Sivagangai District - Thirumalai (Thalavaralatru Avanangal)

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<NuhL - 638 011. Nghd:;; 0424 -2263197>
pallavi publications .org
pallavipublications@gmail.com
ISBN: 978-93-80406-68-8
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Sivagangai mavattam - thirumalai
(Thalavaralatru aavanangal)
Dr. T.Kannan
August - 2015
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<NuhL - 638 011.
pallavipublications@gmail.com
pallavipublications.org
0424 - 2263197. 94422 51549.
Published by : Pallavipublications (South India) Erode.11.

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kannanyoga.kannan@gmail.com
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v topghLfs;
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17. Eiothapypd; Nky; cs;s rptd; (glk;: 34).
18. Nrq;if (glk;: 35).
KidtH j. fz;zd;
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38. ee;jp> (glk;: 87)
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22. FiltiutpehafH (Gilg;G) FiltiutpehafH (Rij)

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23. Filtiu KUfd;> KUfdpd; fPo; cs;s thfdq;fs;

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24. Kf;FWzptpehafH> MWKfd; (glk;: 45>46).

9
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mbg;gilapy; kf;fs; nfhz;Ls;s ek;gpf;iffs;;> tpohf;fs;> topghLfs;>
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2011 Mk; Mz;Lj; jpUg;gzp vd xt;nthU fhyj;Jk; ,f;Nfhapy;
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ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;.
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E}yhFk;.
jkpofj;jpy; ,Jtiu fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;s 18 ghiw Xtpaq;fSs;
jpUkiyapd; ghiw Xtpaq;fSk; xd;W vd vz;zpg; ghHf;Fk;nghOJ
tpaf;fhky; ,Uf;f Kbatpy;iy. ,t;Nthtpaq;fisnay;yhk; mhpjpd;
Kad;W epow;glkhfj; jpul;b ,e;E}ypy; Mtzkhfj; je;jpUg;gJ
ghuhl;lj;jf;fJ. ,t;Nthtpaq;fspd; fhyk; fp.K. 5 Mk; E}w;whz;L
vd E}yhrphpaH tiuaWj;jpUg;gJ mtUila Muha;rr
; p kdg;ghd;ikia
czHj; J tjhf cs; s J. mt; t ifapy; jkpoH Xtpaf; fiyj;
njhd;ikapd; vr;rkhfj; jpUkiy tpsq;FfpwJ vd;gijAk; mJ NkYk;
mopahky; ghJfhf;f Ntz;baJ ek; xt;nthUthpd; flik vd;gijAk;
,e;E}y; thrfH cs;sj;jpy; Vw;gLj;Jk; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.
jpUkiyia xl;ba gFjpapy; fpilj;;jpUf;Fk; Ik;gjpw;Fk;
Nkw;gl;l ngUq;fw;fhyf; fy;tl;lq;fSk; jpUkiyf; Fiffspy;
fz;nlLf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; RLkz;ghid XLfSk; RLkz; nghk;ikfSk;
gz;ghl;L tuyhw;W Mtzq;fshFk;. jpUkiy cr;rpapy; ,d;Wk;
fhzg;ngWk; rkzH gLf;iffs; rka tuhw;W MtzkhFk;. jpUkiyapy;
rkzH gLf;iff; Fif Kfg;gpy; fhzg;ngWk; jkpo; gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lfs;
nkhop tuyhw;W Mtzq;fshFk;. jpUkiyapy; fhzg;ngWk; Kw;fhyg;
ghz;baH fhyf; Filtiu> fl;llk;> rpw;gk;> Xtpak; Mfpad fiy
tuyhw;W Mtzq;fshFk;. ,t;thW rptfq;if khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s
jpUkiy vd;Dk; jyk; gy;NtW epiyfspy; tuyhw;W Mtzg;
ngl;lfkhfj; jpfo;tJ ,e;E}ypy; ed;F Muha;e;J tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jhd; gpwe;J tsHe;j Chpd; njhd;ik tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gfis
KidtH
cyfwpr; nra;aNtz;Lk; vd;Dk; cahpa Nehf;fj;jpy;
j. fz;zd; mtHfs; ,jid E}yhf Mf;fpapUg;gJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. mtH KJfiy gapd;w NghJ mjd; xU gFjp
epiwthd Ma;Ntl;Lf;fhfj; jpul;ba juTfSld; NkYk; gy Gjpa
juTfisj; jpul;bj; njhFj;Jj; je;jpUg;gJ E}yhrphpahpd; fbd
ciog; i gAk; tplhKaw; r piaAk; fhl; L fpwJ. mhpjpd; Kad; W
juTfisj; jpul;b Mtzg;gLj;jpapUf;Fk; E}yhrphpahpd; Kaw;rpf;F
vd;Dila ghuhl;Ljy;fs;. nkd;NkYk; rpwf;f tho;j;Jf;fs;.
KidtH R. ,uhrhuhk;
13
KidtH j. fz;zd;
rptfq; i f khtl; l k; jpUkiy jytuyhw; W Mtzq; f s;

vDk; ,e;E}y; ed;Kiwapy; mike;Js;sJ. ,e;E}ypy; jpUkiyapd;
tuyhw; W j; juTfs; Mtzg; g Lj; j g; g l; L s; s d.
fy; n tl; L r; nra; j pfs; ed; F tpsf; f k; nra; a g; g l; L s; s d.
,j;jyj;jpy; fpilf;Fk; fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jpfspd; top ,j;jyk; 12
Mk; E}w; w hz; b y; Gfo; n gw; w tzpfj; jykha; tpsq; f paij
mwpe; J nfhs; s KbfpwJ. ,j; j yj; i jr; Rw; w p vz; z w; w VupfSk;
Fsq; f Sk; ,Ue; J s; s d. ,aw; i fapd; moF jJk; G k; ,j; j yk;
Md; k P f md; g Hfspd; ek; g pf; i ff; F upa jykhfTk; tpsq; F fpwJ.
kf;fs; ,j;jyj;Jld; ngupJk; neUq;fpa njhlHgpy; cs;sdH.
,j;jpUj;jyj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fk; ghJfhg;gpw;Fk; ,g; nghJkf;fspd;
gq; f spg; G ngupJk; Njitahdjha; cs; s J.
tuyhw; W r; rpwg; G kpf; f ,j; j yj; j pd; tuyhw; W j; jlaq; f is
moptpy; ,Ue; J fhg; g hw; W tjw; F kf; f s; kj; j papy; tpopg; G zHit
Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
,k; k iyg; ghiwfspy; fhzg; g Lk; goq; f hy Xtpaq; f s;
fpilg;gjw;Fupa tuyhw;Wr; nry;tkhFk;. ,t;Nthtpaq;fspd; ghJfhg;G
kpfTk; Kf; f pakhdjhFk; . mt; N thtpaq; f spd; kP J mwpahr;
rpWtHfshy; gy ngaHfs; vOjg; g l; L s; s d. mt; t hW kP z ; L k;
epfohky; ghJfhf; f Ntz; L k; .
kf; f spd; Njitfis epiwNtw; w pj; j Uk; ,j; j Uj; j yj; j pd;
ngUikfs; vy; N yhUf; F k; Ngha; r ; NruNtz; L k; . cyf kf; f s;
midtUk; ,j;jpUj;jyj;jpd; ed;ikfisg; ngwNtz;Lk;. midtUk;
,t; t piwtdpd; mUisg; ngw; W md; g ha; tho Ntz; L k; . cyf
xw;Wikia typAWj;Jk; tpjkhf ,j;jyk; irt itzt
,izg; g hfj; jpfo; e ; J s; s ij ,j; j pUj; j yj; J tpkdhr; rpw; g q; f s;
typAWj;Jfpd;wd. mt;thNw cyf kf;fs; midtUk; xd;Nw vd;w
rpe;ijapy; xd;wpize;J eyk; ngw Ntz;Lk;. tuyhw;Wj; njhz;Lk;
Md; k P f g; gq; f spg; G k; nra; J s; s ,e; E }ypd; Mrpupaiug; ngupJk;
ghhl; L fpNwd; .
jpU. gh. ,sq;Nfh
14
KidtH j. fz;zd;
tho;j;Jiu
KidtH kh. fhHj;jpNfad;>
Kjy;tH
Nf.v];.uq;frhkp fiy mwptpay; fy;Y}hp (kfspH)
jpUr;nrq;NfhL> ehkf;fy; khtl;lk;.
tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gkpf;fj; jpUkiyj; jpUj;jyk; gw;wp E}yhf vOj Kide;j
NguhrphpaH KidtH j. fz;zd; mtHfSf;F vd;Dila Kjy; ghuhl;Lf;fs;.
Vndd;why;> Nfhtpy; gw;wp E}y; vOj Ntz;Lkhdhy; mij KOikahfg;
Ghpe;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;;; fs Ma;Tfs; nra;a Ntz;Lk;;; ngwg;gl;l nra;jpfisg;
gpioapd;wp cs;sij cs;sthNw ntspapl Ntz;Lk;. mt;tifapy; E}yhrphpaH
fbdkhd Kaw;rp nra;J gyuhYk; gbf;ff; $ba mstpy; kpfr; nrk;ikahf
,e;E}iyg; gilj;Js;shH.
tuyhw;Wj; jlaq;fisAk; fy;ntl;LfisAk;
jpUf;Nfhapypd; topghl;L KiwfisAk; kf;fs; nfhz;Ls;s ek;gpf;iffisAk;
Muha;eJ
; s;s ,e;E}y; fiy El;gj;Jld; nrJf;fg;gl;l XH mofpa rpw;gk; NghyNt
mike;Js;sJ. jkpo; md;idf;Fr; rpwg;Gr; NrHf;Fk; ,thpd; ciog;G caul;Lk;;
njhlul;Lk;. vd;Nwh Njhd;wp vd;Wk; tho;eJ
; tUk; jkpo;nkhop Nghy; epiyaha;thOk;
gy E}y;fis ,aw;wpg; gy;yhz;L tho;f vd md;Gld; tho;j;Jfpd;Nwd;.
KidtH kh. fhHj;jpNfad;
tho;j;Jiu
rpt= fpl;L(v)Re;juuhrf; FUf;fs;
];jhdpfk;> jpUkiy
jpUkiy mUs;kpF kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtuH clDiw ghfk;;gphpahs;
jpUf;Nfhapypd; jytuyhW kw;Wk; G+irKiwfs; Fwpj;J KidtH j. fz;zd;
mtHfs; ntspapl;Ls;s ,e;E}y; kpfTk; ghuhl;lj;jf;f xU gilg;ghFk;. ,e;E}iy
cUthf;Fjw;fhfg; gyKiwfs; gy Mz;Lfshff; NfhapYf;F te;J nra;jpfisr;
Nrfhpj;jhH. fs Ma;tpy; ,thpd; mZFKiw nghpJk; vd;idf; fth;e;jJ.
Nfhapw;fiyapy; ed;F NjHr;rp ngw;w xU gilg;ghsuhf tUthH vd;gij mtuJ
ciog;G fhl;LfpwJ. ,e;E}iyr; rptfq;if rk];jhdk; Njt];jhdk;; ntspapLtNj
,e;E}ypd; rpwg;ig czHj;JfpwJ. me;jtifapy; xU ey;y E}iy ntspapLjw;F
Kd;te;Js;s rptfq;if rk];jhdk; Njt];jhdj;jpw;F vd;Dila ghuhl;LfisAk;
ed;wpiaAk; njhptpjJ
; f;nfhs;fpNwd;. ,e;E}y; ,j;jpUj;jyj;jpd; tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gfis
vLj;Jiuj;J Md;kPfj; njhz;L nra;Ak; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy. ,e;E}yhrphpaiug;
ghuhl;b tho;jJ
; fpd;Nwd;.
rpt= fpl;L (v) Re;juhrf; FUf;fs;

15
E}d;Kfk;
cynf yhKzHe; Njhjw; fhpatd;
epyT yhtpa ePHkyp Ntzpad;
myfpy; Nrhjpad; mk;gyj; jhLthd;
kyHrp yk;gb tho;jj
; p tzq;Fthk;
(nghpaGuhzk;)
1997-1999 Mk; Mz;Lfspy; mofg;gh gy;fiyf; fofj; jkpo;j;Jiwapy;
KJfiyj; jkpo; ,yf;fpak; gapd;w NghJ mUs;kpF kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtuH
ghfk;gphpahs; jpUf;Nfhapy; vDk; jiyg;gpy; nra;ag;gl;l KJfiy Ma;T> Nkyha;T
nra;ag;gl;L ,e;E}yhf ntsptUfpwJ. KJfiyapy; nra;ag;gl;l ,t;tha;tpw;F
mbj;jskpl;ltH vd; newpahsH KidtH R. ,uhrhuhk; mtHfs;.
,f;Nfhapy; njhlHghd Ma;Tfisr; nra;aj; njhlq;fpa gpwFjhd; njhpej
; J>
kpfTk; goikahd xUNfhapiy vLj;Js;Nshk; vd;gJ. juTfs; fpilf;ff; fpilf;f
Ma;tpd; Ntfk; mjpfhpff
; j;njhlq;fpaJ. Ma;Ntl;bw;F Ntz;ba juTfs; Ma;Ntlhf
toq;fg;gl;ld. jpul;lg;gl;l gpwjfty;fisr; rpwe;j Kiwapy; E}yhf ntspapl
Ntz;Lk; vd;gij vd; kdk; nrhy;ypf;nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jJ. rpyH mwpe;j tuyhW;
Mdhy; CHkf;fs; mwpah tuyhW; mtHfSf;F vspjpy; fpilf;fhj tuyhW.
vdNt ,j;jfty;fis E}yhf;fk; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy; nghpJk; ftdk;
nrYj;jpNdd;. mjd; tpisNt ,e;E}y;.
,e;E}Yf;F mzpe;Jiu toq;fpaJld; ,e;E}iyr; rptfq;if rk];jhd
Njt];jhdj;jpd; ntspaPlhf ntspapl;L> ,e;E}Yf;Fg; ngUik NrHj;j rptfq;if
rk];jhdk; Njt];jhdk;;> guk;giu mwq;fhtyH NkjF uhzp rh`pgh nfshp
ty;yg b.v];.Nf. kJuhe;jfp ehr;rpahH mtHfSf;F kdk; kfpo;e;j ed;wpiaj;
njuptpj;Jf;nfhs;fpNwd;.
tho;j;Jiu toq;fp ,e;E}Yf;Fr; rpwg;Gr; NrHj;j rptfq;if rk];jhdk;
Njt];jhdj;jpd; NkyhsH. jpU. gh. ,sq;Nfh mtHfSf;Fk;> ,e;E}iyr; rptfq;if
rk];jhdk; Njt];jhd ntspaPlhf ntspapLtjw;Fhpa topKiwfis vLj;Jiuj;J
NgUjtp nra;j rptfq;if rk];jhdk; Njt];jhdj;jpd; fz;fhzpgg
; hsH> jpU.tp.G+ir
mtHfSf;Fk;. vdJ ed;wpia chpj;jhf;Ffpd;Nwd;.
16
KidtH j. fz;zd;
KJfiy> Ma;tpay; epiwQH> kw;Wk; KidtH gl;lq;fspy; ehd; nra;j

Ma;TfSf;F newpahsuhf mike;J vd;idg; gy;yhw;whDk; newpg;gLj;jpa
NguhrphpaH R. ,uhrhuhk; mtHfs; ,e;E}Yf;F kjpg;Giu toq;fp ,e;E}iy caHT
nra;Js;shH. vdNt vd; gzpthd ed;wpfis KidtH R. ,uhrhuhk; Iah
mtHfSf;F chpj;jhf;FfpNwd;.
fz;fhzpg;ghsH(Xa;T) rptfq;if fy;tp khtl;lk; mtHfSf;Fk; vd; md;ghd

ed;wpiaf; $wpf;nfhs;fpNwd;.
Nf.v];. uq;frhkp fiy mwptpay; kfspH fy;Y}hp Kjy;tH KidtH kh.

fhh;j;jpNfad; mtHfs; ,e;E}Yf;F tho;j;Jiu toq;fpg; Gfo;NrHj;Js;shH. Iah
mtHfSf;F vd; ed;wpg; gilf;fpNwd;.
fs Ma;tpd; NghJ vd;NdhL NfhapYf;F te;jpUe;J mwpjw;fhpa jfty;fis
vdf;F vLj;Jiuj;j mofg;gh gy;fiyf;fofg; NguhrphpaHfs; KidtH Nj.
nrhf;fypq;fk;> KidtH nr. nre;jkpo;gg
; hit> KidtH R.,uhrhuhk; MfpNahUf;F
vd; ,jaq;fdpe;j ed;wpiaf; $wpf;nfhs;fpNwd;.
fs Ma;Tf;fhyq;fspy; gyKiwfs; vd;Dld; te;J Nfhapypd; ghfq;f
; isAk;
mtw;wpd; mikg;G KiwfisAk; tpsf;fp> msTfisf; Fwpg;gjw;F cjtp
nra;j vd; je;ij jpU. ,uh. jq;fNty; ];jgjp mtHfSf;Fk; czTld;
Cf;fj;ijAk; Cl;b tsHj;j vd; md;id jpUkjp j. mkpHjk; mk;khs; mtHfSf;Fk;
vd; ,dpa ed;wpiaj; njhptpj;Jf;nfhs;fpNwd;.
,j;jpUj;jyj;jpd; tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;igAk; gf;jpr; rpwg;igAk; vLj;Jiuj;j
mkuH. jpU. ,uhk. Kj;;Jr;rhkpf; FUf;fs; mtHfSf;Fk; G+ir Kiwfs;> ke;jpu
Kiwfs; Kjypatw;iw tpsf;fpf; $wpa fpl;Lf; FUf;fs; mtHfSf;Fk; kiyapy;
cs;s Xtpaq;fisf; fz;lwptjw;F cjtpfs; nra;j vk;. ,uhkypq;fk; FUf;fs;
mtHfSf;Fk; rpj;jH jj;Jtj;Jld; ,f;Nfhapiy tpsf;fpf; $wpa ma;ahr;rhkpf;
FUf;fs; mtHfSf;Fk; ,e;E}ypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s juTfisr; rupghHj;Jf;nfhLj;j
jpU fNzrf; FUf; f s; mtHfSf; F k; vd; kdKte; j ed; w piaj;
njhptpj;Jf;nfhs;fpNwd;.
Nfhapy; njhlHghf tpsf;fq;fs; Nfl;lNghnjy;yhk; cs;sd;NghL tuNtw;W
Ntz;ba jfty;fisj; je;j jpU. %.M. fpU~;zf; Nfhd; mtHfSf;Fk; CHg;
nghpNahHfSf;Fk; jpUkiy Cuhl;rp kd;wj; jiytH jpUkjp f. fz;zfpfz;zd;
mtHfSf;Fk; Rw;Wtl;lhu CHg; nghJkf;fSf;Fk; ,isQHfSf;Fk; vdJ ed;wp
chpajhFk;.
,e;j E}iyr; nrk;ikAld; nra;tjw;F vd;id vg;NghJk; J}z;Ljy;

nra;Jnfhz;bUe;j rNfhjuHfs; j. rPdpthrd;> j. ,utpr;re;jpud;> j. nuFghz;bad;>
j. NrJgjp MfpNahUf;Fk; ehd; vd;Wk; ed;wpAilNad; MNtd;. Nfhapy; njhlHghd
Gifg;glq;fis vLg;gjw;Fk; nka;gG
; j; jpUj;jg; gzpfSf;Fk; gy cjtpfisr;
nra;j g. NahNf];thp (v) gtpj;uh mtHfSf;Fk; kfs; ahNohtpah vd;w
rha;mkpHj=> kfd; Nra;nkhopad; MfpNahUf;Fk; mfk; kfpo;ej
; ed;wpAk; md;Gk;
chpajhFk;.
nka;g;Gj; jpUj;jg;gzpfisr; nra;J cjtpa cjtpg;
NguhrphpaHfs; KidtH ,uhk. Njtzd;> KidtH Nfh. ,utpr;re;jpud; KidtH
k. NyhNff];tud; MfpNahUf;Fk; E}y;Fwpj;j fUj;Jf;fisf; $wpa KidtH f.
ghyh[p mtHfSf;Fk; vd; ed;wp chpajhFk;.
ml;il tbtikg;gpw;Fk;
epow;glq;fisr; nrk;ikAld; tbtikg;gjw;Fk; Nfhapy; tiuglq;fs; tiutjw;Fk;
cjtpa
Nf.v];. uq;frhkp fiy mwptpay; fy;Y}hpj; Jfpypay; kw;Wk;
Miltbtikg;gpay; Jiwg; Nguhrphpah; jpU. t. fhHj;jpf; mtHfSf;Fk; khztH
RjhfH mtHfSf;Fk; ed;wp $wpf;nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.
flTs; xU tpidr;nrhy;Ny jtpu ngaHr;nrhy; my;y; Vndd;why;
tpidr;nrhy; vd;gNj Gdpjkhd caHe;j nraiyj; J}z;Lk; mtrpaj;ij
tpthpf;fpwJ; ngaHr;nrhy; vd;why; nrayw;w topghl;Lf;Nf top tFf;Fk; God is
a verb and not a noun. It spells out the need of noble and pious actions instead of
making passive prayers vd;gH(nr.it. rz;Kfk;> ,yf;fpaKk; nkhop mikg;Gk;
g. 1). vdNt topghLfs; ntWk; topghlhf ,Ue;Jtplhky; Gdpjkhd nraiyj;
J}z; L k; tifapy; ,Uf; f Ntz; L k; . ngaHr; n rhy; mstpy; epd; W tplhJ
tpidr;nrhy;yha;r; nray;gl Ntz;Lk;. mg;Gdpjr;nray;ghLfSs; Kf;fpakhdJ
Nfhapypd; goikiaf; fhj;jy;. ,f;Nfhapy; goikfs; epiwe;j Gdpjf;Nfhapy;.
mjid vLj;Jiuj;Jg;gjd; top> kf;fs; ,f;Nfhapypd; goik Nghw;WtH vDk;
vjpHNehf;Fjypy; ,e;E}y; ntsptUfpwJ.
,e;E}iyr; rHtNjrj; juf;FwpaPl;L vz;Zld; gjpg;gpj;j gy;ytp
gjpg;gfj;jpw;Fk; ed;Kiwapy; cupa fhyj;jpy; mr;rpl;Lj; je;j rptfhrp mD
gpupz;lH];fF
; k; vd; ed;wp cupajhFk;.
jfty; Nrfhpg;gpw;Fg; NgUjtp nra;j jpU. vk;. ma;adhH mtHfSf;Fk;

E}y; ntspapLtjw;Fj; Jizahf ,Ue;j jpUkiy mg;Jy;;fyhk; kd;w
cWg;gpdHfSf;Fk; vd; ed;wpia cs;sd;NghL njhptpj;Jf;nfhs;fpNwd;.
,j;jpUf;Nfhapy; njhlHghd Ma;Tfisr; nrk;ikAld; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd
vd;id Cf;fg;gLj;jp> ey;yhw;Wg; gLj;jpa jpU. R.godpag;gd; rptfq;if khtl;l
Cuhl;rp cWg;gpdH> fhisahH Nfhapy; xd;wpak;> jpUkjp
rp. ,uhN[];thp
,e;E}y; fs Ma;tpy; jpul;lg;gl;l juTfspd; mbg;gilapy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ.

vdNt ,e;E}ypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s nra;jpfSk; KbTfSk; khw;Wj; juTfs; fpilf;Fk;
epiyapy; khw;wj;jpw;F chpadthFk;. md;gHfs; ,e;E}ypy; cs;s epiw Fiwfisj;
njhptpj;J cjtyhk;. md;gHfspd; fUj;Jf;fs; Muhag;gl;L kWgjpg;gpy; ,lk;ngWk;
vd;gijj; njhptpj;Jf;nfhs;fpNwd;. KJfiyapy; jpul;lg;gl;l juTfs; vd;gjhy;
Ma;tpw;Fg; gad;gLj;jpa E}y;fspd; Mz;Lfisf; Fwpf;fhJ tpl;Ltpl;Nld;.
mwpQHfs; gpionghWj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
17
18
ed;wpAld; KidtH j. fz;zd;.
KidtH j. fz;zd;
Nghf; F tuj; J j; J iwahYk; > rpy ,iwj; njhz; l HfshYk; ;
,j;jpUj;jyj;jpw;Fr; nry;Yk; topfs; jpirfhl;bg;
gyiffspy;
Fwpf;fg;gl;L Mq;fhq;Nf itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. jpUkiy mUs;kpF
kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtuH jpUf;NfhapYf;Fr; nry;Yk; top vDk; thrfj;ij
cila topfhl;bg; gyiffis kyk;gl;btpyf;F> fPog;G+q;Fb> mofkhefhp>
NrJefH vDk; CHfspy; fhzKbfpd;wJ.\
jpUkiyj; jpUj;jyk; - mwpKfk;

mUs;kpF ghfk;gphpahs; kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtuH jpUf;Nfhapy;
njhd;ikahd tuyhw;Wr;rpwg;Gk; Md;kPfr;rpwg;Gk; tha;e;jJ. ,f;Nfhapy;
Kw;fhyg; ghz;baHfspd; Filtiuf; Nfhapy;> gpw;fhyg; ghz;baHfspd;
fw;wspf;Nfhapy; vd ,UNtWgl;l fhyq;fisr; rhHe;j ,UNfhapy;fs;
,ize;j mikg;ghFk;. ,J rptfq;if rk];jhdk; Njt];jhdf;
Nfhapy;fSs; xd;whfj; jpfo;fpwJ.
jpUkiy - CH miktplk;
jpUkiy vDk; ,t; t +H> rptfq; i f
khtl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ.
rptfq;ifapy;
,Ue;J fl;lhzpgl;b nry;Yk; rhiyapy; RkhH
21 fpNyhkPl;lH njhiytpYk; kJiuapy; ,Ue;J
cwq; f hd; g l; b topahf kjFgl; b nry; Y k;
rhiyapy; RkhH 54 fpNyhkPl;lH njhiytpYk;
mike;Js;sJ. rptfq;ifapypUe;J fl;lhzpgl;b
nry; Y k; NgUe; J fspYk; jpUkiy nry; Y k;
NgUe;JfspYk; nrd;why; ,t;T+iu milayhk;.
kJiuapypUe;J cwq;fhd;gl;b topahf kjFgl;b>
fy;yy;> ghfNdhp nry;Yk; NgUe;Jfspy; nrd;why;
jkpofk;
mofkhefhp vd;w Chpy; ,wq;fp mt;tplj;jpypUe;J
rptfq;if khtl;lk;
njd;Gwkhfr; nry;Yk; fPog;g+q;Fbr; rhiyapy;
nrd;;why; ,j;jpUj;jyj;ij vspjpy; milayhk;. NkY}hpy; ,Ue;J
fPog;G+q;Fb topahf kjFgl;b kw;Wk; rptfq;if nry;Yk; NgUe;Jfspy;
nrd;why; fPog;G+q;Fbapy; ,wq;fp ,j;jpUj;jyj;jpw;Fr; nry;yhk;.
jpUg; g j; J }hpy; ,Ue; J rptfq; i f nry; Y k; NgUe; j py; Vwp
kjFgl;bapy; ,wq;fp mq;fpUe;J cwq;fhd;gl;b topahf NkY}H nry;Yk;
NgUe; J fspy; Vwp> mofkhefhpapy; ,wq; f p> ,j; j pUj; j yj; j pidr;
nrd;wila KbAk;.
19
,t; T +Hg; ngaHfs;

