ComputerApplications:AnInternationalJournal(CAIJ),Vol.2,No.

2,May2015

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT

LOSS
MECHANISMS IN OPTICAL FIBER
COMMUNICATION

Md.NasirUddin,DrM.MahbuburRahman,Md.SadekAli

CommunicationResearchLaboratory,Dept.ofInformation&Communication
Engineering
IslamicUniversity,Kushtia7003,Bangladesh.

ABSTRACT

Thispaperdealswithdifferentlossmechanismswithinthesinglemodefiber(SMF)inopticalfiber
communication.Anumberofmechanismsareresponsibleforthesignalattenuationwithinopticalfibers.
Astheopticalsignalpropagatesoverlongstretchoffiber,itbecomesattenuatedbecauseofabsorption,
scattering,fiberbendsbymaterialimpurities,andothereffects.Thetransmissionusinghighbandwidth
canhandlevastamountsofinformation,whichcanbefurtherimprovedbyreductioninfiberlosses,
increaseindataratesanddistances,andusingappropriateoperatingwavelengthinopticalfiber
communication.Therecentdevelopmentintheareaoffiberopticcommunicationaswellastheadvances
indifferentfibertypesandtheirpropertiessuchasattenuationorlossandbandwidtharealsodiscussed
inthispaper.Theperformanceimprovementoftheproposeddifferentloss,suchasRayleighscattering,
StimulatedBrillouinScattering(SBS),StimulatedRamanScattering(SRS),andbendinglosswithinthe
variouslossmechanismsinfiberopticcommunicationisshownthroughsimulations.

KEYWORDS

Opticalfibers,SMF,SBS,SRS,andbendingloss.

1.INTRODUCTION

Inthecommunicationage,technologiesseeingarelentlessdemandfornetworksofhigher
capacitiesatlowercosts.Recentadvancesindataprocessingcapabilitiesbroughtaboutbythe
developmentofhighspeedandhighdensityintegratedcircuitshavesurpassedexistingdata
transmissioncapabilities.Theuseoflargebundlesofcopperwiresisbecominglessdesirableas
ameansofinformationtransfer.Thesize,weight,bandwidthlimitations,andcostofmetal
conductorshaveforcedscientistsandengineerstoinvestigateothermeansofdatahandling.
Fromtheseveralalternativesbeingdeveloped,fiberopticsisoneofthemostimportantand
costeffectivesolutionsforthecommunication[1].

Opticalfibercommunicationtechnologyhasdevelopedrapidlytoachievelargertransmission
capacityandlongertransmissiondistance.Fiberopticsofferspotentialadvantagesinsize,weight,
bandwidth(i.e.1013to1014Hz),resistancetoelectromagneticinterference(EMI)andnuclear
radiation,andcostwhencomparedwithmetallicconductors[2].Inanumberofapplications,
however,theseadvantagesareoflittleornoconsequenceunlesstheimplementationoffiberoptics
canalsoprovidereliabledatatransmissioncapabilitiesovertheexpectedlifeofthesystem.The
recentinterestintheuseoffiberopticdatalinksinmilitary/defenseapplicationshascreatedaneed
forareliablepredictionmethodologycapableofaddressingthevariouscomponentsand
DOI:10.5121/caij.2015.2201

Applications:AnComputer

assembliesusedinsuchasystem.However,duringinformationtransmissioninopticalfiber
communicationitfacedseveralattenuations,whichreducetheperformanceofthesystem.The
aimofthispaperistoanalysisthedifferentlossmechanismswithinsinglemodefiberandhow
toreducetheselossesinopticalfibercommunication.

Therestofthepaperisorganizedasfollows:Insection2dealswithliteraturereview.Section3
describestheopticalfibercommunicationmodel.Section4describestheopticalfiber
communicationlossesmechanisms.Section5describesthesimulationresultsandfinallysection
6concludesthepaper.

