Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Class Rules
Our classroom is a community. In our
community, we have rules to help us get along
with each other.
Our class rules are:
Copyright 2011, Dr. Andy N Sommeng, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Indonesia
Projects vs Production
Projects
Production
Idea
Construction Factory
Design
Plan
CONVERSION
Note:
Project = one time entity
Production = repetitive activity entity
Copyright 2011, Dr. Andy N Sommeng, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Indonesia
Some Illustrations
Projects
Production
Automobile factory
Produce automobile
Build a house
Operate household
Construct hospital
Treat Patients
Manufacture
Develop Prototype
Produce multiples
Done once
Done repetitively
Copyright 2011, Dr. Andy N Sommeng, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Indonesia
In real life
Mix of Projects and Production
Projects and Production are intimately
interwoven in real life.
PROJECTS:
Start production and solve problems relating to:
Operation, maintenance, house keeping
Marketing, distribution, Quality,
Copyright 2011, Dr. Andy N Sommeng, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Indonesia
What is a Project ?
View from 3 angles:
Copyright 2011, Dr. Andy N Sommeng, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Indonesia
Copyright 2011, Dr. Andy N Sommeng, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Indonesia
Personal projects
Preparation for examination
Writing a book
Getting dressed
A security function
Etc
Copyright 2011, Dr. Andy N Sommeng, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Indonesia
Organizational projects
Construction highway, subway, railway and
airports
Construction and/or turnaround of oil refinery,
depot and terminal installation
Etc
Copyright 2011, Dr. Andy N Sommeng, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Indonesia
National projects
Launching a new satelite
Literary campaign
Poverty removal
Preparation Annual Budget
Preparation a new legislation and revision
Preparation National Election
Etc
Copyright 2011, Dr. Andy N Sommeng, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Indonesia
Global projects
Organizing peace missions (United Nations)
Space exploration
Environmental protection
Reduce global CO2 emission (global warming)
Launching MDG (milenium development goal)
Campaign pro job and pro poor
Etc
Copyright 2011, Dr. Andy N Sommeng, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Indonesia
Features of projects
Well defined collection (different) jobs (time, cost
and performance)
Generally, non-repetitive, one time effort
Jobs interrelated through precedence
Jobs otherwise independent
Jobs consume time and resources (cost, man,
material)
Coordination needed between individuals, groups
and organizations
Constant Pressure of conformance to time, cost and
performance goals.
Copyright 2011, Dr. Andy N Sommeng, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Indonesia
P2
Current State
{Born of Project}
P1
Desired State
{Dies of Project}
P3
P1 - reduce pollutant project
P2 ban diesel vehicle
P3 - forestry
Basically is temporary
Copyright 2011, Dr. Andy N Sommeng, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Indonesia
Manpower
Machine
Project Selection
1. Project Identification
2. Project Appraisal
3. Project Selection
Copyright 2011, Dr. Andy N Sommeng, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Indonesia
Project identification
Copyright 2011, Dr. Andy N Sommeng, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Indonesia
Project appraisal
Market appraisal
Technical appraisal
Financial appraisal
Economic appraisal
Ecological appraisal
A feasibility report considers all these
issues prior to project adoption
Copyright 2011, Dr. Andy N Sommeng, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Indonesia
Market appraisal
Aggregate future demand
Market share
Current and future competition
Copyright 2011, Dr. Andy N Sommeng, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Indonesia
Technical appraisal
Engineering aspects
Locations
Size
Production process
Copyright 2011, Dr. Andy N Sommeng, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Indonesia
Financial appraisal
Cash flows overtime
Profitability
Break-even point
NPV
IRR
Payback period
Risk
Copyright 2011, Dr. Andy N Sommeng, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Indonesia
Economic appraisal
Benefits and costs
Distribution of income in society
Level of savings and investment in society
Copyright 2011, Dr. Andy N Sommeng, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Indonesia
Ecological appraisal
Environmental damages
Air
Water
Noise
Other
Copyright 2011, Dr. Andy N Sommeng, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Indonesia
Investment
Rate of Return
Risk
Likely Profit
Payback
Similarity to existing business
Expected Life
Flexibility
Environmental Impact
Competition
Copyright 2011, Dr. Andy N Sommeng, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Indonesia
P1
.
.
P2
.
.
PM
W1,..W2,..W3,..W4,..WN
P1, P2,..PM = projects
W1, W2, W3, W4,..WN = weights
C1, C2, C3, C4, .. CN = criteria
S1, S2, .. SM = score
Copyright 2011, Dr. Andy N Sommeng, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Indonesia
Project Planning
Basic scheduling
Project representation as a network
Estimation of activity durations
Forward and backward pass
Determination of activity floats
Critical path for selective control and minimum
project duration
Copyright 2011, Dr. Andy N Sommeng, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Indonesia
Time-Cost trade-off
Normal and cash activity times
Linear/non linear/discontinous/discrete time-cost
relationships
Project cost-duration efficient frontier
Total project (direct and indirect) cost.
Copyright 2011, Dr. Andy N Sommeng, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Indonesia
Resource leveling
Shifting the slack jobs in the project
Schedule to obtain a balanced resource profile
Project duration kept fixed
Variety of hand and computer procedures
available
Copyright 2011, Dr. Andy N Sommeng, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Indonesia
Resource allocation
The minimum duration schedule satisfying the
limited availability of resources
May entail delaying some critical jobs to keep
the resource profile within the available limits
Many hand and computer procedures available
Copyright 2011, Dr. Andy N Sommeng, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Indonesia
Resource aggregation
Project schedule
Resource consumption profile for each resource
Copyright 2011, Dr. Andy N Sommeng, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Indonesia
Project Implementation
Organizing team and work
Clear cost/time/performance goals
Project monitoring with regard to cost, value of
work and time
Project control
Copyright 2011, Dr. Andy N Sommeng, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Indonesia
Project Completion
Disbanding of project team
Handling over of project to user
Accounting and report writing
Learning from the experience
Copyright 2011, Dr. Andy N Sommeng, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Indonesia
Organizational/behavioural
Financial
Legal
Engineering
Construction/installation
Site evacuation/development
Labor unrest/unavailability
Non availability of resources
Weather conditions
Ad-hoc, on the spot improvisations
Copyright 2011, Dr. Andy N Sommeng, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Indonesia
Copyright 2011, Dr. Andy N Sommeng, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Indonesia
Copyright 2011, Dr. Andy N Sommeng, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Indonesia
SUMMARY
Definition and examples of projects
Key features of projects
Life cycle of a project
Project selection
Project planning and scheduling
Project implementation
Project completion and audit