,d;W jpUkiy vd;W miof;fg;gLk; ,t;T+H fp.gp.13
Mk; E}w;whz;by; jpUkiy vd;Wk; Fd;wj;J}H vd;Wk;
miof;fg;gl;Ls;sij ,j;jpUj;jyj;jpd; fy;ntl;Lf;fspd; (A.R.E.No:
11,12,13 of 1923 24.) top mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
jpUkiy vdg; gutyhf toq; f g; g l; L tUk; ,t; T +Uf; F f;
NfhNdhpg;gl;b vd;w kw;nwhU ngaUk; cz;L.
,jid 1973 Mk;
Mz;by; eilngw;w rptfq;if rk];jhdk; Njt];jhdj;jpd; j];jpf;
nfhil mwpf;if (Dati Alavons Report)>
The Temple had owned
Koneripatti estate..... (DS SPC TC 1685/73) czHj;JfpwJ.
jpUkiyf; fy;ntl;Lfspy; NfhNdupf;Fsk;> NfhNduptay; vd;w
ngaHf;Fwpg;Gfisf; fhzKbfpwJ. ,tw;why; NfhNdup vDk; ngaH
fp.gp. 12 Mk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; ,q;F gad;ghl;by; ,Ue;Js;sij
mwpKbfpwJ.
CHg; ngaHf; f huzq; f s;

Fd;iw mLj;Js;s CH Fd;D}H vd;Wk; Fd;wj;J}H vd;Wk;
Fd;wf;Fb vd;Wk; ngaH ngWk; vd;gH (uh.gp. NrJg;gps;is> jkpofk;
CUk; NgUk; g.04).
,t;T+Uk; Fd;iw mLj;J mike;jpUg;gjhy;
,g;ngau; toq;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk;. ,d;Ws;s ,t;T+H> Fd;wpypUe;J RkhH
xd;wiu fpNyh kPl;lH njhiytpy; mike;Js;s NghJk; fp.gp. 12 Mk;
E}w;whz;lstpy; Fd;iw mLj;Nj mike;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ,t;t+hpd;
ngauhNy mwpag;gLfpwJ.
Fwpg;ghff; Fd;wpd; Nkw;Fg; gFjpapy;
mike;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,d;W Fd;wpd; Nkw;Nf rw;Wj; njhiytpy;
xU fz;kha; cs;sJ. mJ NfhNdhpf; fz;kha; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
,f;fz;khapd; ngaHf;fhuzkhf Kd;G ,t;T+H ,t;tplj;jpy;jhd;
mike;jpUe;jJ mjd; fhuzkhfNt ,d;Wk; ,t;tplj;jpy; cs;s
fz;khiaf; NfhNdhpf; fz;kha; vd;wiof;fpd;Nwhk; vd;fpd;wdH ,g;gFjp
20
KidtH j. fz;zd;
kf;fs;. mjhtJ Nfhd; (NfhdhH) ,dj;jtH Vwpte;J FbNawpa ,lkhFk;.

Nfhd; + Vwp = NfhNdwp vd;gJ kf;fs; tof;fpy; NfhNdhp vdj;
jphpe;Js;sJ. ,t;t+H> NfhNdhpg;gl;b vd miof;fg;glf; fhuzk>; Nfhd;
,dj;jtH ,q;F mjpfkhf tho;e;jNj vd;Wk; $WtH.
(fs
Ma;tpd; NghJ jpU. ,uhk. Kj;Jr;rhkpf; FUf;fs; $wpaJ).
md;idapd; kbapy; Foe;ijfsha; tho;e;JtUk; ,t;t+H kf;fs; ney;>

fUk;G vdg; gytifahd Ntshz;ikfisr; nra;J tho;eJ
; tUfpd;wdH.
jpUkiy> Fd;wj;J}H> NfhNdhpg;gl;b vDk; ngaHfSs;

jpUkiy Fd;wj;J}H vDk; ngaHfis kl;Lk; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy;
fhzKbfpd;wJ.
njhy;fhg;gpaH $Wk; tlNtq;flj;ijj; jkpo; ehl;ltH tlkiy
vd toq;fpdH. njhd;W njhl;Lj; nja;tkzk; fko;tjhy; mJ jpUkiy
vd;Wk; jpUg;gjp vd;Wk; ngaH ngw;wJ (uh.gp. NrJg;gps;is> jkpofk;
CUk; NgUk;. g.02). mJ Nghd;W ,j;jpUj;jyKk; gf;jpr; rpwg;Gld;
nja;tkzk; fko;tjhy; jpUkiy vd toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
NfhNdupf;Fsk;> NfhNduptay; vdf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; Fwpg;gpLk;
ngaHfis mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L Nehf;Fk; nghOJ ,q;fpUe;j NfhNdup
vDk; Vupapd; mbg;gilapy; ,t;t+Uf;Fk; NfhNdupg;gl;b vDk; ngaH
toq;fpapUf;fyhk; vdj; njupfpwJ.
Chpd; ,aw;ifr; #oy;

,t; T +H ,aw; i f moF nkhj; j kha; f ; Fbnfhz; L s; s
jpUj;jykhFk;. ,aw;if moF vopy; nfhQ;Rk; ,lkhf cs;sJ. Ciur;
Rw;wpYk; ePHepiyfSk; tay;ntspfSkhf cs;sd. kiof;fhyq;fspy;
,t;t+H jhkiuf; Fsj;jpd; eLNt kyHe;Js;s jhkiu Nghy; fhl;rp
jUfpwJ.
jpUkiyf; Fd; w pd; cr; r papypUe; J Nehf; f pdhy; mjidr;
Rw;wpAs;s ePHepiyfspd; mikg;Gfs; njspthfj; njhpfpd;wd. mtw;Ws;
Fd;Wf;Ff; fpof;Nf Mrhhpf;fz;khAk; njd;fpof;Nf Vdhd;fz;khAk;
njw;Nf nghd;dhl;rpf; fz;khAk; Nkw;Nf jpUkiyf; NfhNdhpf;fz;khAk;
tlf;Nf mUfpy; jhkiuf;FsKk; njhiytpy; G+yhd;Fbf;fz;khAk;
tlfpof;Nf ngha;f;fhypf;fz;khAk; ePHepiyfspy; rpwg;Gg;ngw;Ws;sd.
vQ;rpa epyg;gug;Gf;fs; tay;ntspfshf cs;sd. ,t;thwhd ,aw;ifr;
#oyhy; ,f;Nfhapy; ,aw;ifapd; njhl;byha;j; jpfo;fpwJ. ,aw;if
21
,jpy; jpUkiy kiyf; n fhOe; j P R tuH NfhapYk; mf; N fhapy;

fl; l g; g l; L s; s jpUkiyf; Fd; i wAk; mjidr; R+o; e ; J s; s
,aw; i faikg; i gAk; fhz; f . (ed; w p $Fs; )
CHkf; f s;
,t;T+hpy; gy;NtW gphptpidr; rhHe;j kf;fs; xw;WikAld; tho;e;J
tUfpd;wdH. ,j;jpUj;jyk; xU rpwe;j tzpfj;jyk; vd;gij ,q;Fs;s
fy;ntl;Lfs;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd (A.R.E.No: 10-41 of 1923 24). vdpDk;
,d;iwa kf;fs; tzpfj;ij tpLj;Jg; nghpJk; tptrhak; nra;J> tho;it
,aw;ifAlDk; ,iwtDlDk; ,izj;Jf;nfhz;Ls;sdH. may;ehLfspy;
gzpahw;Wk; gy ,isQHfs; Cupd; Njitfis epiwNtw;Wtjpy;
jd;id Kd;dpUj;jpf; nfhs;fpd;wdH.
jpUf; N fhapy; miktplk;

tp~;Z Nfhapy; CH kj;jpapYk; rptd; Nfhapy; Chpd; tlfpof;F
mjhtJ <rhd;aj;jpYk; fl;l Ntz;Lk; vd;gH (gps;isahHgl;bj;
jpUf;Nfhapy; fUj;juq;f Ma;Tf;Nfhit> g.45). ,f;Nfhapy; kiyf;Nfhapy;
vd; g jhy; ,t; t ikg; g py; khWgl; L s; s J.
,t; t +hpd; tlfpof; f py;
fpof;FNkw;fhf ePs; Njhw;wj;jpy; xU Fd;W mike;Js;sJ. mjidj;
jpUkiy vd;Wk; jpUkiyj; jpUf;Fd;W vd;Wk; miof;fpd;wdH. mJ
fpuhidl; (Granite - Rock) vdg; g Lfpd; w fbdkhd ghiwfshy;
cUthdjhFk; (R. fz;zd;> jpUkiy jytuyhW> g.01).
22

,k;kiyf; Fd;wpd; tlf;Fg; gFjpapy; fpof;F Nehf;fp mike;Js;sJ
kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtuH jpUf;Nfhapy;. ,f;NfhapypDs; tlf;F Nehf;fpa
xU Filtiuf; Nfhapy; cs; s J.
Filtiuapd ; Kd; N d
Filtiuapid cs;slf;fp ,j;jpUf;Nfhapy;; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Nfhapiy eLehafkhff; nfhz;L CHfs; mikjy; cz;L.
,jdbg;gilapy; GytHfs; Nfhapiyj; jhkiug; g+tpd; nkhl;lhfTk;
mijr; Rw; w pAs; s njUf; f isj; jhkiug; g+tpd; ,jo; f shfTk;
cUtfpj;Jg; ghbAs;sdH.
mt;thW mikf;fg;ngWk; Nfhapy;fspd;
ehw;Gwq;fSk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l mikg;gpy; jpfo Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ tpjpahFk;.
,f;Nfhapy; XH xl;Lf;Nfhapy; vd;gjhy; ,jd; ehw;Gwq;fs; mjhtJ
jpUr;Rw;Wf;fs; xU Fwpg;gpl;l mstha; mikahJ khWgl;Ls;sd.
,iwtd; ;
,j;jpUj;jyj;jpd;; ,iwtidf; Filtiuf; Nfhapypy; cs;s
,iwtd;> fl;Lkhdf; Nfhapypy; cs;s ,iwtd; vdg; gFj;Jf; fhzyhk;.
Filtiuapy; cs;s ,iwtd>; ,iwtpaH ckhrfpj%Hj;jp MthH.
,t;tpiwtd>; ,iwtpaiu kf;fs; kPdhl;rp Re;jNu];tuH vd;Wk; mioj;J
tUfpd;wdH. fl;Lkhdf; Nfhapypy; cs;s ,iwtd; kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtuH
Mthh;.
nfhOe;J vd;gJ Kisj;J tUk; jhtuj;jpd; ,sikahd
Njhw;wk;.
,t;tpiwtd; kiyf;nfhOe;J vdg;gLtjhy;> kiyapy;
Njhd;wpa ,iwtd; vdg; nghUs; nfhs;tjw;F tha;g;Gz;lhfpwJ.
,t;tpiwtdpd; jpUTUtk; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLifapy;> ,t;tpiwtdpd;
ypq;fk; Neuhf ,y;iy. mJ rw;W rha;eN
; j fhzg;gLfpwJ. mJ kl;Lkpd;wp
vy;yh ypq;f tbtpYk; MTilahhpy; JisNghl;L mjw;Fs; ypq;fj;ijr;
nrhUfp ,izg;gH. Mdhy; ,q;F mt;thW mikatpy;iy. khwhf
MTilahH ,uz;L ghfq;fshf mbf;fg;gl;L ypq;fj;jpd; Kd; xU
gFjpahfTk; gpd; xU gFjpahfTk; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,t;tikg;igg;
ghHf;Fk; NghJ ,t;tpiwtdpd; ypq;fk; kiyg;ghiwapy; xU caukhd
gFjpiar; nrJf;fp mikf;fg;gl;l xd;whf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ypq;fj;ij
kl;Lk; ghiwapy; Gilg;ghfr; nrJf;fptpl;L. MTilahiu NtW ,uz;L
fw;fspy; mbj;J ,izj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W $Wfpd;wdH (fs
Ma;tpd; NghJ ma;ahr;rhkpf; FUf;fs; $wpaJ). kiyg;ghiwapy;
NkypUe;;J nrJf;fg;gl;l ypq;fk; vd;gjhYk; kiyapd; Nky; ,Uf;Fk;
ypq; f k;
vd; g jhYk; ,t; t piwtd; kiyf; n fhOe; j P R tuH vd; W
miof;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk;.
23
KidtH j. fz;zd;
,t;tpiwtDf;Fg; gHtjrpfhehjH vd;w ngaUk; cz;nld;fpd;wdH.
(fsha;tpd; NghJ fpl;Lf; FUf;fs; $wpaJ.) gHtjk; vd;why; kiy
vd;Wk; rpfh (rpif) jiy vd;Wk; ehjH vd;why; ,iwtd; vd;Wk;
nghUs;. mjhtJ kiyAr;rpapy; jiyahf (nfhOe;jhf)cs;s ,iwtd;
vd;gJ ,jd;nghUshfpwJ.
,iwtp
Filtiuapy; cs;s ,iwtp kPdhl;rp vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;whH.
ghfk;gphpahs; MthH. ghfk;gphpahs;
fl;Lkhdf; Nfhapypd; ,iwtp> ghfk;
vd;why; ,iwtdpd; ghfj;ijg; gphpahjpUg;gts; vd;gjhFk;. Filtiuapy;
,iwtd>; ,iwtpaH ,ize;jpUg;gjhy; fw;wspapd; ,iwtd>; ,iwtpaUk;
mt;thNw ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd ,t; ,iwtpiag; ghfk;gphpahshf
epWtpAs;sdH.
Filtiuapy; cs;s ,iwtd; ,iwtpahpd; jpUTUt mikg;Gk;
gpuhd;kiyapy; cs;s Filtiur; rpw;gj;jpd; jpUTUt mikg;Gk;
xd;whfNt cs;sJ. gpuhd;kiyf; Filtiuapy; cs;s ,iwtd; ngaH
kq;ifghfH MFk;. mjhtJ kq;ifia
(,iwtpia) xUghfkhf
cilatH vd;gjhFk;.
gpuhd;kiyapy; cs;s mk;ikapd; ngaH
ghfk;gphpahshFk;. jpUkiyf; Filtiuapy; cs;s ,iwtp kPdhl;rp
vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwhH. Mdhy; ,Nj mikjpapy; cs;s gpuhd;kiy mk;kd;
ghfk;gphpahs; vd miof;fg;gLfpwhH.
jpUkiyf; fw;wspapd; ,iwtp ngaH ghfk;gphpahshf mike;jpUe;j
NghJk; ,iwtp> ,iwtDld; ,ize;J ,y;yhky; jdpf; fUtiwapy;
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;shh;. ,jw;F ,iwtd; ypq;f tbtpy; kiyiar; nrJf;fp
mikf;fg;gl;lJ fhuzkhFk;. ,iwtid kiyiar; nrJf;fp mikf;f
mjd; mUfpy; ,iwtpiag; gilg;gjw;F kiyg; ghiw Vw;w mikg;gpy;
,y;yhJ ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;. vdNt> ,iwtd;> ,iwtpaiuj; jdpj;jdpahfg;
gilj;Js;sdH.
,iwtp jdpf;fUtiwapy;; gilf;fg;gl;bUe;jhYk; ,t;tpiwtpapd;
jpUTUt mikg; G ,iwtDld; ,ize; j pUf; F k; mikg; i gNa
ngw;Ws;sJ. mjhtJ ,t;tk;kdpd; jpUTUt mikg;Gj; jphpgq;fkhf
,Uf;fpwJ. vdNt ,J jdpak;kd; ,y;iy vd;gJk; ,iwtDld;
,ize;jpUf;Fk; tbtk; vd;gJk; Gyg;gLfpwJ.
,t;tpiwtpf;F thkghfgphpahs; vd;w ngaUk; cz;nld;gij

mwpaKbfpwJ (fs Ma;tpd; NghJ fpl;Lf; FUf;fs;; $wpaJ.).
24

thkghfk; vd;gJ ,lJ ghfk; MFk;. gphpahs; vd;why; gphpahky;
,Ug;gts;. vdNt thkghfgphpahs; vd;why; ,iwtdpd; ,lJ
ghfj;ijg; gphpahjpUf;Fk;; ,iwtp vd;gJ ngwg;gLfpwJ.
jpUTUtq; f s;
,q;Fs;s Filtiuapy; ckhrfpj%Hj;jp> tpehafH> KUfd; KjypNahiu
topgl KbAk;. fw;wspf; Nfhapypy; kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtuH> ghfk;gphpahs; vDk;
,iwtd; ,iwtpaiu topgLtJld; rpj; j ptpehafH> JthutpehafH>
Kf;FWzptpehafH> eHj;jdtpehafH vdg; gy tpehafH jpUTUtq;fisAk;
MWKfd;> jz;lhAjghzp vDk; KUfd; jpUTUtq;fisAk; kfplhRukHj;jpdp>
JHf;if> jr;rpzh%Hj;jp> rz;bNf];tuH> igutH> etf;fpufq;fs;> kw;Wk; #hpaH
re;jpuH jpUTUtq;fisAk; tzq;fKbAk;. jytpUl;rkhff; fhlhj;jp kuKk;
jPHj;jkhfg; Rid> Nrq;if vd;gdTk; cs;sd.
KidtH j. fz;zd;
tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gfs;
jpUkiy vd;Dk; ,t;T+H fhyj;jhy; goikahd
tuyhw;iwAilaJ. ,t;t+hpd; tuyhw;iw mwptjw;Fg; gy;NtW jlaq;fs;
fpilj;Js;sd. mitahtd>
ghiw Xtpaq;fs;.
<kr; rpd;dq;fs;.
RLkz; nghk;ikfs;.
rkzH gLf;iffs;.
Rt];jpf; Kj;jpiu.
gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lfs;.
Filtiuf; Nfhapy;.
Filtiur; rpw;gq;fs;.
gpw;fhyg; ghz;baH fw;wsp kw;Wk; fy;ntl;Lfs;.
gpw;fhyj; jpUg;gzpfs; vd;gdthFk;.
rpwg; G fs;
jpUkiyj; jpUj;jyk; kpfj;njhd;ikahd tuyhw;iw cilajhf cs;sJ.
,q;Fg; goq;fhy kdpjd; tiue;j Xtpaq;fs;> ngUq;fw;fhyf; fy;tl;lq;fs;>
KJkf;fl;jhopfs;> rkzg; gLf;iffs;> gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lfs;> Rt];jpf; Kj;jpiu>
Kw;fhyg; ghz;baHfspd; Filtiu> gpw;fhyg; ghz;baHfspd; fw;wsp kw;Wk;
fy;ntl;Lfs; vdj; njhd;ikahd tuyhw;iw cilajhFk;. njhlHe;J ele;JtUk;
jpUg;gzpfs;; jkpof muR ,j;jyj;ijr; Rw;Wyhj;jykhf mwptpj;jpUg;gJ vd
,j;jyj;jpd; rpwg;Gfs; ePzL
; nfhz;Nl nry;fpd;wd. ,j;jyj;jpw;Fr; nrd;Wtu
gy;NtW ed;ikfisg; ngwKbAk; vd;W ,j;jpUj;jyj;ij topgLk; gf;jHfs;
$Wfpd;wdH. ntsp cyfpw;F ,d;Dk; gpugykhfhj ,e;jj; jpUkiy ghJfhf;f
Ntz;ba mhpa nghf;fp~k; vd;W $WtH. (jpdkyH ehNsL> ehs;: 18.07.2010).
,q;F mfj;jpa KdptH tho;ej
; hH vd;gij ehNsLfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. ghiwapd;
njw;Fg;Gwk; mfj;jpaH tho;ej
; ,lkhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. mg;gFjpapy; mfy;tpsf;F
Nghd;W ghiwapy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mfj;jpaH Nfhapypy;; jpahdk; nra;Ak;
NghJ Xk; vd;W nrhy; xypf;Fkhk; (jpdkzp 07.01.2010).
rq; f fhyg;
GytHfSk; jpUts;StUk; tho;ej
; ,lkhfj; jpUkiy fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,jid>
Nfs;tpg;gl;lNghJ ek;g Kbatpy;iy. Nehpy; nrd;W jhprpj;j gpwF ek;ghky;
,Uf;f Kbatpy;iy. jpUts;StUk; ef;fuP Uk; xf;$H khrhj;jpahUk; fzpad;
G+q;Fd;wdhUk; vl;Lj;njhif> gj;Jg;ghl;L ,yf;fpag; nghf;fp~q;fs; <d;nwLj;j
rq;fj;jkpog
; ; GytHfSk; Xa;n
; tLj;j kiyah ,e;jj; jpUkiy? rkz KdptHfspd;
ciwtplkhfg; gyE}W Mz;Lfs; jpfo;e;jitah? jpUkiyapy; cs;s
FifaiwfSk; mitfSf;Fs; nrJf;fg;gl;l gLf;iff; fy;nkj;ijfSk;.
vd;W Rl;LfpwJ ef;fPud; (16.01.2010).
ghiw Xtpaq; f s;
fz;zpw;F tpUe;jhfp kdjpw;F ,d;gk; gaf;Fk; XH mhpa fiy
Xtpaf;fiyahFk;. ,jidf; fhl;rpf; fiy vd;Wk; miog;gH. jkpofj;J
Xtpaf;fiy njhd;ikahdJ. kdpjd; fhl;Ltho; kdpjdhf ,Ue;j
epiyapy; ,Ue;J gapyg;gl;L tUk; fiy vd;gh; (Jsrp. ,uhkrhkp>
jkpoff; fiyr;nry;tq;fs;> g.106). rq;ffhyj;jpy; XT XtH Xtk;
vDk; nrhw;fSk; Xtpak; vDk; nrhy;Yk; Xtpaj;ijf; Fwpj;Js;sd.
,jid>
XTwo; neLQ;RtH (gjpw;. 68)
Xte;J md;d cWnfO neLefH (gjpw;.82)
Xtr; nra;jpapd; (mfeh. 5)
Xtuk; ghl (rPtf. 1844)
25
26
KidtH j. fz;zd;
Gidah Xtpak; fLg;g (neL.147) vd;Dk; mbfs; top

mwpaKbfpd;wJ. goq;fhy kdpjd; tiue;j Fif Xtpaq;fs; jkpofj;jpd;
gy ,lq;fspy; fpilj;Js;sd. 1980 Mk; Mz;bw;Fg; gpwFj; jkpofj;jpy;
gy fw;ghiw Xtpaq;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. mtw;Ws; xd;Nwh Fiffspy;
tiuag;gl;lit kw;wit ghiwfspd; kPJk; ghiwfspd; ,Lf;FfspYk;
tiuag;gl;Ls;sd. ,Jtiu gjpndl;L ,lq;fspy; ghiw Xtpaq;fs;
fz;Lgpbf;fgl;Ls;sd. mit tlhw;;fhL> njd;dhw;fhL> jUkGhp> ePyfphp
kiyj;njhlh;> kJiu
vd;Dk; ,lq;fspy; cs;sd vd;gH (R.
Venkataraman, Indian Archaeology (A Survey), P. 238). ,g; g jpndl; L
,lq; f Ss;
jpUkiy vDk; Fd; w py; cs; s Xtpaq; f Sk;
Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. jpUkiyf; Fd;wpy; ehd;F ,lq;fspy; ghiw Xtpaq;fs;
fpilj;Js;sd.
1. kiyabthuj;jpd; tlNkw;NfAs;s rWf;Fk; ghiwf;F
vjphpYs; s nghpa Fd; w pd; fpof; F r; Rthpy; Xtpak;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. rWf;Fk; ghiwapy; RkhH gj;jbf;F NkNy
Vwp Nkw;F Kfkhfj; jpUk;gp mjd; vjpNu cs;s ghiwapd;
fpof; F r; Rtiug; ghHj; j hy; Xtpaj; i jf; fhzyhk; .
,t;Nthtpak; ,d;Wk; ey;yepiyapy; njspTld; cs;sJ.
kiyiar; Rw;wptUk; ghijapy; tlNkw;Fg; gFjpap;y;
rhiyapy; epd;wthNw rw;Wf; ftdKld; rWf;Fk; ghiwf;F
vjpNuAs; s ghiwapd; fpof; F Nehf; f pa gFjpia
Nehf;fpdhYk; ,t;Nthtpaj;ijf; fhzKbAk;.
,t;Nthtpak; jpUkiyapd; tlf;Fg; gFjpapy; cs;s rWf;Fk; ghiwf;F vjpNu

cs;s XtpakhFk;.
gFjpapy; ,t;Nthtpak; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,t;Nthtpaj;jpy; jiy> clk;G vd;gd cs;sd. fhy;fs;

tpuy;fspd; ghjq;fs; njsptpd;wpf; $Hikahf Kbfpd;wd. njhilg;gFjp
,uz;Lfhy;fisAk; milahsg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ.
,Lg;G kpfTk; rpWj;J tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,Lg;gpd; gpd;gFjpapy; ,Ue;J
VNjh thy;Nghd;W nry;fpwJ. iffs; ,uz;by; xU if kl;Lk; fhl;rpf;Fj;
njhpfpwJ. kw;nwhU ifia tiue;jduh? ,y;iy tiuahJ tpl;Ls;sduh?
vd;gJ Gyg;gltpy;iy. iftpuy;fs; Fr;rp Fr;rpahf tiuag;gl;Ls;sd.
clk;gpd; neQ;Rg;gFjp tphpe;jfd;W nry;;fpwJ. ,e;j neQ;Rg; gFjpapd;
,ilg;gFjpfspy; fl;lq;fs; tiuag;gl;Ls;sd. fOj;J xU NfhL Nghy;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. jiy xU gwitapd; jiy Nghd;W tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ.
jiyapd; kapHfs; Fj;jpl;L kpf ePz;L epw;fpd;wd. %f;F kpf ePz;ljhf
cs;sJ. fpl;lj;jl;l gwitapd; %f;Fg; NghyNt cs;sJ. fz;fs;
tiuag; g l; L s; s d. Kfj; j pd; Kd; G %d; W NfhLfs; eP z ; L
tiuag; g l; L s; s d. ,itfs; mjd; ghHitiaf; Fwpg; g jhfTk;
%f;Fg;gFjpiaf; Fwpg;gjhfTk; mikf;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk;. thiy ahNuh
gw;wpf; nfhz;L gpd;njhlHtJ Nghy; VNjh xU cUtk; tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ.
vdpDk; mt;TUtk; njspTld; ,y;iy. ,t;tplj;jpy; ,e;j Xtpaj;ij
tpLj;J NtW ve;j XtpaKk; fpilf;ftpy;iy.
27
28
jpUkiyapd; tlf;Fg; gFjp. eLtpy; cs;s kuj;jpw;F ,lJghfj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;

ghiwNa rWf;Fk; ghiw. tyJ ghfj;jpy; cs;s nghpaghiwapd; fpof;Fr;
RtHg;gFjpapy; Xtpak; cs;sJ. fpl;lj;jl;l me;j kuk; kiwj;Js;s ghiwg;