2.LITERATUREREVIEW

Asearlyas1980,AlexanderGrahambellreportedthetransmissionofspeechusingalightbeam
[3].Duringthemiddleofthetwentiethcentury,itwasrealizedthatanincreaseofseveralorders
ofmagnitudeofbitratedistanceproductwouldbepossibleifopticalwaveswereusedasthe
carrier[4].NarimanovEvgeniiE.,andParthaMitrahavedevelopedamethodtocalculatethe
informationcapacityofanonlinearchannelandcomputedthedecreaseinchannelcapacityfor
fiberopticcommunicationsystems[5].Atlowerpumppowers,itisalsopossibletogeneratea
simpleRamancontinuumofwavelengths,whichcanserveasabroadbandsource.Suchasource
hasbeendemonstratedtobe324nmwideandwithaspectralpowerdensitygreaterthan10
mW/nm[6].A36channel10GHzpulsesourcehasbeenrealizedinanormallydispersive
holeyfiberbyslicingasupercontinuumspectrumthroughanarrayedwaveguidegrating[7].
Duranaetal.studiedthedependenceofbendinglossesonplasticopticalfibers(POFs)cladding
thickness,throughnumericalresults,usingaraytracingmodel.Despitetheobtainedresults,this
approachisatimeconsumingprocedure,sinceopticalfiberswithhighnumericalaperture(NA)
allownearlytwomillionpropagatingrays.Eachraypath,reflectionpointandnewpathis
obtainedusingrelativemotionconcepts[8].Bungeetal.havetheoreticallyinvestigatedaring
launchingschemebasedonhollowopticalfiber(HOF)toincreasethebandwidthformultimode
GigabitEthernetcommunication[9].Onabroadercontext,theresearchinterestinslowandfast
lighthasdrawntheattentionofthephotonicsresearchcommunitytofurtherinvestigatethe
phenomenonofSBSinopticalfibers.Recentcontributionsincludetherealizationofstoredlight
basedonSBS[10]

ShengLihasreviewedtheemergingtechnologiesforadvancingthefibreopticdata
communicationbandwidthforthenextgenerationbroadbandnetworks[11].Zhouetal.
systematicallyanalyzedthesecurityfactorsofOpticbasedInformationCommunication
Infrastructures(OICl)physicallayer[12].FidlerandKnapekperformedtheexperimentalfield
trialsforopticalcommunicationsfromandtohighaltitudeplatforms(HAPs)totransmitdataat
multiGigabitspersecond[13].Recentprogressesinpolymertechnologyandapplications,
includingtheimprovementoftransparencyofthematerials,havenowadaysledtoPOFbeing
consideredaviablealternativetothedominanttechnologiesinthemarketplace[14].

Phametal.experimentallydemonstratedasimple,
costeffectivehybridgigabitfiberwireless
systemforinbuildingwirelessaccess[15].Liet
al.experimentallydemonstratedforthe
first
time,millimeterwave(mmwave)generation
intheEband(7176GHzand8186
GHz)
basedonphotonicsgenerationtechnique[16].Xuet
al.usedasimplelowcostand
highlysensitivityfiberopticalsensorsystemto
measure
therefractiveindex(RI)[17].A

noveltechniquewasproposedbyWuetal.formodulationformattransparentpolarization
trackingandthedemultiplexingtoidentifythepolarizationstateindependentlyofthe
modulationformat[18].

