Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
CHAPTER 1
SOIL
Amazing Truth
A typical healthy soil sample contains 45% minerals, 25% water, 25%
air and 5% organic matter.
LESSON 1
KINDS OF SOIL
Learning task 1
Problem
Is soil from different places similar in their characteristics?
Materials
Different soil samples
Procedure
Collect soil samples, from different places such as the
garden, riverbank, beach, mountain or hill.
Put each soil sample in a small bottle.
Examine each sample using hand lens.
Describe each soil sample based on color and texture. Write
the data in the chart.
Investigate
Record your observations.
Place where
soil was taken
Characteristics
observed
Conclusion
How do soil differ in different places?
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Soil in different places are not always the same. They may vary in
their characteristics such as color and texture and size of the particles. Soil
from the garden is dark brown, very fine and sticky because of the decayed
leaves and remains of dead animals. Soil from the beach is whitish or grayish
in color and made up of fine sand. Soil from the hills and mountains look
reddish brown in color, and clayish in nature. Soil from the riverbank and
fields appear gray in color.
Learning task 2
Problem
Comparing types of soil
Materials
Three (3) plastic dishes
Three (3) types of soil
Procedure
Put a spoonful of each kind of soil in each of the three plastic
dishes. Label them.
Observe the color of each kind of soil.
Rub each kind of soil in your hands. Observe how many it
feels.
Record your observations in the chart.
Investigate
Complete the table below.
Type of Soil
Color
Texture
Size of Particles
KINDS OF SOIL
SANDY SOIL
Sand has coarse and loose particles. It is made
up of small grains of rocks. It maybe white, gray or
brown in color. It is usually found in seashores and
riverbanks. It is used in making hollow blocks and it is
mixed with cement and gravel to construct buildings,
roads and bridges. It is not good for plants because it
does not hold water very well.
CLAY SOIL
Clay has fine and smooth particles and feels
sticky when wet. The particles stick together and
become soft so it can be easily molded into
different shapes. It hardens when it is dry.
Clay soil is found in hills, mountains and
ricefields. It holds much water and is good for
growing rice and corn. But some kinds of plants do not grow well on clay
soil because it is hard for the roots to grow through the soil.
Clay is also used in pottery. It is made into jars, flower pots, kitchen
wares, decorative vases and figurines.
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LOAM SOIL
Loam is the soil we use in gardening. It is
mixture of sand, clay and humus. Humus makes
the soil fertile because it contains nutrients that
come from the remains of dead plants and animals.
Loam has dark brown or black color because of the
humus. It holds much water making it best for
growing plants.
Apply
Do you have a garden? What kind of soil is present in it? Which plants
grow in your garden well?
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Check-Up Test
Identify the kind of soil that is described. Write S for sand, C for clay and L
for loam.
____1. It contains humus.
____2. It holds water very well.
____3. It is best for growing plants.
____4. Its color is dark brown or black.
____5. It is found in seashores and rivers.
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LESSON 2
Learning Task 3
Problem
Which kind of soil is best for growing mongo plants?
Materials
Three (3) paper cups
clay/sandy soil
Marker
sandy soil
Loam soil
mongo seed
Procedure
Get three (3) paper cups and punch holes in the bottom of
each cup. Label them as cup A, B and C.
Fill the cup A with humus soil, the cup B with clay soil and
cup C with sandy soil.
Plant five (5) mongo seeds in each cup and water them every
other day. Place them in an area where they can get sunlight.
Wait for the seed to sprout.
After a week, observe and measure the growth of the mongo
plants. Record the data.
Investigate
Type
of
Soil
Cup
A
Cup
B
Cup
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Conclusion
Which kind of soil is best for growing plants?
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In the activity, the seeds that grew best were those planted in loam
soil. Loam is very rich in humus, which contains organic matter.
Another characteristic of soil that affects plants growth is its ability
to hold water. There are plants that grow well in soil with less water. There
are also plants rot in soil with much water.
Try to do this experiment to find out the ability of soil to hold much
water.