2.
Fd;wpd; cr;rpapYs;s gk;gukiyf;Ff; fpof;NfAs;s

ghiwapd; tlf;Fr; RtH. mjhtJ jpUkiyf;Fd;wpd;
fpof;Fg; gFjpapy; ,Ue;J Vwp kiyapd; NkNy nrd;why;
KUfd; Nfhapy; fl;Lkhdk; njhlq;fg;gl;Lg; ghjpapNy
epw;gJ ,Uf;Fk;. mjidj; jhz;br; nrd;why; xU kpfg;nghpa
ghiw ek;ik Nehf;fpr; rha;ej
; pUf;Fk;. mg;ghiwapd; tlf;Fr;
Rthpy; goq;fhy Xtpaq;fs; cs;sd.
KidtH j. fz;zd;
3. gk;gukiyapd; njw;Fg;ghiwapy; Xtpaq;fs; cs;sd.
mjhtJ>
gk;gukiyapd; njd;gFjpapy; cs;s kiyf;
fw;fspy;; ele;J nrd;W gk;gukiyapd; njw;Fg; ghiwr; RtHfis
cw;WNehf;fpdhy; mq;fpUf;Fk; Xtpaq;fisg; ghHf;fyhk;.
,J jpUkiyapd; njw;Fg;gFjp. gk;guk;Nghy; njhptJ gk;gukiy. ,k;kiyapd;

ghiwr;RtHfspy; Xtpaq;fs; cs;sd.
KUfd; Nfhapy; njhlq;fg;gl;L> ghjpapy; epw;fpwJ. ,jidaLj;jpUf;Fk;

ghiwapd; tlf;Fr; Rthpy; Xtpak; cs;sJ.
,t;Nthtpaj;jpy; ,UtH ifNfhHj;J

epw;fpd;wdH. ,tHfspd; clk;G cLf;if
Nghd;W tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,uz;L iffs;
,uz;L fhy;fs; vd tiuag;gl;Ls;sd.
iffspy; %d;W tpuy;fs; tiuag;gl;Ls;sd.
jiy> fOj;J vd;gd NfhLfshf
tiuag;gl;Ls;sd. ,t;tpU cUtq;fSk;
xd;iw xd;W ghHj;Jf;nfhs;tJ Nghy;
tiuag;gl;Ls;sd. njhilg; gFjpfs; rw;W
mfd;wjhf cs;sd. vspjpy; fz;Zf;Fj;
njhpahj tifapy; cs;sJ. vdpDk;

iff;F vl;Lk; cauj;jpy; cs;sJ.
vdNtjhd; ,t;Nthtpaj;jpd; kPJ VNjNjh vOjpitj;Js;sdH.
29
iffs;
fhy;fs;
clk;G vd midj;Jg; gFjpfSk;
NfhLfshf tiuag; g l; L s; s d.
,uz;L fhy;fSf;F ,ilapy; xU
eP z ; l NfhL tiuag; g l; L s; s J.
mf;Nfhl;bd; Kbtpy; xU cUz;il
xd;Wk; tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt
,t; N thtpaj; i jg; ghy; c zHT
Xtpak; vd; W Fwpg; g pLfpd; w dH.
,t;TUtj;jpy;
jiy
fhzg;gltpy;iy. kpf ePz;l
cauj;jpy; cs;s ,t;Nthtpaj;jpd;
NfhLfs; Neuhf ,y;yhky; tisT
nespTfSld; cs; s d. vdNt
,t;Nthtpaj;ij kpf ePz;l Fr;rpapd; cjtpnfhz;L tiue;jpUf;fyhk;
vdj; Njhd;WfpwJ. ,t;Nthtpak; ey;yepiyapy; cs;sJ.
30
KidtH j. fz;zd;
ghy; c zHT Xtpakhff;

Fwpf;fg;gl;l Xtpaj;jpw;Ff; fpof;Nf rw;Wf;
fPNo ,t; N thtpak; fhzg; g LfpwJ.
,t;Nthtpaj;jpd; mikg;igg; ghHf;Fk; NghJ
kpfTk; typikAs; s xUth; jdJ
cUtj; i jf; fhl; L tJ Nghd; W s; s J.
fhy;fs; kpfTk; jplk; tha;e;jitahf
kpfTk; typTld; epw;gjhfj; njhpfpwJ.
tpyq;F xd;wpd; kPJ kdpjd;
mkHe; J nry; t ijg; Nghd; W
,t;Nthtpak; tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ.
tpyq;fpd; fhy;fs>; fOj;J> jiy>
thy; vd; g d NfhLfhsfNt
tiuag; g l; L s; s d. kdpjdpd;
fhy;fs; tpyq;fpd; ,ilg;gFjpapy;
njhq;fpathW
cs;sd.
jiyg;gFjp
NfhLfshf
tiuag; g l; L s; s J. ghHitapd;
Nghf; F fisAk; %f; f pd; mikg; g pidAk; Fwpg; g jw; F f; NfhLfs;
tiuag;gl;Ls;sd.
kdpjHfs; ifNfhHj; J epw; F k;

fhl;rp Xtpakhf tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ.
,t;Nthtpaj;jpy; NjdPf;fs; $L
fl; b As; s d. vdNt ,tw; i w
KOikahfg; ghHf;f Kbatpy;iy.
tiuNfhLfshy; tiuag;gl;Ls;s
,t;Nthtpaj;jpy; kdpjd; xUtd;
XLtjw; F j; jahH epiyapy;
,Ug;gijf; fhl;LfpwJ.
Fjpiu Nghd;w mikg;gpy; cs;s tpyq;fpd; cUtj;ijf;

fhzKbfpwJ. ,t;Nthtpak; NfhLfshf ,y;yhky; ,ilg;gFjpfspy;
tz;zq;fshy; epug;gg;gl;Ls;sd. ,t;tpyq;fpd; jiyg;gFjp
FjpiuNghd;Nw cs;sJ.
,t;Nthtpak; kdpjHfs; ifNfhHj;J thpirahf epw;gJ Nghy;

cs;sJ.
31
32
KidtH j. fz;zd;
4. gk;gukiyf;Fj; njd;fpof;NfAs;s ghiwr; RthpYk;

Xtpaq;fs; cs;sd.
jplkhff; fhy; Cd;wp tPud; Nghy; fhl;rp jUk; ,t;Nthtpaj;ijr;

#o;e;J gy Xtpaq;fs; cs;sd.
,t;Nthtpaj;jpy; rpy gFjpfs; kl;LNk njspthfj; njhpfpd;wd.

,tw;Ws; cLf;if Nghd;w mikg;gpy; kdpjd; tiuag;gl;bUg;gJ
Gyg;gLfpwJ. iffs; NfhLfshf tiuag;gl;Ls;sd.
33
,t;Nthtpak; NfhLfshy; tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ.

,t;Nthtpaj;Js; xU khd; tiuag;gl;bUg;gJ ed;F njhpfpwJ.
khdpd; nfhk;Gfs; ePz;ljhf cs;sd. Nfhl;Nlhtpakhf ,Ue;j
NghJk; khdpd; klg;gk; kw;Wk; mjd; mr;rk; ,t;Nthtpaj;jpy; ed;F
ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
njd;fpof;Nf fhzg;gLk; Xtpaq;fSs; ,t;Nthtpak; kl;Lk; Kw;wpYk;

khWgl;ljhf cs;sJ. ,jpy; ve;j xU cUtKk;
ntspg;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. vdpDk; moFf; NfhLfs; Nghd;W thpir
thpirahff; NfhLfs; tiuag;gl;Ls;sd. kq;fyhd NfhLfshf
,Ue;j NghJk; ,t;Nthtpak; ed;F njhpfpwJ.
34
KidtH j. fz;zd;
khd; Xtpaj;jpd; mUfpy; ,e;j Xtpak; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jpy;

kdpjHfs; thpirahff; ifNfhHj;J epw;gJ Nghy; cs;sJ.
jpUkiy Xtpaj;jpd; fhyk;

goq;fhyf; Fif Xtpaq;fspd; fhyj;ij tiuaWj;Jf; $Wk;
mwpQHfs;> mtw;iwg; GJfw;fUtpf; fhyk; Kjy; ngUq;fw;fhyk;
tiuapy; tiuaWj;Jf; $Wfpd;wdH. jkpoff; Fif Xtpaq;fs; GJfw;
fUtpf; fhyk; Kjy; ngUq;fw; fUtpf;fhyk; tiu Xtpaf;fiy
jkpofj;jpy; tsHr;rpAw;w epiyapidf; fhl;Lfpd;wd vd;gh; Nfh.
jq;fNtY. (,e;jpaf;fiy tuyhW II, g.3).
jpUkiyapy; fpilf;Fk; Xtpaq;fSs; kpfTk; Neh;j;jpahfTk;

rw;W Nkk;gl;l moFlDk; tiuag;gl;Ls;s Xtpak; ,t;Nthtpak; MFk;.
,t;Nthtpaj;jpy; kl;LNk cUtj;jpd; ,ilg;gFjpfs; tz;zq;fshy;
epug;gg;gl;Ls;sd. jiyfs; kdpjHfspd; jiyfisg; Nghy; md;wpf;
fpilf;NfhLfshfNt tiuag;gl;Ls;sd. vdpDk; ,t;Nthtpak; kdpj
cUtq;fNs vd;gjpy; Iaj;ijf; nfhLf;ftpy;iy. ,t;Nthtpaj;jpd;
mikg;ig mwpQh; gyH tpsf;fpr; nrd;Ws;sdH.
35
jkpofj;jpy; fpilj;Js;s goq;fhy Xtpaq;fs; midj;Jk;

ngUq;fw;fhy <kr;rpd;dq;fs; fpilf;Fk; gFjpapy; fhzg;gLtjhy; mit
ngUq;fw;fhyj;ijr; rhHe;jit vd;gH f.j.jpUehTf;fuR. (Xtpaf;fiy>
g. 107).
goq;fhy kdpjd; jdf;F kfpo;rr
; paspj;j Ntl;ilf; fhl;rpfisAk;
gpw tpyq;Ffspd; cUtq;fisAk; jd;Dld; tho;e;j khe;jHfspd;
cUtq;fisAk; jhk; tho;ej
; ,aw;ifahd kiyf; Fiffspy; jPlb
; dhd;.
,j;jifa tpyq;F khe;jh; NghHf;fsf; fhl;rpfSf;Fg; gpd;Nd jhd;
tho;e;j kiyfspd; ,aw;iff; fhl;rpfisAk; mtd; jPl;bdhd; vd;gH
(R. fz;zd;> jpUkiy jytuyhW> g.9). jpUkiyf; Fif Xtpaq;fs;
36
KidtH j. fz;zd;
,aw;iff;fhl;rpfs; ,d;wp tpyq;F kw;Wk; kdpjdpd; cUtq;fis

ciladthf cs;sd.
ifahsg;gl;Ls;sik ,q;Ff;
Fwpg;gplg;gl Ntz;ba rpwg;Gf;FhpaJ.
kiyabthuj;jpy; kiyf;F Nkw;Fg;Gwj;jpYs;s rWf;Fk; ghiwf;F
vjphpYs; s nghpa Fd; w pd; fpof; F g; gFjpapy; Xtpaq; f s; rpy
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Fifapd; Rthpy; kdpjd; xUtd; kpUfk; xd;wpd;
kPJ ,Ug;gijg; Nghyj; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;s Xtpak; iff;F vl;Lk; cauj;jpy;
cs;sJ. kpUfj;jpd; NfhLfs; rpy ,lq;fspy; rhptuj; njhpatpy;iy.
cUtj;jpd; rpwpa ePs;tl;lkhd jiyapd; eLNt Gs;spahy; fz;
tiuag; g l; L s; s J. cUtj; j pd; cly; epkpHe; j cLf; i f tbtpy;
tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ. clypd; NkYk; fPOk; fhzg;gLfpd;w rha;NfhLfs>;
cUtk; cilazpe;jpUg;gijf; fhl;Ltjhf mike;Js;sJ. cUtj;jpd;
xt;nthU ifapYk; %d;W tpuy;fs; tiuag;gl;Ls;sd. cUtj;jpd;
jiyapd; kPJ kapHfs; ePz;L Fj;jpl;L epw;fpd;wd.
jpUkiy Xtpaq;fspd; fhyj;ij mwpQHfs; gyH

tiuaWj; J iuj; J s; s dH. ,t; N thtpaq; f s; ngUq; f w; f hyj; i jr;
rhHe;jitahf ,Uf;fyhk; vd;gH. R.fz;zd;. (jpUkiy jytuyhW>
gf; 6 - 9). mz;ikapy; eilngw;w cyfj; jkpo;r; nrk;nkhop khehl;by;
itf;fg;gl;l Gifg;glf; fz;fhl;rpapy; ,e;j Xtpaq;fspd; Gifg;glq;fSk;
,lk;ngw;wpUe;jd.
,it fp.K.5 Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;jitahf
,Uf;Fk; vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ. vd;fpwJ jpdkzp ehNsL. (17.04.2011)
jpUkiyf; Fif Xtpaq;fs; Kiwahf ntspg;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. ,q;F
ehd;F ,lq;fspy; Fif Xtpaq;fs; cs;sd. ,it njhy;ypay;
Mjhug;gb> ngUq;fw;fhyj;ijr; Nru;ej
; it. vd;g
; H (http://www.dinamalar.
com/News). ,t;Nthtpak; fp.K 5 Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhHe;jit vd;gij>
The Tirumalai hill in Sivaganga district coming under Tirumalai
Koneripatti panchayat possesses rock paintings dating back to the
5th century B.C., a couple of Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions of the Sangam
Age, several Jain beds (pillow lofts) carved out of the rock floor of
the caverns vd;Wk; http://www.hindu.com), The Tirumalai hills
in the village are the site of pre-historic rock paintings that
meticulously record many events of life on the walls, floors and
ceilings of the hill caves. The majority of these paintings are in red
ochre and date back to the 5th century B.C. vd;Wk;(THE HINDU
January 21, 2010 ), Rock paintings dating back to the 5th century
B.C.; two Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions of the first century B.C`. vd;Wk;
(FRONTLINE Volume 26 Issue 03:: Jan. 31-Feb.), The rare rock
paintings belong to the 5 th century BC, v d ; W k ; ( Times of India
01.11.2011) Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdH. ,tw;why; ,t;Nthtpaq;fs; fp.K 5 Mk;
E}w;whz;ilr; rhHe;jit vd;gijj; njspaKbfpwJ.
mLj;jjhff; Fd;wpd; cr;rpapYs;s gk;gukiyf;Ff; fpof;NfAs;s

ghiwapd; fPo; mike;Js;s Fifapd; tlf;Fr; Rthpy; ,U Mz;
cUtq; f spd; Xtpak; iff; F vl; L k; mstpy; jP l ; l g; g l; L s; s d.
,t;Nthtpaj;jpy; cUtq;fs; ,uz;Lk; vjpnujpNu ghHj;jtz;zk;
tiuag;gl;Ls;sd. jiyahdJ Ke;jpa Xtpaj;ijg; Nghy; ePs;tl;lkhf
mikf;fg;glhky; FWf;Ff; Nfhlhff; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mdhy; cly;
epkpHe;j cLf;ifapidg; Nghd;Nw jPll
; g;gl;Ls;sJ. cUtq;fs; ,uz;Lk;
kw;NghH GhpAk; tPuHfisg; Nghd;Ws;sd. jpUkiyapYs;s goq;fhyf;
Fif Xtpaq; f spNy ,t; N thtpak; kl; L Nk kpf ey; y Kiwapy;
mopNtJkpd;wpf; fpilj;Js;sJ.
jpUkiyapy; cs;s Xtpaq;fspd; mikg;igg; gy;NtW mwpQHfs;

tpsf;fpf; $wpAs;sdH. mt;tpsf;fq;fshtd> jpUkiy Xtpaq;fisj;
jPl;Ltjpy; ,uz;L tifahd Kiwfs; ifahsg;gl;Ls;sd.
Kjy;
tifapy; cUtq;fs; tz;zj;jhy; KOikahfj; jPll
; g;glhky; mtw;wpd;
tbt mikg;Gfs; kl;Lk; nky;ypa NfhLfshy; tiuag;gl;Ls;sd.
,uz;lhtJ tifapy; cUtq;fs; tz;zj;jhy; moFw KOikahfj;
jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
rpy Xtpaq;fspy; ,t;tpU KiwfSk;
gk;gukiyf;Fj; njd;fpof;fpYs;s Fifapd; RtH KOtJk;

Xtpaq;fs; epiwe;Js;sd. jpUkiyapy; kpFjpahd ghiw Xtpaq;fs;
fpilf;Fk; Fif ,JthFk;. Fifr; Rthpd; tyJgf;fj;jpy; if
NfhHj;jthW ,uz;L rpwpa Mz; cUtq;fSk;> mitfSf;Ff; fPNo
ePz;l Mz; cUtnkhd;Wk; mjw;F mUfpy; moFwj; jPl;lg;gl;l khDk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. khdpd; jiyg;gFjpapYs;s tz;zk; mope;Js;sjhy;
mjDila jiyAk; nfhk;GfSk; mq;Fkpq;Fk; njd;gLfpd;wd. ,jw;Ff;
fPNo %d;W Mz; cUtq;fs; if NfhHj;j epiyapy; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
cUtq; f Sf; F mUfpy; rw; W f; fP N o mofpa rpW khndhd; W k;
jPll
; g;gl;Ls;sJ. ,f;fhl;rp khid Ntl;ilahl mk;%tUk; #o;eJ
; s;sijg;
Nghy; mike;Js;sJ.
Mdhy;> mtHfspd; iffspy; MAjq;fs;
fhzg;gltpy;iy. mk;%d;W cUtq;fSf;F mUfpYk;> khDf;Ff; fPOk;
cUtq;fs; jPl;lg;gl;ljw;fhd mwpFwpfs; njd;gLfpd;wd.
Mdhy;
cUtq;fs; kpfTk; kq;fpa epiyapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;Nthtpaj;jpy;
cUtq;fspd; jiyAk; fOj;Jk; xNu Gs;spahfj; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
37
38
jpUkiy Xtpaq; f spd; mikg; G
KidtH j. fz;zd;
cUtq;fspd; clyikg;G epkpHe;j cLf;if Nghy tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ.

Fifapd; ,lJ gf;fj;jpy; ePz;l clyikg;gpidf; nfhz;l mofpa
ngz; z pd; cUtnkhd; W k; Mzpd; cUtnkhd; W k; mUfUNf
KOikahfj; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. ngz;zpd; cUtk; Miztplr; rw;W
caukhf cs;sJ.
ngz;ZUtk; jd;Dila tyf;ifia klf;fp
caHj;jpAk; ,lf;ifiar; rPuhf ePl;bAk; cs;sthW jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
cUtj;jpd; if kw;Wk; fhy;fspy; Ie;J tpuy;fs; NfhLfshfj;
jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
ngz;zpd; jiyKb nfhz;il tbtpy; moFw
tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ.
rpy kapHfs; Fj;jpl;Lj; njhq;fpa epiyapy;
tiuag;gl;Ls;sd. mUNf tiuag;gl;Ls;s Mz; jdJ tyf;ifiar;
rPuhf ePlb
; Ak; ,lf;ifia klf;fpAk; cs;s epiyapy; tiuag;gl;Ls;sd.
mtdpd; jiykapUk; Fj;jpl;Lj; njhq;fp epw;fpwJ. ,U cUtq;fspd;
jiy kw; W k; fOj; J g; gFjp ed; F jP l ; l g; g l; L s; s d.
,t; t pU
cUtq;fisr; Rw;wp kq;fyhfg; gy rpwpa cUtq;fSk; tpyq;nfhd;Wk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
ghiwapy; cs;s urhadj; jhJld; tpidGhpe;J
tUk; kio ePuhy; ,f;Fifapy; cs;s Xtpaq;fs; midj;Jk; mope;J
tUfpd;wd.
vd;W Fwpf;fpwJ jpdkyH (ehs;: 18.07.2010) Atop the Tirumalai hill are
also several paintings. Outstanding among them is one of two men about
to trade blows with each other, one hand trying to block the other
man, and the other hand raised, with all the fingers spread out as if to
slap the other. These two men have bird-like faces, with prominent
beaks. Other paintings at Tirumalai include a cluster of human beings
drawn out of triangles or damaru (small drum) shapes, deer, a man
riding a horse, and so on. The drawings of men, employing triangular
shapes, are in outline. V. Vedachalam, retired senior epigraphist, Tamil
Nadu Archaeology Department, discovered these paintings in 1989.Mr.
Gandhirajan said: Tirumalai is the only place where rock art is available
in both solid form and outline, and in red ochre only. This is rare.
vd;Wiuf;fpwJ http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/10/stories vDk; ,izajsk;.
gk;gukiyf;Fj; njw;fpy; mike;Js;s Fifapd; RtHfspYk;

fw;fhy Xtpaq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Rthpd; fPNo Mz; cUtq;fspd;
Xtpaq;fSk; kpUfnkhd;wpd; kPJ cUtk; mkHe;jpUg;gijg;Nghd;w
XtpaKk; fpilj;Js;sd.
Fifapd; Rthpy; kpf cr;rj;jpy; ghy; czHT Xtpak; xd;Wk;
jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;Nthtpaj;jpy; Mz; cUtj;jpd; fhy;fs; mfw;wp
itf;fg;gl;l epiyapy; tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ. Xtpaj;jpd; NfhLfs; rPuhf
,y;yhjpUg;gjhYk; Xtpak; vl;lhj njhiytpy; mjpf cauj;jpy;
,Ug;gjhYk; ePzl
; Fr;rpapd; cjtp nfhz;L Xtpak; jPll
; g;gl;bUf;fyhk;.
Xtpaj;jpd; NfhLfs; rPuhf tiuag;glhky; mjpf Nfhzy;fSld;
jPll
; g;gl;Ls;sJ (R. fz;zd;> jpUkiy jytuyhW> gf; 6 - 9). jpUkiyf;
Fd;wpy; fhzg;gLk; Xtpaq;fisg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; njhy;ypay; ifNaL
jpUkiyapYs; s Fd; w pd; kw; n whU gFjpapy; ,aw; i fahd
Fifj;jsj;jpy; goq;fhyj;Jg; ghiw Xtpaq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fhtp
tz;zj;jpy; ,it tiuag;gl;Ls;sd. fk;Gfisf; nfhz;L rz;ilapLk;
kdpjHfs>; khd;> ifNfhHj;Jf;nfhz;Lr; nry;Yk; kdpjHfs; Mfpa
cUtq;fs; tiuag;gl;Lg; gpd;dH tz;zk; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sd vd;W
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. (uh. ehuhazd;> rptfq;if khtl;lk;> njhy;ypay; ifNaL>
g. 18) Ntl;ilahba tpyq;fpd; nfhOg;gpy; fye;J tiuag;gl;l ghiw
Xtpaq;fs; nkhopmwpahj ek; Kd;NdhHfspd; KfthpahfNtj; njhpfpwJ
39
,t;Nthtpaq;fs; ,d;Wk; ey;yepiyapy; cs;sd. ,tw;iwg;