ComputerApplications:AnInternationalJournal(CAIJ),Vol.2,No.2,May2015

3.OPTICALFIBERCOMMUNICATIONSYSTEMMODEL

Anopticalfibercommunicationsystemissimilarinbasicconcepttoanytypeofcommunication
system.Figure1showsanopticalfibercommunicationsystem.Inthiscaseinformationsource
providesanelectricalsignaltoatransmittercomprisinganelectricalstagewhichdrivesan
opticalsourcetogivemodulationofthelightwavecarrier.Theopticalsource,whichprovides
theelectricalopticalconversion,maybeeitherasemiconductorlaserorlightemittingdiode
(LED).Thetransmissionmediumconsistsofanopticalfibercableandthereceiverconsistsof
anopticaldetector,whichdrivesafurtherelectricalstageandhenceprovidesdemodulationof
theopticalcarrier.Photodiodes(pn,pinoravalanche)andinsomeinstances,phototransistors
andphotoconductorareutilizedforthedetectionoftheopticalsignalandtheopticalelectrical
conversion.Thusthereisarequirementforelectricalinterfacingateitherendoftheopticallink
andatpresentthesignalprocessingisusuallyperformedelectrically.Theopticalcarriermaybe
modulatedusingeitherananalogordigitalinformationsignal.Inthissystemanalogmodulation
involvesthevariationofthelightemittedfromtheopticalsourceinacontinuousmanner.With
digitalmodulation,however,discretechangesinthelightintensityareobtained.Althoughoften
simplertoimplement,analogmodulationwithanopticalfibercommunicationsystemisless
efficient,requiringafarhighersignaltonoiseratioatthereceiverthandigitalmodulation.

Information
Electrical
Optical
Optical

source

transmit
source

fibercable

Optical
Electrical

detector
receive
Destination

Figure1.Theopticalfibercommunicationsystem

4.OPTICALFIBERCOMMUNICATIONSLOSSMECHANISMS

TheSignalattenuationwithinopticalfibers,aswithmetallicconductors,isusuallyexpressedin
thelogarithmicunitsofthedecibel.Thedecibel,whichisusedforcomparingtwopowerlevels,
maybedefinedforaparticularopticalwavelengthastheratiooftheinput(transmitted)optical
powerPiintoafibertotheoutput(received)opticalpowerPofromthefibersas:

Numberofdecibels(dB)=10logPi/Po
(1)

Thislogarithmicunithastheadvantagethattheoperationsofmultiplicationanddivisionreduce
toadditionandsubtraction.whilstpowersandrootsreducetomultiplicationanddivision.
However,additionandsubtractionrequireaconversiontonumericalvalueswhichmaybe
obtainedusingtherelationship.

ComputerApplications:AnInternationalJournal(CAIJ),Vol.2,No.2,May2015

Inopticalfibercommunicationstheattenuationisusuallyexpressedindecibelsperunit
length(i.e.dB/km)following:

dBL=10logPi/Po
(2)

wheredBisthesignalattenuationperunitlengthindecibelsandListhefiberlength.

Thevariousattenuationmechanismsare:

Materialabsorption

Linearscattering
Nonlinearscatteringand
Fiberbends

Inthissection,wedescribesthevariouslossmechanismsoflinearscatteringlosssuchas
Rayleighscattering,twononlinearscatteringlossStimulatedBrilouinscattering(SBS),
StimulatedRaymanScatteringandanothertypeoflossisFiberbends.

Rayleighscatteringisthemostimportantscatteringlossduetosmalllocalized
changesinthe
refractiveindexofthecoreandthecladdingmaterial.Thesechangesaredueto
two
problems
ofmanufacturingprocess:

thefluctuationsinthemixoftheingredientsareimpossibleto
completelyeliminateandthe
slightchangeinthedensityasthesilicacools
and
solidifies.
TheRayleighscatteringlossindB/kmcanbeapproximatedbytheexpression:

L=1.7(0.85/)4

(3)

Where,isthewavelengthinm[19].Thescatteringlossisinverselyproportionaltofourth
powerofwavelength.Therefore,Rayleighscatteringseverallyrestrictstheuseofshort
wavelengthinfiberopticcommunication.

