Work Study and ea eeK oneCAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS 48424, 2nd Floor, Ansati Rew’, Daryaganj. Dethi 116002, Todi ‘Cumbridge University Press is part of the University of Combridge, [furthers the University's mission by discminating knowledge in the pursuit af ‘education, [earning ara research atthe highest inisrnational levels nf exsellence, ww cambridre ore Information on this ile: wwrweambridgcsorgé971 107503366 © Lakhwinder Pal Singh 2016 ‘This publication isin copyright Subject slalulory exception ana 16 the provisions af relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Pres, First published 2016, Printed im Iria A catalogne record for tts publication isavaiable from the Britt Li Library af Congress Catalaging.in-Pubication Data Singh, Lakhwander P author. Work study and ergonornics Lakinsinde Pal Singh, pages ent Includes ex, ISBN 978-1-107-80886.6 ¢pbk,) L.Work design. 2. Human engincering. 1 Tile Tein 856 2016 620.823) 201S0aH27S ISBN 978-1-107.50836-4 Paperback ‘Cambridge University Press has no responsiblity forthe persistence or accuraey. ‘Of UREs for exieenal ar thintpaty imerwet websites referred coi this publication, tl des not guarantee thal any caer on uel websites i, or wil rea, feurate or appropriateContents List of Figares List of etbtes Preface Acknowteetemems 1 Productivity and Work Study 4 3 6 7 Method Study (Motion 38 Pe) 510 sal Introduction Definition of Productivity Productivity of the Individual Organi The Role and Responsibility of the Mana Work Study and Productivity ion ement of an Organi: ion Interrelationship of the Various Methods Used to Reduce Ineffective Time Human Factors in Work Study 24 2 Introduerion Historigal Glimpse Related to Work Objectives of Work Study Importance Segments of Work Study Human Factors Consideration in the Application of Work Study ‘The Role of janagement and Supervisor in Work Study tuely) Introduction and Background Definition of Mexhod Stud Procedure of Method Study Develop the Best Method Install the Best Proposed Method Maintain she Installed Methox! Process Analysi Principles of Motion Economy Operation Analysi “Therbligs Work Simplification xv xxi sti lo 16 16 6 i WF Is i9 9 uM Mu 28 28 30 30 3 al 45 49 32 60)viii Comenty 4. Work Measurement 4.1 Introduction w Wark Measurement 4.2 Stopwatch Time Study 4.3 Essentials for Time Study 44 Time Study Procedure 4.5 Applications of Time Study 4.6 Selecting the Job far Time Sudy 47 Selection of Worker for Time Stualy 4.8 Time Study Equipment 4.9 Element Break-dawn in Time Study 4.10, Determination of Number of Observation 4.11 Recording Observation on Time Study Form 4.12 Performance Rating 4.13 The Qualified Worker 4.14 Comparison of Observed and Standard Ratings 4.15 Work Content 4.16 Calculations of Standart 1 AIT Synthesis 4.18 Pre-deiermined Motion Time Standards (PMTS} 4.19 Work Sampling Process 5. Wages and Incentive Plans 5.1 Introduction “Types of Wage Incentive Plans iraduction (o Ergonomics 6.1 Backgraund of Ergonomics 62 Historical Evolution of Ergonomics 63 Introduction 6.4 Definitions of Ergonomics 65 An Erganomist 6.6 Significance of Ergonomics in Saciety 67 ‘The Scope of Ergonomics 68 Ergonomics and Related Disciplines 6.9 Aspects of Ergonomics 6.10 Application Areas of Ergonomics 6.11 Man and Machine Interaction 6.12 Man-Machine Closed Laop System 6.13 Man-Machine System (MMS) 6.14 Determinants of MMS System Performance 6.15 Limitations of Humnan Beings 7. Work Physiology 7.1 Introduction 7.2. Muscle Structure 7.3 Metabolistns (Aerobic and Anaerobic) 6h 63 Lee 65 65 66 1 16 76 ” 80 86 89 40 16 6 un 13 133 134 1s 136 136 139 LF 138, 1B Bo 139. laa 140 lL Lan 14s las las 1460, ul. 74 Circulatory and Resp 7.5 Energy Expenditure and Workload at Systems 7.6 Occupational Kinesiology 7.7 Conclusion Biomechanics of Manual Lifting Tasks 8.1 Introduction te Musculoskeletal System 8.2 Funetions of the Muscular Systema 8.3 