ghJfhf;f Ntz;baJ midtuJ flikahFk;. ,aw;ifapy; fpilj;j
nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L Fr;rpfspd; cjtpAld; tz;zq;fisj; njhl;L
tiue;Js;sdH. Kjypy; NfhLfis tiue;J gpd;dH mf;NfhLfSf;F
cl; g l; l gFjpfspy; tz; z q; f isg; G+rpAs; s dH. gk; g ukiyapd;
njd;fpof;Fg; gFjpapy; cs;s XH Xtpak; kl;Lk; KOikAk; fhtp
tz;zj;jhy; cs;sJ.
gpw Xtpaq;fs; ghjpf; fhtp tz;zkhfTk;
ntWk; NfhLfshfTk; cs;sd. jiyfspd; mikg;G> iftpuy;fs;>
fz;ghHit> jiyKb> cil> vd;gdtw;iwf; fhzKbfpwJ. goq;fhy
kdpjd; jd; vz;zq;fspy; Njhd;wpatw;iwf; fhl;rpg; gLj;jpAs;shd;
vd;gij ,t;Nthtpaq;fspd; top mwpa KbfpwJ.
,q;Fs;s Xtpaq;fspd; njhd;ikr;rpwg;ghy; 2009 ,y; eilngw;w
nrk;nkhop khehl;by; ,t;Nthtpaq;fs; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jij
ehNsLfs; Fwpf;fpd;wd. ,jid> nghpa ghiwfspd; kPJ mike;Js;s
,f;Nfhtpypy; gz;ila fhyj;jpy; %ypiffshy; tiuag;gl;l gy
Nfhl;Nlhtpaq;fs; cs;sd. ,U MltHfs; rz;ilapy; <Lgl;Ls;sJ
NghyTk;> gwitfs; Nghy Ntlkzpe;j kdpjHfs; NghyTk; Kf;Nfhz
tbtq;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;l kdpjd; ifapy; jkW vd;W ,ir
thj;jpaj;ij thrpg;gJ NghyTk; xU kdpjd; ifapy; fk;Gld; Fjpiuia
Xl; L tJ NghyTk; nfhf; F > eha; > khd; Mfpa cUtq; f Sk;
tiuag;gl;Ls;sd. mz;ikapy; eilngw;w cyfj; jkpo;r; nrk;nkhop
khehl;by; itf;fg;gl;l Gifg;glf; fz;fhl;rpapy; ,e;j Xtpaq;fspd;
Gifg;glq;fSk; ,lk;ngw;wpUe;jd. vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ jpdkzp
(17.04.2011).
40
KidtH j. fz;zd;
goq;fhy kdpjd; ,aw;ifr; rPw;wq;fspy; ,Ue;J jd;idf;

fhj;Jf;nfhs;sNt ,j;jpUkiyf; Fd;wpy; jq;fpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jid
jpUkiyapd; Fiffs; goq;fhy kdpjd; ,aw;ifr; rPw;wj;jpd; NghJ
jw;fhypfkhfj; jq;fpr; nrd;witvd;gH (R. fz;zd;> jpUkiy jytuyhW>
g.5).
topghLfspd; Njhw;wq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLk; mwpQHfs; kdpjd;
,aw; i fiaf; fz; L mQ; r pa fhyk; Kjw; n fhz; N l topghL
Njhd;wpajhff; $Wfpd;wdH. vdNt jpUkiy vDk; ,j;jpUj;jykhdJ
goq;fhy kdpjd; tho;e;j ,lkhfTk; ,aw;ifiaf; fz;L mQ;rpa
NghJ mk;kdpjd; topgl;l ,lkhfTk; ,Ue;Js;sij mwpaKbfpwJ.
vg;gbf; Fd;wpd; Nky; Vw;wp ,Ug;gu;? Vw;fdNt ,Uf;Fk; fy;yiwfisr;

rpijf;fhky; vg;gbg; Gjpaw;iw epu;khzpj;J ,Ug;gu;? njhopy; El;g
mwpTk;> Kd; jpl;lkplYk; ,y;yhky; ,ijr;rhjpj;J ,Uf;f KbahJ.
vdNtjhd; VNjh ehk; Kd;Ndwptpl;Nlhk;> mtu;fs; fw;fhykdpju;fs;
vd;W tha; $rhky; nrhy;y Kbatpy;iy!
Monday, March 5, 2012 md;W fizahop gj;jpupf;ifapy; ntspte;j

fl;Liu> vfpg;ijr; Rl;Lk; jpUkiy fw;fhy Xtpak; vDk; jiyg;gpy;
mike;Js;sJ. ,jid eh. fz;zd; mtHfs; vOjpAs;shH. ,f;fl;Liu
jpUkiy Xtpaq; f is vfpg; j paj; nja; t k; gazj; j pw; f hd
er;rj;jpuq;fisf; fhl;LtijAk; mt;tifapNy jpUkiy Xtpaq;fSk;
gazj; j pw; f hd er; r j; j puq; f isf; fhl; b aike; J s; s d vd; g ijf;
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
,jpy; ,d;Dk; ngupa mjprak; vd;dntdpy; fw;fhyf; fyhr;rhuk;

vd;gJ ,q;fpyhe;J> fpNuf;fk;> JUf;fp> ,e;jpah> ,e;NjhdPrpah vd;W
J}uf;fpof;fpy; nfhupahtiu ,Ug;gJ. ,J vg;gbr; rhj;jpag;gl;lJ?
cjhuzkhf jkpo; kuG mwf;fl;lis (www.tamilheritage.org)
rkPgj;jpy; Nkw;nfhz;l fsg;gzpapy; rptfq;if tl;lj;ijr; rhu;e;j
jpUkiy vDk; jpUj;jyj;jpy; (jpUg;gj;J}u; NghFk;top) cs;s fw;ghiw
Xtpaq;fis mit moptjw;F Kd; epue;jug;gLj;Jk; Kaw;rpapy;
,wq;fpaJ. mg;NghJ mq;F nrt;tz;zj;jpy; tiuag;gl;l ,uz;L
Xtpaq; f s; kpfKf; f pakhditahfg; g l; l d. Vnddpy; > vfpg; j pa
nja;tq;fSs;
mf;fl;Liuahtd>
fw;fhyk; vd;gJ cz;ikapNyNa
fw;fhykh? vd;w Nfs;tp mt;tg;NghJ mwpQu;fs; kdjpy; vOe;Jnfhz;Nl
,Uf; f pwJ. re; j pudpy; fhy; i tf; F k; njhopy; E l; g k; epiwe; j
21Mk;E}w;whz;by; tho;eJ
; nfhz;L> ,d;W ehk; fw;fhy kdpjd; rhjpj;jit
vd;W fhZk; vr;rq;fs; mt;tsT rhjhuzkhfj; Njhd;wtpy;iy.
cjhuzkhf fpU\;zfpup khtl;lj;jpy; ,uz;L Fd;Wfspd; Nky; epuk;gg;
ngUq;fw;fhyf; fy;yiwfs; cs;sd. xd;W ,uz;ly;y E}w;Wf;fzf;fpy;.
mit nrq;fy; fl;llq;fshf ,Ue;jpUe;jhy; Mr;rupag;gl Ntz;bajpy;iy.
Mdhy; ,uz;L kPl;lupypUe;J 5 kPl;lu; cau> mfyKs;s fw;$iufis
vg; g b ,t; t sT mofhf cUthf; f pdhu; f s; ? vg; g b mitfis
mLf;fpdhu;fs;? vq;F ,jw;fhdfw;fis ntl;b vLj;jhu;fs;? Nghd;w
Nfs;tpfs; ek;ik Mr;rupag; gLj;Jk;. Cupy; xUtu; ,we;Jtpl;lhy;>
clNd ,k;khjpupf; fy;yiwfis cUthf;fptpl KbahJ.
rpythuq;fshtJ MFk; xd;iw cUthf;f. vdNt mf;fhyj;jpy;
,jw;fhd njhopw;rhiyfs; ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Cupy; VjhtJ xd;W
vd;why; jahuhf xU fy;yiw ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. nrd;idapy;
,g;NghJ Fg;igf;$sq;fis ms;sf; $l fduf ,ae;jpuq;fisg;
gad;gLj;Jfpwhu;fs;. mg;gb ,Uf;f ,j;jifa fdkhd ghiwf;$iufis
41
42
KidtH j. fz;zd;
tpz; z urd; vd; W fUjg; g Lk; N`hu]; vDk; fOFf; f Oj; J s; s
nja; t cUtk; ,q; F > jkpoff; Fd; W xd; w py; tiuag; g l; b Ug; g J
mjpraky;yth?,e;jf;fw;fhykf;fs; gyu; epidg;gJ Nghy; ehfupfj;jpy;
gpd;jq;fpatu;fs; ,y;iy vd;W Njhd;WfpwJ. Vnddpy; nrk;nkhop (2009
R+iy -jprk;gu;) ,jopy; GJvOj;J kNdhd;kzp mtu;fs; gjpg;gpj;Js;s
rpy Xtpaq;fs; ,k;kf;fs; tptrhapfs; vd;gij ep&gpf;fpd;wd (mtuJ
mDkjpAld; glk; ,q;F kPzL
; k; ntspaplg;gLfpwJ).rup> ,k;kf;fs; vg;gbg;
gazg;-gl;bUg;gu;? ,q;fpyhe;J Kjy; nfhupah tiu gutpAs;s xU ehfuPfk;
ntWk; fhy;eilapy; kl;Lk; gutpapUf;Fkh? ,y;iy ,tu;fSf;Ff;
fg;gy;gazk; gw;wpa mwpT ,Ue;jjh? ,f;Nfs;tpf;F tpilahfj; jpUkiy
Xtpaq;fs; rpy A+fq;fis Kd;itf;fpd;wd. cjhuzkhf> njd;dff;
flw;gazk; vd;gJ JUtel;rj;jpuj;ijtpl njd;df thdpy; kpfj; njspthfj;
njupAk; kpUfrPup\k; vDk; el;rj;jpuf; $l;lj;ijNa topfhl;bahf vLj;Jf;
nfhz;lJ. ghy;tj
P papd; ikag;gFjpapy; mikAk; Xupad; vDk; ,k;kz;lyk;
cyfpd; vg;gFjpapy; gazg;gl;lhYk; njupAk;. jkpou;fs;> njd;dhrpah>
J}uf;fpof;F ehLfSf;Fg; gazg;glntz;Lnkdpy; kpUfrPup\Nk gpujhdk;.
mitthdpd; fpof;Nf [_iy Kjy; Mf];L tiu khiy NtisapYk;>
brk;gu; -[dtup khjq;fspy; mjpfhiyapYk; njupAk;. flNyhb eura;ah
jUk; Fwpg;GfspypUe;J ijkhjk;gpwe;J MUj;uh juprdk; Mfptpby; fpof;Nf
gazg;gl VJthd gUtf;fhw;W cUthfptpLtjhy;> njhiyJ}ug; gazk;
nfhs;Sk; tpahghupfsplk; ij gpwe;jhy; top gpwf;Fk; vDk; gonkhop
cUthfp ,Ug;gjhfj; njupfpwJ. ,e;jr; R+oy; Qhdk; vd;gJ njhd;W
njhl;Lf; fw;fhyf; fyhrhuj;jpNyNa ,Ue;jpUf;f tha;g;Gs;sJ. Vnddpy;
jpUkiy fw;ghiw Xtpaq;fs; kpfj;njspthf Xupad; thd;kz;lyk; ekf;Ff;
fhl;Lk; kpUfrpuk; (kpUfrPup\k;) vDk; glj;ij ek; fz; Kd;Nd itf;fpwJ.
fpNuf;fj; njhd;kj;jpy; $l ths; J}f;fpa tPud; xUtupd; Njhw;wj;ijNa
,k;kz;lyk; epidTWj;Jtjhff; nfhs;tu;. mt;tifapy; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ
xUifia NkNyJ}f;fp> ,d;ndhUifia ky;Yf;Ff; fhl;LtJ Nghy;
mikAk; ,t;Nthtpak; Xupad; el;rj;jpuf;FOit fhl;LtJ Nghy; ,Uf;f
tha;g;Gz;L. VjhtJ Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ,y;iynadpy; Ntiy nkdf;nfl;L
kiyNky; Vwp> kpfTk; fbdkhd ruptpy;> rhuk;fl;b fhyj;ij ntd;W
epw;ff;$ba tz;zr;rhwpy; ,t;Nthtpaq;fis tiue;jpUf;f khl;lhu;fs;.
43
44
KidtH j. fz;zd;
Mf vfpg;jpa ehfupfj;jpd; xU nja;tk; jkpo; kz;zpy;

tiuag;gl;bUg;gJk;> mJNt tzpf topfhl;Lk; FwpaPlhf miktJk;
jw; n ray; my; y vd; W Njhd; W fpwJ. Vnddpy; nghUe; j y;
mfo;thuha;r;rpapy; fpilj;j mNj KJkf;fs; jhopfs;> fz;zhb
kzpkhiy> gtskzpkhiy> ghid vOj;Jf;fs;> ,Uk;G MAjq;fs;>
Fjpiuiag; ghtpj;jpUg;gjw;fhd milahsq;fs;> fw;fhy fy;yiwfs;
,it mg;gbNa fhah vDk; njhd;ikahd nfhupag; gFjpapy;
fpilg;ghNdd;? ,j;jid Mapuk; iky;fis ,k;kf;fs; vg;gbf;fle;J
,Ug;gu;? mJTk; ,uz;lhapuk;> %thapuk; tUlq;fSf;F Kd;? ,k;khjpupg;
gok; rhd;Wfs; vj;jidNah Nrjpfisr; nrhy;yyhk;! mit> mjw;Fupa
kupahijAld; ghJfhf;fg; gl;lhy;! jpUkiy KOtJk; jpUl;Lf;
fhjyu;fspd; ngau;fNs ,d;W ,t;Nthtpaq;fspd; NkNy nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd! muR eltbf;if vLf;fg; Nghtjhf nra;jpj;jhs; nrhy;fpwJ.
45
46
KidtH j. fz;zd;
fpU~;zfpupapd; fw;ghiwf; fy;yiwfs; ghjpf;FNky; tPlL

; epiyg;gb
kpjpfw;fshf khwptpl;ld vd RftdKUfd; (GJvOj;J kNdhd;kzp)
nrhy;fpwhu;. mtu; rpy tUlq;fSf;F Kd; fzf;fpl;l Kd;D}W
fy;yiwfspy; gj;Njh gjpd;ndhd;Nwhjhd; ,d;W ghu;fF
; k;gb cs;sjhfr;
nrhy;fpwhu;. %thapuk; tUlq;fs; jhf;Fg;gpbj;j rupj;jpur; rhd;Wfs;
21Mk;E}w;whz;Lj; jkpodhy; R+iwahlg;gLfpd;wd vDk; nra;jpiaf;
Nfl;Fk; NghJ> fw;fhy kdpjd; ehfupfk; nfhz;ltdh? ,y;iy>
re;jpuhazh nrYj;Jk; 21Mk;E}w;whz;Lj; jkpod; ehfupfkhdtdh? vd;w
Jf;fkhd Nfs;tp vohky; ,y;iy!. ,f;fl;Liu jpUkiy Xtpaj;jpw;F
NkYk; tz;zk; jPl;bajhf mikfpwJ.
jhop cs;s ,lj;ij kjkjf;fj; jhop vd;wiof;fpd;wdH. KJkf;fl;

jhop vd;gjd; jphpghf kjkjf;fj;jhop vd;gJk; kjkjf;fr;rhiy vd;gJk;
toq;fpapUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij czuKbfpwJ. ,q;F tl;ltbt
mikg; g py; mLf; f p itf; f g; g l; b Uf; F k; KJkf; f l; jhopf; fw; f s;
nts; i sepwf; fw; f shf cs; s jhYk;
kpf eP z ; l gug; g stpy;
fhzg;gLtjhy; nghl;lyhfTk; Nehf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy;; ,g;gFjp kf;fs;
,e;jf; fy;tl;lq;fis nts;sf;fy; nghl;ly; vd;W miof;fpd;wdH.
rpyH ,t; t plq; f spy; Kdp ,Ug; g jhfTk; mq; F r; rpwpatajpdH
nry;;yf;$lhJ vd;Wk; $Wfpd;wdH. rpyH ,t;tplq;fspy; ,Ue;J ,uT
Neuq;fspy; gy tpsf;Ffs; jpUkiyia Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; vd;Wk;
Fwpf; f pd; w dH. kf; f s; nfhz; L s; s ,f; f Uj; J f; f s; ,t; t plq; f s;
KJkf;fisg; Gijj;jpUf;Fk; ,lk; vd;gij ntspf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.
<kr; rpd;dq;fs;
jpUkiyapd; tlfpof;fpy; rw;Wj; njhiytpy; ehkD}H vDk;
rpw;W}H cs;sJ. mt;t+h; ehkdpf;fz;khapd; tlf;Ff; fiur; rhptpy;
Vwf;Fiwa %d;W Vf;fH epyj;jpy; Ik;gjpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ngUq;fw;fhyf;
fy;tl;lq;fs; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd.
fy; t l; l q; f s; vd; g J ngUq; f w; f hyf; <kr; r pd; d q; f spy;
xUtifahFk; . rtf; F opap; d ; Nkw; g Fjp milf; f g; g l; L r; rpwpaJk;
nghpaJkhd fw;fs; tl;lkhf mLf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.. ,we;NjhH epidthfg;
ngUq;fw;fisf;nfhz;L fy;yiw vOg;gp mij tzq;Fk; tof;fk;
njd;dpe;jpahtpy; fp.K. 1000 Mz;Lfs; Kjy;; tof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J
te;Js;sJ vd;gH (f.,uhrd;> jpdkzp jkpo;kzp> eLfy;Yk; ngUq;fw;fhyg;
gz;ghLk;> g.2). ,we;jtHfisj; jhopapypl;Lg; Gijf;Fk; tof;fj;ijr;
rq;f ,yf;fpag; ghly;fs; Fwpj;Js;sd (Gweh. 238:1-5> ew;. 27:11-12>
gjpw;. 44:22-23). ngUq;fw;fhyj;ij ,Uk;Gf;fhyk; vd;Wk; miog;gH.
,jd; fhytuk;G Vwf;Fiwa fp.K.1000 Kjy; fp.gp.500 tiu vdf;
nfhs;tH khHbkH tPyH (fh. FU%Hj;jp> njhy;nghUs; Ma;Tk; jkpoH
gz;ghLk;>g.25). gpuk;kfphpap;y; (fHehlfh) ele;j mfoha;it mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L njd;dfj;jpYs;s Vida ngUq;fw;fhyr; rpd;dq;fSk; fp.K.
3 Mk; E}w; w hz; i lr; rhHe; j it vd; g H (R. Venkataraman, Indian
Archaeology (A Survey), P. 129). ,q;Ff; fhzg;gLk; fy;tl;lq;fspd;
fhyj;ijf; fp.K.5 Mk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; fp.K.3 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiuf;
nfhs;syhk; vd;fpwhH R. fz;zd; (jpUkiy jytuyhW> g.13). ,e;j
<kr;rpd;dq;fis ,g;gFjp kf;fs; kjkjf;fr;rhiy vd;Wk; nts;sf;fy;
nghl;ly; vd;Wk; miof;fpd;wdH. GJf;Nfhl;il khtl;lj;jpy; KJkf;fs;
,e;jf; fz;khapd; ghjpastpw;F ,f;fy;tl;lq;fs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ePzl
; ehl;fshfj; jz;zHP Njq;fpapUf;Fk; gFjp vd;gjhy;
,f;fy;tl;lq;fs; kz;Zf;Fs; Gije;Js;sd. vdpDk; fw;fs; gutyhff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
47
48
ehkD}H ehkdpf;fz;khapy; fhzg;gLk; fy;tl;lq;fs;.
KidtH j. fz;zd;
Njhz;bnaLg;gjw;F kpfTk; fbdg;gl;ljhfj; njhptpf;fpwhH ,t;T+Hf;
fpU~;zf;Nfhd; mtHfs;. njhy;ypay; Ma;thsHfs; KJkf;fs; jhopapd;
mikg;Gfisf;$wp ,J Nghd;W ,e;j Chpy; vq;NfahtJ ghHj;Js;sHP fsh?
vd;W Nfl;ldH.
gyUk; gy ,lq;fisf; fhz;gpj;jdH.
Mdhy;
mq;nfy;yhk; ,j;jhop fpilf;ftpy;iy. ,Wjpapy; fz;kha;f;Fs; mjpf
mstpy; fw;fs; fhzg;gLk; xU gFjp ,Uf;fpwJ.
mjid te;J
ghUq; f s; vd; N whk; .
mt; t plj; i j mile; j Ma; t hsH kpFe; j
kfpo;rr
; paile;jhH. ,JNt ehk; NjbaJ vd;Wiuj;jhH. gpwF Kiwahf
mjpfhhpfs; tutiof;fg;gl;L ,q;fpUe;j ,e;jj; jhop
Njhz;bnaLf;fg;gl;lJ vd;whH. mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpy; vLj;j KJkf;fs;
jhopapd; glj;ij mthplk; fhz;gpj;j nghOJ nghpJk; kfpo;rr
; paile;jtH>
,J jhd; jk;gp ehq;fs; Njhz;bnaLj;jJ vd;W ngUiknghq;ff;
$wpf;nfhz;lhH.
RLkz; nghk; i kfs
kfs;
ehkdpf;fz;kha;f; fy;tl;lq;fspy; xd;W.
,J ehkdpf;fz;khapy; Njhz;bnaLf;fg;gl;l KJkf;fl;jhop.

jw;nghOJ rptfq;if mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpy; fhl;rpf;F
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. (ed;wp: rptfq;if mUq;fhl;rpafk;) ,j;jhopiaj;
49
,j;jpUj;jyj;jpd; kiyAr;rpapy; ,aw;ifahd Fiffspd; mbfspy;

goq;fhyj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l RLkz;ghid XLfSk;
RLkz;nghk;ikfspd; cile;j ghfq;fSk; fpilj;Js;sd. ,jid>
jpUkiyf;Fd;wpd; cr;rpapy; goq;fhy Xtpaq;fs; tiuag;gl;Ls;s
FiffSf;F mUfpy; gz;ila fhyj;J cile;j RLkz; nghk;ikfSk;
fphPlKk; fs Ma;tpd; NghJ fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk; ed;F Rlg;gl;l
nre;epwg; ghid XLfSk; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ghid XLfspy; gjpf;fg;gl;l
moF Ntiyg; g hLfs; (Kf; N fhzj; j pd; cs; N s rpW tl; l q; f s; )
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. RLkz; nghk;ikfs; nra;ag;gl;bUf;Fk; tpjk;> mitfs;
goq;fhyj;ijr; rhHe;jitNa vdf; $Wk; tifapy; mike;Js;sJ.
ahidnahd;wpd; jiyg;gFjpAk; cile;j fphPlj;jpd; vQ;rpa gFjpANk
fs Ma;tpy; fpilj;Js;s RLkz; nghk;ikfshFk; vd;W Fwpg;gpLtH.
(R. fz;zd;> jpUkiy jytuyhW> gf;.45>46). ,r;RLkz; nghk;ikfspd;
RtLfs; vJTk; ,d;W fpilf;fg;ngwtpy;iy. RLkz; nghk;ikfs;
fz; n lLf; f g; g l; l
Fiffs; kpf eP z ; l jhfTk; ,Ul; l hfTk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,f;Fifapd; cs;;Ns ghJfhg;GfSld; nrd;W
Ma;Tnra;jhy; RLkz; nghk;ikfs; Nghd;W ,d;Dk; gy njy;ypay;
jlaq;fs; fpilf;fg;ngwyhk;.
rkzH gLf; i ffs;
jpUkiyf;Fd;wpd; cr;rpapy; gk;gukiyf;F Nkw;Nf cs;s nghpa
nghpa ghiwfspd; ,iztpy; tlf; F Nehf; f p
,U Fiffs;
mike;Js;sd. mtw;wpd; mbj;jsg; gFjpapy; rkzHfspd; gLf;iffs;
50
KidtH j. fz;zd;
ntl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. ,g;gFjp kf;fs; ,jidg; ghz;ltH gLf;if vdTk;

,uhkH;ri
P j gLf;if vdTk; miof;fpd;wdH. ,jidr; rpj;jH gLf;iffs;
vd;W $WtijAk;; fhzKbfpwJ. ,q;Fr; rpj;jHfs; tho;ej
; dH. mtHfs;
,k;kiyf; Fiffspd; cs;Ns nrd;W [Ptrkhjp mile;Js;sdH.
mtHfSf;F ,wg;G vd;gJ fpilahJ. ,wg;igg; ngha;ahf;Fk; %ypiffs;
,f; F d; i wr; rhHe; J fpilj; J s; s d. Fwpg; g hfg; ngha; f ; f hy; g l; b >
ngha;f;fhypf;fz;kha; vDk; gFjpfspy; mk;%ypiffs; ,Ue;Js;sd.
fhy; vd;why; fhw;W. ,q;F %r;Rf; fhw;iwf; Fwpf;fpwJ. %r;Rf;fhw;W
ngha;ahfpr; nrd;Wtplhky; fhf;Fk; %ypif cs;s ,lk; vd;gjhy;
,t;tplq;fs; ngha;f;fhypg;gl;b vd;Wk; ngha;f;fhypf;fz;kha; vd;Wk;
miof; f g; g l; L s; s d.
mk; % ypiffisf; nfhz; L k; Kiwahd
gapw;rpfspd; %yKk; [Ptrkhjpaile;j rpj;jHfspd; rf;jpapdhNy
,f;Nfhapypy; topgLk; midj;J kf;fspd; FiwfSk; eptHj;jpahfpd;wd
vd;W $Wfpd;wdH. (fs Ma;tpd; NghJ ma;ahr;rhkpf; FUf;fs; $wpaJ.)
nrJf;fpAs;sdH.
,t;tha;f;fhy; kio ePH gLf;iff;Fs; CHe;J
te;Jtplhky; jLf;fpwJ. NkNy cs;s ghiwfspy; ,Ue;J jz;zPHr;
nrhl;Lfs; fPNo tpohky; ,Uf;f Nky; ghiwapd; tpspk;Gfspy; xU
nfhLq;if Nghd;w rpd;d tisT ntl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
rkzj; Jwtpfs; ik#H khepyj;jpypUe;J nfhq;F ehl;bd;

topahfj; jkpo;ehl;bw;F te;Js;sdH. tUk; topNa nfhq;F ehl;by;
jq; f pa rkzHfs; rpwpJ fhyj; j pw; F g; gpwF njw; F Nehf; f pg;
ghz;baehl;bw;Fr; rpyUk; fpof;F Nehf;fpj; njhz;il ehl;bw;Fr; rpyUk;
nrd;Ws;sdH. ghz;ba ehl;bw;F te;j rkzHfisg; gw;wp fp.gp.2 Mk;
E}w; w hz; b y; ,Ue; J fy; n tl; L r; nra; j pfs; fpilf; f pd; w d
(m. rk;gfyl;Rkp> rkzk; Ma;Tj; Njd;> g.23).
guq;
guq; F d; n whUtfk; gg; g huk; gs; s p
,Uq;Fd;wk; Nguhe;ij Mid - ,Uq;Fd;wk;
vd; n wl; L ntw; G k; vLj; j pak; g ty; y hHf; F r;
nrd; n wl; L Nkh gpwtpj; jP q ; F
vDk; gok;ghly; kJiuiar; Rw;wpapUe;j rkzj; jpUj;jyq;fisg;
gw;wpf; $WfpwJ.
,j;jpUj;jyq;fspy; trpj;J te;j rkzHfNs
kJiuiar; Rw;wpAs;s gy CHfspy; fhzg;gLk; rkzg; gLf;iffspy;
tho;e;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. kJiu kw;Wk; mjd; Rw;Wg;Gwg; gFjpfshd
mhpl;lhgl;b> fUq;fhyf;Fb> fPotsT> tpf;fpukq;fyk;> mofHkiy>
Midkiy> jpUg;guq;Fd;wk;> jpUkiy> thpr;rpa+H> Fd;wf;Fb> Gf*H
Mfpa ,lq;fspy; rkzg; gLf;iffs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jpUkiyapy;
fhzg;gLk; rkzg; gLf;iffspd; mikg;G kpfTk; ftdj;Jf;Fhpajhf
cs;sJ. ,g;gLf;iffs; rkjsg;gLf;ifahf ,y;yhky; jiyitf;Fk;
gFjp caukhfTk; mq;fpUe;J fhy; ePlL
; k; gFjp xNu rPuhd ,wf;fkhfTk;
cs;sd. ,g;gLf;iffisr; Rw;wpr; rpwpa tha;f;fhy; Nghd;W ghiwapy;
51
gLf;ifia xl;bg; gs;sk;