Learning Task 4
Problem
Which kind of soil can hold much water?
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Materials
Different kinds of soil
Three (3) glasses with water
Three (3) small milk cans with equal number and sizes of holes
punched in them
Three (3) clear plastic glass
Graduated cylinder
Wire mesh
Procedure
Collect three (3) soil samples.
Put equal amounts of each kind in the three (3) milk cans.
Label them as sand, clay, loam.
Put the three plastic containers side by side as shown in the
drawing. Put a wire mesh on top of each glass as shown in
the drawing.
Put the cans with soil on top of each wire mesh.
Pour equal amount of water in each can soil sample at the
same time.
Observe the amount of water that goes into the container.
Measure the amount of water collected in each container
using the graduated cylinder.
Investigate
Complete the table below.
Type of Soil
Amount of
Water Collected
Sand
Clay
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loam
In the activity, you have observed that the different kinds of soil
differ in ability to hold much water. The water that poured in the sandy soil
seeps in very quickly. Sand absorbs less water. It is only that plants that do
not need much water that grow best in sandy soil.
The flow of water in the clay soil is very slow, because clay holds
much water. The same as rice plants grow best in clay soil. However, a lot of
plants have roots that cannot sink very well into the sticky, clay soil. Hence,
loam soil is the best for plants growth.
Apply
When your mother cooks, she leaves a lot of organic wastes such as
egg shells, vegetable and fruit peelings. These decay can be broken down
into nutrients that can feed the soil. How can your mother dispose them?
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______________________________________________________
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Check-Up Test
Multiple Choices: Write the letter of the correct answer before each
number.
_____1. Which kind of soil is best for growing plants?
Clay
Loam
c. sandy
d. All of the above
c. loam
d. None of the above
c. loam
d. Sandy
c. rice
d. Tomatoes
_____5. The kind of soil that can be molded and shaped into pots and vase is
__________________.
Clay
c. loam
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Gravel
d. Sand
LESSON 3
SOIL POLLUTION
Plants grow well in fertile soil. The soil that used to be fertile become
less productive after many years of using it for planting crops. There are
activities of man can destroy the quality of soil, making it less fertile for
plants growth. What are the practices of man that affect the fertility of the
soil?
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Learning task 5
Problem
How do some materials affect the fertility of soil?
Materials
Four (4) identical cans
garden soil
Mongo seeds
petroleum
Marker
oil
Insecticide
detergent
Procedure
Get four shallow cans of the same size. Label them can A, B,
C, and D.
Put the same amount of garden soil in all the cans.
Put one tablespoon of petroleum in can A; one tablespoon of
oil in can B; one tablespoon of insecticide in can C; and one
(1) tablespoon of detergent in can D.
Put five mongo seeds in each can. Observe each can after
two (2) days.
Investigate
In which can did the seeds grow well? Why?
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_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
__________
In which can did the seeds not grow? Why?
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__________
What do you think is the reason why the seedlings didnt
grow?
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_________________________________________________
__________
Conclusion
Explain the effect of some materials in the soil.
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The quality of soil affects the growth of plants. In the activity, the
materials such as petroleum, insecticides, and detergents are pollutants that
destroy the quality of the soil. No seedlings grow in the soil that have
pollutants. They contain chemicals that destroy the productivity of the soil.
There are activities and practices of man that destroy the soil. Some
households throw their garbage anywhere. Some waste materials such as
plastic, styropore, broken glasses and cans are non- biodegradable. They do
not rot or decay and do not become part of the soil. They considered as soil
pollutants.
Another practice which destroy the quality of soil is the use of too
much fertilizers. Some farmers put too much fertilizer in their rice fields.
This practice destroys the natural soil. Plants do not grow healthy anymore.
The use of pesticides by the farmers on their crops is also a soil pollutant.
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Multiple Choice: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the
letter of your answer on the space provided for.
______1. Materials that do not decay easily are called_________________.
Biodegradable materials
Non-biodegradable materials
Industrial wastes
Pollutants
______2. Farmers spray chemicals on their crops to kill pests. These
are called ____________________.