Bones and Conneetive Tissues 84 Bone Joints 8.5 Biomechanics 8.6 Biomechanical Models 87 Lever Systems 8.8 Single-Segment Planer Static Model 8.9 Low-Back Problems 8.10 The Rev S11 Lifting 1 Risk Assessment for Distal Upper Extr 1 Introduetion 9.2 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) 43° Cubital Tunnel Syndrome 94 ‘Thoracic Outlet Syndrome 45° Rotuior Cuff Syndrome 9.6 Tendinitis 37 Tenosynovitis ed Lifting Equation k Limitations nities (DUE) Disorders a8 Finger 8.9 Ganglion Cyst a0 ¢ Trauma Disonder (CTDs) aL Extremities Disorder Risk Factors OID in Daily Life Acti 9.18 Introduction te Strain Index Method 4 Case Sunly Work Related MSDs Risk and Work Postures Assessment 10.1 Inteaduetion 10.2 Assessinent of Work Postures Using RULA Method 10.3 Work Posture Assessment Using Rapid Entire Body Assevsment Tool (REBA} Office Ergonom ILL Introduction 112 Issues in Workstation Design 113 Seat Design 11d Engineering Anthropometry and Workspace Design 11.5 A Case Study: An Investigation on Passenger Seat Des in Sleeper Class Coaches in Indian Trains {Lower Side Berth)x Comes 12, Physical Stresses 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Vibvration 12.3 Occupational Noise Exposure 13. Occupational Noise Exposure 13.1 Introduction te Noise 13.2 Sound Sources of Noise and Vibration Basie Theory of Noise Measurement Noise-measuring Meters Basic Sournd Level Meters Integrating Mevers Noise Control Permissible Limits for Exposure with respect to Occupational Noise Assessment of Expostrre Adding Decibels Hearing Conservation Program (HCP) Noise Control Programmes Admin Hearing Prowctive Devives (HPD) Occupational Noise Exposure Assessment: A Case Study ve Controls 14, Occupational Noise Induced Hearing. Loss (NIHL} 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Hearing Threshold Shifi Due to Occupational Noise Exposune 143 ne Standards for Noise-induced Hearing Loss 144 Cause of Noise-induced Hearing Loss 145 Mh 14.6 Hearing Impairment Criteria 14.7 Pratocal and Procedure for Pure Tone Aus 148 Effect of Occupational Noise Exposure on Latency Time (Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials Response, BERA) 149 Assessment of Lateacy Time using Brainstem Auditory Evoked Pow Response (BERA) 14.10. Method for Latency Time (Brainstem sAuditory Evaked Potentials) 14,11 Protocol and Provedure for the BAEP 14.12 Case Sundy: Investigation of Auditory Functions of Steel Industry Workers 14.13 Comparison of Exposed Group vis Control Group for Latency Time 14,14 Effect of Workplace Conditions on Hearing Threshold 14.15 Effect of Workplace Conditions on Latency Time 14.16 Effect of Work Exposure on Hearing Threshold 14.17 Conclusions suring Hearing Loss-Audiome metry 15, Occupational Heat Stress Expasure 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Heat Stress and Human Performance 251 31 351 260 263 265 265 267 268 271 a 23 273 276 276 277 28 29 279 280 ‘287 237 288 289 239 281 293 2a 24 295 295 296 297 301 301 302 302 302 204 304 Ty152 1s Iss Assessment of Heat Stress at Workplace Permissible Limits for Exposure with respect to Heat Stress in India Cave Study 16, Dust Fumes and Respiratory System 16.1 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 16.10, 16.11 16.12 16.13 16.14 16.15 16.16 Introduction Definitions Relevant to Dust and Fumes ‘The Bel Physiology of the Human Lung, Physiological Mechanisms of Dust Movemeat Human Body's Protective Mechanisms ior af Dusts Sources of Bust Dust Control Measures Dust Control Strategies Dust Explosion Fumes Procedure for Assessment of Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM) at Workplace Dust Formation Cove Study Materials and Methods Lang Functions Measurement using Spirometry 17. Occupational Health and Safety 18, 1 172 173 in 17s 176 17 18 m9 1710 mu 1712 113 Introduction Environmental Law — Legal Control of Haantous Substances and Processes Indian Penal Code Management of Safety