Njhz;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
kioePH gLf;iff;Fs; te;Jtplhky;
,t;tha;ff
; hy; topNa nrd;Ws;sij
,g;glk; fhl;LfpwJ.
rkzg;gLf;iffs; mike;Js;s
Fifj;jsj;Jg; ghiwfspd;
Nky;gFjpapy; nfhLq;if Nghy;
ntl;lg;gl;bUg;gijf; fhz;f.
rkzg; g s; s pfs; kw; W k; gLf; i ffs; fhzg; g Lk; ,lq; f s;

topghl;bw;Fupadthf ,Ue;J> gpwF mt;tplq;fspNyNa jpUf;Nfhapy;fs;
Njhw;wk; ngw;Ws;sd. ,tw;why; ngUq;fw; fhyj; jkpoHfshy; topgl;l
jykhfg; Nghw;wg;gl;l ,j;; jpUj;jyk; rkzHfspd; tho;tplkhfTk; rkzH
fhy topghl;blkhfTk; ,Ue;Js;sij mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
Rt]; j pf;
jpUkiyapy; rkzH gLf;iffs; fhzg;gLk; ,lj;jpw;F Nky;
Rt];jpf; vdg;gLk; Kj;jpiu ghiwapy; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,k;Kj;jpiu
jkpofj;Js; NtW vq;Fk; fhzg;glhj mhpa rpwg;ghFk;.
,jid Swastika sign incised on a jain bed, not found in other Jain
sites in the State vd;gH (http://www.hindu.com /2010/01/09/stories )
Rt];jpf; Kj;jpiuapy; NkNy ,Uf;Fk; fpilf;NfhL Nehf;Fk; jpirapd;
mbg;gilapy; tyk; Nehf;F> ,lk; Nehf;F vd;gd jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
52
KidtH j. fz;zd;
,f;NfhL ghu;gg
; tu;fspd; tyg;gf;fk; Nehf;fpapUe;jhy; mJ tyk; Nehf;fpa
Rt];jpfh. ,lg;Gwk; Nehf;fpapUe;jhy; mJ ,lk; Nehf;fpa Rt];jpfh
thFk;. ,q;Ff; fhzg;gLk; Rt];jpf; Kj;jpiu tyk; Nehf;fpa Rt];jpf;
MFk;. ,J ,e;jpar; rkaq;fshd ,e;J> ngsj;jk;> rkzk; Mfpatw;wpy;
gutyhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdpDk; ,q;Ff; fhzg;gLk; Rt];jpf;
Kj;jpiu rkzg;gLf;iffSld; fhzg;gLtjhy; ,J rkz rkaj;jtuhy;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;ljw;fhd rhd;whf mikfpd;wJ.
nfhLj;jijg; gw;wp ,it njhptpf;fpd;wd. vf;fhnthH fhtpjpfd; nfhwpa

ghspq; vd;W vOjg;ngw;Ws;sJ. vf;fhl;^iur; rhHe;j fhtpjp nfhw;wpj;
je;j ghspa (ghop) vd;gJ ,jd; nghUshFk;. ,uz;lhtJ fy;ntl;L
thrfj;jpd; Kw;gFjpAk; gpw;gFjpAk; rpije;J fpilj;Js;s ,f;fy;ntl;L
tfhuz;il vd;W fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,f;fy;ntl;Lf;fs; ,uz;Lk; fp.K.
2 Mk; E}w; w hz; i lr; rhHe; j itahFk.; tuyhw; W r; rpwg; G kpf; f
,f;fy;ntl;Lf;fisj; njhy;;nghUs; Ma;Tj;Jiw mYtyHfs; jpU. R.
,uhrNfhghy;> jpU. nt. Ntjhryk;> jpU. nrh. rhe;jypq;fk; MfpNahH
fz;lwpe;jdH vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhH (uh. ehuhazd;> rptfq;if khtl;lk;
njhy;ypay; ifNaL gf;. 17>18)
,e;jr; Rt];jpf; tbtk; gz;ila ,e;jpahtpd;> rpe;Jntsp

ehfupff; fhyj;jpy; gad;ghl;by; ,Ue;jjhfj; njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfspd;
%yk; njupa tUfpwJ vd; g H (http://tawp.in/r/2ezm). ,jdhy;
,j;jpUj;jyj;jpd; goik czug;gLfpwJ.
gpuhkpf; fy; n tl; L fs;

rkzH gLf;iffs; fhzg;gLk; Fifapd; mUfpy; cs;s
kw; n whU Fifapd; new; w papy; jkpo; g ; gpuhkpf; fy; n tl; L fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,J Nghd;W mofHkiy> fOFkiy> ehfkiy>
rpj;jHkiy> jpUg;guq;Fd;wk;> nfhq;fH Gspaq;Fsk;> fPotsT> Kj;Jg;gl;b>
mhpl;lhgl;b> fUq;fhyf;Fb> thpr;rpa+H> kUfhy;jiy> Fd;df;Fb> f&H
MWehl;lhH kiy> vDk; ,lq;fspy; jkpo;g; gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ghz;ba ehl;Lf; Fd;Wfspy; fhzg;gLk; (gpuhkp)
vOj;Jf;fs; mNrhfH fhyj;Jf; fy;ntl;Lr; rhrdq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;
gpuhkp vOj; i j xj; j pUg; g jhy; ,it fp.K. 3Mk; E}w; w hz; b y;
mikf;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gH kapiy.rPdp Ntq;flrhkp (ngsj;jKk;
jkpOk;> g.26). jpUkiyapy; fhzg;gLk; jkpo;g; gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;L
thrfkhdJ
vf;fhL CH fhtpjpfd; nfhwpa ghtpa vd;gjhFk;.
vf;fhl;^iur; rhHe;j fhtpjpfd; ,f;Fifj; jsj;Jg; gLf;ifia
cUthf;fpdhd;. vd;gJ ,f;fy;ntl;bd; nghUshFk; (R. fz;zd;>
jpUkiy jytuyhW> g.15). ,f;fy;ntl;L 1992 ,y; kpfTk; mope;jepiyapy;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,q;F tfuhz;il vd;W thrpf;fg;gl;l kw;nwhU
fy;ntl;Lk; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. jkpo;g; gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lfs; jq;fSf;Fg;
gLf;if mikj;Jf; nfhLj;jtHfSf;F ed;wpf;fldha;r; rkzHfs;
ntl;Ltpj;jjhfj; njhpfpwJ. ,f;fy;ntl;Lfisg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLifapy;
mz;ikapy; jkpo;ehL muR njhy;nghUs; Ma;Tj;Jiw jpUkiyapYs;s
gQ;rghz;ltH gLf;ifg; gFjpapy; ,uz;lhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;l
,uz;L fy;ntl;Lfisf; fz;lwpe;Js;sJ.
jpUkiyf; Nfhapypd;
gpd;GwKs;s ,uz;L ,aw;ifahd Fifj; jsq;fspy; fw;gLf;iffs;
nra;J rkz rka KdptHfs; tho;tjw;F ciwtplk; Vw;gLj;jpf;
53
nghJthfj; jkpofj;jpy; fpilf;Fk; jkpo;g; gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lfspd;

fhyj;ijf; fp.K 3Mk; E}w;whz;L vd;gH. ,jid jkpo; nkhopapy;
gy; y hapuf; fzf; f hd fy; n tl; L fs; cs; s d. ,tw; W s; kpfg;
goikahditg; gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;LfshFk;.
,f;fy;ntl;Lfs; fp.K.
%d; w hk; E}w; w hz; i lr; rhHe; j itvd; W iug; g H (R. rf; j pNty; >
jkpo;nkhoptuyhW> g.63). ,jdhy; jpUkiyapy; fpilf;Fk; gpuhkpf;
fy;ntl;bd; fhyj;ijf; fp.K 3Mk; E}w;whz;bw;F Kw;gl;l goikAilaJ
vdf;nfhs;sKbAk;.
jpUkiyg; gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lr; nrhw;fis NtW ,lq;fspy;
fhzg;gLk; gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhzKbfpwJ.
jpUkiy gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lfs;
gpw ,lq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;

gpuhkpf; fy; n tl; L fs;
fzp, e jh ]PhpaFt
nts; miwa; epfkJ
fhtpjp ,a; fhop jpf me;ij m
]jd; gpzh C nfhLgp Njhd;
(mhpl;lhgl;b fy;ntl;L)
vf; f hL CH fhtpjpfd; nfhwpa

ghtpa (R. fz;zd;> jpUkiy
jytuyhW> g.15)
vf; f hnthH fhtpjpfd; nfhwpa
ghspq; (uh. ehuhazd; > rptfq; i f
vUNfh^H <o FLk;gpfd; Nghyhyad;
khtl;lk; njhy;ypay; ifNaL gf;. 17>18) nra;
jh Ma;r;ad;
neL rhj;jd;(jpUg;guq;Fd;wf; fy;ntl;L)

vU fhl; ^ U
f;Nfhd; ngUguzd;
(gps;isahH gl;bf; fy;ntl;L)
fhzpa ehe;jh ]phpaF md; jkhk;
,jh nebQ;rhopahd; ]hyhfhd;
,shQ; rhbfhd; jhe;ija; rhbfhd;
ghspa;
nrapghghspa;
(fOF kiyf; fy;ntl;L)
54
KidtH j. fz;zd;
jpUkiyg; gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; fhzg;gLk; fhtpjp> vf;fhnthH>

ghsp> vDk; nrhw;fisg; gpw gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; fhzKbfpwJ.
fhtpjp vd;w nrhy; jpUkiyf; fy;ntl;bYk; mhpl;lhgl;bf; fy;ntl;bYk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. vf;fhnthH vdf; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s vf;fhl;^H vDk;
CHg;ngaiuj; jpUkiy> jpUg;guq;Fd;wk; kw;Wk; gps;isahHgl;bf;
fy;ntl;Lf;fspYk;; ghsp vDk; nrhy;iyj; jpUkiy kw;Wk; fOFkiyf;
fy;ntl;bYk; fhzKbfpwJ.
,j;jyj;jpy; cs;s tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;ig kf;fSf;F czHj;jp mtHfSf;F

tpopg;GzHit Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,t;t+Hg; nghJkf;fs; ngupJk;
tpUk;Gfpd;wdH.
jpUkiyf; fy;ntl;by; vf;fhL CH vd;Wk; vf;fhnthH vd;Wk;

Fwpf;fg;gLtJ vUf;fhl;^H MFk;. vf;fhl;^H vd;Dk; Ciur; rptfq;if
khtl;lj;ijr; rhHe;j gps;isahHgl;b vd;Wk; $WtH.
,jidj;
jpUg;guq;Fd;wj;jpy; ;fhzg;gLk; ,f;fhyf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; ,t;tif
vOj;jpy; vUfhl;^H vd;W fhzg;gLfpwJ.
me;jf; fy;ntl;by;
Fwpf; f g; n gWk; vUfhl; ^ H gps; i sahHgl; b ahf ,Uf; f yhk; vd; g J
Muha;r;rpahsH rpyhpd; fUj;J vd;gH;. (rh. fNzrd;> gps;isahHgl;bj;
jytuyhW> gf; . 11> 12) jpUg; g j; J }H tl; l k; gps; i sahHgl; b >
fhiuf;FbapypUe;J jpUg;Gj;J}H nry;Yk; topapy; 18MtJ fpNyhkPll
; hpy;
Fd;wf;Fbf;F mLj;J cs;sJ. ,q;Fs;s Nfhapy.; xd;gJ efuf;
Nfhapy;fSs; xd;W.
ghz;baehl;L tuyhw;wpy; kpfj;njhd;ikahd
Filtiuf; Nfhapyhfr; RkhH 1600 tUlq;fSf;F Kd;G mike;jjhFk;.
,t;t+Uf;F vUf;fhl;^H> kUjq;Fb> jpUtPq;iff;Fb> ,uhrehuhazGuk;
vd;W ngaHfs; ,Ue;jpUg;gijf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; njhptpf;fpd;wd
(rptfq;if khtl;lk;> njhy;ypay; ifNaL> g. 64) ghtpa vd;Wk; ghspq;
vd;Wk; Fwpf;fg;gLk; nrhy; ghsp vd;gjhFk;.
ghsp vd;gJ gs;sp
vd;gjd; jphpghFk;. ,fu <w;Wr; nrhw;fspd; ,WjpapYk; Ifhu <w;Wr;
nrhw;fspd; ,WjpapYk; afu nka; NrHj;J vOJjy; mf;fhy tof;fkhFk;.
cjhuzk; gsp,a; je;ija; vd;gH. (R. rf;jpNty;> jkpo;nkhop tuyhW>
g.68) fhtpjp vd;gJ kd;dHfshy; toq;fg;gLk; rpwg;Gg; gl;lg;ngauhFk;.
,q;Ff; nfhwpa vd;W Fwpf;fg; gl;bUf;Fk; nrhy;iyg; gpw gpuhkpf;
fy; n tl; L f; f Sld; xg; g pl; L g; ghHf; F k; NghJ ,J nfhLgpNjhd;
(mhpl;lhgl;bf; fy;ntl;L) vd;Nwh my;yJ nfhl;LgpNjhd; (jpUthjT+Hf;
fy;ntl;L) vd;Nwh ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij czuyhk;.
Filtiu
kiyf; n fhOe; j P R tu; NfhapYf; F s; nrd; w Tld; tlf; F
Nehf;fpathW Filtiu xd;W cs;sJ. ,f;Filtiu Kw;fhyg;
ghz;baHfhyf; FiltiuahFk;.
jkpoff; Filtiufspd; tuyhw; w py; ghz; b aHfSf; F j; ;
jdpg;ngUikAz;L.
jkpofj;Js; Filtiufis Kjd;Kjyhfj;
Njhw;Wtpj;jtHfs; ghz;baHfNs MtH. ,jid> Some Scholars say
that this cave art was practiced by the Pallavas and then followed
by the Pantiyas. The first rock-cut temple was excavated by Mamalla
in the 7th century A.D. But the date of the Pillaiyarpatti is 5-6th
century A.D according to the Brahmi inscriptions in the art at first
in Tamil Nadu. These are rock-cut temple in Aralipparai,
Pillaiyarpatti, Mahipalanpatti, Kunrakudi, Tirumalai, Sevalpatti,
Pallimatam, and Muvarai venram vd;W Fwpg;gH v];. nyl;Rkzd;
(The Temple of Ramanathapuram District, P.21). ,jdhy; gy;ytHfSf;F
Kd;G jkpofj;jpy; Filtiufis Kjd;Kjyhfj; Njhw;Wtpj;jtHfs;
ghz; b aHfNs vd; g Jk; mf; F iltiufs; fp.gp.5 Kjy; 6 Mk;
E}w;whz;lstpy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;ld vd;gJk; ghz;baHfSf;Fg; gpwF
fp.gp.7 Mk; E}w;whz;by;jhd; gy;ytHfs; Filtiuiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;jdH
vd;gJk; tpsq;Fk;.
gps;isahHgl;bf; FiltiuAk; jpUkiyf; FiltiuAk; ghz;ba
kd;dHfshy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;Ls;sijAk; ,f;Filtiufspd; fhyq;fs;
fp.gp 5 Kjy; 6 Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhHe;jit vd;gijAk; mwpaKbfpwJ.
Filtiur; rpw; g q; f s;
,f;fy;ntl;bd; goikr; rpwg;ig mwpahj egHfs; ,g;ghiwfspd;

kPJ jq;fspd; ngaHfisg; gytz;z epwq;fspy; vOjpAs;sdH. ,it
kpfTk; tUe;jj;jf;f xd;whf cs;sJ. ,e;epiy khw Ntz;Lk;. ,q;Fs;s
Xtpaq; f Sk; rkzH gLf; i ffSk; <kr; rpd; d q; f Sk; gpuhkpf;
fy;ntl;Lf;fSk;; ghJfhg;gpd;wpAs;sd. ,jidg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;.
jpUkiyf; Filtiuf; Nfhapypy;; fhzg;gLk; KUfd; rpw;gk;

tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;G kpf;fjhf mike;Js;sJ. rptDf;F ee;jp> jpUkhYf;Ff;
fUld; > tpehafUf; F %rpfk; > KUfDf; F kapy; vd xt; n thU
,iwj;jpUTUtpw;Fk; CHjpfis tFj;Js;sdH. njd;dpe;jpahtpy;
fhzg;ngWk; KUfdpd; jpUTUtq;fspy; gy;NtW CHjpfs; ,Ug;gijf;
fhzKbfpwJ. Guhz tuyhw; W g; g b KUfDf; F kapYk; > MLk;
55
56
KidtH j. fz;zd;
CHjpfshFk;. Guhzq;fs; Fwpg;gplhj ahid CHjpapid ,yf;fpaq;fs;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd (ghpghly; 5> jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil.81 82). jpUg;Ng&H
KUfdpd; gpuk;krhj;jh tbtk; rpq;fkhf cs;sJ. = jj;tepjpapy;
(Mfkk;) rutzgtd; vDk; tbtpw;Nf rpq;fk; CHjp vdf; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
nghJthf vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; kapy; thfdk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
Fd;wf;Fbapy; KUfd>; ts;sp> nja;thid Mfpa %tHf;Fk; jdpj;jdpNa
kapy; thfdk; ,Ug;gJ gpw ,lq;fspy; ,Ue;J NtWgl;ljhFk;. Gfo;kpf;f
,lq;fshd jpUj;jzpif> cj;jpuNk&H> MW}H Mfpa jyq;fspy; ahid
CHjp fhzg;ngWfpwJ.
vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. njd;dpe;jpahtpy; ML CHjpahff; fhzg;ngWk;

%d;W jyq;fSs; jpUkiyAk; xd;W vd;gijj; jp. ,uhrkhzp;;f;fdhH
tpsf;FfpwhH (njd;dpe;jpar; rpw;gq;fSk; Nfhapy;fSk;> g.5)
jpUkiyf; Filtiuf; Nfhapypd; njd;Gwr; RthpYs;s KUfdpd;

fPo; kapYk; MLk; CHjpfshff; fhzg;ngWfpd;wd. ML KUfdpd;
thfdk; vd;gjw;Ff; fe;jGuhzj;jpy; tuyhw;Wf; fij xd;Ws;sJ. ehujH
,aw; w pa Nts; t papy; ML xd; W vOe; j J. mjd; rP w ; w j; i jAk;
typikiaAk; fz;L Nts;tp nra;jtHfSk; vl;Lj;jpf;F ahidfSk;
XbdH. me;j Ml;bdhy; Vw;gl;l mopTfisf; fz;l ehujH KjypNahH
mjid mlf; F khW KUfg; n gUkhid Ntz; b dH.
KUfdJ
Mizapd;gb tPuthFj; NjtH Ml;bd; nfhk;Gfisg; gpbj;J mlf;fp
KUfd; Kd; nfhz;Lte;J epWj;jpdhH. mr;rkak; KdptHfs;>
fhHjU
fhHjU fz; l j; nje; i j fhjy Nts; t pj; j P a pw;
NrHjU jfhpd; Vw; i wr; rpwpaNuk; ca; A khw; w hy;
CHjpahff; nfhz; N l CHe; j ply; Ntz; L k;
(fe;j. Guh. 23:1-3)
vd me;j Ml;bidj; jhq;fs; thfdkhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;SkhW Ntz;bdH.
mjw;fpzq;f KUfd; md;W Kjy; Ml;bid CHjpahff; nfhz;lhd;
vd;fpwJ fe;jGuhzk;. ,jidf; fe;jH fypntz;gh>
..neUg;
..neUg; g py; cjpj; J
mq;fz; Gtdk; midj;Jk; mopj;J cyTk;
nrq; f z; fplhajidr; nrd; W nfhzHe; J vq; N fhd;
tpLf; F jpvd; W ca; g ; g mjd; kP J ,tHe; J vz; j pf; F k;
elj; j p tpisahLk; ehjH
ehjH.
(fe;jH fypntz;gh: 88-91)
57
gpw; f hyg; ghz; b aHfspd; fy; n tl; L fs;

fp.gp. 13 Mk; E}w; w hz; i lr; rhHe; j ghz; b aH fy; n tl; L fs;
,j;jyj;Js; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,f;fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fhzg;gLk; ,lq;fs;:
Filtiuf; Nfhapypd; cl;RtHfs;> J}z;fs;> gbfs;> fpof;F

kw;Wk; Nkw;Fg;Gwj;jpy; cs;s ntspg;ghiwfs;.
fw;wspf; Nfhapypd; gFjpfs; vd;gdthFk;.
,q;Ff; fhzg;gLk; fy;ntl;Lf;fspd; nra;jpfis 1923-1924 Mk;

Mz;bw;fhd fy;ntl;Lf;fspd; mwpf;ifapy; fhzKbfpwJ (ARE
No.10 of 1923 -24). fy;ntl;Lf;fspd; tpsf;fq;fs; gpd;dpizg;gpy;
cs;sd.
Filtiuf; fUtiw Xtpaq;fs;

Filtiuf; fUtiwapd; cl;Gwj;Nj Xtpaq;fs; ,Ue;jd vd;gij
mwpQH rpyhpd; Fwpg;Gfs; top mwpaKbfpd;wJ. cl;Gwj;Nj (fUtiw)
,U kUq;Fk; ,U mbahHfs; Xtpakhfj; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sdH vd;fpwhH
jp. ,uhrkhzpf; f dhH. (jkpoff; Filtiuf; Nfhapy; f s; > g.107).
,uhkehjGuk; khtl;lj;jpy; jpUkiy vd;w ,lj;jpy; xU Filtiuf;
Nfhapy; ,Uf;fpwJ. mq;Fg; gpd;dH vOg;gpa fl;blf; NfhapYk; cs;sJ.
rptfq;if murHfs; Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;l ,f;Nfhapy; Filtiuapy; cs;Sk;
GwKk; tz;zq;fs; G+rg;gl;Ls;sd. ,q;F xU ey;y Rg;ukzpaH rpiy
ghiwapy; tbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fHg;gf; fpUfj;jpd; cs;Ns kPdhl;rp
Re;juH cUtr; rpiyfSk; cs;sd.
,k;%d;W cUtq;fs; kPJk;
tz;zq;fs; G+rg;gl;Ls;sd.
Mdhy>; mt;tz;zq;fs; kq;fptpl;ld.
Filtiuf; fUtiwapd; ,Ugf;fr; RtHfspYk; G+rHfs; topgLtJ
Nghy; Xtpaq;fs; cs;sd. xUGwj;jpy; xUtH G+ir nra;fpwhH. ,J
ey;y epiyapy; cs;sJ.
kw;iwa gf;fj;jpy; ,UtH cs;sdH.
mtHfsJ Kfq;fs; Nja;e;J rpije;J Ngha;tpl;ld. cly; gFjpAk;
fhy; gFjpAk; ed;Fs;sd. ,tw;iw 18 Mk; E}w;whz;L ,Wjpg; gFjpiar;
rhHe;jit vd;Wk; rptfq;if kuigr; rhHe;jit vd;Wk; nrhy;yyhk;
vd;gH ,uh. ehfrhkp> (Xtpag;ghit> gf;. 160>161). fp.gp. 18 Mk;
E}w;whz;by; nra;ag;gl;l jpUg;gzp Xtpaj;jpy; kpfr;rpwpa G+jq;fSk;
58