StimulatedBrillouinScattering(SBS)mayberegardedasthemodulationoflightthrough
thermalmolecularvibrationswithinthefiber.Thescatteredlightappearsasupperandlower
sidebandswhichareseparatedfromtheincidentlightbythemodulationfrequency.Theincident
photoninthisscatteringprocessproducesphononofacousticfrequencyaswellasascattered
photon.Thisproducesanopticalfrequencyshiftwhichvarieswiththescatteringanglebecause
thefrequencyofthesoundwavevarieswithacousticwavelength.Thefrequencyshiftisa
maximuminthebackwarddirectionreducingtozerointheforwarddirectionmakingBrillouin
scatteringamainlybackwardprocess.Asindicatedpreviously,Brillouinscatteringisonly
significantabovethresholdpowerdensity.Assumingthepolarizationstateofthetransmitted
lightisnotmaintained,itmaybeshownthatthethresholdpowerPBisgivenby:

PB=4.4103d22dBvwatts
(4)
Or

dB= B10

/(4.4d22v)

(5)

Wheredandarethefibercorediameterandtheoperatingwavelengthrespectively.Both
measuredinmicrometers,dBisthefiberattenuationindecibelsperkilometerandvisthe
sourcebandwidth(i.e.injectionlaser)ingigahertz.Theexpressiongiveninwhichallowsthe
determinationofthethresholdopticalpowerwhichmustbelaunchedintoamonomodeoptical
fiberbeforeBrillouinscatteringoccurs.

ComputerApplications:AnInternationalJournal(CAIJ),Vol.2,No.2,May2015

StimulatedRamanscattering(SRS)issimilartostimulatedBrillouinscatteringexceptthata
highfrequencyopticalphononratherthananacousticphononisgeneratedintheScattering
process,Also.Ramanscatteringoccursintheforwarddirectionandmayhaveanopticalpower
thresholdofuptothreeordersofmagnitudehigherthantheBrillouinthresholdinaparticular
fiber.ItmaybeshownthatthethresholdopticalpowerforstimulatedRamanscatteringSRSP R
inalongsinglemodefiberisgivenby:

PR=5.9102d2dBwatts
(6)
Or

dB=PR102/(5.9d2)
(7)
Bendlossesareparticularlyimportantinsinglemodefiber.Inthesefibers,the
bendlosses
showa
dramatic
increaseaboveacriticalwavelengthwhenthefiberisbentorperturbed.
Inparticular,it
hasbeenobservedthatthebendlossescanbeappreciablyhigh
at1550nm
thanin
fibersdesignedforoperationat1310nm.Thesusceptibilityofafiberto
theselosses
depends

onthe
modefielddiameterandthecutoffwavelength.Theworstcaseconditionis

inafiberwithalargemodefielddiameterandalowcutoffwavelength,soBendinglossesare
minimizedinsinglemodefibersbyavoidingthiscombinationofthatfeatures.

Fibersshowincreasedlossesduetobendingeffects.Largebendsofthecableandfiberare
macrobends,Smallscalebendsinthecorecladdinginterfacearemicrobends.Theselatter
localizedbendscandevelopduringdeploymentofthefiber,orcanbeduetolocalmechanical
stressesplacedonthefiber(e.g.,stressesinducedbycablingthefiberorwrappingthefiberona
spoolorbobbin).Theselatterlossesarecalledthecablinglossandspoolingloss,respectively.
TheoutputopticalpowerofSMFisgivenby

(8)Andtheattenuationcoefficient(bend)isgivenby

(9)

Where(rb)istheradiusofcurvatureofthefiberbendand(c1)and(c2)areconstants.Thelosses
arenegligibleuntiltheradiusreachesacriticalsizegivenby:

(10)

Fromthisrelationtominimizetheselosses,thefibermustbewithalargeNAandoperatedata
shortwavelength.Fortunately,macrobendingdoesnotcauseappreciablelossesuntiltheradius
ofcurvatureofthebendisbelow(approximately)1cm.Thisrequirementdoesnotpresentmuch
probleminthepracticalutilizationoffibercables,butdoespresentaminimumcurvaturetothe
fiber.