at Enterprise Level Factors Relating to Work Environment Occupational Health and Safety Deprived Work Environment Significance of Occupational Health and Safety Indian Scenaria of Steel (Castin, Indusiry Present Scenario of Occupational Health and Safety in Develaping Countries Scarcity af Occupational Health Specialist in India Need for Research on Occupational Health and Ergonomics in Steel Industry Cose Study: An Exploratory Study for Assessment of Awareness with respect (0 Occupational Health, Safety and Environment in SMEs ‘Cardiovascular Health of Steel Workers 18.1 18.2 183. 184 igs 18.6 187 Introduetion Statistical Tools used for Analysis Cardiovascular Autonomic Control (HRV) and Work Conditions Effect of Work Conditions. Alcohol and Smoking on Block Pressure Heart Rate Variability (HRV) Method for HRV Assessment Protoeal and Procedure for HRV Recording 340) 3a 354 a4 354 354 356 358sii 1 Contents 18.8 Blood Pressure (BP) Measurement 359 18.9 Equipment for BP Measurement 360 18.10 Pratocol and Procedure far BP Measurement 360 18.11 Comparison of Exposed Group vis Control Group for Cardiac Autonomic Control (HRY) 361 18.12 Comparison of Exposed Graup vis Control Group for Blood Pressure (BP) 362 18.13 Bllect of Workplace Conditions on Cardiovascular Autonomic Control (HRW and BP) 362 18.14 Effect of Workplace Conditions on BP Parameters 362 18.15 Blfect of Work Exposure on Cardiovascular Autanamic Contral (HRV and BP) Within Exposed Group 364 18.16 Effect of Work Exposure on BP Parameters 365 18.17 Discussion 366 18.18 Summary ¥10 References yrxvi 1s 19 Ma Hs Ho 14.10 15 152 153 List of Figures (A) One senior citizen indicating hack pain due to desiga of the berth, and. (B) a young passenger filling feedback questionnaire. Present design 3-D model of lower side besth (A) while sleeping and (B) while siting. (A) Position of jointexactly at lumber position of the back and (B improved proposed design, the joint is under the hamstting muscles Frequency and amplitude of vibration in sinusoidal form. Vibration coardinates in (a) standing, (b) seated and (e> laying position: (A) Head to feet transmissibility, (8) eye to head transmissibility Vertical vibration exposure limits for fatigue decreased proficiency (FDP), (A) Pure tone sound, (B) different frequencies, (C) broad hand noise and (D) impulsive noise. Equal loudness curves for pure tones cel Meter (right) and ‘Type 2 Integeating Sound Level Meter (lett, Different types of hearing protective devices (HPD), Noise level and noise dose assessment at onsite location. 1 Anatomy of human ear. Scetioned view of cochlea with (A) normal hair cells and (B} dai Flowehart ef eecupational audiometry, Arphi model $00 MK-UII portable austiometer, Aucliometry test conducted in a sound proof audiometry ronm, A typical audiogram of a group of workers exposed Lo high noise in forging section versus control group, Laiency time assessed by brainstem auditory evaked potential te BERA Mark-II, Wave forms produced after recording, Audingram of left and right car of exposed group ¥/s control group. Audingram of left and right ear af workers engaged in various sections and contral group, using RS Heat stress monitoring at onsite locations in forging industey Heat stress monitoring at onsite locations in casts Comparison of average WBGT (°C) reconded at v industry with respect wo recommended WGBT criteria, Comparison of average WBGT (°C) recorded at various sections in forging industry with eespect to recammended WGBTT criteria. industry. jinus sections in casting Structure of human respirato Explosion suppression using an explosion detector, electrical power unit and a hemispherical suppressor. Leland Legacy pumps with sampler for RSPM. Respirable suspended particulate matter assessment system, 5 Dust concentration in various sections, ea hair cells. 266 271 280 281 200 200 m2 os 3 204 206 296 208 300 306 306 309 309) 313 319 321 321 324