G+ir nra; A k; me; j zH cUtq; f Sk; fhzg; g Lfpd; w d vd; g H
uh.ehuhazd;. (rptfq;if khtl;lj; njhy;ypay; ifNaL g.6) ,r; rpwg;G
tha;e;j Xtpaq;fs; ,d;W Kw;wpYk; mope;J tpl;ld.
fw; w sp
gpw;fhyg;; ghz;baHfspd; fw;wspfshf kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtuH
ghfk;gphpahs; jpUf;Nfhapy; mike;Js;sJ.
,jDs; ghz;baHfhyf;
fiyg;ghzpfisAk; ghz;baHfspd; fy;ntl;Lf;fisAk; fhzKbfpwJ.
,f;Nfhapy; kf;fspd; Fiwfisj; jPHj;J itf;Fk; jykhfj; jpfo;fpwJ.
gpw; f hyj; jpUg; g zpfs;

goq; f hy Xtpaq; f s; > ngUq; f w; f hyf; fy; t l; l q; f s; vdj;
njhd; i kahd tuyhw; W ld; njhlq; F k;
,j; j pUj; j yj; j pw; F
fhyq;fhykhfj; jpUg;gzpfs; nra;ag;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
1992 Mk;
Mz; b Yk; 2006 Mk; Mz; b Yk; FlKOf; F nra; a g; g l; l jw; f hd
fy;ntl;Lf;fisf; fhzKbfpwJ.
2011 Mk; Mz;by; jpUg;gzpfs;
nra; a g; g l; L s; s d. jkpof muR jpUkiyj; jpUj; j yj; i jr;
Rw;Wyhj;jykhf mwptpj;J ,j;jyj;jpd; tsHr;rpf;fhd epjpfisAk;
xJf;fpj;je;Js;sJ. mjd; gadhf ,j;jyj;jpy; gy;NtW jpUg;gzpfs;
eilngw;WtUfpd;wd.
KidtH j. fz;zd;
Njhw;wKk; tsHr;rpAk;
,aw;ifapd; vopy;kpf;f ,lq;fs; kdpjHfspd; cs;sq;fisf;
ftHe;jd. ,aw;ifaofpy; jk; cs;sq;fisg; gwpnfhLj;j gz;ilj;
jkpo;kf;fs; mt;tplq;fisf; flTspd; ,Ug;gplkhff; nfhz;ldH.
,aw;ifapypUe;J topghLk; topghl;blq;fSk; Njhd;wpd. mt;tifapy;
Kjd; K jypy; jpUf; N fhapy; f s; kuj; j bapy; Njhd; w pd.
mit
fhyg;Nghf;fpy; nfhbf;$lk;> fhtzk;> Fby;> kz;jsp> RLkz;jsp>
kug;gyiffshy; mike;j mk;gyk;> Filtiu> xw;iwf;fw;wsp> fw;Nfhapy;
(fl;Lkhdf;Nfhapy;) vd tsuj;njhlq;fpd. Filtiu> xw;iwf;fw;wsp>
fw;Nfhapy; Mfpa %d;iwAk; jtpug; gpw Nfhapy;fs;
gz;ilf;fhyj;jpypUe;J kiwe;jd vd;gij kz;lfg;gl;Lf; fy;ntl;L
njhptpf;fpwJ.
jpUkiyj; jpUf;Nfhapy; Filtiu> fw;wsp vDk; ,Utiff;
Nfhapy;fspd; tsHr;rpia cilaJ. jpUkiyapy; ngUq;fw;fhy kdpjd;
tho;e;jjw;fhd milahsq;fshfg; ghiw Xtpaq;fs;> ngUq;fw;fhyf;
fy; t l; l q; f s; > RLkz; nghk; i kfs; fpilj; J s; s d.
,tw; w hy;
ngUq;f
; w;fhyj;jpy; ,q;F ,aw;if topghL ele;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij
mwpaKbfpd;wJ. ngUq;fw;fhy kdpjid mLj;Jr; rkzHfs; topgl;l
,lkhfTk; ,j; j yk; mikfpwJ. ,jw; F ,q; F f; fpilf; F k;
rkzg; g Lf; i ffs; > R]; j pf; > jkpo; g ; g puhkpf; fy; n tl; L f; f s; vd; g d
rhd;WfshFk;.; ,t;thW ngUq;fw;fhyk; Kjy; kuG topahfj; jpUkiyapy;
topghL eilngw;W te;Js;sij mwpaKbfpwJ. ,j;jyk; topghl;Lj;
jykhf ,Ug;gijf; fz;l Kw;fhyg;ghz;baHfs; ,q;Ff; Filtiuiaf;
Filtpj;J mf;Filtiuapy; ,iwtd; ,iwtpaiu epWtp ,f;Nfhapiyf;
fp.gp. 5-6 Mk; E}w;whz;by; Njhw;Wtpj;Js;sdH. mjidj; njhlHe;J
fp.gp. 13 Mk; E}w;whz;by; fl;Lkhdf; Nfhapy; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. fl;Lkhdf;
Nfhapypd; tsHr;rpiaj; njhlHe;J ,d;WtiuAk; jpUg;gzpfs; eilngw;W
tUfpd;wd.
Filtiuf; Nfhapypd; Njhw; w k;
fhHj;jpif jPgj; J}z;

fl;Ltjw;fhff; fw;fis
kiyNky; Vw;Wk; CHg;
nghJkf;fs;
ntd;nwO nfhbNahL Ntok; nrd;W Gf

Fd;W Fapd;wd;d Xq;Fepiy thapy;
kiyNky; fl;lg;gl;l fhHj;jpifj; jPgj; J}zpy; neUg;gha;f;

fhl;rp jUk; ,iwtd;
59
(neLey;.15-16)
Fd;
Fd;W Fapd;wd;d me;jzH gs;spAk; (kJ. fhQ;. 474)
60
KidtH j. fz;zd;
vDk; rq; f ,yf; f pa mbfs; jkpoff; Filtiuf; Nfhapypd;

njhd;ikapid czHj;Jfpd;wd.
jpuhtplf; Nfhapw; fl;blf;fiy
vDk; E}ypy; gpuhd;R ehl;Lg; NguhrphpaH J}g;Nu Filtiu mikf;fg;gl;l
fhyj;ijf; fp.gp. 600 Kjy; 850 tiu vd;fpwhH.
mit fPOk; NkOk; rJukhAk; eLtpy; vz;gl;ilAld;; mike;jpUf;Fk;

kNfe;jpud;ghzp> fPNo rpq;fk; mkHe;j epiyapy; ,lk;ngWk; khky;yd;ghzp>
fP N o rpq; f k; ghAk; e piyapy; ,lk; n gWk; ,uhrrpk; k d; g hzp.(v]; .
kzptz;zd;> fPo;f;Filtiuf; Nfhapy; - jpUr;rp Ma;Tf; Nfhit>
g.336). jpUkiyf; Filtiuf; Nfhapypd; J}z;fs; Nkw;fz;l %d;W
mikg;gpy; ,Ue;Jk; khWgLfpd;wd. vdNt> ,f;Filtiu> gy;ytHfhyj;Jf;
Filtiu ,y;iy vd;gJ tpsq;Fk;.
Nfhapw;fiy tuyhw;wpy; Filtiufis Kjd;Kjypy;

Njhw;Wtpj;jtHfs; gy;;ytHfNs vd;gH. Mdhy; Filtiu gy;ytH
fhyj;jpw;F Kw;gl;l xU fiyahFk;;.
gy;ytHfs; jkpofj;jpd;
tlgFjpia Mz;lnghOJ ghz;baHfs; njd; gFjpia Mz;ldH.
ghz;baHfs; gy;ytHfSf;F epfuhff; Filtiufis mikj;jdH.
gy;ytHfisf; fhl;bYk; ghz;baHfs; Filtiufis mjpfkhfj;
Njhw; W tpj; j dH. vd; g H (ehfg; g h ehr; r pag; g d; > ghz; b aehl; L f;
Fiff;Nfhapy;fs; fiyg;gzp> g.03). ,f; $w;iwj; jkpofj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;
ghz;baH fhyf; Filtiufs; nka;g;gpf;fpd;wd. jkpofj;jpy; Fd;wf;Fb>
jpUf;Nfhyf;Fb> gps;isahHgl;b> kfpghyd;gl;b> jpUj;jq;fy;> gpuhd;kiy>
nrty;gl;b> jpUkiy> jpUkiyGuk;> kiyabf;Fwpr;rp> tPurpfhkzpGuk;>
thbf;Nfhl;il> fOFkiy> NjtHkiy> kiyaf;Nfhtpy;> jpUnka;ak;>
rpj;jd;dthry;> jpUee;jpf;fiu> gs;spklk;> muypg;ghiw> %tiu ntd;whd;>
Midkiy> Nre;jkuk;> nrhf;fk;gl;b> Fd;dhz;lhH Nfhapy;> jpUr;nre;J}H>
ts;spf;Fif> rPtyg;Nghp Mfpa ,lq;fspy; ghz;baHfhyf; Filtiufs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fs; nghJthfr; rkzg;gs;spfs; ,Ue;j
,lq;fspy; mikf;fg;gl;ld. mjw;Ff; fhuzk; mit G+ridf;Fhpa
,lq;fshf ,Ue;jJjhd; vd;W Fwpg;gpLtH (jp. ,uhrkhzpf;fk;> jkpoff;
Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fs;> g.5). jpUkiyapd; ,aw;ifahd ,U Fiffspy;
rkzHfspd; gLf;iffs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
mit rkzHfs; Kd;G
mq;Fj; jq;fp topghL elj;jpa ,lk; vd;gjw;fhd rhd;WfshFk;;.
Vw;nfdNt topghL ele;j ,lq;fspy; Filtiufis mikg;gJ mf;fhy
kuG. (jp. ,uhrkhzpf;fk;> jkpoff; Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fs;> g.23).
mk;kugpid xl;bj; jpUkiyf; Filtiuf; Nfhapy; Njhw;wk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
jpUkiyapd; J}z;fs; xNu rJukhAk; gUj;j mikg;Gld; NkNy

tisTld; $ba juq; f g; N ghjpiffisf; n fhz; L jpfo; f pwJ.
,f;Filtiug; ghz;baHfhyf; Filtiuahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. jpUkiyf;
Filtiuapid Ma;T nra;j gyUk; ,f;Filtiu ghz;baHfhyf;
Filtiu vd;Nw $wpAs;sdH.
,uh. ehfrhkp gps;isahHgl;bf; Filtiuapidf; Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ
kNfe;jputHkd; fhyj;jpw;F Kw;gl;lit vdf; fUjg;gLk;
gps; i sahHgl; b f; F g; gpd; Njhd; w pa FiltiufSs; xd; w hfj;
jpUkiyapidf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH (,uh. ehfrhkp> Xtpg;ghit g.30).
jp. ,uhrkhzpf;fdhH jpUkiyapd; fhyj;ijf; fUtiwapYk;
kz;lgj;jpYk; Gilg;Gr;rpw;gq;fs; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sijf; fUj;jpy;
nfhz;lhy; ,jd; fhyj;ij 8Mk; E}w;whz;lhff; nfhs;syhk; vd;fpwhH
(jp. ,uhrkhzpf;fk;> jkpoff; Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fs; g.108).
R. fz;zd; rpw;gq;fspd; ,ay;gpidf; nfhz;L ,f;Fiff; Nfhapy;
fp.gp. 8Mk; E}w;whz;by; Filag;gl;Ls;sJ vdyhk;.(R.fz;zd;> jpUkiy
jytuyhW g.18). A rock-cut temple of the 8th century A.D. of the
early Pandya period; and a structural temple of the 13th century of
the later Pandya period are the highlights of Tirumalai vd; W
Rl;LfpwJ ,izajsk; (http://www. hindu.com/ 2010/01/09/stories).
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fhzg;glhj Filtiuf; Nfhapypd; fhyj;ij

mjd; fiyg;ghzpapidf; nfhz;L fzf;fpLtH.
gy;yth;fsJ
Filtiuapy; J}z;fs; mikg;G %d;W epiyfspy; mike;jpUf;Fk;.
jkpoff; Filtiufspd; tuyhw; w py; ghz; b aHfSf; F j; ;

jdpg;ngUikAz;L.
jkpofj;Js; Filtiufis Kjd;Kjyhfj;
Njhw;Wtpj;jtHfs; ghz;baHfNs MtH. ,jid> Some Scholars say
that this cave art was practiced by the Pallavas and then followed
by the Pantiyas. The first rock-cut temple was excavated by Mamalla
in the 7th century A.D. But the date of the Pillaiyarpatti is 5-6th
century A.D according to the Brahmi inscriptions in the art at first
in Tamil Nadu. These are rock-cut temple in Aralipparai,
61
62
Filtiuapd; fhyk;
KidtH j. fz;zd;
Pillaiyarpatti, Mahipalanpatti, Kunrakudi, Tirumalai, Sevalpatti,

Pallimatam, and Muvarai venram vd;fpwhH v];. nyl;Rkzd; (The
Temple of Ramanathapuram District, P.21). ,jdhy; gy;ytHfSf;F Kd;G
jkpofj; j py; Filtiufis Kjd; K jyhfj; Njhw; W tpj; j tHfs;
ghz; b aHfNs vd; g Jk; mf; F iltiufs; fp.gp.5 Kjy; 6 Mk;
E}w;whz;lstpy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;ld vd;gJk; tpsq;Fk;. mt;thW
Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l FiltiufSs; jpUkiyf; Filtiuf; NfhapYk;
xd;nwd;gJ czug;gLfpwJ. ,tw;why; jpUkiyf; Filtiu Kw;fhyg;
ghz;baHfspd; Filtiu vd;gJk; ,jd; fhyk; fp.gp. 5 Kjy; 6Mk;
E}w;whz;L vd;gJk;; njspT.
,f;Filtiuapd; tsHr;rpapy; fhl;rpf;fiyahd Xtpaf;fiy

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. Filtiuapd; fUtiwapy; njw;F kw;Wk; tlf;Fg;Gwr;
RtHfspy; ,U mbahHfspd; Xtpaq;fs; jPll
; g;gl;Ls;sd. ,t;Nthtpaq;fs;
,t;tpiwtid topgLtJ Nghy; ,Ue;Js;sd. ,t;Nthtpaq;fs; ,d;W
mope;Jtpl;ld.
Filtiuf; N fhapypd; tsHr; r p

Filtiu Filag;gl;l NghJ xU mikg;ghfapUe;J gpw;fhy
tsHr; r pahy; kw; n whU mikg; g hfTk; khw; w k; n gw; w pUg; g ijf;
fhzKbfpd;wJ. Filtiu Filag;gl;lNghJ tlf;F Nehf;fpajhf
,uz;L KOj;J}z;fSlDk; ,uz;L miuj;J}z;fSlDk; ,Ue;Js;sd.
gpwF fl;Lkhdg;gzpfshy; tlf;Nf ,Ue;j jpwe;jntsp
kiwf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fUtiwAs; ckhrfpj%Hj;jpAk; mjd; Kd;Ds;s
kz;lgj;jpy; KUfd; rpw;gj;njhFjpAk; Filtiu Filag;gl;l NghJ
gioa Njhw; w j; j py; Filtiuapd;
Eiothapy; fpof;fpy; cs;s miuj;J}zpw;Fk;
mjid mLj;Js;s KOj;J}zpw;Fk; ,ilapy;
,Ue; J s; s J. ,jid mt; t pU J}z; f Sf; F
,ilapy; fhzg; g Lk; khlf; F opfspd; %yk;
mwpaKbfpwJ. kw;w J}z;fspy; khlf;Fopfs; J}zpy; fhzg;gLk; khlf;Fop
fhzg;gltpy;iy. ,t;tpU J}z;fSf;F ,ilNa Eiothapy; ,Ue;Js;s
fhuzj;;jhNy ,j;J}z;fspy; khlf;Fopfs; ntl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
gioaepiyapy; fpof;Nf cs;s miuj;J}iz mLj;J ntspNa
cs;s ghiwapy; tpehafH Gilg;Gr; rpw;gkhfr; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;shH. ,d;W
,g;Gilg;Gr; rpw;gk; gioa klg;gs;spAs; kiwe;Js;sJ.
fl;Lkhdg; gzpfSf;F Kd;G jiuapy; ,Ue;J Filtiuia
miltjw;Fj; jpUkiyf; Fd;wpd; njd;fpof;F %iyapYk; Filtiuapd;
vjpNuAk; kiyg; ghiwapy; ntl; l g; g l; l gbf; f w; f s; gad; g hl; b y;
,Ue;Js;sd. ,d;Wk; ,g;gbf;fw;fisf; fhzKbfpwJ. vdpDk; ,d;W
,g;gbfs; gad;ghl;by; ,y;yhky; GjHfSf;Fs; kiwe;Js;sd.
63
Filtiuf; fUtiwapd; Kd;G mHj;j kz;lgNkil Filtiuapd;

tsHr; r paha; f ; fl; l g; g l; L s; s J. mjhtJ Filtiuapy; cs; s
ckhrfpj%Hj;jpf; fUtiwapd; Kd;G ,Uf;Fk; NkilNghd;w mikg;G>
,k; N kilapy; j hd; tpehafH rpiy epWtg; g l; L s; s J. ,k; N kil
Filtiuapd; gFjp my;y vd;gJk; ,J fl;Lkhdg;gFjp vd;gJk;
epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;bajhFk;. ,k;Nkil gpw;fhy tsHr;rpahFk;.
,t;tsHr;rp rilatHkd; FyNrfug; ghz;bad; (1190 - 1218)
fhyj; j py; Vw; g l; L s; s J.
Filtiug; gFjpfspy;
fhzg; g Lk;
fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; ,k;kd;ddJ fy;ntl;Lf;fNs kpFjpahd
vz; z pf; i fAilad. ,tdJ fy; n tl; L f; f spy; Filtiuapd;
gioagbfSf; F tyg; G wk; xd; W k; (A.R.E.No. 18) ,lg; G wk;
xd;Wk;(A.R.E.No. 14) Filtiu mbj;jsj;jpy;(A.R.E.No. 17) xd;Wkhff;
fhzg;gLtjhy; mHj;jkz;lgKk; mjd;kPJs;s tpehafH rpw;gKk; ,td;
fhyj;Jj;; jpUg;gzpahff; $w ,lKz;L. mjhtJ ,k;kd;dd; fhyj;jpy;
14 Mk; Ml;rpahz;L (fp.gp. 1202)
tiu kiykPJ fw;wsp Njhw;wk;
ngwhJ Filtiu kl;LNk topghl;by; ,Ue;Js;sJ. vdNt topghl;bw;Fj;
Njitahd tpehafH ,td; fhyj;jpy; epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ. Filtiuf;
fUtiwAk; KUfDk; caukhd ,lj;jpy; cs;sjhy; mHj;jkz;lg
Nkiliaf; fl;b mjd;kPJ tpehafiu KUfdpd; mbj;js cauj;jpw;F
Vw;g epWtpAs;shd; (fhz;f: glk;: 07).
FyNrfug; ghz;badpd; fy;ntl;Lf;fis mLj;J khwtHk Re;ju
ghz;badpd; (1216 - 1228) fy;ntl;L xd;W Filtiu mbj;jsj;jpYk;
khwtHk tpf;fpuk ghz;badpd; (1218 - 1232) fy;ntl;L xd;W Filtiu
fpof;Fr; RthpYk; rilatHk tPughz;badpd; (1253 - 1283) fy;ntl;L
xd;W Filtiu Nkw;Fr; RthpYk; fhzg;gLfpwJ(A.R.E.No.26, 31, 34).
Filtiuapd; tsHr;rpfSs; xd;whd tlf;F milg;Gr; RtH Filtiur;
RtHfspy; cs;s fy;ntl;Lf;fis kiwj;Jf;fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt
,r;RtH fp.gp. 1283 ,f;Fg; gpw;gl;lJ vd;gij mwpaKbfpwJ.
fp.gp.1283 ,f;Fg;gpwF fl;lg;gl;l Filtiuapd; milg;Gr;RtUk;>
Filtiuf; fUtiwapd; Kd; mikf; f g; g l; l Kd; k z; l gKk;
64
KidtH j. fz;zd;
kiyf; n fhOe; j P R tuH jpUf; N fhapy; fy; n tl; L f; f spy; fhzg; g Lk;
rilatHk guhf; f puk ghz; b ad; my; y J jphpGtdr; rf; f utHj; j p
NfhNdhpkha; nfhz;lhd; vDk; kd;dHfshy; fl;lg;ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
fl;bl mikg;gpd;gb Filtiuapd; tlf;F milg;Gr;RtUk; RtUld;
,izj;Jf; fl;lg;gl;Ls;s Kd; kz;lgKk; xNu fhyfl;lj; jpUg;gzpahFk;.
vdpDk; milg;Gr;Rthpy; cs;s fy;rd;dy; gpw;fhyj;jpy;
milf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. rd;dy; itf;fg;gl;l NghJ mjd; gad;ghL fUjp
itf;fg;gl;L> gpwF mjid mLj;j fl;lj;jpUg;gzpapy; milj;Js;sdH
vd;gJ tpsq;Fk;.
mf;Nfhapy; fp.gp. 1202 tiuapy; ey;y epiyapy; ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;

vd;gJ njspthfpwJ.
Filtiuia cs;slf;fpf; fl;lg;gl;l kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtuh;

jpUf;NfhapYk;. mf;Nfhapypd; gbg;gbahd tsHr;rpAk; Filtiuf;
Nfhapypd; tsHr; r pahfNt nfhs; s Ntz; L k; . (fhz; f : Filtiu
Filag; g l; l NghJ ,Ue; j mikg; G - glk; : 01> Filtiu
fl;Lkhdg;gzpfSld; $ba mikg;G - glk;: 02)
kiyf; n fhOe; j P R tuH fw; w sp

jpUkiyf; Filtiuf; Nfhapypd; tsHr;rpahf kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtuH
ghfk;gphpahs; fw;wspfs; Njhd;wpAs;sd. ,f;fw;wspfs; fp.gp. 13 Mk;
E}w;whz;by; ghz;baHfshy; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sd vd;gij mf;fw;wspfspy;
fhzg;gLk; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; njhptpf;fpd;wd.
fw; w spapd; Njhw; w k;
mf;Nfhapypd; mopT fp.gp. 1202 ,y; kl;bA+H> fof;Nfhl;il vd;w

,lq;fspy; eilngw;w (FyNrfud; kw;Wk; %d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fd;) ghz;ba
Nrhog; Nghuhy; Vw;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ghz;badpd; nraiyf;
fz;L rPw;wq;nfhz;l FNyhj;Jq;fd; ngUk; gilnahd;iw kJiu kPJ
Vtp ghz;baidg; Nghhpl;Lj; Juj;jp kJiuia mopj;Jr; rpdk; jzpe;jhd;
vd;fpwhH. (rp. Nfhtpe;jd;> Nrho kd;dHfs; tuyhW g.55). FNyhj;Jq;fd;
kJiuapy; nra;tpj;j mopTfSs; ,g;gok;ngUq; NfhapYk; xd;whapUj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. b.tp. rjhrptg;gz;lhuj;jhH> kl;bA+H vDk; CH ,uhkehjGuk;
khtl; l k; jpUg; g j; J }H tl; l j; j py; ,d; W rJHNtjp kq; f yk; vd
toq;fg;gLfpwJvd;fpwhH (ghz;baH tuyhW g.110). ,t;T+Uk; jpUg;gj;J}H
rptfq;ifapd; ,ilapy; kjFgl;b vDk; Chpid mLj;Jf; fhzg;gLtjhy;
mg;Nghhpy; ,f;Nfhapy; mope;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ tpsq;Fk;.
,uhkehjGuk; khtl;lj;jpy; mope;JNghd goq;fhyf; Nfhapy;fspy;
,Ue;j fl;Lkhdf;; fw;fs; mtw;wpy; nghwpf;fg;gl;l fy;ntl;Lf;fNshL
Ntw;W}HfSf;F vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd vd;gH (Ntjhr;ryk;>
jpUNtfk;gj;J jpUf;Nfhapy; tuyhWk; topghl;L KiwfSk; g.8).
mJNghd;W mofkhefhpy; ,Ue;j gok;ngUe; jpUf;Nfhapy; NtW ,lj;jpw;F
vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;Ls;sJ.
njhy;nghUs; Muha;r;rpahsH V.tp. n[ar;re;jpud; jpUkiyapy;
kw;nwhU Nfhapy; ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wJ.
mjdpd; rhd;Wfs; jpUkiyf;
fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,J tlfstopehl;L msifkhefu
#uNjt<Rtud; cilahH Nfhapy; vd;W Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mf;Nfhapy;
,g; n ghOJ jpUf; N fhl; b A+hpy; ruNgRtuH vd; w jpUg; n gahpy;
vOe;jUspapUf;fpwJ. jpUf;Nfhl;bA+H ruNgRtuh; jpUf;Nfhapypy; cs;s
fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; ,Ue;Jk; ,r; nra;jp njhpatUfpwJ vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhH
v];. n[aghujp (R. fz;zd;> jpUkiyj; jy tuyhW mzpe;Jiu).
jpUf;Nfhl;bA+hpd; Eiothapypy; fhzg;gLk; rpthyak; mofkhefhpy;
,Ue;J vLj;J tug;gl;Lf; fl;lg;ngw;Ws;sJ vd;fpwhH v];.tp.Rg;gpukzpad;>
rp.vr;.uhN[e;jpud; (Tirukkoshtiyur; The Vishnu temple now called sri
rilatHk FyNrfug; ghz;badpd; (1190 - 1218) gjpdhd;fhtJ