Thereisessentially

nobendinglossuntilacertaincriticalradiusisreached,
whereupon
thebendingloss
increasesdramatically.Noticealsothatthecriticalbend
radiusis

ComputerApplications:AnInternationalJournal(CAIJ),Vol.2,No.2,May2015

dramatically
differentforthetwowavelengths.At1310nm
,thecriticalbendradiusis
about1.5cm;
andthebendinglossesis0.2dBatbendingradiusof
1.35cm.At1550nmthecritical

bendradiusisabout2.5cm(thesecriticalbendradiuschange,dependingonthefibers
numericalapertureandcoreradius),sothebendinglossis8.3dBatbendingradiusof1.35cm,
thisbendinglosseswasforSiO2fiber.

5.SYSTEMSIMULATIONS

5.1SIMULATIONRESULTSOFRAYLEIGHSCATTERINGLOSSINSMF

WehavesimulatedtheperformanceofRayleighscatteringlossinfiberopticscommunication.
Fromfigure2wecansaythatlossofRayleighscatteringbereducedbyincreasingtheoperating
wavelength.TheRayleighscatteringlossonlydependsontheoperatingwavelength.Soifwe
canusetheoperatingwavelengthabovethe2m,thelowerRayleighscatteringlossoccurs.

7
*

Raleigh Scattering losses

Attenuation(dBkm-1)

1
*

*
*
*
*
*
*
*

0.5
1

1.5

2.5
3

Wavelength(micrometer)

Figure2.OutputpowerofRayleighscatteringfor=2.6m

5.2SIMULATIONRESULTSOFSTIMULATEDBRILLOUINSCATTERINGLOSSINSMF

StimulatedBrillouinscatteringlosshavesimulated,wherethresholdpowerP B=80mw,fibercore
diameterd=6m,operatingwavelength=1.3mandthelasersourceBandwidth,v=600MHz.
Simulationresultinfigure3showsthecurveofSBSlossinSMF.Observingtheresultswe
concludethatmaximumpowerlossesinthethresholdopticalpower.Attenuationcanbereduced
byincreasingtheoperatingwavelengthinSMF.

ComputerApplications:AnInternationalJournal(CAIJ),Vol.2,No.2,May2015

90

SBS

80

70

-1)
60

Attenuation(dBkm
50

40

30

20

10

0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4

Operating Wavelength(micrometers)

Figure3.OutputpowerofSimulatedBrillouinscattering(SBS)for=1.3m.

5.3SIMULATIONRESULTSOFSTIMULATEDRAMANSCATTERINGLOSSINSMF

UsingthresholdpowerPR=1380,corediameterd=6mandoperatingwavelength=1.3m,we
simulatetheresultsofStimulatedRamanscatteringlossinSMF.Simulatedresultsfromfigure4
showntheabovetendB/kmmaximumlossoccurinthethresholdopticalpower1380mW.The
lossarereducedafterincreaseoperatingwavelength.

12

SRS

10

-1)
8

Attenuation(dBkm

0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4

Operating Wavelength(micrometers)

Figure4.OutputpowerofSimulatedRamanscattering(SRS)for=1.3m.

5.4COMPARISONTHESIMULATIONRESULTSOFSBSANDSRSINSMF

Fromthesimulationresultsinfigure5canconcludethattheBrillouinthresholdoccursatan
opticalpowerlevelofaround80mWwhilsttheRamanthresholdisapproximatelyseventeen

ComputerApplications:AnInternationalJournal(CAIJ),Vol.2,No.2,May2015

timeslarger.Itisthereforeapparentthatthelossesintroducedbynonlinearscatteringmaybe
avoidedbyuseofasuitableopticalsignallevel(i.e.workingbelowthethresholdoptical
power).SBSandSRSarenotusuallyobservedinmultimodefibersbecausetheirrelativelylarge
corediametersmakethethresholdopticalpowerlevelextremelyhigh.

