Biquadratic Filter

Course Title:

Circuit Design and Simulation

Course Number:

EE 309 WEB

Date Performed:

04/15/2016

Principal Investigator:

Maurice G. Richards

Professor:

Dr. Jablonski

_________________________________________________________________________________________

In this report I demonstrated the design, simulation and construction of a second order biquadratic bandpass / low-pass filter. This filter consists of three 741 Op-Amps, 6 resistors, and a pair of equal capacitors.
Biquadratic filters offer both low-pass and band-pass responses simultaneously. The band-pass response was the
focus of this laboratory exercise.
The circuit was designed to operate at a resonant frequency of 4 kHz, Q of 5, and a gain at resonance of
2.5. Calculations were made using equations, given in class and others found in Malvinos Electronic Principles
text book to attain the most suitable values of each component.
These equations included:

A desirable feature of the Biquadratic filter is the flexibility it offers of independently tuning the voltage gain,
center frequency and bandwidth.
Calculations were made to obtain values for each component to achieve the required output.

The second phase was to simulate the circuit using CircuitMaker. The signal generator which was used
as the input was set to 1VPP sine wave with a frequency of 1 kHz. Two output signals were observed. One signal
was taken of the input, while the output was taken from output lead of the second Op-Amp. By setting the
correct parameters of the transient analysis both waveforms were obtained. Both signals were sinusoidal, and
showed a 90o phase shift. An AC analysis was setup to observe frequencies between 1 kHz and 8 kHz. A
resonant frequency of 4 kHz was observed, which is presented further on in the report. Also a phase plot was
obtained by the AC analysis.

R6
181

C1
0.22uF

R2
755

V1
-1/1V

R1
120

C2
0.22uF

R4
181

U1
IDEAL

R3
181

U2
IDEAL

R5
181

U3
IDEAL

1kHz

FIGURE 1 - Schematic
The above diagram shows the schematic of the Wien bridge oscillator in CircuitMaker.
A & B were added to the diagram to represent the outputs.
A Bandpass Output B Lowpass Output

GRAPH 1 - Waveform
The above diagram shows the input and output waveforms generated by the Biquadratic oscillator
in CircuitMaker. The yellow signal represents the input, while the green signal represents the
output. The graph also shows a slight disturbance at the beginning. The phase difference was
calculated to be
. The gain was calculated to be 2.5

GRAPH 2A
GRAPH 2A
The above graph shows a graph of the gain vs. the
frequency response for the biquadratic filter in
CircuitMaker. It shows a resonant frequency of
4 kHz and a gain at resonance of 2.5

GRAPH 2B
GRAPH 2B
The diagram above shows a graph of phase shift vs
frequency response for the biquadratic filter in
CircuitMaker, where the phase is 0o at 4 kHz.

GRAPH 3
The above graph shows a graph of the gain vs. the frequency response for the biquadratic filter in
CircuitMaker (green), overlayed with a graph of phase shift vs frequency response for the biquadratic filter in
CircuitMaker (magenta). The peak point of the gain vs frequency graph is in agreement with the phase shift vs
frequency response graph, as the both show definitive characteristics at 4 kHz.

GRAPH 4
The above graph shows a graph of the gain vs. the frequency response for a biquadratic filter in MS
Excel (blue), overlayed with a graph of phase shift vs frequency response for the biquadratic filter in
MS Excel (red). The peak point of the gain vs frequency graph is in agreement with the phase shift
vs frequency response graph, as the both show definitive characteristics at 4 kHz.

Photograph 1
The above photograph shows the components on the breadboard in the laboratory and the function
generator.

RESULT TABLE
DESIGN

SIMULATION

CONSTRUCTION

2.5

2.9

2.86

5.21

5.28

FREQUENCY

4 kHz

4 kHz

3.91 kHz

GAIN

TABLE 1 - Result Comparison

The above table shows the comparison of the values obtained throughout the different phases of
the laboratory exercise.

With a successful simulation, the construction of the filter was done on a breadboard in the laboratory. The
circuit was tested and observed. The results obtained throughout each phase were tabulated and compared.
In conclusion, the laboratory exercise was successful. Each phase yielded expected results with a few minor
deviations. This deviation may have been caused by the slight difference in component specifications.
The value for R1 was adjusted to 120 so the circuit would produce the desired results which it did. On the
breadboard, the gain was as expected but the Q was relatively lower then values in the design. R2 was changed
to adjust the Q value to 5. This deviation may have been caused by the slight difference in component
specifications such as tolerance.
The value of R1 in the simulation phase was significantly different from the value that was calculated in the
design phase. While there was a significant difference between the R2 values in the all three phases of the
experiment. Results initially obtained on the breadboard using design and simulated values resulted in unwanted
data mainly because resistance and inductance on the breadboard and the connecting wires which were not
taken into consideration when doing the initial calculations in the design stage.
The operation and features of a Biquadratic filter were successfully observed. Its flexibility of independently
tuning the voltage gain; center frequency and bandwidth were evident throughout this exercise.