Detergents
Insecticides
c. pesticides
d. Plant boosters
c. dried leaves
d. Styropore
______4. How do pollutants such as oil, gasoline and detergent affect the
soil?
a.They make the soil less fertile?
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LESSON 4
c. topsoil
d. All of the above.
SOIL CONSERVATION
Most of the worlds food is grown in the soil. If we do not protect this
important resource, time will come that farmers will not be able to grow
enough food to support the peoples needs.
Soil conservation is the proper way of treating and handling the soil in
order to preserve its fertility and healthy condition. Man can conserve soil by
doing things that show care and concern for it.
Man uses the topsoil to grow plants. The topsoil is fertile because it
contains humus, or the decayed remains of plants and animals. When land
loses the topsoil, the nutrients are lost, too. The carrying away of topsoil by
running water or strong wind is called erosion.
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Planting trees can prevent soil erosion. Roots of trees hold the soil to
the ground. When heavy rains come, these roots absorb water and prevent
the erosion of soil
Open fields should be planted with crops or low lying plants such as
peanuts, singkamas or even grass to act soil cover. These plants keep the
wind and water from carrying the soil away.
As students, you can join clubs or groups that initiate campaigns to
protect the earth and its sources. We have the Earth Savers Club, Clean and
Green Campaign and Planetary Beautification Program. Convince other to
do the same.
Farmers also practice soil conservation methods to protect the soil.
Here are some of them:
CROP ROTATION
Crop rotation is the growing of different
crops alternately over a period of time on the
same piece of land.
The soil loses its fertility if the same kind
of crops is grown in the same place year after
year. The same plants use the same nutrients
again and again. Time will come that the soil become less fertile. Different
crops like rice, corn, and tobacco could be planted in the field for one year
and different kinds of plans like beans, peanuts and other legumes could be
planted the next year. These will put back the nutrients taken by the first set
of plants.
STRIP CROPPING
Another method is to mix crops on
the same piece of land. An example is to
plant rows of corn and in between them
are pineapple plants or vegetables like
eggplants, tomatoes and others. Low lying
plants such as beans and peanuts could be
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planted in between taller plants like sugar cane, corn and tobacco.
CONTOUR PLOWING
Farmers can help prevent soil erosion
by plowing across a slope instead of plowing
it up and down. This is called contour
plowing. This prevents the rain water to run
down the hill so fast and carrying soil with it.
Instead, the soil is caught in furrows and not
washed away down the low-lying areas.
TERRACING
Look at the Banawe Rice Terraces in Mt.
Province. Small terraces are built along the
slopes of a mountainside. This method also
prevents erosion. Crop such as rice, corn,
cassava and others are planted in these terraces.
APPLY
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Check-Up Test
Multiple Choices
Write the letter of the correct answer.
_____1. Why is the soil conservation important?
a.Man uses the soil to grow plants.
b.Soil is the nations very important resource.
c.Plants need nutrients from the soil to keep them healthy.
d.All of the above
_____2. Which is not an agent of soil erosion?
a.Strong wind
b.Running water
c.Roots of trees
d.Man who keeps on digging
_____3. Cover crops are plants that can keep the wind and water from
carrying the soil away. Which kind of plants is not a good cover crop?
a.Corn
b.Peanut
c. grass
d. Singkamas
_____4. When different kinds of crops are grown alternately year after year
in the same piece of land, the method is called _________________.
a.Contour plowing
b.Crop rotation
c.Strip cropping
d.Terracing
_____5. Peanuts are planted in between corn and sugar cane. This practice of
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CHAPTER TEST
c. loam
d. Sandy
c. loam soil
d. Sandy soil
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c. flowing water
d. All of the above
____6. What can farmers do to protect the soil from the erosion?
a.Practice crop rotation.
b.Plant the same kind of crop every year.
c.Use a lot of chemical fertilizers in the field.
d.Cut trees around and use the space for vegetable farming.