90

SBS

80

SRS

70

Attenuation(dBkm-1)
60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4

Operating Wavelength(micrometers)

Figure5.ComparisonofSBSandSRSlossesfor=1.3m

5.5SIMULATIONRESULTSOF(SIO2)SMFWITHOUTBENDINGLOSSIN1550NM

Theoutputpowerof(SiO2)SMF,n1=1.4516,n2=1.44462,NA=0.1422,b=8.3,T=0.2dB/km
simulatesandresultsareshowninfigure6.

10
*

(SiO2) SMF without bending loss for 1550nm

9.95

9.9

9.85

mW

in

9.8

er

pow

9.75

ut put

9.7

(O

P out

9.65

9.6

9.55

9.5
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000

Distance(meter)

Figure6.Outputpowerwithoutbendingfor1550nm.

ComputerApplications:AnInternationalJournal(CAIJ),Vol.2,No.2,May2015

5.6SIMULATIONRESULTSOF(SIO2)SMFWITHOUTBENDINGFOR1310NM

Wehavesimulatedtheoutputpowerof(SiO2)SMF,n1=1.4516,n2=1.44462,NA=0.1422,
b=0.2, T=0.34dB/kmandresultsshowsinfigure7.Alsofigure8illustratestheattenuationof
twowavelength1550nmand1310nm.

10.1

(SiO2) SMF without bending loss for 1310nm

10
*

9.9

mW)

9.8

in

power
9.7

Pout(Output
9.6

9.5

9.4

9.3

9.2
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000

Distance(meter)

Figure7.Outputpowerwithoutbendingfor1310nm.

10.1

1550nm(Without bendig)

10
*

1310nm(Without bending)

9.9

*
*

mW)

*
*

9.8

in

power
9.7

Pout(Output

9.6

9.5

9.4

9.3

9.2
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900

1000

Distance(meter)

Figure8.Attenuationoftwowavelength1550nmand1310nm.

ComputerApplications:AnInternationalJournal(CAIJ),Vol.2,No.2,May2015

5.7SIMULATIONRESULTSOF(SIO2)SMFWITHBENDINGFOR1550NM

Theoutputpowerof(SiO2)SMF,n1=1.4516,n2=1.44462,NA=0.1422,Rc=9.97m,b
=8.3dB,t=0.2dB/kmhavesimulatedandtheresultsareshowninfigure9.

Pou
t(O
utp

ut
pow
er
in

mW
)
2

10
1

(SiO2) SMF with bendin g

loss for 1550nm 9

0 500 1000 1500 Distance(meter)

Figure9.Outputpowerwithbendingfor1550nm.

5.8SIMULATIONRESULTSOF(SIO2)SMFWITHBENDINGFOR1310NM

Theoutputpowerof(SiO2)SMF,n1=1.4524,n2=1.4468,NA=0.1422,Rc=8.427,b=0.2dB
,T=0.34dB/kmhavesimulatedandthesimulationresultsareshowninfigure10.

10

(SiO2) SMF with bending loss for 1310nm

in mW)
7

power

Pout(Output
4

0
500
1000
1500

Distance(meter)

Figure10.Outputpowerwithbendingfor11310nm

10

ComputerApplications:AnInternationalJournal(CAIJ),Vol.2,No.2,May2015

10

bending loss for 1550nm

bending loss for 1310nm

in mW)
7

power

Pout(Output

0
500
1000
1500

Distance(meter)

Figure11.Bendinglossesoftwowavelengths1550nmand1310nmofSMF.

6.CONCLUSIONS

Inthispaper,wehavesimulatedtheperformanceofOpticalFibercommunicationinSingleMode
Fiber(SMF)usingvariouslossmechanisms.Firstlywehaveobservedlinearscatteringsuchas
Rayleighscatteringfromthesimulationresults,whereasRayleighscatteringisstronglyreducedby
operatingatthelongestpossiblewavelength.Thenwehaveobservedtwononlinearscattering
StimulatedBrillouinscatteringandStimulatedRamanscatteringlossesinfiberopticcommunication.