Ml;rpahz;Ltiuapyhd fy;ntl;Lf;fs; midj;Jk; njw;Fg; gpufhug;
ghiwapNyNa fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt> mt;thz;L tiuapYk; fw;wsp
Njhw;wk; ngwtpy;iy vd;gJ njspT. ,Ug;gpDk; mf;fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
VNjh xU fw;wspf; Nfhapypd; gFjpfs; rpytw;iwf; Fwpf;fpd;wd.
mit klg;gs;sp> rz;NlRuH> jpUQhdrk;ge;jh;> jpUQhdrk;ge;jH Kw;wk;>
MSilagps;isahH vdgdthFk;. Filtiuapd; ,iwj; jpUTUtpidf;
Fd;wj;J}H ehadhH vd toq;Fk; xU fy;ntl;L moifkhefhpypUe;j
#uNtj <RtuKila ehadhH(A.R.E.No. 13), vd;w kw;nwhU NfhapiyAk;
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
,f;fy;ntl;Lf;fs; Fwpg;gpLk; Nfhapypd; gFjpfSk;
,iwj;jpUTUtq;fSk; mof khefiur; NrHe;j #uNjt <RtuKilahH
NfhapYf;Fhpadthfyhk;. jw;NghJ ,f;Nfhapy; ,Ue;jjw;fhd RtLfs;
fhzg;ngwtpy;iy. mope;j Nfhapiyg; gw;wpf; fp.gp. 1202 Mk; Mz;L
tiuapyhd jpUkiyf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. vdNt mope;j
Sowmaya Narayanapperumal, is the most imposing temple. The siva temple

which is found at the entrance was taken from Alagamaneri and installed
here. Siva, Vishnu, Brahma and Indra met at this place in a group to find out
a way to kill Hiraya. Hence this place is called Thiru-Koshti-ur. (HERITAGE
OF TAMILS TEMPLE ARTS. P.22).
65
66
KidtH j. fz;zd;
fw;wspapd; Njhw;wk;
,tw;why;; mofkhefhpy; ,Ue;j gioa jpUf;Nfhapy; ,be;j epiyapy;

jpUf;Nfhl;bA+Uf;F vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;bUg;gJ tpsq;Fk;.
rilatHk
FyNrfug; ghz;badpd; jpUkiyf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; Fwpg;gpLk; Nfhapypd;
gFjpfs; ,d;iwa kiyf;nfhOe;jR
P tuh; ghfk;gphpahs; Nfhapypd; gFjpfs;
my;y vd;gJk; ,f;fy;ntl;Lf;fs; Fwpg;gpLk; Nfhtpy; mofkhefhpy;
,Ue;jJ vd;gJk; mJNt gpw;fhyj;jpy; jpUf;Nfhl;ba+Uf;F vLj;Jr;
nry;yg;gl;bUf;fpwJ vd;gJk; ,td; fhyj;jpy; kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtuh;
ghfk;gphpahs; Nfhapw;fUtiwfs; Njhw;wk; ngwtpy;iy vd;gJk; fw;wspf;
Nfhapypd; tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;Fj; jho;thuq;fspy; rilatHk FyNrfu
ghz; b adpd; fy; n tl; L f; f s; fhzg; g Ltjhy; (A.R.E.No.21,22)
kiyf;Nfhapypd; jpUr;Rw;W ,tdJ ,Ugj;jpuz;lhtJ Ml;rpahz;bw;F
Kd;G (1212) vOg;gg;gl;Lf; fl;Lkhdf; NfhapYf;fhd jpUg;gzpfs;
njhlq;fg;gl;Ls;sd vd;gJk; tpsq;Fk;.
nghJthfj; jpUf;Nfhapypd; fl;bl tsHr;rpapidg;
nghWj;jtiuapy; fUtiw> kz;lgk; jpUr;Rw;W vd mikAk;. Mdhy;
,f;Nfhapy; kiykPJ rkkw;w ghiwj; jsj;jpd; kPJ cUthf;fg;gl;ljhy;
Kjypy; jpUr;Rw;iwj; Njhw;Wtpj;Jr; rkkhd mbj;jsj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa
gpd;dHf; fw;wspapidj; Njhw;Wtpj;;Js;sdH. mt;tifapy; Kjw;fl;lg;
gzpahfj; jpUr;Rw;Wr; RtHfs; rilatHk FyNrfudhy; Vw;gLj;jg;
ngw;Ws;sd.
,iwtd;fw;wsp ,iwtpfw;wsp kw;Wk; tlf;Fj; jpUr;Rw;Wkz;lgf;
fy;,Uf;iffspd; kPJ Kjy; khwtHk Re;jughz;badpd; (fp.gp.1216-38)
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fhzg;gLtjhy; ,f;Nfhapypd; KOikahd mikg;G
khwtHk Re; j ughz; b ad; fhyj; j pw; F Kd; N g Njhw; w k; ngw; w ij
mwpaKbfpwJ.
- nrtptopr; nra;jpfs;
nghd;dkuhtjpapypUe;J te;j Kk;Kbg; ghz;bad; vDk; kd;dd;

jpUkiyapd; topNa kJiuf;Fr; nry;Yk; NghJ ,q;F xU Nfhapy;
,be;J fplg;gijf; fz;lhd;. mjidr; rPH nra;a epidj;j ghz;bad;
jd;kidtp gQ;rkhNjtpapd; tpUg;gj;jpd;gb kiykPJ ,k;kiyf; fw;fisf;
nfhz;Nl ,j;jpUf;Nfhapiyj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhd;.
Gjpa NfhapYf;Fg;
G+ir nra; a Tk; jpUg; g zp nra; a Tk; Ml; f s; Njitg; g l; l jhy;
FUf;fisAk; gpw egHfisAk; ,q;F mioj;J te;jhd;.; (fs Ma;tpd;
NghJ jpU. ,uhk. Kj;Jr;rhkpf; FUf;fs; $wpaJ).
,r;nrtptopr;nra;jp guk;giu guk;giuahf te;Js;s tuyhw;Wr;
nra;jpahfNt mikfpwJ. ,r;nra;jp tuyhw;Wld; xg;gpl Ntz;bajhFk;.
,r;nra;jpahy; ,q;F xU Nfhapy; ,be;Jfple;Js;sJ ngwg;gLfpwJ.
,be;Jfple;j me;jf;Nfhapy; jpUkiyf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; Fwpg;gpLk;
Nfhapw;gFjpfshFk;.
khwtHk Re;jughz;badpd; fy;ntl;L xd;W kiyf;nfhOe;jR
P tuH
fw;wspapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. (ARE No.10 of 1923 -24) ,f;fy;ntl;L
ntl;lg;gl;Ls;s fw;fs; thpirahf ,y;yhky; KiwkhwpAs;sd. ,jdhy;
,f; N fhapy; gioa Nfhapypd; fw; f shy; cUthf; f g; g l; b Ug; g ij
czuKbfpwJ.
jpUg; g zpfs;
ngUq; f w; f hyk; Kjy; ; topghl; b y; rpwe; J tpsq; F k;
,j;jpUj;jyj;jpw;Fg; gy;NtW fhyfl;lq;fspy; jpUg;gzpfs; nra;ag;gl;L
tUfpd;wd. mtw;Ws; ,uz;L Fk;ghgpNrfq;fs; elj;jg;ngw;w nra;jpfis
mwpaKbfpd;wJ (fhz;f: gpd;dpizg;G - glk;: 21> 22).
1992 Mk; Mz;Lj; jpUg;gzpfs;
fw; w spapd; tsHr; r p

khwtHk Re;ju ghz;bad; fhyj;jpy; jho;thuj;jpd; Nky; gFjpfs;
%lg;glhJ ,Ue;Js;sd.
mjidr; rlhtHk tPughz;bad; (1253 1285) jdJ jpUg;gzpahf %bf; $iufs; mikj;Js;shd; vd;gij
mtdJ ,Ugj; J ehd; f htJ Ml; r pahz; L f; fy; n tl; L r; nra; j p
njhptpf;fpd;wJ(A.R.E.No.35).
67
rptfq;if rk];jhdk; Njt];jhdk>; CHg; nghJkf;fs;>; kw;Wk;

FUf;fs; Kaw;rpahy; 1992 Mk; Mz;L Mtzp 26 Mk; ehs;(11.09.1992)
Fk;ghgpNrfk; eilngw;Ws;sJ.
Fk;ghgpNrfj;jpd; nghUl;Lg; gy
jpUg;gzpfs;; nra;ag;;ngw;Ws;sd. mj;jpUg;gzpfshtd>
fw;wspapd; ,iwtd; ,iwtpaH tpkhdq;fs; GJg;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
68
kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtuH fUtiwapd; tlf;Fj; NjtNfhl;lj;jpy;

,Ue;j kfplhRukHj;jpdpf;Fg; gjpyha;j; JHf;ifapd; Gjpa jpUTUk;
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jl;rpzh%Hj;jp> JHf;if> rz;NlRuh;> Mfpa jpUTUtq;fSf;Fj;

jdpr; rd;djpAk; ee;jp etf;fpufq;fSf;F NkilAk; Rijahy;
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
Kd;kz;lgj;jpd; jsj;jpy; G+f;fw;fs; gjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
kiyapy; Vwpr;nrd;W Nfhapiyr; nrd;wilag; Gjpa gbf;fl;Lfs;

fl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
,tw;Ws; VWgbfs; mo. ngUkhs; NfhdhH FkhuHfs;> jpU.ngU. Ntl;ilf;

fz;zd;> jpU. ngU.fpU~;zd;> jpU. ngU. Rg;gpukzpad;> jpU. ngU.
fUg;igah>jpU. ghf;fpak;
B.E., jpU.ngU. kiyr;rhkp B.Sc., B.L.,
MfpNahuhy; fl;lg;gl;ldthFk; (fhz;f: gpd;dpizg;G - glk;: 20). ,jidg;
gbf;fl;Lfspd; fPNo cs;s fy; vOj;Jf;fshy; mwpa KbfpwJ (fhz;f:
gpd;dpizg;G - glk;: 10> 20). gpw jpUg;gzpfSf;F Md;kpfg; gf;jHfs;
ed;nfhiltoq;fpAs;sdH.
mtHfspd; ngaHg;gl;bay;fs; fpof;Fj;
jpUr;Rw;Wr; Rthpd; cl;gFjpapy; fy;nyOj;Jf;fshy;
ntl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.(ed;nfhilahsHfspd; gl;bay; gpd;dpizg;gpy; cs;sJ)

Filtiuapd; ckhrfpj %Hj;jp kw;Wk; KUfd; rpw;gj;njhFjp vd;gd
Rz;zhk;Gf; fhiufis ,oe;j epiyapy; fiyaoF Fd;wpf; fhzg;gl;ld.
,r;rpw;gq;fs; G+ir nra;jw;Fhpa jpUTUtq;fshifahy; mjd; Nky;
Gjpa Rz;zhk;Gf; fhiufs; G+rg;gl;L tHzq;fs; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
,j;jpUg;gzp 1996 ,y; epfo;j;jg;gl;L mgpNrfk; nra;ag;ngw;Ws;sJ.
,j;jpUg;gzpfs; jtpu ntsptpehafUk; tpLjpAk; Nrq;ifapd; RtHfSk;
gpw;fhyj; jpUg;gzpfshFk;.

2006 Mk; Mz;L Mdp khjk; 29 Mk; ehs; tpahof;fpoik (13.07.2006)
md;W mUs;kpF = ghfk;gphpahs; rNkj kiyf; nfhOe;jPRtuh; Mya
[PHNzhj;jhuz m~;lge;jd k`hf;Fk;ghgpNrfk; eilngw;Ws;sJ.
mg;nghOJ Nfhapy; GJg;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. tHzq;fs; G+rg;gl;Ls;sd.
,j;jpUg;gzpapd; NghJ ntspNa ,Uf;Fk; rpj;jptpehafUf;F tpkhdk;
69
KidtH j. fz;zd;
fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. 2006 tiuapy; ntspapy; cs;s rpj;jp tpehafUf;F
tpkhdk; ,y;iy vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jFe;jjhFk;. ,t;tpkhdj;ij nyl;Rkp
mk;khs; Kj;Juhkypq;fk; Mr;rhhp epidthf ky;ypfh itj;jpaypq;fk;
Mr;rhhpahH (];jgjp) fl;bj;je;Js;shH vd;gij ,q;Fs;s fy;nyOj;J
top mwpaKbfpwJ.
,f;Fk;ghgpN~fg; G+irfs; 07.07.2006 Mk; ehs;
njhlq;fg;gl;L 13.07.2006 Mk; ehspy; KbTw;Ws;sd.
,f;Fk;ghgpNrf miog;gpjopy; Nrhokd;dHfspd; kj;jpa Ml;rpf;
fhyj;jpy; nghpa tpahghuj; jykhf tpsq;fpaJk; fp.gp.610 Kjy;; 640
tiu Ml;rp nra;j kNfe;jputHk gy;ytdhy; jpUg;gzp nra;ag;gl;l
Filtiuf; Nfhapiyf; nfhz; l Jkhd jpUkiyapy; vOe; j Usp
mUs; g hypf; F k; mUs; k pF = ghfk; g phpahs; mk; g hs; ]Nkj
kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtuH... vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ (13.07.2006 - Fk;ghgpNrf
miog;gpjo;). ,f;Nfhapy; 2000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd; gy;;ytH fhyj;jpy;
fl; l g; g l; l Filtiuf; N fhapyhFk; vd; W Fwpf; f pd; w J jpdkzp
ehNsL(ehs;: 07.01.2010). ,tw;iwg;; ghHf;Fk; NghJ ,j;jpUj;jyj;jpd;
ngUikfSk; tuyhWk; ed;F czug;glhky; ,Ug;gJ ngwg;gLfpd;wJ.
,q;Fs;s Filtiufisj; Njhw;Wtpj;jtHfs; ghz;baHfs;. mjidj;
njhlHe;J fl;Lkhdf; Nfhapy;fisj; Njhw;Wtpj;jtHfs; ghz;baHfs;.
,jw; F ,j; j pUf; N fhapw; fiyg; g hzpAk; ,q; F f; fpilf; F k;
fy;ntl;Lf;fSk; rhd;Wfs;. vdNt> ,j;jpUj;jyj;Js; gy;ytHfSf;fhd
jpUg; g zpfs; vd; W nrhy; t jw; f hd tha; g ; G fs; ,y; i y vd; g ij
czuNtz;Lk;.
2011 Mk; Mz; L j; jpUg; g zpfs;

2011 Mk; Mz;Lj;jpUg;gzpahy; ,f;Nfhapy; GJikj; Njhw;wj;ijg;
ngw;Ws;sJ. mj;jpUg;gzpfshtd>
fpof;Nf cs;s jpUr;Rw;Wr; RtUld; ,izf;fg;gl;lepiyapy;
kfhkz;lgk; xd;W fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ (fhz;f: gpd;dpizg;G - glk;: 23).
,jdhy; jpUr;Rw;Wfspd; msTfs; khWgl;L ,j;jpUf;Nfhapypd; Kd;gFjp
tsHr;rp ngw;Ws;sJ. ,j;jpUg;gzpapd; gpwF jpUr;Rw;Wf;F ntspNa
,Ue;j rpj;jptpehafHrd;djp> kz;lgj;Jf;Fs; ,lk;ngwyhapw;W.
70
KidtH j. fz;zd;
Rw; W yhj; j yk;
,j;jyj;jpidr; Rw;Wyhj; jykhfj; jkpof muR mwptpj;Js;sJ.
,j;jyj;jpd; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhfj; jkpof muR epjp xJf;fpAs;sJ. (jpdkyu;
r> 14 [d.> 2012). ,jdhy; ,j;jpUf;Nfhapypd; ngUikAk; njhd;ikAk;
murpd; jdpf;ftdj;jpw;F cl;gl;L tsHr;rpngw;W tUtij mwpaKbAk;.
jkpof muR toq; f pAs; s epjpapy; ,Ue; J > kiyapy;
Vwpr; n ry; t jw; f hd ifg; g pbf; fk; g pfSk; gazpaw; epow; F ilAk;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. mLj;j fl;lkhfj; Njitg;gLk; fl;blg;gzpfs;
njhlq;fg;gl;L eilngw;W tUfpd;wd.
gioa jpUr;Rw;iwj; njhlHe;J kfhkz;lgk; fl;lg;gl;bUg;gij

,g;glj;Js; fhzyhk;.
*****************
2011 ,f;F Kd;G jpUf;Nfhapypd; fpof;Nf xU thapy; kl;LNk

cz;L. 2011 jpUg;gzpapy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l fpof;Fj; jpUr;Rw;Wr; Rtupy;
,uz;L thapy;fs; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,k;kz;lgj;jpd; kPJ rptd; mkh;ej
;
epiyapy; kpfg; gpuk;khz;lkhd Njhw;wj;jpy; fhl;rp jUfpwhh;. Kd;G
jpUr;Rw;Wr; RtHfspd; kPJ ypq;fq;fs; ,y;iy. 2011 ,y; fl;lg;gl;l
kz;lgj;jpd; RtHfspd; Nky; ypq;fq;fs; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mt;tifapy;
fpof;Nf gjpNdhU ypq;fq;fSk; tlf;Nf vl;L ypq;fq;fSk; ,lk;
ngw;Ws;sd. ,t;thz;by; kiyf;F VwptUtjw;fhff; fl;lg;gl;Ls;s
gbf;fl;Lfspd; Nky; $iufs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
tlf;Nf jpUr;Rw;Wr; Rthpy; xU thry; ,Ue;j NghJk; tlf;F
thapypd; topahf ntspNa nry;yNth my;yJ cs;Ns nry;yNth
Kbahj epiyNa ,Ue;jJ. tlf;F thapy; topahfr; Nrq;ifiag;
ghHf;fyhk; my;yJ kiyg; gFjpapy; ftdkhf ,wq;fyhk;. ,e;epiy
2011 jpUg;gzpapy;; khw;wg;gl;L tlf;F thapiy vspjpy; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F
trjpahf tlf;F thapYf;Fr; nry;tjw;F Vw;g tlf;F thapiy xl;bj;
jiuj;jsk; fhiufshy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
2011 Mk; Mz;Lj; jpUg;gzpfs; jpU. mo. ngUkhs; NfhdhH
FkhuHfs;> jpU.ngU. Ntl;ilf; fz;zd;> jpU. ngU. fpU~;zd;> jpU.
ngU. Rg;gpukzpad;> jpU. ngU. fUg;igah> jpU. ghf;fpak;.B.E.> jpU.ngU.
kiyr;rhkp BSc.,B.L., MfpNahuhy; nra;ag;ngw;Ws;sijf; fy;nyOj;Jf;fs;
fhl;Lfpd;wd.
71
72
KidtH j. fz;zd;
Filtiu Filag; g l; l tpjk;
jpUf;Nfhapy; mikg;G
,iwtopghL kuj;jbfspYk; Mw;wq;fiuapYk; kiyAr;rpapYk;
njhlq;fpAs;sJ.
ehsiltpy; kz;zhYk; kuj;jhYk; Nfhapy;fs;
fl;lg;ngw;wd.
kz; NfhapYk; kuf; NfhapYk;; fhyNthl;lj;jpy;
mopnta; j pd. mjd; g pwF> ghiwfisf; File; J Filtiufs;
mikj;jdH.
gpd; KOg;ghiwiaNa cs;Sk; GwKk; nrJf;fpf;
Nfhapy;fs; mikj;jdH. mjidj; njhlHe;J fl;Lkhdf; Nfhapy;fs;
cUthfpd. fl;Lkhdg; gzpfs; fy;yhYk; RijahYk; mikayhapd.
jpUkiyj; jpUf;Nfhapy; Filtiuf;Nfhapy;> fl;Lkhdf;Nfhapy;
vd ,U mikg; G fs;
,ize; J tsHr; r pngw; w NfhapyhFk; .
jiuj;jsj;jpy; ,Ue;J RkhH 30 mb cauj;jpy; kiyr;rhptpy; ,f;Nfhapy;
mike;Js;sJ. Filtiuf;Nfhapy; ntl;lg;gl;l NghJ Vwpr;nry;tjw;Fg;
gbfs; ghiwfspy; ntl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. fl;Lkhdf; Nfhapy; fl;lg;gl;l
gpwF gbfs; fl;Lkhdq;fshf cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,d;W jiuapypUe;J
kiyapy; cs;s ,f; Nfhapiyr; nrd;wilar; RkhH 50 gbfs;
fl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
FiltiuAk; fw; w spAk;

Filtiuf; Nfhapy; fp.gp. 5-6 Mk; E}w;;whz;lstpy; Njhw;wk;
ngw;Ws;sJ. mjd;gpwF> fp.gp. 13 E}w;whz;lstpy; fl;Lkhdf; Nfhapy;
Njhw;wk; ngw;Ws;sJ. mjidj; njhlHe;J ,d;Wtiu> gy jpUg;gzpfSk;
eilngw; W tUfpd; w d.
tlf; F Nehf; f pAs; s Filtiu ,uz; L
miuj;J}z;fSlDk; ,uz;L KOj;J}z;fSlDk; mike;Js;sJ.
FiltiuapDs; fUtiw Filag;gl;Ls;sJ.
Filtiuapd;
Kd;Nd fw;wsp vOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ. fw;wspapd; jpUr;Rw;Wr; RtH njw;Nf
kiyg; ghiwAld; xl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. fl;Lkhdf; NfhapypDs; ,iwtd;
,iwtpaUf;Fj; jdpj;jdpNa mHj;j kz;lgj;Jld; $ba fUtiwAk;
Kd;kz;lgKk; jpUr;Rw;W kz;lgKk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
jpUr;Rw;W
kz;lgj;jpy; tpehafH KUfd; igutH MfpNahUf;Fj; jdpj;jdpNa
rd;djpfSk; klg;gs;spAk; mike;Js;sd (fhz;f: mUs;kpF ghfk;gphpahs;
kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtuH jpUf;Nfhapy; mikg;G - glk;:03).
73
jpUkiyapd; tlf;Fg; gFjpapy; ePst

; btpy; cUz;L jpuz;bUe;j
xU ghiwiaf; Filtiuahff; Filtjw;Fj; NjHe;njLj;Js;sdH.
,g;ghiwapy; RkhH 7 mbf;F Nky; fpof;F Nkw;fhf 18 mb mfyj;jpw;Fk;
RkhH 10 mb cauj;jpw;Fk; Filaj; njhlq;fpAs;sdH.
ghiwapd;
ntspg;Gwj;jpy; ,Ue;J RkhH 3 mb cs;Ns 18 X 10 vd;w mbastpy;
File;Js;sdH. ,e;j %d;wbfs; xU nghpa nghe;J Nghy; Kjypy;
Filag;gl;Ls;sd. ,jd; gpwF miuj; J}z;fSk; KOj;J}z;fSk;
ghiwg;gFjpapy; gphpf;fg;gl;Lj; J}z;fSf;fhd ,ilntspapy; FilAk;
gzpiaj; njhlq; f pAs; s dH.
,uz; l b fdj; j pw; F j; J}z; f s;
nrJf;fg;gl;L ,U J}z;fSf;F ,ilNaAs;s gFjpfs; File;J
vLf;fg;gl;l gpd;dH> kPz;Lk; 18 X 10 vd;w mbastpy; RkhH 3 mbfs;
Filag;gl;Ls;sd. mjd; gpwF Filtiuapd; fUtiwf;fhd ghiwg;
gFjpfs; 3.2 mbfs; Nkw;F Xuj;jpy; gphpf;fg;gl;L vQ;rpa gFjpfs;
nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,g;gFjpapy; RkhH gj;J mbfs; Filag;gl;Ls;sd.
3.2 X 10 vDk; mbastpy; tplg; g l; b Ue; j gFjpapy; fUtiwapd;
cl;gFjpfs; Filag;gl;Ls;sd.
mjhtJ
3.2 X 10 vd;w gFjpapy;
RkhH 2.7 mbf;FNky; 2.11 mb mfyk; cs;s thapy; gphpf;fg;gl;L
mjd; cl;gFjpfs; Nkw;F Nehf;fpf; Filag;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;jf; Filtpy;
2.7 mbasTs;s ,iwtd; gPlKk; mjd;gpwF ,iwtd; ,iwtpaH
jpUTUtk;; Gilg;ghff; Filag;gl;Ls;sd. njw;Fr; Rthpy; RkhH miuab
mstpw;F KUfd; rpw;gj;njhFjpiar; nrJf;fpAs;sdH. gpw;fhyj;jpy;
Filtiuapy; fl;Lkhdg;gFjpfSk; ,lk;ngwyhapd.
Filtiu
Filtiuf; fl;Lkhdg;gzpfshy; tsHr;rpailtjw;F Kd;G
kiyapd; fPNo ,Ue;J ghHj;jhy; ,uz;L KOj;J}z;fSk; ,uz;L
miuj; J }z; f Skhd Kfg; G j; Njhw; w j; i jf; fhzf; $bajhf
,Ue;Js;sJ.
Kfg;gpd; ,lJGwk; mjhtJ Filtiu Kfg;gpd; fpof;Fg;
gFjpapy; tlf; F Nehf; f pa tpehafH Gilg; G r; rpw; g khff;
fhl;rpaspj;Js;shH. Eiothapiy miltjw;F kiyapd; fPopUe;J
nry;Yk; gbfs; ntl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. Filtiuapd; Kfg;gpy; fpof;Nf
cs;s miuj;J}zpw;Fk; mjid mLj;J Nkw;Nf cs;s KOj;J}zpw;Fk;
,ilNa Vwpr;nry;Ytjw;F VWgbfs; ntl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;jg;gbfs;
fpof;fpy; ,Ue;Jk; Nkw;fpy; ,Ue;Jk; VWk; gbahf ,Ue;Js;sd.
74
KidtH j. fz;zd;
Filtiuapd; cs;Ns nrd;wTld;; njd;Nkw;F %iyapy;

fUtiw> fpof;F Nehf;fpa tz;zkhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,f;fUtiwapd;
Kd;Gs;s NkilNghd;w mikg;G fl;Lkhdg;gzpahFk;. ,J Filtiuapy;
Filag; g l; l jy; y . me; j Nkilapy; tlf; F Nehf; f pa epiyapy;
epWtg;gl;Ls;s tpehafUk; gpw;;fhyj;jpy; epWtg;gl;ljhFk;. ,t;tpehafH
Filtiu> Filag;gl;l fhyj;jpy; epWtg;gl;ljy;y. Filtiuapd;
fUtiw %d;wb cauj;jpy; cs;sJ. ,t; cauj;jpw;F VWjw;fhd
gbfs; Filtiu Filag;gl;l fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,g;gbfs;
Nkw;fpy; ,Ue;J fpof;Nf Vwp fUtiwapDs; nry;tjw;F Vw;whH Nghy;
,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,g;gbfs; fUtiwapd; Kd;G mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s
Nkilf;Fs; GijAz;Ls;sJ. ,t;thW gioa mikg;gpy; ,Ue;j Filtiu
gpw;fhyf;fl;Lkhdg; gzpfshy; gy;NtW khw;wq;fis mile;Js;sJ.
mk;khw;wq;fshy; ,q;F xU Filtiu cs;sJ vd;gNj vspjpy; njhpahj
epiy Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.
Filtiu Filag;gl;l fhyj;jpy; topghl;bw;Fhpa tpehafiu