____7. Soil pollution gently affects the ________.
a.Bedrock
b.Topsoil
c.Subsoil
d.All of the above
_____8. Which is not a soil pollution?
a.Detergents
b.Plastic materials
c.Oil from vehicles
d.Rotten kitchen wastes
_____9. Which practice destroys the quality of the soil?
a.Burying kitchen wastes in the soil.
b.Using organic fertilizers in plants.
c.Disposing chemical wastes carefully.
d.Using too much chemical fertilizer in plants.
______10. Which is not a biodegradable material?
a.Broken glass
b.Rotten fruits
c.Dry leaves
d.Vegetable peelings
Answer the following questions.
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Chapter 2
Water in the Environment
Amazing Truth
25
Lesson 1
Sources of Water
Where do you think the water that pours out from your faucet comes from?
Would you believe if I say that it comes from a river?
Water comes from different sources. Let us try to classify
the water resources into two groups.
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Learning Task 1
Problem
What are the different sources of water?
Materials
Procedure
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Investigate
A.
Salt Water
Freshwater Sources
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Conclusions
What are the different sources of water?
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Sources of Water
tanks; good enough to supply the water needs of the entire subdivision.
Electricity is used to force the water out from the ground.
In Metro Manila, people get their water supply from the
water that is stored in the Angat Dam. But actually, this water comes from
the Angat River. The water that is stored in the dam undergoes a treatment in
the Balara Filters, situated in Diliman, Quezon City. Water flows through
pipes and it is purified through a filtration system.
Filtration removes the solid particles, sediments and
impurities that are found water. Chemical called chlorine is added to the
filtered water to kill bacteria. We call this process chlorination. Purified
water is then delivered to different households through pipes. Clean and safe
water flows out when we open our faucets.
Apply
Are there enough water supplies in your home? Check which statement best
describes your situation.
We have water that comes from the subdivision. It flows
from the faucet all day and all night.
Our water supply comes only in the morning or afternoon.
We need to store water in a tank.
There is no water that comes from the subdivision. We need
to have it delivered.
How do you feel about your situation?
I feel _____________________ because ____________________________
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Check-up Test
Modified TRUE or FALSE
If the statement is correct, write True. If the statement is wrong,
change the underlined word with the correct answer to make the statement
correct.
__________1. Water in the pond, streams and springs is freshwater.
__________2. The accumulated water under the ground is called water table.
__________3. Ground water is rich in sediments and impurities.
__________4. Salty water has lesser dissolved minerals than freshwater.
__________5. Soil and layers of rocks act as water filter in the ground.
__________6. Water supply in Metro Manila comes from the Manila Bay.
__________7. Electricity is used to run the water system in urban areas.
__________8. A chemical is added to the water in filtration.
__________9. Water that is drinkable is potable water.
__________10. We should refrain to pollute our environment to ensure safe
water supply for all households.
Extension
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LESSON 2
IMPORTANCE OF WATER
Learning task
Problem
What are the different uses of water?
Materials
Drawings
Procedure
Look at each drawing. How does man use water in his daily life?
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Investigate
How do people use water? List them down.
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__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
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__________________________________________
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Conclusion
What are the importance of water?
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_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
USES OF WATER
Water is very important that man cannot live without it. At home, we
use water in many wastes. We use water to maintain cleanliness and hygiene.
We use it for bathing, washing our hands and face, and brushing teeth.
Mother uses it for preparing and cooking food. We use it for laundry,
household cleaning, car washing and many more.
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Plants cannot survive without water. They use water to make food
together with air and sunlight.
Our animals, too, depend on water to survive. We need to drink eight
to nine glasses of water a day. Water washes away impurities from our
bodies and it helps regulate our body temperature.
There are other uses of water aside from those mentioned.
Farmers need water in their ricefields. Rainfall is not present all year
round in our country so they result to the irrigation to get water for their
farms. They can fill their fields and grow crops even during the dry months.
