">snow grains</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ice_pellets" title="Ice pellets">ice pellets</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">hail</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ice_crystals" title="Ice crystals">ice crystals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hoarfrost" class="mw redirect" title="Hoarfrost">hoarfrost</a
></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_icing" title="Atmospheric icing">atmospheric icin
g</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Glaze_ice" title="Glaze ice">glaze ice</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>mixed precipitation
<ul>
<li>in temperatures around 0 C</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</dd>
</dl>
<ul>
<li>
<ul>
<li>levitating particles
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Clouds" class="mw redirect" title="Clouds">clouds</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">fog</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mist" title="Mist">mist</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>ascending particles (drifted by wind)
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spindrift" title="Spindrift">spindrift</a></li>
<li><i>stirred snow</i></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><b>according to occurrence</b>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brackish_water" title="Brackish water">brackish water</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">brine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Connate_fluids" title="Connate fluids">connate water</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dead_water" title="Dead water">dead water</a> strange phenome
non which can occur when a layer of fresh or brackish water rests on top of dens
er salt water, without the two layers mixing. It is dangerous for ship traveling
.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meltwater" title="Meltwater">meltwater</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meteoric_water" title="Meteoric water">meteoric water</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_water" title="Mineral water">mineral water</a> contai
ns many minerals</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">seawater</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">surface water</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><b>according to uses</b>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bottled_water" title="Bottled water">bottled water</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a> or
potable water useful for everyday drinking, without fouling, it contains balance
d minerals that are not harmful to health (see below)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Purified_water" title="Purified water">purified water</a>, la
boratory grade, analytical grade or reagent grade water water which has been hig
hly purified for specific uses in science or engineering. Often broadly classifi
ed as Type I, Type II, or Type III, this category of water includes, but is not
limited to, the following:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deionized_water" class="mw redirect" title="Deionized water">
deionized water</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Distilled_water" title="Distilled water">distilled water</a><
/li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Double_distilled_water" class="mw redirect" title="Double dis
tilled water">double distilled water</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis_plant" title="Reverse osmosis plant">reverse
osmosis plant</a> water</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tap_water" title="Tap water">tap water</a></li>

</ul>
</li>
<li><b>according to other features</b>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Distilled_water" title="Distilled water">distilled water</a>,
<a href="/wiki/Double_distilled_water" class="mw redirect" title="Double distil
led water">double distilled water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deionized_water" class="mw
redirect" title="Deionized water">deionized water</a> contains no minerals</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hard_water" title="Hard water">hard water</a> from undergroun
d, contains more minerals</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">heavy water</a> made from he
avy atoms of hydrogen <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a>.
It is in nature in normal water in very low concentration. It was used in const
ruction of first <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor_technology" class="mw redirect"
title="Nuclear reactor technology">nuclear reactors</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydrates" class="mw redirect" title="Hydrates">hydrates</a> w
ater bound into other chemical substances</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Soft_water" title="Soft water">soft water</a> contains fewer
minerals</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tritiated_water" title="Tritiated water">tritiated water</a><
/li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_of_crystallization" title="Water of crystallization">wa
ter of crystallization</a> water incorporated into crystalline structures</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><b>according to <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">
civil engineering</a></b>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">stormwater</a> or <a href="/wi
ki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">surface water</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><b>according to religion</b>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">holy water</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<dl>
<dt>Related topics</dt>
</dl>
<div class="div col columns column count column count 2" style=" moz column coun
t: 2; webkit column count: 2; column count: 2;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aquaphobia" title="Aquaphobia">Aquaphobia</a> (fear of water)
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrogen_monoxide_hoax" title="Dihydrogen monoxide hoax">Di
hydrogen monoxide hoax</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">Drought</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mirage" title="Mirage">Mirage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mpemba_effect" title="Mpemba effect">Mpemba effect</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oral_rehydration_therapy" title="Oral rehydration therapy">Or
al rehydration therapy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ripple_effect" title="Ripple effect">Ripple effect</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thirst" title="Thirst">Thirst</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_Pasteurization_Indicator" class="mw redirect" title="Wa
ter Pasteurization Indicator">Water Pasteurization Indicator</a></li>

<li><a href="/wiki/Water_pinch_analysis" title="Water pinch analysis">Water pinc
h analysis</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist columns references column width" style=" moz column width: 3
0em; webkit column width: 30em; column width: 30em; list style type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note 1"><span class="mw cite backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref 1">^</
a></b></span> <span class="reference text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="no
follow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the
world factbook/geos/xx.html#Geo">"CIA The world factbook"</a>. <a href="/wiki/C
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ef="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0 13 981176 1" title="Special:BookSources/0 13 981
176 1">0 13 981176 1</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel
="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/32308337">323083
37</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88 2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipe
dia.org%3AWater&rft.au=Charles+William+McLaughlin&rft.au=David+LaHart&am
p;rft.aufirst=Anthea&rft.au=Jean+Hopkins&rft.au=Jill+D.+Wright&rft.a
ulast=Maton&rft.au=Maryanna+Quon+Warner&rft.au=Susan+Johnson&rft.bti
tle=Human+Biology+and+Health&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=book&rft_id=inf
o%3Aoclcnum%2F32308337&rft.isbn=0 13 981176 1&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs
%2C+New+Jersey%2C+USA&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt
%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></sp
an></span></li>
</a></b></span> <span class="reference text"><cite class="citation book">Unesco
(2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?
id=1cV8tziHZ5sC&pg=PA125"><i>Water: a shared responsibility</i></a>. Berghah
n Books. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="
International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSou
rces/1 84545 177 5" title="Special:BookSources/1 84545 177 5">1 84545 177 5</a>.
</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88 2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org
%3AWater&rft.au=Unesco&rft.btitle=Water%3A+a+shared+responsibility&r
ft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fi
d%3D1cV8tziHZ5sC%26pg%3DPA125&rft.isbn=1 84545 177 5&rft.pages=125&r
ft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class
="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note vaclacik 88"><span class="mw cite backlink">^ <a href="#cite_r
ef vaclacik_88 0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref vaclacik_88
1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference text"><cite clas
s="citation book">Vaclavik, Vickie A. & Christian, Elizabeth W (2007). <a re
l="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=iCCsvwZrgu
UC&printsec=frontcover"><i>Essentials of Food Science</i></a>. Springer. <a
href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Bo
ok Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0 387 69939 2" title
="Special:BookSources/0 387 69939 2">0 387 69939 2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_v
er=Z39.88 2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater&rft.au=Chris
tian%2C+Elizabeth+W&rft.au=Vaclavik%2C+Vickie+A.&rft.btitle=Essentials+o
f+Food+Science&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fboo
ks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DiCCsvwZrguUC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rft.isbn=0 387
69939 2&rft.pub=Springer&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook
" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note deman 89"><span class="mw cite backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref
deman_89 0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref deman_89 1"><sup><
i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference text"><cite class="citati
on book">DeMan, John M (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="htt
ps://books.google.com/?id=kDYJ7a1HbD0C&pg=PA434"><i>Principles of Food Chemi
stry</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title
="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookS
ources/0 8342 1234 X" title="Special:BookSources/0 8342 1234 X">0 8342 1234 X</a
>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88 2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.o
rg%3AWater&rft.au=DeMan%2C+John+M&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Food+Chemistr
y&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com
%2F%3Fid%3DkDYJ7a1HbD0C%26pg%3DPA434&rft.isbn=0 8342 1234 X&rft.pub=Spri
nger&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span st
<li id="cite_note DEFRA 90"><span class="mw cite backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref
DEFRA_90 0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference text"><cite class="citation
web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dwi.defra.gov.uk/cons
umers/advice leaflets/hardness_map.pdf">"Map showing the rate of hardness in mg/
l as Calcium carbonate in England and Wales"</a> <span style="font size:85%;">(P
DF)</span>. DEFRA/ Drinking Water Inspectorate. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver
=Z39.88 2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater&rft.btitle=Map
+showing+the+rate+of+hardness+in+mg%2Fl+as+Calcium+carbonate+in+England+and+Wale
s&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdwi.defra.gov.
uk%2Fconsumers%2Fadvice leaflets%2Fhardness_map.pdf&rft.pub=DEFRA%2F+Drinkin
g+Water+Inspectorate&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=
"Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note USGS 91"><span class="mw cite backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref
USGS_91 0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference text"><cite class="citation w
eb"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://water.usgs.gov/edu/har
dness.html">"Water hardness"</a>. US Geological Service. 8 April 2014.</cite><sp
an title="ctx_ver=Z39.88 2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater&a
mp;rft.btitle=Water+hardness&rft.date=2014 04 08&rft.genre=unknown&r
ft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwater.usgs.gov%2Fedu%2Fhardness.html&rft.pub=US+Geologic
al+Service&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><s
pan style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
</a></b></span> <span class="reference text"><cite class="citation web">M.M. Mek
onnen; A.Y. Hoekstra (December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" hr
ef="http://www.waterfootprint.org/Reports/Report 48 WaterFootprint AnimalProduct
s Vol1.pdf">"The green, blue and grey water footprint of farm animals and animal
products, Value of Water Research Report Series No. 48 Volume 1: Main report"</
a> <span style="font size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>The green, blue and grey wate r
footprint of farm animals and animal products, Value of Water Research Report S
eries No. 48 Volume 1: Main report</i>. UNESCO IHE Institute for Water Education
<span class="reference accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</
span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88 2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%
2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater&rft.atitle=The+green%2C+blue+and+grey+water+footp
rint+of+farm+animals+and+animal+products%2C+Value+of+Water+Research+Report+Serie
s+No.+48+%93+Volume+1%3A+Main+report&rft.au=A.Y.+Hoekstra&rft.au=M.M.+Me
konnen&rft.date=2010 12&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wa
terfootprint.org%2FReports%2FReport 48 WaterFootprint AnimalProducts Vol1.pdf&am
p;rft.jtitle=The+green%2C+blue+and+grey+wate+r+footprint+of+farm+animals+and+ani
mal+products%2C+Value+of+Water+Research+Report+Series+No.+48+%93+Volume+1%3A+Mai
n+report&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><
span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
ext" href="http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Resources/Static/Products/Progress2008/MD
G_Report_2008_En.pdf#page=44">The Millennium Development Goals Report</a>, Unite
d Nations, 2008</span></li>
<li id="cite_note lomborg 94"><span class="mw cite backlink"><b><a href="#cite_r
ef lomborg_94 0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference text"><cite class="cita
tion book">Lomborg, Bjrn (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ht
tps://web.archive.org/web/20130725173040/http://www.lomborg.com/dyn/files/basic_
items/69 file/skeptenvironChap1.pdf"><i>The Skeptical Environmentalist</i></a> <
span style="font size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Pr
ess" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p.
22. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Stan
dard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0 521 01068 3
" title="Special:BookSources/0 521 01068 3">0 521 01068 3</a>. Archived from <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lomborg.com/dyn/files/basi
c_items/69 file/skeptenvironChap1.pdf">the original</a> <span style="font size:8
5%;">(PDF)</span> on 25 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88 2004&rf
r_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater&rft.au=Lomborg%2C+Bj%C3%B6rn&
rft.btitle=The+Skeptical+Environmentalist&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&a
mp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lomborg.com%2Fdyn%2Ffiles%2Fbasic_items%2F69 file%2Fs
keptenvironChap1.pdf&rft.isbn=0 521 01068 3&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Cam
bridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" cla
ss="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
</a></b></span> <span class="reference text"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESC
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doc.unesco.org/images/0014/001444/144409E.pdf">Water, a shared responsibility. T
he United Nations World Water Development Report 2</a>.</span></li>
</a></b></span> <span class="reference text">Welle, Katharina; Evans, Barbara; T
ucker, Josephine and Nicol, Alan (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/1894.pdf"><i>Is water lagging beh
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nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Wat