FromtheresultstheBrillouinthresholdoccursatanopticalpowerlevelofaround80mWwhilstthe
Ramanthresholdisapproximatelyseventeentimeslarger.Itisthereforeapparentthatthelosses
introducedbynonlinearscatteringmaybeavoidedbyuseofasuitableopticalsignallevel(i.e.
workingbelowthethresholdopticalpowers).SBSandSRSarenotusuallyobservedinmultimode
fibersbecausetheirrelativelylargecorediametersmakethethresholdopticalpowerlevelsextremely
high.Itshouldbenotedthatthethresholdopticalpowersforboththesescatteringmechanismsmay
beincreasebysuitableadjustmentoftheothersparametersinlossmechanisms..Finally,wehave
simulatedthebendinglossbyandconcludethatthelossisnegligibleuntiltheradiusreachesa
criticalsize.Tominimizetheselosses,thefibermustbewithaLargeNAandoperatedatashort
wavelength.ThelossesofbendingsimulatesinSiO2SMFbyusingtwowavelength
(13310nm,1550nm)withsimulations.Theattenuationof1310nmisgreaterthan1550nmbutin
bendingthelossesof1550nmisgreaterthan1310nm.

Furtherresearchwillbeaimedatdevelopingandanalysisthelinear(Rayleigh)andnonlinear(SBS,
SRS)scatteringlossmechanismsinmultimodeopticalfibersthroughsimulation.Theeffectof
differentbendingandbendinglosseswithdifferentWavelengthswillalsobesimulated.

11

ComputerApplications:AnInternationalJournal(CAIJ),Vol.2,No.2,May2015

REFERENCES

RADCTR80322FinalTechnicalReportOctober1980,FAILURERATESFORFIBEROPTIC
ASSEMBLIESNTResearchInstitute.

J.Senior,OpticalFiberCommunicationsPrinciples,andPractice,(PrenticeHall,EnglewoodCliffs,New
Jersey,1985),pp11.

M.C.brierley,P.W.France,R.A.Granham,C.A.MillarandW.A.Stallard,Longwevelangthfluoride
fibersystemusinga2.7mfluoridefiberlaser,Proc.OpticalFiberCommun.Conf.,OFC89(USA),
Postdealingpaper,PD14,February1989.

TOkoshiandKKikuchi,Coherentopticalfibercommunication(KluwerAcademic,Boston,1988)
NarimanovEvgeniiE.,andParthaMitra,TheChannelCapacityofaFiberOptics

CommunicationSystem:PerturbationTheoryJournalofLightwaveTechnology,Vol.20,No.3,pp.530
537,2002.

A.V.Avdokhin,S.V.Popov,andJ.R.Taylor,Continuouswave,highpower,Ramancontinuumin
holeyfibers,Opt.Lett.,vol.28,no.15,pp.13531355,Aug.1,2003.

Z.Yousoff,P.Petropoulos,K.Furusawa,T.M.Monro,andD.J.Richardson,A36channel10GHzspectrally
slicedpulsesourcebasedonsupercontinuumgenerationinanormallydispersivehighlynonlinearholeyfiber,
IEEEPhoton.Technol.Lett.,vol.15,no.12,pp.16891691,Dec.2003.

Durana,G.;Zubia,J.;Arrue,J.;Aldabaldetreku,G.;Mateo,J.Dependenceofbendinglossesoncladding
thicknessinplasticopticalfibers.Appl.Opt.2003,42,9971002

BungeS.Choi,K.Ohb,Analysisofringlaunchingschemeusinghollowopticalfibremodeconverter
for10GbpsmultimodefibrecommunicationOpticalFibreTechnology12,pp4858,2006

Z.Zhu,D.J.Gauthier,andR.W.Boyd,StoredlightinanopticalfiberviastimulatedBrillouin
scattering,Science318,17481750(2007).

