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Definition.
REMEMBER: SOHCAHTOA
Trigonometric function values of 30°, 60° and 45° (complete the table)
Conversion:
π
Degrees to Radians: θ in degrees x
180
180
Radians to Degrees: θ in radians x
π
Let θ be a real number which represents a length of an arc along U with the initial point
at ( 1, 0 ) and Q the terminal point of the arc of length θ .
Thus, for each real number θ , it is possible to associate a unique point Q which satisfies
the construction above.
℘: R → U
θ a Q where Q is the terminal point of the arc of
length θ along U with initial point at ( 1, 0 )
π π π π
℘ -function Values of Multiples of , , and within [ 0 , 2π )
6 4 3 2
℘ π = ( 0 ,1 )
2
3 3
℘ 2 π = − 1 , ℘ π = 1 ,
3 2 2 3 2 2
℘ 3 π = − 2 , 2 ℘ π = 2 , 2
4 2 2
4 2 2
3π 5π
3 1
( ) (
℘ 56π = − 2
3
, 12 ) ℘ π = ,
2 2
6
5 π , − 7π
℘( π ) = ( − 1, 0 ) ℘( 0 ) = ( 1 , 0 )
3
℘ 7 π = − ℘ 11π =
3
,− 1 ,− 1
6 2 2 6 2 2
℘ 5 π = − 2 , − 2
℘ 7 π = 2 , − 2
4 2 2 4 2 2
3
℘ 4 π = − 1 , −
℘ 5 π = 1 , −
3
3 2 2
3 2 2
℘ 3π = ( 0 , − 1 )
2
Exercises: Evaluate either of the following:
1.
℘ − 17π
7π
4 6. ℘
2
2. ℘ 46π 7. ℘
17π
3
4
3. ℘( − 9π )
28π
8. ℘
3
4. ℘( 12π )
−2π
9. ℘
15π 3
5. ℘ −5π
2 10. ℘
6
Definitions
1
Then, cosθ = x sec θ =
x
1
sin θ = y csc θ =
y
y x
tan θ = cot θ =
x y
Domain Range
cos R [ − 1, 1 ]
sin R [ − 1, 1 ]
R − k is an odd Z
kπ
tan R
2
R − k is an odd Z
kπ
sec ( − ∞ , − 1 ] ∪ [1 , + ∞ )
2
csc R − {kπ k is an Z } ( − ∞ , − 1 ] ∪ [1, + ∞ )
cot R − {k π k is an Z } R
Circular Function Values
π 3 π
Consider θ= . To evaluate ℘ π = 1 , and sin , we consider the
3 3 2 2 3
1 3
℘ π = 2 , 2 .
3
Solution:
π3
sin , which is the x coordinate of ℘ π
=
3 2 3
π 3
sin = which is the y coordinate of ℘ π
3 2 3
Exercise.
π π π π
Give exercises of the following type. Use multiples of , , and . Include negative
6 4 3 2
values of θ .
sec 2 θ − tan 2 θ = 1
Half-measure Identities
csc 2 θ − cot 2 θ = 1
1 − cos θ
Sum and Difference Identities sin 2 θ =
2 2
sin( α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β
1 + cos θ
sin( α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β cos 2 θ =
2 2
cos( α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
cos( α − β ) = cos α cos β + sin α sin β 1 − cos θ
tan α + tan β tan 2 θ =
2 1 + cos θ
tan( α + β ) =
1 − tan α tan β
tan α − tan β
tan( α − β ) =
1 + tan α tan β
1 − cos θ
Remark: sin θ = ±
2 2
1 + cos θ
cos θ = ±
2 2
1 − cos θ
tan θ = ±
2 1 + cos θ
1 − cos θ
By rationalizing the denominator or the numerator of ,
1 + cos θ
sin θ 1 − cos θ
tan θ = tan θ =
2 1 + cos θ 2 sin θ
Exercises:
12
1. Given tan θ = and sin θ < 0 . Determine sin θ and cosθ .
5
a. sin θ + π
4
b. cos − θ
2 π
3
c. tan ( θ − π )
a. sin θ + π
4
b. cos − θ
2π
3
c. tan ( θ − π )
4. **Determine if each of the following is an identity or not. Justify.
1 + tan 2 θ
a. = cos 2θ
1 − 2 tan 2 θ
b. cos4 θ − sin 4 θ = cos 2θ
c. sec2 θ cot 2 θ = 1 + cot 2 θ
d.
e. (sin 2 θ − 1)(tan 2 θ + 1) = csc2 θ − cot 2 θ
2
5. If sec α = 3 where π < α < 2π , and tan β = and ℘( β ) ∈ QI , find
3
a. sin(α + β ) , cos(α + β ) , sec(α + β )
b. Quadrant containing ℘(α + β )
c. sin(α − β ) , cos(α − β ) , tan(α − β )
d. Quadrant containing ℘(α − β )
e. tan(2α − β )
6. Use the sum and difference identities to evaluate
exactly.
7π π
a. sin c. tan
12 12
π −5π
b. cos d. csc
12 12
**To prove that an equation is not an identity, you may just give one specific ߠ , for which the
equation will become false ( or it will not satisfy the equation).