er_Issue_Briefs/index.aspx">"Search Results"</a>. <i>International Water Managem
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ss="nowrap">3 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88 2004&a
mp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater&rft.atitle=Search+Results&am
p;rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwmi.cgiar.org%2FPublications%2F
Water_Issue_Briefs%2Findex.aspx&rft.jtitle=International+Water+Management+In
stitute+%28IWMI%29&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class
="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
</a></b></span> <span class="reference text">Lindberg, D. (2008). <i>The beginni
ngs of western science: The European scientific tradition in philosophical, reli
gious, and institutional context, prehistory to A.D. 1450</i>. (2nd ed.). Chicag
o: University of Chicago Press.</span></li>
nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred texts.com/tao/taote.htm"
>"Internet Sacred Text Archive Home"</a>. Sacred texts.com<span class="reference
accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite>
<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88 2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWate
r&rft.btitle=Internet+Sacred+Text+Archive+Home&rft.genre=unknown&rft
_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred texts.com%2Ftao%2Ftaote.htm&rft.pub=Sacred texts
.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span st
<li id="cite_note 100"><span class="mw cite backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref 100"
>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="http://ctext.org/guanzi/shui di">Guanzi : Shui Di Chinese Text
Project</a>. Ctext.org. Retrieved on 28 September 2015.</span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2>
<div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul>
<li>Debenedetti, PG., and HE Stanley, "Supercooled and Glassy Water", <i>Physics
Today</i> <b>56</b> (6), p. 4046 (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="http://polymer.bu.edu/hes/articles/ds03.pdf">Downloadable PDF (1.9 M
B)</a></li>
<li>Franks, F (Ed), Water, A comprehensive treatise, Plenum Press, New York, 197
21982</li>
<li>Gleick, PH., (editor), <i>The World's Water: The Biennial Report on Freshwat
er Resources</i>. Island Press, Washington, D.C. (published every two years, beg
inning in 1998.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldw
ater.org/">The World's Water, Island Press</a></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFJonesLesterVoulvoulis2005" class="citation journal">Jones,
Oliver A.; Lester, John N.; Voulvoulis, Nick (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="ex
ternal text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2005.02.001">"Pharmaceuti
cals: a threat to drinking water?"</a>. <i>Trends in Biotechnology</i>. Elsevier
BV. <b>23</b> (4): 163167. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digi
tal object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//d
x.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tibtech.2005.02.001">10.1016/j.tibtech.2005.02.001</a><spa
n class="reference accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span>
2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88 2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.w
ikipedia.org%3AWater&rft.atitle=Pharmaceuticals%3A+a+threat+to+drinking+wate
r%3F&rft.aufirst=Oliver+A.&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.au=Lester%2C+John+N.
&rft.au=Voulvoulis%2C+Nick&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft_i
d=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.tibtech.2005.02.001&rft_id=info%3Ado
i%2F10.1016%2Fj.tibtech.2005.02.001&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Bio
technology&rft.pages=163 167&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3A
journal&rft.volume=23" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </spa
n></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucowr.org/journal of co

ntemporary water research and education">Journal of Contemporary Water Research
& Education</a></li>
<li>Postel,S., <i>Last Oasis: Facing Water Scarcity</i>. W.W. Norton and Company
, New York. 1992</li>
<li>Reisner,M., <i>Cadillac Desert: The American West and Its Disappearing Water
</i>. Penguin Books, New York. 1986.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/water/ww
ap/wwdr/">United Nations World Water Development Report</a>. Produced every thre
e years.</li>
<li>St. Fleur, Nicholas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ww
w.nytimes.com/2016/04/16/science/the water in your glass might be older than the
sun.html?utm_source=pocket&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=pockethits&amp
;_r=0">The Water in Your Glass Might Be Older Than the Sun</a>. "The water you d
rink is older than the planet you're standing on." <i>The New York Times</i> (15
April 2016)</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<table class="metadata plainlinks mbox small" style="padding:0.25em 0.5em 0.5em
0.75em;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#f9f9f9;">
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding bottom:0.75em;border bottom:1px solid #aaa;text a
lign:center;">
<div style="clear:both;">Find more about<br />
<b>water</b><br />
at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipe
dia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:25px;">
<td style="padding top:0.75em;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:
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ad.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary logo v2.svg/25px Wiktio
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" /></a></td>
<td style="padding top:0.75em;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:
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om Wiktionary</td>
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rch Commons"><img alt="Search Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/
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itle="q:Special:Search/water">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</td>
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title="s:Special:Search/water">Texts</a> from Wikisource</td>
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<td><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/water" class="extiw" t
itle="b:Special:Search/water">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</td>
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</table>
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stats.oecd.org/wbos/Ind
ex.aspx?DataSetCode=ENV_WAT">OECD Water statistics</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwater.org/">Th
e World's Water Data Page</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aq
uastat/main/index.stm">FAO Comprehensive Water Database, AQUASTAT</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldwater.org/conflict
.html">The Water Conflict Chronology: Water Conflict Database</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/"
>US Geological Survey Water for Schools information</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://water.worldbank.org/">P
ortal to The World Bank's strategy, work and associated publications on water re
sources</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awra.org/">America
Water Resources Association</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.lsbu.ac.uk/water/"
>Water structure and science</a></li>
</ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria labelledby="Water" style="padding:3px
">
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<li class="nv view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Water" title="Template:Water"><abbr
title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v<
/abbr></a></li>
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er"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;bor
der:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox group">Overviews</th>
<td class="navbox list navbox odd" style="text align:left;border left width:2px;
border left style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_water" title="Outline of water">Outline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_(data_page)" title="Water (data page)">Data</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_model" title="Water model">Model</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">Properties</
a></li>
</ul>
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</td>
<td class="navbox image" rowspan="7" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
<div>
<div class="floatright"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_droplet.jpg" class="image" tit
le="Water droplet"><img alt="Water droplet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi
a/commons/thumb/e/ec/Water_droplet.jpg/70px Water_droplet.jpg" width="70" height
="43" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Water_droplet.
jpg/105px Water_droplet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb
/e/ec/Water_droplet.jpg/140px Water_droplet.jpg 2x" data file width="800" data f
ile height="492" /></a></div>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox group"><a href="/wiki/State_of_matter" title="Stat
e of matter">States</a></th>
<td class="navbox list navbox even" style="text align:left;border left width:2px
;border left style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<ul>
<li><strong class="selflink">Liquid</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">Ice</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">Vapor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">Steam</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
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</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox group">Forms</th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Semiheavy_water" title="Semiheavy water">Semiheavy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">Heavy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tritiated_water" title="Tritiated water">Tritiated</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydronium" title="Hydronium">Hydronium</a></li>
</ul>
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</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox group">On <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Eart
h</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">Cycle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_distribution_on_Earth" title="Water distribution on Ear
th">Distribution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">Hydrosphere</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydrobiology" title="Hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth" title="Origin of water on Earth">Or
igin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Pollution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">Resources</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_management" title="Water resource management">