Aquatic animals live in a water habitat. Tadpoles, snails crabs and
fishes live in ponds. Seas and oceans are habitat for salt water animals such
as sharks, whales, sea horse, dolphins, and a great variety of fishes.
Water is used to generate electricity. The strong force of water from
falls and dams make turbines turn. This in turn will make generators work
and provide electricity to every household and business center.
What do people from the Visayas use to transport goods from one
island to another/ they load their products in boats and ships that travel in
water. Water, therefore, is very important in transportation aside from land
and air travel.
Last summer, many people went to Boracay and other beaches for
swimming. There are people who love sea-surfing. We enjoy boating and
sailing by the river or lake. Water is also used for recreational activities.
Can you think of other uses of water?
APPLY
How much water do you use everyday? Count and write down how
many times you do the following in a day.
Taking a shower
_____________times
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Brushing teeth
_____________times
_____________times
_____________times
Check-Up Test
c. rice fields
d. Vegetable gardens
c. 8-9
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b. 4-5
d. 12-15
LESSON 3
WISE USE OF WATER
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Learning Task 3
Problem
How do you conserve water?
Materials
PET bottles (2L/5L)
Procedure
1. List down the activities at home that require the use of water.
2. Measure the amount of water that is used by each member of the
family for these activities using PET bottles and record it.
Investigate
1. Fill out the table with necessary information.
ACTIVITY
AMOUNT OF WATER (L)
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
2. Which activity uses the least amount of water?
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
3. Based on your data, in which activity can you lessen the use of
water? Why?
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
Conclusion
In what way can you save water?
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
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5. Bury dead animal in the soil. Refrain from throwing them to the
bodies of water to avoid water pollution.
6. Join campaigns against water pollution. Make posters. Write letters
to government officials who have the authority to impose laws
against people who pollute bodies of water.
APPLY
As a student, in what way can you help conserve water? Give
examples and explain each.
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Check-Up Test
1. How important is water to us?
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
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LESSON 4
THE WATER CYCLE
Material
Stove
ice cubes
hand glove
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______________________________ ______________________________
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Have you ever wondered where the water goes when your wet clothes
become dry? The water changes into gas called water vapour. We call the
process of changing water into gas as evaporation.
Water evaporates from bodies of water like the ocean, lakes, rivers
and canals. Water also evaporates from plants. The heat of the sun causes
much water to get into the air. Hence, the heat of the sun causes much of the
Earths water to evaporate.
In the experiment, the hot water from the kettle was directed towards
the container with cold water. You noticed some droplets of water from
outside the container. The hot water vapour changes into liquid when called
by the glass surface. We call this process of changing water vapour into
liquid as condensation. Condensation happens everyday. On an early
morning, you may have noticed some dew drops on the grass because at
night, water vapour in the air condenses and falls on the grass as dew.
Clouds are also formed when water vapour in the air condenses.
Water continuously evaporates and condenses into clouds. Thus, the
clouds get heavier each day. The tiny droplets of water become so heavy that
they fall as rain. The process is called precipitation. Other forms of
precipitation are ice, snow, sleet, hail and frost. In the Philippines, we only
have rain and dew as forms of precipitation.
All these three processes- evaporation, condensation and precipitation
are involved in what we call the water cycle. This cycle takes place in nature
and it is responsible for the occurrence of rain. The suns heat causes water
to evaporate in the form of water vapor. These gas particles rise up into the
air. When called, they change into droplets of water called clouds. When the
clouds become too heavy they fall as rain. Then, the cycle begins again.
Check-Up Test
CHAPTER TEST
A. Multiple Choice: Choose the best answer. Write only the letter
on the blank space.
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__________1. A large body of water that flows into the land is called a ___.
a. Dam
b. Sea
c. river
d. Stream
c. precipitation
d. Transpiration
___________6. A large body of water that flows into the land is called a___.
a. Dam
b. River
c. sea
d. Stream
______________7. Water helps regulate the body temperature. What does this
mean?
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a.
b.
c.
d.
a.
b.
c.
d.
a.
b.
c.
d.
_______________10. Who among the following does not show care and
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