ShengLiChung,EmergingTechnologyforfibreopticdatacommunicationHandbookoffibreoptic
datacommunication,IIIEdition,chapter25,2008.

LingZhou,XiChen,ZhaoZiyan,Lilianqi,Researchinsecurityofopticbasedinformation
communicationarchitecturefornextgenerationpowersystemapplicationsInternationalConferenceon
PowerSystemTechnology,pp.15,2010

FidlerFranz,MarkusKnapek,JoachimHorwath,andR.WalterLeebOpticalCommunicationsfor
HighAltitudePlatformsIEEEJournalofSelectedTopicsInQuantumElectronics,Vol.16,NO.5,
September/October2010.

Koike,Y.;Koike,K.Progressinlowlossandhighbandwidthplasticopticalfibers.J.Polym.Sci.B

Polym.Phys.2011,49,217.

[15]
Pham
TienThang,
AlexanderLebedev,MartaBeltrn,Xianbin
Yu,
Roberto
Llorente,

IdelfonsoTafurMonroy,Combinedsinglemode/multimodefibre
link
supportingsimplified

inbuilding60GHz
gigabit
wirelessaccessOpticalFibreTechnology18,226229,2012
[16]
LiXinying,1JianjunYu,
1ZeDong,andNanChi1,PhotonicsMillimeterWave
Generation

intheEBandand
Bidirectional
TransmissionIEEEPhotonicsJournal,Vol.5,No.1,2013.
[17]
XuWei,
XuGuang
Huang,
and
JingShunPan,SimpleFibreOptic
RefractiveIndexSensor

BasedOnFresnel
ReflectionandOpticalSwitchIEEESensorsJournal,Vol.13,NO.5,pp.1571

1574,2013.

WuZifeng,SchmidtDaniel,andLankBerthold,ModulationFormatTransparentPolarizationTracking
UsingaNeuralNetworkIEEEPhotonicsTechnologyLetters,Vol.25,No.7,pp671674,2013.

www.ijetae.comISSN22502459,ISO9001:2008CertifiedJournal,Volume3,Issue5,May2013

12

ComputerApplications:AnInternationalJournal(CAIJ),Vol.2,No.2,May2015

AUTHORS

MD.NASIRUDDINreceivedtheBachelorsDegreeintheDept.ofInformationandCommunication
Engineering(ICE)fromIslamicUniversity,Kushtia,in2011.HeiscurrentlystudentofMastersDegree
inthedepartmentofICE,IslamicUniversity,Kushtia7003Bangladesh.Hehascurrentlyresearchedin
thesamefieldintheLaboratoryofICE,IslamicUniversity,Kushtia7003,Bangladesh.Hisareasof
interestincludeOpticalfibercommunication,WirelessCommunications,SpreadSpectrumandmobile
communication

DR.M.MAHBUBURRahmanreceivedhisB.Sc.andM.ScfromRajshahiUniversityinPhysics.Heis
currentlyworkingasProfessorinthedepartmentofInformation&CommunicationEngineering,Islamic
University,Kushtia7003,andBangladesh.

MD.SADEKALIreceivedtheBachelorsandMastersDegreeintheDepartmentofInformationand
CommunicationEngineering(ICE)fromIslamicUniversity,Kushtia,in2004and2005respectively.Heis
currentlyassistantprofessorinthedepartmentofICE,IslamicUniversity,KushtiaBangladesh.Since2003,he
hasbeenworkingResearchScientistattheCommunicationResearchLaboratory,DepartmentofICE,Islamic
University,Kushtia,wherehebelongstothespreadspectrumresearchgroup.Hehasfive

publishedpaperininternationalandtwonationaljournalsinthesameareas.Hisareasofinterestinclude
WirelessCommunication,opticalfibercommunication,SpreadSpectrumandmobilecommunication.

13