management</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_policy" title="Water resource policy">policy</
a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">Supply</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="navbox abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font weight: bold;">
<div>
<ul>
<li> <img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/
Portal puzzle.svg/16px Portal puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="
14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal puzzle.svg/24p
x Portal puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Por
tal puzzle.svg/32px Portal puzzle.svg.png 2x" data file width="32" data file hei
ght="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Portal:Water">Portal</a></li>
<li> <img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4
8/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category"
width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/F
older_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikim
edia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px Folder_Hexagonal
_Icon.svg.png 2x" data file width="36" data file height="31" /> <a href="/wiki/C
ategory:Water" title="Category:Water">Category</a></li>
<li> <img alt="Commons page" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb
/4/4a/Commons logo.svg/12px Commons logo.svg.png" title="Commons page" width="12
" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons log
o.svg/18px Commons logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/
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file height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Water
" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Water">Commons</a></li>
<li> <img alt="Wiktionary page" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commo
ns/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary logo.svg/16px Wiktionary logo.svg.png" title="Wiktionar
y page" width="16" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary logo.svg/24px Wiktionary logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikim
edia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary logo.svg/32px Wiktionary logo.s
vg.png 2x" data file width="370" data file height="350" /> <a href="https://en.w
iktionary.org/wiki/water" class="extiw" title="wikt:water">Wiktionary</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria labelledby="Food_chemistry" style="pa
dding:3px">
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pacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
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chemistry"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparen

t;border:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
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talk:Food chemistry"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:no
ne transparent;border:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
p?title=Template:Food_chemistry&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template
" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="Food_chemistry" style="font size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Food_chemistry" t
itle="Food chemistry">Food chemistry</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox list navbox odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0
px">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">Additives</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Food_coloring" title="Food coloring">Coloring</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzymes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid" title="Essential fatty acid">Essential
fatty acids</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flavor" title="Flavor">Flavors</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Food_fortification" title="Food fortification">Fortification<
/a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">Lipids</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dietary_element" class="mw redirect" title="Dietary element">
"Minerals" (Chemical elements)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Proteins</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Water</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria labelledby="Natural_resources" style=
"padding:3px">
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rder spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
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atural resources"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none tran
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ate talk:Natural resources"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;backgro
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p?title=Template:Natural_resources&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this templ
ate" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="Natural_resources" style="font size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_resour
ce" title="Natural resource">Natural resources</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox group"><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="
Atmosphere of Earth">Air</a></th>
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox subgroup" style="border spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox group" style="width:7.0em;font weight:normal;"><a
href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Pollution / quality</a></t
h>
border left style:solid;padding:0px">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards" title="National Ambie
nt Air Quality Standards">Ambient standards <span style="font size:90%;">(USA)</
span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Index</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_pollution_in_developing_nations" title="Indoor air
pollution in developing nations">developing nations</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_law" title="Air quality law">Law</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United S
tates)">Clean Air Act <span style="font size:90%;">(USA)</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a><
/li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox group" style="width:7.0em;font weight:normal;">Emi
ssions</th>
;border left style:solid;padding:0px">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Airshed" title="Airshed">Airshed</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">Trading</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reducing_emissions_from_deforestation_and_forest_degradation"
title="Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation">Deforestat
ion (REDD)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
<div><a href="/wiki/File:Carson_Fall_Mt_Kinabalu.jpg" class="image" title="Carso
n Falls on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo"><img alt="Carson Falls on Mount Kinabalu, Bor
neo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Carson_Fall_Mt_Kin
abalu.jpg/100px Carson_Fall_Mt_Kinabalu.jpg" width="100" height="133" srcset="//
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Carson_Fall_Mt_Kinabalu.jpg/15
0px Carson_Fall_Mt_Kinabalu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/t
humb/5/57/Carson_Fall_Mt_Kinabalu.jpg/200px Carson_Fall_Mt_Kinabalu.jpg 2x" data
file width="2592" data file height="3456" /></a></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox group"><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energ
y</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Energy_law" title="Energy law">Law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Energy_resources" class="mw redirect" title="Energy resources
">Resources</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuels</a> (<a hr
ef="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">peak oil</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">Geothermal</a></
li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">Solar</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shade_(shadow)" title="Shade (shadow)">shade</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">Wave</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox group"><a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">Land</a><
/th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">Arable</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Degradation</a></l

i>
<li><a href="/wiki/Land_law" title="Land law">Law</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">property</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Land_management" title="Land management">Management</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_conservation" title="Habitat conservation">habitat co
nservation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">Minerals</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mining_law" title="Mining law">law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sand_mining" title="Sand mining">sand</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peak_minerals" title="Peak minerals">peak</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">rights</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">Soil</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Soil_conservation" title="Soil conservation">conservation</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">fertility</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Soil_health" title="Soil health">health</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Soil_resilience" title="Soil resilience">resilience</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Use</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Land use_planning" title="Land use planning">planning</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/Open_space_reserve" title="Open space reserve">reserve</a></l
i>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox group"><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a><
/th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bushfood" class="mw redirect" title="Bushfood">Bushfood</a></

li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">Bushmeat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fisheries</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_law" title="Fisheries law">law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">management
</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">Food</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">Forests</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Forest_genetic_resources" title="Forest genetic resources">ge
netic resources</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Forest_law" class="mw redirect" title="Forest law">law</a></l
i>
<li><a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">management</a></
li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Game_(food)" class="mw redirect" title="Game (food)">Game</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Game_law" title="Game law">law</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gene_bank" title="Gene bank">Gene bank</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_used_in_herbalism" title="List of plants used
in herbalism">Herbalist plants</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" class="mw redirect" title="Marine conser
vation">Marine conservation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Non timber_forest_product" title="Non timber forest product">
Non timber forest products</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rangeland" title="Rangeland">Rangeland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seed_bank" title="Seed bank">Seed bank</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">Wildlife</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_conservation" title="Wildlife conservation">conserva
tion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_management" title="Wildlife management">management</
a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox group"><strong class="selflink">Water</strong></th
>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox group" style="width:7.0em;font weight:normal;">Typ
es / location</th>
;border left style:solid;padding:0px">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">Aquifer</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer_storage_and_recovery" title="Aquifer storage and reco
very">storage and recovery</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">Drinking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">Fresh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">pollutio
n</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_recharge" title="Groundwater recharge">recharge</
a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_remediation" title="Groundwater remediation">reme
diation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">Hydrosphere</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">Ice</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg">bergs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacial</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polar_ice_cap" title="Polar ice cap">polar</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">Rain</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">harvesting
</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">Surface water</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">Wastewater</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">reclaimed</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox group" style="width:7.0em;font weight:normal;">Asp
ects</th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">Desalination</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Floods</a></li>

<li><a href="/wiki/Water_law" class="mw redirect" title="Water law">Law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leaching_(agriculture)" title="Leaching (agriculture)">Leachi
ng</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict" title="Water conflict">Conflict</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">Conservation</
a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Pollution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_privatization" title="Water privatization">Privatizatio
n</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Quality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">Right</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">Resources</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_management" title="Water resource management">
management</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_policy" title="Water resource policy">policy</
a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox group">Related</th>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox list navbox even" style="padding:0px">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Common_land" title="Common land">Common land</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Common pool_resource" title="Common pool resource">common poo
l</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">enclosure</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Global_commons" title="Global commons">global</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">traged
y theory</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics
">Economics</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">ecological
</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" title="Ecosystem services">Ecosystem serv
ices</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources" title="Exploitation of nat

ural resources">Exploitation</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation</
a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource manageme
nt">Management</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_management" title="Adaptive management">adaptive</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Natural_capital" title="Natural capital">Natural capital</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Natural_capital_accounting" title="Natural capital accounting
">accounting</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">Nature reserve</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">Systems ecology</a><
/li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox group" style="width:7.0em;font weight:normal;"><a
href="/wiki/Resource" title="Resource">Resource</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_resource" title="Conflict resource">Conflict <span s
tyle="font size:90%;">(perpetuation)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Resource_curse" title="Resource curse">Curse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Depletion</a><
/li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Resource_extraction" class="mw redirect" title="Resource extr
action">Extraction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Resource_nationalism" title="Resource nationalism">Nationalis
m</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable resource">Renewable</a>&
#160;/ <a href="/wiki/Non renewable_resource" title="Non renewable resource">Non
renewable</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox group"><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.o
rg/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal puzzle.svg/16px Portal puzzle.svg.png" title="
Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb
/f/fd/Portal puzzle.svg/24px Portal puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal puzzle.svg/32px Portal puzzle.svg.png 2x" data fi
le width="32" data file height="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portal" title="W
ikipedia:Portal">Portals</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Agriculture_and_Agronomy" title="Portal:Agriculture an
d Agronomy">Agriculture and Agronomy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment</a
></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Fishing" title="Portal:Fishing">Fishing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Forestry" title="Portal:Forestry">Forestry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mining" title="Portal:Mining">Mining</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Portal:Water">Water</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wetlands" title="Portal:Wetlands">Wetlands</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="navbox abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font weight:bold;">
<div>
<ul>
<li><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Fold
er_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width
="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_
Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.o
rg/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.
svg.png 2x" data file width="36" data file height="31" /> <a href="/wiki/Categor
y:Natural_resources" title="Category:Natural resources">Category</a>
<ul>
<li><span style="font weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_resources_
agencies" title="Category:Natural resources agencies">agencies</a></span></li>
law" title="Category:Natural resources law">law</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_resource_m
anagement" title="Category:Natural resource management">management</a></span></l
i>
ministries" title="Category:Natural resources ministries">ministries</a></span><
/li>
organizations" title="Category:Natural resources organizations">organizations</a
></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span style="font weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_of_natural
_resources" title="List of colleges of natural resources">Colleges</a></span></l
i>
<li><img alt="Commons page" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/
Commons logo.svg/12px Commons logo.svg.png" title="Commons page" width="12" heig
ht="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons logo.svg/
18px Commons logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/C
ommons logo.svg/24px Commons logo.svg.png 2x" data file width="1024" data file h
eight="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Natural_res
ources" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Natural resources">Natural resourc
es</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria labelledby="Molecules_detected_in_out
er_space" style="padding:3px">
<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox inner" style="borde
r spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
<tr>
<ul>
<li class="nv view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" t
itle="Template:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="View this templat
e" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
<li class="nv talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Molecules_detected_in_outer_spa
ce" title="Template talk:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="Discuss
this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</abbr></a><
/li>
p?title=Template:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space&action=edit"><abbr title=
"Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</abbr>
</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" style="font size:114%"><a href="/wik
i/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules" title="List of interstellar
and circumstellar molecules">Molecules detected in outer space</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox group"><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">M
olecules</a></th>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox group"><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_molecule" title="Di
atomic molecule">Diatomic</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monochloride" title="Aluminium monochloride">Alumin
ium monochloride</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monofluoride" title="Aluminium monofluoride">Alumin

ium monofluoride</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(II)_oxide" title="Aluminium(II) oxide">Aluminium mo
noxide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argon#Compounds" title="Argon">Argon hydride</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monophosphide" title="Carbon monophosphide">Carbon mon
ophosphide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monosulfide" title="Carbon monosulfide">Carbon monosul
fide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide</a><
/li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">Carborundum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyanogen" title="Cyanogen">Cyanogen radical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_carbon" title="Diatomic carbon">Diatomic carbon</a><
/li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoromethylidynium&action=edit&redlink=
1" class="new" title="Fluoromethylidynium (page does not exist)">Fluoromethylidy
nium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">Hydrogen chlorid
e</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">Hydrogen fluorid
e</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen (molecular)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical" title="Hydroxyl radical">Hydroxyl radical</
a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">Iron(II) oxide</a></li
>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnesium_monohydride_cation&action=edit&amp
;redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnesium monohydride cation (page does not exist
)">Magnesium monohydride cation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methylidyne_radical" title="Methylidyne radical">Methylidyne
radical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen (molecular)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_nitrogen_monohydride" class="mw redirect" title=
"Interstellar nitrogen monohydride">Nitrogen monohydride</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mononitrogen_monosulfide" class="mw redirect" title="Mononitr
ogen monosulfide">Nitrogen sulfide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen (molecular)</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus_monoxide&action=edit&redlink=
1" class="new" title="Phosphorus monoxide (page does not exist)">Phosphorus mono
xide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_mononitride" title="Phosphorus mononitride">Phosph
orus mononitride</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">Potassium chlo
ride</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">Silicon carbide</a><
/li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_nitride#Production" title="Silicon nitride">Silicon m
ononitride</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sulfanyl" title="Sulfanyl">Silicon monoxide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monosulfide" title="Silicon monosulfide">Silicon mono
sulfide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Sodium chloride</a><
/li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_iodide" title="Sodium iodide">Sodium iodide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sulfanyl" title="Sulfanyl">Sulfur monohydride</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_monoxide" title="Sulfur monoxide">Sulfur monoxide</a><
/li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_oxide" title="Titanium oxide">Titanium oxide</a></li
>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
<div><a href="/wiki/File:Nitrous oxide 3D balls.png" class="image" title="link =
Nitrous oxide"><img alt="link = Nitrous oxide" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous oxide 3D balls.png/60px Nitrous oxide 3D balls.
png" width="60" height="24" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thu
mb/9/93/Nitrous oxide 3D balls.png/90px Nitrous oxide 3D balls.png 1.5x, //uploa
d.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous oxide 3D balls.png/120px Ni
trous oxide 3D balls.png 2x" data file width="1100" data file height="441" /></a
><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="/wiki/File:Ethanol 3D balls.png" class="image" title="link = Ethanol"><
img alt="link = Ethanol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b
0/Ethanol 3D balls.png/60px Ethanol 3D balls.png" width="60" height="41" srcset=
"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol 3D balls.png/90px E
thanol 3D balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Et
hanol 3D balls.png/120px Ethanol 3D balls.png 2x" data file width="1100" data fi
le height="754" /></a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="/wiki/File:Buckminsterfullerene perspective 3D balls.png" class="image"
title="link = Buckminsterfullerene"><img alt="link = Buckminsterfullerene" src=
"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene perspe
ctive 3D balls.png/60px Buckminsterfullerene perspective 3D balls.png" width="60
" height="63" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckmi
nsterfullerene perspective 3D balls.png/90px Buckminsterfullerene perspective 3D
balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminster
fullerene perspective 3D balls.png/120px Buckminsterfullerene perspective 3D bal
ls.png 2x" data file width="1056" data file height="1100" /></a></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox group"><a href="/wiki/Triatomic_molecule" title="T
riatomic molecule">Triatomic</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_hydroxide" title="Aluminium hydroxide">Aluminium hy
droxide</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink
=1" class="new" title="Aluminium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Aluminium iso
cyanide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amino_radical" title="Amino radical">Amino radical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_sulfide" title="Carbonyl sulfide">Carbonyl sulfide</
a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CCP_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class
="new" title="CCP radical (page does not exist)">CCP radical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Halonium_ion" title="Halonium ion">Chloronium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">Diazenylium</a></li>

<li><a href="/wiki/Dicarbon_monoxide" title="Dicarbon monoxide">Dicarbon monoxid
e</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disilicon_carbide&action=edit&redlink=1"
class="new" title="Disilicon carbide (page does not exist)">Disilicon carbide</
a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethynyl_radical" title="Ethynyl radical">Ethynyl radical</a><
/li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" cl
ass="new" title="Formyl radical (page does not exist)">Formyl radical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide (
HCN)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen iso
cyanide (HNC)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</
a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydroperoxyl" title="Hydroperoxyl">Hydroperoxyl</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_cyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" clas
s="new" title="Iron cyanide (page does not exist)">Iron cyanide</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isoformyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="
new" title="Isoformyl (page does not exist)">Isoformyl</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnesium_cyanide&action=edit&redlink=1"
class="new" title="Magnesium cyanide (page does not exist)">Magnesium cyanide</
a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnesium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink
=1" class="new" title="Magnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Magnesium iso
cyanide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methylene_(compound)" title="Methylene (compound)">Methylene
radical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">N<sub>2</sub>H<sup>+</sup></
a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nitroxyl" title="Nitroxyl">Nitroxyl</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methylidynephosphane" title="Methylidynephosphane">Phosphaeth
yne</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_cyanide" title="Potassium cyanide">Potassium cyanid
e</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Protonated mol
ecular hydrogen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyanide" title="Sodium cyanide">Sodium cyanide</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">Sodium hydroxide</
a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbonitride&action=edit&redlink
=1" class="new" title="Silicon carbonitride (page does not exist)">Silicon carbo
nitride</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C Silicon_dicarbide&action=edit&redlink=
1" class="new" title="C Silicon dicarbide (page does not exist)">c Silicon dicar
bide</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_naphthalocyanine&action=edit&red
link=1" class="new" title="Silicon naphthalocyanine (page does not exist)">Silic
on naphthalocyanine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</a></li
>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thioformyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class=
"new" title="Thioformyl (page does not exist)">Thioformyl</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thioxoethenylidene&action=edit&redlink=1
" class="new" title="Thioxoethenylidene (page does not exist)">Thioxoethenyliden
e</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">Titanium dioxide</

a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon" title="Tricarbon">Tricarbon</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Water</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox group"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_cir
cumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar mo
lecules">Four atoms</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">Acetylene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isocyanic_acid" title="Isocyanic acid">Cyanic acid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Cyanoethynyl</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclopropynylidyne&action=edit&redlink=1
" class="new" title="Cyclopropynylidyne (page does not exist)">Cyclopropynylidyn
e</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fulminic_acid" title="Fulminic acid">Fulminic acid</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HCCN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new"
title="HCCN (page does not exist)">HCCN</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">Hydrogen peroxid
e</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydromagnesium_isocyanide&action=edit&re
dlink=1" class="new" title="Hydromagnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Hyd
romagnesium isocyanide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isocyanic_acid" title="Isocyanic acid">Isocyanic acid</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Isothiocyanic acid</
a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketenyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="ne
w" title="Ketenyl (page does not exist)">Ketenyl</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylene_amidogen&action=edit&redlink=1
" class="new" title="Methylene amidogen (page does not exist)">Methylene amidoge
n</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_radical" title="Methyl radical">Methyl radical</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/Propynylidyne" title="Propynylidyne">Propynylidyne</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Protonate" class="mw redirect" title="Protonate">Protonated</
a> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a></li>
a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">hydrogen cyanide</a
></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_tricarbide&action=edit&redlink=1
" class="new" title="Silicon tricarbide (page does not exist)">Silicon tricarbid
e</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1,3,5 Trithiane" title="1,3,5 Trithiane">Thioformaldehyde</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tricarbon_monoxide&action=edit&redlink=1
" class="new" title="Tricarbon monoxide (page does not exist)">Tricarbon monoxid
e</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tricarbon_sulfide&action=edit&redlink=1"
class="new" title="Tricarbon sulfide (page does not exist)">Tricarbon sulfide</
a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Thiocyanic acid</a><
/li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
lecules">Five atoms</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium Ion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Butadiynyl</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carbodiimide" title="Carbodiimide">Carbodiimide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyanamide" title="Cyanamide">Cyanamide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyanoacetylene" title="Cyanoacetylene">Cyanoacetylene</a></li
>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanoformaldehyde&action=edit&redlink=1"
class="new" title="Cyanoformaldehyde (page does not exist)">Cyanoformaldehyde</
a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanomethyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class
="new" title="Cyanomethyl (page does not exist)">Cyanomethyl</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropenylidene" title="Cyclopropenylidene">Cyclopropenyli
dene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Formic_acid" title="Formic acid">Formic acid</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isocyanoacetylene&action=edit&redlink=1"
class="new" title="Isocyanoacetylene (page does not exist)">Isocyanoacetylene</
a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ketene" title="Ketene">Ketene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">Methane</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methoxy" class="mw redirect" title="Methoxy">Methoxy radical<
/a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylenimine&action=edit&redlink=1" cla
ss="new" title="Methylenimine (page does not exist)">Methylenimine</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propadienylidene&action=edit&redlink=1"
class="new" title="Propadienylidene (page does not exist)">Propadienylidene</a><
/li>
a> <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_formaldehyde&action=edit&redl
ink=1" class="new" title="Protonated formaldehyde (page does not exist)">Protona
ted formaldehyde</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Silane" title="Silane">Silane</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Graphene#Silicon_carbide" title="Graphene">Silicon carbide cl
uster</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
lecules">Six atoms</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Acetonitrile" title="Acetonitrile">Acetonitrile</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanobutadiynyl_radical&action=edit&redl
ink=1" class="new" title="Cyanobutadiynyl radical (page does not exist)">Cyanobu
tadiynyl radical</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=E Cyanomethanimine&action=edit&redlink=1
" class="new" title="E Cyanomethanimine (page does not exist)">E Cyanomethanimin
e</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropenone" title="Cyclopropenone">Cyclopropenone</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diacetylene" title="Diacetylene">Diacetylene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">Ethylene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Formamide" title="Formamide">Formamide</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HC4N&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new"
title="HC4N (page does not exist)">HC<sub>4</sub>N</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ketenimine" title="Ketenimine">Ketenimine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methanethiol" title="Methanethiol">Methanethiol</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanide" title="Methyl isocyanide">Methyl isocyanid
e</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Pentynylidyne</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Propynal" title="Propynal">Propynal</a></li>
a> <a href="/wiki/Cyanoacetylene" title="Cyanoacetylene">cyanoacetylene</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
lecules">Seven atoms</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">Acetaldehyde</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile" title="Acrylonitrile">Acrylonitrile</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanodiacetylene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_oxide" title="Ethylene oxide">Ethylene oxide</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hexatriynyl_radical" title="Hexatriynyl radical">Hexatriynyl
radical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Propyne" title="Propyne">Methylacetylene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methylamine" title="Methylamine">Methylamine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanate" title="Methyl isocyanate">Methyl isocyanat
e</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_alcohol" title="Vinyl alcohol">Vinyl alcohol</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
lecules">Eight atoms</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">Acetic acid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aminoacetonitrile" title="Aminoacetonitrile">Aminoacetonitril
e</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanoallene&action=edit&redlink=1" class
="new" title="Cyanoallene (page does not exist)">Cyanoallene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethanimine" title="Ethanimine">Ethanimine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Glycolaldehyde" title="Glycolaldehyde">Glycolaldehyde</a></li
>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heptatrienyl_radical&action=edit&redlink
=1" class="new" title="Heptatrienyl radical (page does not exist)">Heptatrienyl
radical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Hexapentaenylidene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methylcyanoacetylene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_formate" title="Methyl formate">Methyl formate</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">Propenal</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
lecules">Nine atoms</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Acetamide" title="Acetamide">Acetamide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Cyanohexatriyne</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Cyanotriacetylene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_ether" title="Dimethyl ether">Dimethyl ether</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyldiacetylene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Octatetraynyl_radical" title="Octatetraynyl radical">Octatetr
aynyl radical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Propene" title="Propene">Propene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Propionitrile" title="Propionitrile">Propionitrile</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
lecules">Ten atoms<br />
or more</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">Acetone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">Benzene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene">Buckminste
rfullerene (C<sub>60</sub> fullerene) ("bucky ball")</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/C70_fullerene" title="C70 fullerene">C<sub>70</sub> fullerene
</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanodecapentayne</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanopentaacetylene</a></l
i>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanotetra acetylene</a></
li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol" title="Ethylene glycol">Ethylene glycol</a><
/li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_formate" title="Ethyl formate">Ethyl formate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_acetate" title="Methyl acetate">Methyl acetate</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Methyl cyano diacetylene</
a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyltriacetylene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Propionaldehyde" title="Propionaldehyde">Propanal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Butyronitrile" title="Butyronitrile">n Propyl cyanide</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine" title="Pyrimidine">Pyrimidine</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox group"><a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium"
>Deuterated<br />
molecules</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium ion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_formaldehyde#Interstellar_reactions" title="Inte
rstellar formaldehyde">Formyl radical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">Heavy water</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</
a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_deuteride" title="Hydrogen deuteride">Hydrogen deute
ride</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen iso
cyanide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Propyne" title="Propyne">Methylacetylene</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N2D%2B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new
" title="N2D+ (page does not exist)">N<sub>2</sub>D<sup>+</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Trihydrogen ca
tion</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
lecules">Unconfirmed</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anthracene" title="Anthracene">Anthracene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroxyacetone" title="Dihydroxyacetone">Dihydroxyacetone</
a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyethane" title="Methoxyethane">Ethyl methyl ether</a></
li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">Graphene</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H2NCO%2B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="n
ew" title="H2NCO+ (page does not exist)">H<sub>2</sub>NCO<sup>+</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Linear C<sub>5</sub></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naphthalene" title="Naphthalene">Naphthalene cation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">Phosphine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pyrene" title="Pyrene">Pyrene</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silylidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class=
"new" title="Silylidine (page does not exist)">Silylidine</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
cumstellar_molecules#See_also" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar mol
ecules">Related</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_and_molecular_astrophysics" title="Atomic and molecula
r astrophysics">Atomic and molecular astrophysics</a></li>

<li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</
a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circum
stellar envelope</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">Cosmic ray</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cosmochemistry" title="Cosmochemistry">Cosmochemistry</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_interstellar_band" class="mw redirect" title="Diffuse
interstellar band">Diffuse interstellar band</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">Extrater
restrial life</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid
water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_mechanism" title="Forbidden mechanism">Forbidden me
chanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Helium_hydride_ion" title="Helium hydride ion">Helium hydride
ion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Homochirality" title="Homochirality">Homochirality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_dust" title="Intergalactic dust">Intergalactic
dust</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">Interpla
netary medium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar
medium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93sulfur_world_theory" class="mw redirect" title="
Ironsulfur world theory">Ironsulfur world theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kerogen" title="Kerogen">Kerogen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Molecules_in_stars" title="Molecules in stars">Molecules in s
tars</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_for_Exoplanet_System_Science" title="Nexus for Exoplane
t System Science">Nexus for Exoplanet System Science</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">Organic compound</
a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PAH_world_hypothesis" title="PAH world hypothesis">PAH world
hypothesis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Panspermia" title="Panspermia">Panspermia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic h
ydrocarbon">Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/RNA_world_hypothesis" class="mw redirect" title="RNA world hy
pothesis">RNA world hypothesis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">Tholin</a></li>
</ul>
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<li class="interlanguage link in
terwiki af"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water" title="Water Afrikaans
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iki als"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasser" title="Wasser Alemannis
ch" lang="als" hreflang="als">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage link
interwiki am"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%8D%E1%88%83" title="
A
mharic" lang="am" hreflang="am">
</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki ang
"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A6ter" title="Wter Old English" la
ng="ang" hreflang="ang">nglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki ar
badge Q17437796 badge featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="https:
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/wiki/Augua" title="Augua Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an">Aragons</a></li><li
class="interlanguage link interwiki arc"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki
/%DC%A1%DC%9D%DC%90" title="
Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc">
</a></li><li clas
rlanguage link interwiki roa rup"><a href="https://roa rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap
%C3%A2" title="Ap Aromanian" lang="roa rup" hreflang="roa rup">Armneashti</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage link interwiki as"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wi
ki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80" title="
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><li class="interlanguage link interwiki ast"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org
/wiki/Agua" title="Agua Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast">Asturianu</a></li><l
i class="interlanguage link interwiki gn"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki
/Y" title="Y Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn">Avae'</a></li><li class="interlangua
ge link interwiki av"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8A%D0%B8%
D0%BC" title=" Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av"></a></li><li class="interlanguage
terwiki ay"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uma" title="Uma Aymara" lang=
"ay" hreflang="ay">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki az"
><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su" title="Su Azerbaijani" lang="az" hre
flang="az">Azrbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki azb"><a hr
ef="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88" title="
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<li class="interlanguage link interwiki bm"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wi
ki/Ji" title="Ji Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="
interlanguage link interwiki bn"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A
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anjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn">Bahasa Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage
link interwiki zh min nan"><a href="https://zh min nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%
BAi" title="Chi Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="zh min nan" hreflang="zh min nan">Bn lm g</
a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki ba badge Q17437798 badge goodarti
cle" title="good article"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D1%8B%D1
%83" title=" Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba"></a></li><li class="interlangua
ki be"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title=" Bela
rusian" lang="be" hreflang="be"></a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki
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rg/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="
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="interlanguage link interwiki bcl"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubi
g" title="Tubig Bikol Central" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl">Bikol Central</a></li><
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i/Wota" title="Wota Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi">Bislama</a></li><li class="
interlanguage link interwiki bg"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D
0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title=" Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg"></a></li><li cl
e link interwiki bar"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wossa" title="Woss
a Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage
link interwiki bo"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%B4%E0%
BC%8D" title="
Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo">
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erwiki bs badge Q17437796 badge featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a hre
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//br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dour" title="Dour Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br">Brezho
neg</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki bxr"><a href="https://bxr.wi
kipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title=" " lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr">
s="interlanguage link interwiki ca"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aigua
" title="Aigua Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca">Catal</a></li><li class="interlan
guage link interwiki cv"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D0%
B2" title=" Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv"></a></li><li class="interlanguage
iki ceb"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubig" title="Tubig Cebuano" la
ng="ceb" hreflang="ceb">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki
cs"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voda" title="Voda Czech" lang="cs" hr
eflang="cs">etina</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki ch"><a href="htt
ps://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A5nom" title="Hnom Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="
ch">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki sn"><a href="https:/
/sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mvura" title="Mvura Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn">ChiSho
na</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki co"><a href="https://co.wikip
edia.org/wiki/Acqua" title="Acqua Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co">Corsu</a></l
i><li class="interlanguage link interwiki cy"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/
wiki/D%C5%B5r" title="Dr Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy">Cymraeg</a></li><li class
="interlanguage link interwiki da"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vand"
title="Vand Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlangua
ge link interwiki pdc"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasser" title="Wa
sser Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc">Deitsch</a></li><li class="i
nterlanguage link interwiki de"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasser" t
itle="Wasser German" lang="de" hreflang="de">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlan
guage link interwiki dv"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8A%DE%AC%DE%
82%DE%B0" title="
Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv">
</a></li><li class="inter
wiki nv"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3" title="T Navajo" lang="n
v" hreflang="nv">Din bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki dsb">
<a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B3da" title="Wda Lower Sorbian" lang
="dsb" hreflang="dsb">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwi

ki et"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesi" title="Vesi Estonian" lang="
et" hreflang="et">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki el"><a h
ref="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C" title=" Gk" lang="l
" hflang="l"></a></>< cass="teraguage- terw-em"><a ref="ttp
m.wpeda.org/w/Aqua" tte="Aqua Emao-Romagoo" ag="em" refag=
"em">Em e rumag</a></>< cass="teraguage- terw-es badge-Q1
7437798 badge-goodartce" tte="good artce"><a ref="ttps://es.wpeda.or
g/w/Agua" tte="Agua Spas" ag="es" refag="es">Espao</a></>< cas
s="teraguage- terw-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodartce" tte="goo
d artce"><a ref="ttps://eo.wpeda.org/w/Avo" tte="Avo Esperato"
ag="eo" refag="eo">Esperato</a></>< cass="teraguage- terw
-ext"><a ref="ttps://ext.wpeda.org/w/%C3%81ugua" tte="ugua Extremadura
" ag="ext" refag="ext">Estremeu</a></>< cass="teraguage- ter
w-eu"><a ref="ttps://eu.wpeda.org/w/Ur" tte="Ur Basque" ag="eu"
refag="eu">Eusara</a></>< cass="teraguage- terw-fa"><a re
f="ttps://fa.wpeda.org/w/%D8%A2%D8%A8" tte=" Persa" ag="fa" refag
="fa">
</a></>< cass="teraguage- terw-f"><a ref="ttps://f.w
peda.org/w/Paa" tte="Paa Fj Hd" ag="f" refag="f">Fj H
d</a></>< cass="teraguage- terw-fo"><a ref="ttps://fo.w
peda.org/w/Vat" tte="Vat Faroese" ag="fo" refag="fo">Froyst</a></
>< cass="teraguage- terw-fr"><a ref="ttps://fr.wpeda.org/w
/Eau" tte="Eau Frec" ag="fr" refag="fr">Fraas</a></>< cass="
teraguage- terw-fy"><a ref="ttps://fy.wpeda.org/w/Wetter" t
te="Wetter Wester Frsa" ag="fy" refag="fy">Frys</a></>< cass="
teraguage- terw-ff"><a ref="ttps://ff.wpeda.org/w/Ndyam" t
te="Ndyam Fua" ag="ff" refag="ff">Fufude</a></>< cass="terag
uage- terw-fur"><a ref="ttps://fur.wpeda.org/w/Age" tte="Ag
e Frua" ag="fur" refag="fur">Fura</a></>< cass="teraguage-
terw-ga"><a ref="ttps://ga.wpeda.org/w/Usce" tte="Usce Ir
s" ag="ga" refag="ga">Gaege</a></>< cass="teraguage- terw
-gv"><a ref="ttps://gv.wpeda.org/w/Ustey" tte="Ustey Max" ag=
"gv" refag="gv">Gaeg</a></>< cass="teraguage- terw-gd"><a
ref="ttps://gd.wpeda.org/w/Usge" tte="Usge Scotts Gaec" ag="g
d" refag="gd">Gdg</a></>< cass="teraguage- terw-g"><a
ref="ttps://g.wpeda.org/w/Auga" tte="Auga Gaca" ag="g" refa
g="g">Gaego</a></>< cass="teraguage- terw-ga"><a ref="ttp
s://ga.wpeda.org/w/%E6%B0%B4" tte=" Ga Cese" ag="ga" refag="g
a"></a></>< cass="teraguage- terw-"><a ref="ttps://.wp
eda.org/w/Ma" tte="Ma Kuyu" ag="" refag="">Gy</a></>< cass
="teraguage- terw-gu"><a ref="ttps://gu.wpeda.org/w/%E0%AA
%AA%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A3%E0%AB%80" tte="
Gujarat" ag="gu" refag="gu">
</a>
s="teraguage- terw-gom"><a ref="ttps://gom.wpeda.org/w/Udo
" tte="Udo Goa Koa" ag="gom" refag="gom">
/ Gyc Ko</a>
teraguage- terw-a"><a ref="ttps://a.wpeda.org/w/S%C3%BA
" tte="S Haa Cese" ag="a" refag="a">/Ha--g</a></>< cas
eraguage- terw-o"><a ref="ttps://o.wpeda.org/w/%EB%AC%BC"
tte=" Korea" ag="o" refag="o">
</a></>< cass="teraguage- ter
w-a"><a ref="ttps://a.wpeda.org/w/Ruwa" tte="Ruwa Hausa" ag="
a" refag="a">Hausa</a></>< cass="teraguage- terw-y"><a r
ef="ttps://y.wpeda.org/w/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80" tte=" Armea" ag="
y" refag="y"></a></>< cass="teraguage- terw-"><a ref="ttp
/.wpeda.org/w/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2" tte="
Hd" ag="" refag="">
>< cass="teraguage- terw-sb"><a ref="ttps://sb.wpeda.o
rg/w/Woda" tte="Woda Upper Sorba" ag="sb" refag="sb">Horjoserbsce
</a></>< cass="teraguage- terw-r"><a ref="ttps://r.wped
a.org/w/Voda" tte="Voda Croata" ag="r" refag="r">Hrvats</a></
>< cass="teraguage- terw-o"><a ref="ttps://o.wpeda.org/w
/Aquo" tte="Aquo Ido" ag="o" refag="o">Ido</a></>< cass="ter
aguage- terw-o"><a ref="ttps://o.wpeda.org/w/Daum" tte
="Daum Ioo" ag="o" refag="o">Ioao</a></>< cass="teraguag

e- terw-d"><a ref="ttps://d.wpeda.org/w/Ar" tte="Ar Ido
esa" ag="d" refag="d">Baasa Idoesa</a></>< cass="teraguag
e- terw-a"><a ref="ttps://a.wpeda.org/w/Aqua" tte="Aqua I
tergua" ag="a" refag="a">Itergua</a></>< cass="teraguage terw-e"><a ref="ttps://e.wpeda.org/w/Aqua" tte="Aqua Ite
rgue" ag="e" refag="e">Itergue</a></>< cass="teraguage-
terw-u"><a ref="ttps://u.wpeda.org/w/%E1%90%83%E1%92%AA%E1%96
%85" tte="
Iuttut" ag="u" refag="u">
/uttut</a></>< cass="
ge- terw-os"><a ref="ttps://os.wpeda.org/w/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD"
tte=" Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os"></a></li><li class="interlanguage link i
iki xh"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanzi" title="Amanzi Xhosa" lang
="xh" hreflang="xh">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki zu"
><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanzi" title="Amanzi Zulu" lang="zu" hr
eflang="zu">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki is"><a href=
"https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatn" title="Vatn Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="
is">slenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki it badge Q17437796 ba
dge featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Acqua" title="Acqua Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li><li c
lass="interlanguage link interwiki he"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D
7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D" title=" Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he"></a></li><li class="int
age link interwiki jv"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banyu" title="Bany
u Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv">Basa Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage l
ink interwiki kn"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%80%E0%B
2%B0%E0%B3%81" title="
Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn">
</a></li><li class="inte
link interwiki pam"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danum" title="Danum
Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguag
e link interwiki ka"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E
1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title=" Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka"></a></li
erlanguage link interwiki kk"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8
3" title=" Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk"></a></li><li class="interlanguage lin
ki sw"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maji" title="Maji Swahili" lang="s
w" hreflang="sw">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki kg"><
a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maza" title="Maza Kongo" lang="kg" hreflan
g="kg">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki ht"><a href="https:
//ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dlo" title="Dlo Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht">
Kreyl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki ku"><a href="https:
//ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Av" title="Av Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku">Kurd</a></
li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki ky"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org
/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%83" title=" Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky"></a></li><li
language link interwiki lad"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agua" title
="Agua Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage
link interwiki lez"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4" title
=" Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez"></a></li><li class="interlanguage link inte
ltg"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iudi%C5%86s" title="Iudis Latgalian
" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg">Latgau</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwik
i la"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqua" title="Aqua Latin" lang="la"
hreflang="la">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki lv"><a href
="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%AAdens" title="dens Latvian" lang="lv" hrefla
ng="lv">Latvieu</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki lb"><a href="http
s://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waasser" title="Waasser Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hrefl
ang="lb">Ltzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki lt"><a hre
f="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanduo" title="Vanduo Lithuanian" lang="lt" hre
flang="lt">Lietuvi</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki lij"><a href="
https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86goa" title="goa Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflan
g="lij">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki li"><a href="http
s://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water" title="Water Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li
">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki ln"><a href="https://
ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1i" title="Mi Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln">Lingla<
/a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki jbo"><a href="https://jbo.wikipe
dia.org/wiki/djacu" title="djacu Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo">La .lojban.</

a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki lmo"><a href="https://lmo.wikiped
ia.org/wiki/Aqua" title="Aqua Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo">Lumbaart</a></l
i><li class="interlanguage link interwiki hu"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/
wiki/V%C3%ADz" title="Vz Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu">Magyar</a></li><li cl
ass="interlanguage link interwiki mk badge Q17437796 badge featuredarticle" titl
e="featured article"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D
0%B0" title=" Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk"></a></li><li class="inter
wiki mg"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rano" title="Rano Malagasy" lang
="mg" hreflang="mg">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki ml"
><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82" title="
Malaya
lam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml">
</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki mi"><a
ref="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wai" title="Wai Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi
">Mori</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki mr"><a href="https://mr.wi
kipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="
Marathi" lang="mr" hr
eflang="mr">
</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki xmf"><a href="https://xm
f.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title=" Mingreli
n" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf"></a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki arz"
f="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%87" title="
Egyptian Arabic" lang
="arz" hreflang="arz">
</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki mzn"><a href=
"https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%88" title="
Mazanderani" lang="mzn" href
lang="mzn">
</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki ms"><a href="https://ms
pedia.org/wiki/Air" title="Air Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</a><
/li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki min"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.
org/wiki/Aia" title="Aia Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min">Baso Minangkabau
</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki cdo"><a href="https://cdo.wikip
edia.org/wiki/C%C5%ABi" title="Ci Min Dong Chinese" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo">Mng
dng ng</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki mwl"><a href="https://mwl.wik
ipedia.org/wiki/Auga" title="Auga Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl">Mirands</a
></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki mdf"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedi
a.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C" title=" Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf">
class="interlanguage link interwiki mn"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/
%D0%A3%D1%81" title=" Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn"></a></li><li class="inte
ge link interwiki my"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1"
title="
Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my">
</a></li><li class="interlanguage l
ah"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atl" title="Atl Nhuatl" lang="nah" hr
eflang="nah">Nhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki na"><a href="
https://na.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebok" title="Ebok Nauru" lang="na" hreflang="na">D
orerin Naoero</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki nl"><a href="https
://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water" title="Water Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nede
rlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki nds nl"><a href="https://
nds nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woater" title="Woater Low Saxon" lang="nds NL" hreflan
g="nds NL">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki cr"><a h
ref="https://cr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%83%E1%90%B2%E1%94%BE" title="
Cree" lang=
"cr" hreflang="cr">Nhiyawwin /
</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki ne
ef="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="
Nepa
li" lang="ne" hreflang="ne">
</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki new"><a
ref="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%83" title="
Newari" lang="new"
hreflang="new">
</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki ja"><a href="htt
.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title=" Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja"></a></li
i class="interlanguage link interwiki nap"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wi
ki/Acqua" title="Acqua Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap">Napulitano</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage link interwiki ce"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wi
ki/%D0%A5%D0%B8" title=" Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce"></a></li><li class="in
ge link interwiki frr"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeder" title="We
eder Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="i
nterlanguage link interwiki pih"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wata" t
itle="Wata Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li>
<li class="interlanguage link interwiki no"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wi
ki/Vann" title="Vann Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk bokml</a></li><li c
lass="interlanguage link interwiki nn"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Va

tn" title="Vatn Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn">Norsk nynorsk</a></li
><li class="interlanguage link interwiki nrm"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org
/wiki/Ieau" title="Ieau Nouormand" lang="nrm" hreflang="nrm">Nouormand</a></li><
li class="interlanguage link interwiki oc"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wik
i/Aiga" title="Aiga Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc">Occitan</a></li><li class="
interlanguage link interwiki or"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9
C%E0%AC%B3" title="
Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or">
nk interwiki om"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishaan" title="Bishaan
Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage link inte
rwiki uz"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suv" title="Suv Uzbek" lang="uz
" hreflang="uz">Ozbekcha/</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki pa"><a hr
ttps://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80" title="
Punjabi"
lang="pa" hreflang="pa">
</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki pfl"><a href
"https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wassa" title="Wassa Palatine German" lang="pfl"
hreflang="pfl">Plzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki pnb"><a hr
ef="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="
Western Punjabi
" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb">
</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki pap"><a
ref="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awa" title="Awa Papiamento" lang="pap" hrefl
ang="pap">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki ps"><a href
="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%87" title="
Pashto" lang="ps"
hreflang="ps">
</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki km"><a href="https://
km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B9%E1%9E%80" title="
Khmer" lang="km" hreflan
g="km">
</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki pms"><a href="https://pms.
ia.org/wiki/Eva" title="Eva Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms">Piemontis</a><
/li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki nds"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.
org/wiki/Water" title="Water Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds">Plattdtsch</a><
/li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki pl"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.or
g/wiki/Woda" title="Woda Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li><li clas
s="interlanguage link interwiki pt badge Q17437796 badge featuredarticle" title=
"featured article"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81gua" title="gua P
ortuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Portugus</a></li><li class="interlanguage link
interwiki kaa"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suw" title="Suw Kara Kal
pak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage li
nk interwiki ksh"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasser" title="Wasser
Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage
link interwiki ro"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C4%83" title="Ap Ro
manian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro">Romn</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwi
ki qu"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaku" title="Yaku Quechua" lang="q
u" hreflang="qu">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki rue">
<a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title=" Rusyn" lan
g="rue" hreflang="rue"></a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki ru"><a hr
://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title=" Russian" lang="ru" hrefla
ng="ru"></a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki sah"><a href="https://sah.w
pedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%83" title=" Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah"> </a></li
"interlanguage link interwiki se"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%
C3%A1hci" title="hci Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se">Smegiella</a></li><li c
lass="interlanguage link interwiki sm"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Va
i" title="Vai Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="in
terlanguage link interwiki sa"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%
E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="
Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa">
</a></
erlanguage link interwiki sc"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aba" title=
"Aba Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage l
ink interwiki sco"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watter" title="Watter
Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage link in
terwiki stq"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woater" title="Woater Sater
land Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlangua
ge link interwiki sq"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uji" title="Uji Alb
anian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage link inter
wiki scn badge Q17437796 badge featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href
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lian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage link
interwiki si"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA
" title="
Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si">
</a></li><li class="interlanguage link
iki simple"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water" title="Water Simpl
e English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple">Simple English</a></li><li class="int
erlanguage link interwiki sd"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A
7%DA%BB%D9%8A" title="
Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd">
</a></li><li class="interl
link interwiki sk"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voda" title="Voda Slo
vak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk">Slovenina</a></li><li class="interlanguage link inte
rwiki sl"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voda" title="Voda Slovenian" la
ng="sl" hreflang="sl">Slovenina</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki sz
l"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woda" title="Woda Silesian" lang="szl
" hreflang="szl">lnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki so"><a href
="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyo" title="Biyo Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so
">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki ckb"><a href="https
://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%88" title="
Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" h
reflang="ckb">
</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki sr"><a href="h
edia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title=" Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr">
</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki sh"><a href="https://sh.wikiped
ia.org/wiki/Voda" title="Voda Serbo Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh">Srpskohrva
tski / </a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki su"><a href="https://
wiki/Cai" title="Cai Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su">Basa Sunda</a></li><li c
lass="interlanguage link interwiki fi"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve
si" title="Vesi Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li><li class="interl
anguage link interwiki sv"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatten" title=
"Vatten Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguag
e link interwiki tl"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubig" title="Tubig
Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage link i
nterwiki ta"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%
E0%AF%8D" title="
Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta">
nterwiki kab"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aman" title="Aman Kabyle"
lang="kab" hreflang="kab">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interw
iki tt"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83" title=" Tatar" lang="
tt" hreflang="tt">/tatara</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki te"><a hr
ttps://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81" title="
Telugu" l
ang="te" hreflang="te">
</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki th"><a href="
ttps://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3" title=" Thai" lang="th" h
reflang="th"></a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki tg"><a href="https://
tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1" title=" Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg"></a></
class="interlanguage link interwiki chr"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki
/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%B9" title="
Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr">
</a></li><li class=
interlanguage link interwiki chy"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahpe"
title="Mahpe Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy">Tsetshesthese</a></li><li class=
"interlanguage link interwiki tr"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su" tit
le="Su Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Trke</a></li><li class="interlanguage link
interwiki tk"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suw" title="Suw Turkmen" l
ang="tk" hreflang="tk">Trkmene</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki uk"
><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title=" Ukrainian"
lang="uk" hreflang="uk"></a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki ur"><a
ps://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="
Urdu" lang="ur" hreflan
g="ur">
</a></li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki za"><a href="https://za.wiki
pedia.org/wiki/Raemx" title="Raemx Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za">Vahcuengh</a>
</li><li class="interlanguage link interwiki vec badge Q17437796 badge featureda
rticle" title="featured article"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqua" t
itle="Aqua Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec">Vneto</a></li><li class="interlang
uage link interwiki vep"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vezi" title="Ve
zi Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep">Vepsn kel</a></>< cass="teraguage-
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g="vo" refag="vo">Voap</a></>< cass="teraguage- terw-fuvro"><a ref="ttps://fu-vro.wpeda.org/w/Ves" tte="Ves Vro" ag="fu
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-vs"><a ref="ttps://vs.wpeda.org/w/Woater" tte="Woater West Fems
" ag="vs" refag="vs">West-Vams</a></>< cass="teraguage-
terw-war"><a ref="ttps://war.wpeda.org/w/Tubg" tte="Tubg Waray"
ag="war" refag="war">Waray</a></>< cass="teraguage- terw
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wpeda.org/w/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%A8" tte=" Yiddish" lang="yi"
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ikipedia.org/wiki/Omi" title="Omi Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo">Yorb</a></li><li
class="interlanguage link interwiki zh yue"><a href="https://zh yue.wikipedia.o
rg/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title=" Cantonese" lang="zh yue" hreflang="zh yue"></a></li><li
class="interlanguage link interwiki bat smg"><a href="https://bat smg.wikipedia.
org/wiki/Ondou" title="Ondou Samogitian" lang="bat smg" hreflang="bat smg">emata<
/a></>< cass="teraguage- terw-z"><a ref="ttps://z.wped
a.org/w/%E6%B0%B4" tte=" Cese" ag="z" refag="z"></a></>< cass="
teraguage- terw-ma"><a ref="ttps://ma.wpeda.org/w/%E0%A4
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