Filtiuf;Ff; fpof;fpy; cs;s ghiwr;Rthpy; Gilg;Gr; rpw;gkhf
vOe;jUsr; nra;Js;sdH. ,t;tpehafH tlf;F Nehf;fpa tpehafuhf
mikf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ rpwg;gpw;Fhpajhf cs;sJ. ,d;W ,t;tpehafH gioa
klg;gs;spAs; ,Uf;fpwhH. ,t;tpehafH tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gkpf;ftH. Md;kpf
mUl;rpwg;G kpf;ftH. vdNt> ,t;tpehafiu kf;fs; vspjpy; topgLjw;F
Vw;g gioa klg;gs;sp khw;wp mikf;fg;gLjy; rpwg;Gf;FhpajhFk;.
,t; t pehafH> jpUTUt mikjpapYk; mstpYk; gps; i sahHgl; b
tpehafiug; Nghy; ,y;yhtpl;lhYk;; gps;isahHgl;b tpehafiug; Nghy;
tlf;F Nehf;fpa tpehafH MthH. gps;isahHgl;b tpehafiuAk;
,j;jpUj;jyj;J tpehafiuAk; nrJf;fpatd; vf;fhl;^Hg; ngUe;jrd;
Mthd;. gps;isahHgl;b tpehafH thfPrH jpUj;j
; yj;jpd; gpufhuj;jpUTUtk;
MFk;.
,tUk; ckhrfpj%Hj;jpj; jpUj;jyj;jpd; gpufhuj;jpUTUtk;
MFk;. ,tw;why; ,t;tpehafUk; gps;isahHgl;b tpehafH Nghd;W
topghl;Lr; rpwg;gpw;FhpatH MthH.
vdNt ,t;tpehafiug; gioa
klg;gs;spAs; kiwe;J Nghfhky; topghl;bw;F Vw;whH Nghy; khw;wpaikf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ,t;T+H kf;fspd; Ntz;LNfhshFk;.
,f;Filtiu kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtuH Nfhapypd; mbj;jsj;jpy; ,Ue;J

7 mb cauj;jpy; cs;sJ. ,e;j cauj;jpw;F Vw;g Nkil mikf;fg;gl;L
mk;Nkilapy; gbfs; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,k; Nkilapd; kPJ kz;lgk;
xd;Wk; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,k;kz;lgj;jpd; NkilahdJ fpof;F Nkw;fhf
9.8 mbAk; njw;F tlf;fhf 7.10 mbAkhf 7 mb cauk; nfhz;l
jiuj;jsj;Jld; cs;sJ.
Gilg;Gr; rpw;gkhf cs;s ,t;tpehafH fw;wspf; Nfhapypd;

tsHr;rpahy; kiwe;J Nghd epiyapy; Filtiuapy; topgLjw;Fhpa
tpehafiug; gpw;fhyj;jpy; mHj;jkz;lg Nkilapy;; epWtpapUf;fpwhHfs;.
Filtiuf; fUtiw
Filtiu KUfd;
FiltiuapDs; njd;Nkw;F %iyapy; fUtiwnahd;W fpof;F

Nehf; f pf; fhzg; g LfpwJ. fUtiwapd; mbj; j sk; Filtiuapd;
mbj;jsj;jpy; ,Ue;J RkhH 2.7 mb caukhf cs;sJ.
fUtiwapDs;
RkhH 2.6 mb cauj;jpy; rptDk; cikAk; ckhrfpj%Hj;jpahff;
fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wdH. fUtiwapid miuj;J}z;fSk; NghjpiffSk;
moF nra;fpd;wd.
fUtiw Eiothapypd; ,UGwKk; thapypid
Nehf;fpathW ,U g+jfzq;fs;(Fwsd>; Fwsp) nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
njd;dpe;jpar; rpwg;Gtha;ej
; KUfdpd; Gilg;Gr;rpw;gk; Filtiuapd;
njd;Gwr; Rthpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. tlf;FNehf;fpa ,k;KUfdpd; tyg;Gwk;
xU NrtfDk; ,lg;Gwk; xU mbahUk; Nrtfdpd; gpd;Gwj;jpy; xU
J}zpd; NkNy NrtYk; fhzg;gLtjhy; ,J xU rpw;gj; njhFjpahff;
fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ. ,r;rpw;gj; njhFjpapd; fPNo KUfDf;Fhpa thfdkhd
MLk; kapYk; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;j thfdq;fs; xd;iw xd;W
ghHj;Jf; nfhs;tJ Nghy; vjpH vjpNu Nehf;fpagb mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,tw;Wf;fpilapy; xU G+e;njhl;b xd;Wk; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mHj;j kz;lg Nkil

Filtiuj; J}z; f spd; mikg; G
Filtiuf; fUtiwapd; Kd;G Filag;gl;l ,aw;ifahd
VWgbfis kiwj;Jf; fl;lg;gl;l gpw;fhyj; jpUg;gzpNa ,t; mHj;j
kz;lgNkilahFk; ,jd; kPJ gpw;fhyj;jpy; epWtg;gl;l tpehafH rpiy
tlf;F Nehf;fpAs;sJ.
75
,uz;L miuj;J}z;fSk; ,uz;L KOj; J}z;fSkhf ehd;F

J}z;fs; xNu thpirapy; fpof;F Nkw;fha; cs;sd.
,j;J}z;fs;;
rJukhf cs;sd. J}z;fspd; NkNy tisTld; $ba juq;fg;
Nghjpiffs; cs;sd.
J}z;fs; Nghjpif cl;gl RkhH 7.6 mb
76

caukhfTk; ,U J}z;fSf;F ,ilapy; 4.2 mb ,ilntspAk; cs;sd.
xt;nthU J}z;fspd; rJug;gFjpapYk; ePz;l jz;Lfis cila
jhkiufs; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. fpof;fpy; cs;s miuj;J}zpYk; mjid
mLj;j KOj;J}zpYk; khlf;Fopfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
Filtiu ghiwj; jsj;jpy; ,Ue;J RkhH 7 mb cauj;jpy;
cs;sJ. vdNt Filtiu Filag;gl;l fhyj;jpy; ,e;j cauj;jpw;Nfw;w
gbfs; mikf;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,g;gbfs; Filtiuapd; Kd;G
fpof;fpypUe;Jk; Nkw;fpypUe;Jk; VwptUtjw;F Vw;whH Nghy mike;jpUf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
jiuapypUe; J
kiyapd;
kP J cs; s Filtiuiar;
nrd;wiltjw;Fhpa gbfSk; kiyapy; ntl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. mt;thwhd
gbfs; kiyapd; njd;fpof;F %iyapYk;> kiyapd; tlf;Fg; gFjpapYk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. tlf;Nf cs;s gbfs; ,d;iwa epiyapy; fl;Lkhdkhf
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s VWgbfSf;Ff; fpof;fpYk; Nkw;fpYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
(fhz;f: gpd;dpizg;G - glk;: 10 - 13). ,g;gbfs; kf;fs; fz;fspy;
vspjpy; gLtjpy;iy. ,itfs; ekJ goikapd; milahsq;fs;.
Kd;NdhHfspd; Kaw;rpapy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l moFf; fiyfs; ,tw;iwg;
ghJfhj;J kf;fis mwpar; nra;tJ vy;Nyhhpd; flikahFk;.
Kd; k z; l gk;
Filtiuf; Nfhapypd; Kd; G ghiwapy; Gilg; g hfr;
nrJf;fg;gl;l VWgbfisAk; jpwe;jpUe;j Filtiuapd; Kd;gFjpiaAk;
kiwj; J f; fl; l g; g l; b Uf; f pwJ ,k; Kd; k z; l gk; . ,k; k z; l gf;
fl;Lkhdg;gzpAld; vOg;gg;gl;l tlf;Fr;R
; tH Filtiuapd; jpwe;jpUe;j
tlf;Fntspapid milj;Js;sJ. ,jpy; Gjpa thapy; xd;Wk; mjd;
Kd; xU rpwpa Kd;kz;lgKk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,k; kz;lgk; ,uz;L
J}z; f Sld; mofpa Ntiyg; g hLfSld; fhzg; g Lfpd; w J. ,J
Filtiuapd; cauj;jpw;F Vw;whHNghy kiyapd; jiuj;jsj;jpy; ,Ue;J
caukhfNt fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,k;kz;lgj;jpidr; nrd;wiltjw;fhd
gbfs; fpof;fpy; ,Ue;J nry;fpd;wd.
KidtH j. fz;zd;
Filtiu Filag;gl;l NghJ xH mikg;ghfTk; gpd;G fl;Lkhdg;
gzpfshy;; gy;NtW khw;wq;fs; ngw;w mikg;ghfTk; ,Ug;gJ tpsq;Fk;.
fw; w spapd; fl; L khdg; gzpfSk; gy; N tW fhyfl; l q; f spy;
epfo;e;Js;sij mwpa Kbfpd;wJ (fhz;f: Filtiuapd; tlf;Nf
Filtiug; ghiwAld; xl;bf; fl;lg;gl;Ls;s RtH glk;: 06).
fw; w spf; Nfhapypd; mikg; G

ngUf;
ngUf; f hW rilf; f zpe; j ngUkhs; NrUk;
ngUq; N fhapy; vOgjpndl; L kw; W k;
fuf; N fhapy;
jpUf; N fhapy; rptDiwAk; Nfhapy;
(jpUeh. Nj.715.)
vDk; mg;;gH mbfshhpd; milTj; jpUj;jhz;lfg; ghly; vOtifahd
Nfhapy; mikg;gpid tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.
mtw;Ws; ngUq;Nfhapy;fs;
vd;git nrq;Fd;Wfspd; kPJ vLf;fg;ngw;w jpUf;Nfhapy;fshFk;.
,f;Nfhapiy khlf;Nfhapy; vd;Wk; $WtH.(rp. Kj;Jg;gps;is> Gdpj
Nfhapy;fSk; Gz;zpaj; jPHj;jq;fSk;> g.20). jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil
Fd; W njhlY epd; w d; gz; N g (jpUKU. 27) vd; W Nfhapy; f s;
cauj; j pNyNa fl; l g; g lNtz; L k; vd; f pd; w J. ,tw; w pw; n fy; y k;
,yf;fzkhfj; jpUkiyapd; fw;wsp kiyapd;kPJ ,aw;ifaoF #o
mike;Js;sJ.
%ytH fUtiw
,k;kz;lgj; jpUg;gzp ,UNtW fhyfl;lq;fspy; eilngw;Ws;sij

mwpaKbfpwJ. Filtiuthapiy kiwj;Jf; fl;lg;gl;l Rthpy; fy;
rd;dy; ,Ue;Js;sJ. gpd;G ,e;jr; rd;dy; milf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;why;
RtH fl;lg;gl;l fhyk; xd;whfTk; gpwF rd;dy; milf;fg;gl;l fhyk;
kw; n whd; w hfTk; ,Ug; g ijj; njhpe; J nfhs; s KbfpwJ. ,jdhy;
fUtiw 15.7 X 15.7 mbasTs;s rkrJutbtpy; fpof;F Nehf;fp

mikf; f g; g l; L s; s J. ,f; f Utiwiar; rhHe; J
mHj; j kz; l gk;
fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. mHj;jkz;lgk; 8.6 X 14.3 vDk; mikg;gpy; cs;sJ.
fUtiwiatpl mHj;j kz;lgk; njw;F tlf;F mstpy;; 1.4 mbasT
cs;slf;fpajhf cs;sJ.
,f;fUtiwapDs; %ytH ypq;f tbthff;
fhl;rp jUfpwhH.
fUtiwapYk; mHj;j kz;lgj;jpYk; ntspNa
miuj; J }z; f s; cs; s d.
Nfhl; l j; nja; t q; f shfj;
njw; N f
jl;rpzh%Hj;jpAk; tlf;Nf JHf;ifAk; jdpr;rpW xl;Lf; NfhapypDs;
cs;sdH. Nkw;Fj; NjtNfhl;lj;jpy; jpUTUtk; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy.
fUtiwapd; RtHg;gFjpapy; cggPlk;> mjpl;lhdk;> fhy;thp> gpu];juk;
77
78
KidtH j. fz;zd;
vDk; thpkhdq; f s; mikf; f g; g l; L s; s d.

mHj; j kz; l gj; j pd;
Eiothapypd; Nky; f[nyl;Rkpapd; rpw;gk; cs;sJ. mHj;j kz;lg
Eio thapypd; tlf;Nf jz;lhAjghzpAk; njw;Nf tpehafUk; cs;sdH.
kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtuiu Nehf;fpathW ee;jp fhzg;gLfpwJ. 6.2 x 2.6
mbasT nrt;tf mikg;gpy; 1.6 mb cauKs;s Nkilapy; ee;jp
gypgPlk; Mfpad cs;sd.
Nehf;Fld; ,it fl;lg;gl;ld. jpUtpohf;fspy; ,iwAUtq;fs; fhl;rp

nfhLf; f ,k; k z; l gq; f s; gad; g Lfpd; w d (Nrhkny.jkpofj;
jpUf;Nfhapy;fs; tuyhW> g.81). ,f;Nfhapypd; Kd; kz;lgk; ,iwtd;
,iwtpahpd; fUtiwfis ,izj;jthW mike;Js;sJ. ,k;kz;lgj;
J}z;fspy; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,jd; tpjhdk; kw;Wk;
cj; j uj; j py; ghz; b aH fiyg; g hzpfSs; xd; w hd kP d ; rpd; d k;
fhzg;gLfpwJ (fhz;f: gpd;dpizg;G - glk;: 14>15). ,k;kz;lgj;jpy;
ee;jpAk; gypgPlKk; cs;sd.
mk;kd; fUtiw
ghfk;gphpahs; mk;kd; fUtiw ,iwtd; fUtiwapd; tlfpof;F
%iyapy; njw;F Nehf;fp mike;Js;sJ. ,f;fUtiwAk; mHj;j
kz;lgj;Jld; ,ize;Js;sJ. fUtiw 11.3 X 11.3 vd;w rkrJu tbtpy;
,Uf;f mHj;jkz;lgk; fpof;F Nkw;F mstpy; 1.4 mb cs;slq;fpajhf
cs;sJ.
mjd;gb mHj;jkz;lgk; 8.5 X 9.11 vd;wstpy; cs;sJ.
RtHfspy; NjtNfhl;lr; rpw;gq;fs; ,y;iy. Rthpy; cs;s thpkhdq;fspd;
Ntiyg;ghL ,iwtd; fUtiwapy; ,Ue;J khWgLfpwJ. ,jd; RtHfs;
kpfTk; rpije;j epiyapy; cs;sd. RtHfisf; fhf;Fk; nghUl;Lr;
RtHfspy; rpnkz;l; fyitfs; G+rg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jdhy;; mr;RtHfspy;
cs;s fy;ntl;Lf;fs; kiwe;Js;sd. ,f;fUtiwapy; mk;kd; epd;w
epiyapy; cs;shs;. Jthughyfpfspd; rpw;gq;fNsh mHj;j kz;lgj;jpd;
kPJ f[nyl;RkpNah fhzg;ngwtpy;iy.
tpkhdq; f s
s;
%ytH fUtiw kw;Wk; mk;kd; fUtiwfspd; Nky; ,Ujs
ehfutifapidr; rhHe;j tpkhdq;fs; cs;sd.
,t;tpkhdq;fspy;
Ntjpif> fOj; J > rpfuk; > ]; J }gp vDk; cWg; G fs; moFld;
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd (fhz;f: gpd;dpizg;G - glk;: 32> 33).
%ytH
tpkhdj;jpy; fz;zg;g ehadhHGuhzk; VfghjH> jpUkhy; mtjhuq;fspy;
eurpk;k mtjhuk;> thkd mtjhuk;> kr;rhtjhuk; Kjypa rpw;gq;fs;
cs;sd. mk;kd; tpkhdj;jpy; mk;kdpd; tbtq;fNs ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd
(fhz;f: gpd;dpizg;G - glk;: 60 - 67).
Kd; k z; l gk;
Nfhapypd; Kf;fpakhd gFjpfs; kz;lgq;fs;. ,it gj;J my;;yJ
gjpNdhuhk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; nghpa mstpy; fl;lg;gl;ld. xw;iwf;fhy;
kz;lgk;> gjpdhWfhy; kz;lgk;> E}w;Wf;fhy; kz;lgk;> Mapuq;fhy; kz;lgk;>
vd;W kz;lgq;fs; gytifapd. fy;tpiaAk; fiyiaAk; tsHf;Fk;
79
jpUr; R w; W
nghJthfj; jpUf;Nfhapypd; jpUr;Rw;Wf;fs; %ytH fUtiwapid
ikakhff; nfhz;L mikAk;. Mdhy; ,f;Nfhapy; Kd;gpUe;j Filtiuf;
Nfhapypid xl;b XH xl;Lf; Nfhapyhff; fl;lg;gl;ljhy; ,t;tikg;gpy;
khWgl;Ls;sJ. %ytH fUtiwapid ikakhff; nfhz;L fpof;Fj;
jpUr;Rw;Wr; RtUk; Nkw;Fj; jpUr;Rw;Wr; RtUk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
Mdhy; njw;F kw;Wk; tlf;Fg; gpufhuq;fs; fUtiwapid ikakhff;
nfhz;L mikatpy;iy. fUtiwapy; ,Ue;J tlf;Fg; gpufhuj; jsq;fs;
mjpfkhfTk; njw;Fg; gpufhuj; jsq;fs; FiwthfTk; cs;sd. njw;Fj;
jpUr;Rw;Wr;RtH ,d;iwa ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J RkhH 5 mb tlf;Nf js;sp
mikg;gjw;Fj; jpl;lkplg;gl;Lg; gpwF mj;jpl;lk; iftplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jid
tlf;Fj; jpUr;Rw;Wf;fhfg; ghiwapy; ntl;lg;gl;Ls;s m];jpthuk;
fhl;LfpwJ.
fpof;Fj; jpUr;Rw;Wr; RtH kfhkz;lgk;
fl;Ltjw;F Kd;G fUtiwapid
ikakpl;ljhfTk; ,iwtd; fUtiwia
Nehf;fpa xU thapypid cilajhfTk;
,Ue;Js;sJ. ,g;gioa jpUr;Rw;W ,d;W
kfhkz;lgj;jpDs; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. 2011 Mk;
jpUg;gzpfSf;Fg; gpwF kfhkz;lgj;jpd;
fpof;Fr; RtH ,j;jpUf;Nfhapypd; fpof;Fj;
jpUr;Rw;Wr; Rtuhff; fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ.
Gjpjhff; fl;lg;gl;l fpof;Fj; jpUr;Rw;Wr;
Rthpy; ,uz;L thapy;fs; cs;sd.
%ytH fUtiw> njw;F tlf;Fg;
gpufhuq;
f Sf; F ikakhf mikahj
tlf;Fj; jpUr;Rw;Wr; Rthpid xl;b
RkhH 5 mb js;sp tlf;Fj;
fhuzj;jhy; fpof;Fj; jpUr;Rw;Wr; Rthpy;
jpUr;Rw;Wr; RtH fl;Ltjw;fhfg;
mikf;fg;gl;l thapYk; mj;jpUr;Rw;Wr;
ghiwapy; Njhz;lg;gl;l m];jpthuk;.
Rthpd; ikag; gFjpapy; mikahky;
njd;ghfk; FiwthfTk; tlghfk;
80
KidtH j. fz;zd;
mjpfkhfTk; mike;jpUe;jJ. ,t;tikg;G khw;wg;gl;Lg; Gjpa jpUr;Rw;Wr;

RtH mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,d;Ws;s fpof;Fj; jpUr;Rw;Wr; Rthpd; ikag;gFjpapy; xU
thapYk; ,iwtd; fUtiwia Nehf;fpathW kw;nwhU thapYkhf
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jdhy; ,j;jpUr;Rw;iwj; njw;fpypUe;J tlf;fhfg;
ghHf;Fk; NghJ RtH> thapy;> RtH> thapy;> RtH vd;w epiyapy; cs;sJ.
KiwNa ,tw;wpd; msTfs; 14.6> 5.4> 3.4> 6.2> 26.4 vDk; mbasTfspy;
cs;sd. nkhj;jj;jpy; fpof;Fj; jpUr;Rw;Wr; Rthpd; ePsk; 55.11 mbahf
cs;sJ. ,jpy; 5.4> 6.2 vd;w mbasTfspy; mike;Js;s ,uz;L
thapy;fSs; 5.4 mbsTs;s thapy; ,iwtid Nehf;fpajhfTk; 6.2
mbasTs;s thapy; fpof;Fj; jpUr;Rw;wpd; ikakhfTk;
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Nkw;Fj; jpUr;Rw;Wr; RtH njw;F tlf;fhf 62
mb ePsk; cilajhf cs;sJ. jpUf;Nfhapypd; njw;Fg; gpufhukhf
mike;jpUf;Fk; ghiwr; RtH fpof;fpy; ,Ue;J Nkw;Nf nry;yr; nry;y
njw;Fg;Gwkhfr; rw;W tise;J nry;tjhy; fpof;Fj; jpUr;Rw;Wr; Rtiutpl
Nkw;Fj; jpUr;Rw;Wr; RtH mjpf ePsk; cilajhf cs;sJ.t l f ; F j ;
jpUr;Rw;Wr; Rthpy; xU thapy; cs;sJ. ,t;thapy; 5.9 mb mfyk;
cilajhf cs;sJ. ,t;thapypUe;J Nkw;Nf 46.6 mb ePsKk; fpof;Nf
77.7 mb ePsKk; cilajhf mike;Js;sJ. kfhkz;lgk; fl;Ltjw;F
Kd;G tlf;FthapypUe;J fpof;Nf 46.6 mb ePsk; ,Ue;j tlf;Fj;
jpUr;Rw;Wr; RtH kfhkz;lgk; fl;ba gpwF 77.7 mbahf cs;sJ.
jpUr;Rw;wpy; Kf;FWzp tpehafH> MWKfd;> igutH MfpNahhpd;

rd;djpfs; mike;Js;sd. jpUr;Rw;wpd; xU miw NghyNt ,r;rd;djpfs;
fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wd. ,itfs; jdpahd mikg;igg; ngwhJ jpUr;Rw;wpd;
xU gFjpahfNt cs;sd.
jpUr;Rw;W kz;lgk;
jpUr;Rw;wpd; cl;Gwj;Nj fpof;F Nkw;F tlf;F Mfpa %d;W gFjpfspy;
jpUr;Rw;W kz;lgk; cs;sJ. njw;Nf Filtiu cs;sjhYk; ,ilntsp
FWfpAs;sjhYk; njd;gFjpapy; jpUr;Rw;W kz;lgk; mikf;fg;ngwtpy;iy.
jpUr;Rw;W kz;lgj;jpd; mbj;jsk; Nkil Nghy; Nfhapypd; mbj;jsj;jpy;
,Ue;J RkhH 3 mb caukha; cs;sJ. jpUr;Rw;W kz;lgj;jpd; fpof;Fg;
gFjpapy; #hpah;> re;jpuH ,iwtid Nehf;fpAs;sdH. #hpadpd; vjpNu
kz;lgj;jpd; mUfpy; khtPuh; fUtghz;bad; tlf;F Nehf;fpAs;shH.
jpUr; R w; W r; rd; d jpfs;

jpUr;Rw;Wfspy; fhzg;gLk; rd;djpfs; jpUr;Rw;W kz;lgj;jpd; kPNj
mike;Js;sd. ,jd; RtHfspy; ghjp jpUr;Rw;wpd; RtuhfNt cs;sJ.
vt;tpj Ntiyg;ghLfSk; ,d;wpf; fhzg;gLk; ,r;rd;djpfspd; Nky;
tpkhdq;fs; ,y;iy. ,jd; Nky;jsk; jpUr;Rw;W kz;lgj;jpd; Nky;
jskhfNt cs;sJ.
81
Kf; F WzptpehafH rd; d jp

Nfhapypd; njd;Nkw;F %iyapy; fpof;F Nehf;fpAs;s rd;djp
Kf;FWzp tpehafH rd;djpahFk;. ,r;rd;djpapd; Kd; kfplhRukHj;jpdp>
rg;j khjHfs;> ehfHrpiyfs; vd;gd fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
MWKfd; rd;djp
jpUf;Nfhapypd; tlNkw;F %iyapy; fpof;F Nehf;fpa rd;djpapy;
MWKfd; cs;shH. MWKfd;rd;djpf;Fk; tpehafHrd;djpf;Fk; ,ilNa
klg;gs;sp cs;sJ. jpUf;Nfhapypy; cs;s ,l mstpidf; fUj;jpy;
nfhz;L ,t;tplj;jpy; klg;gs;sp mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nfhapypd; rhpahd
gFjpapy; klg;gs;sp mikf;f Kaw;rpfs; eilngw;Wf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd
vd;W $Wfpd;whH FUf;fs; (fs Ma;tpd; NghJ jpU. uhk. Kj;Jr;rhkpf;
FUf;fs; $wpaJ).
igutH rd; d jp
jpUr; R w; w pd; tlfpof; F %iyapy; igutHrd; d jpAs; s J.
,r;rd;djpapy; igutH Nkw;F Nehf;fpAs;shH. nghJthfg; igutHrd;djp
njw;F Nehf;fp mikf;fg;gLk;. vd;gH (fs Ma;tpd; NghJ jpU. Nj.
nrhf;fypq;fk; $wpaJ).
rz; b NfRtuH rd; d jp

%ytH mHj;j kz;lgj;jpd; tlfpof;Nf> njw;F Nehf;fpathW
rz;bNfRtuH rd;djpAs;sJ. ,J 3.11 x 3.11 mbasTs;s rkrJu
tbtpy; cs;sJ. ,r;rd;djp kpfr; rpwpajha; %ytH fUtiwapd; gpu];ju
cau msNt cs;sJ. ,Ue;j NghJk; jl;rpzh%Hj;jp JHf;ifak;kd;
rd;djpfisg; Nghy xl;Lf; Nfhapyhf ,y;yhky; jdpaikg;Gld; xU
rpwpa rd;dpjpahf cs;sJ. ,jw;F tpkhdKk; mjd; kPJ fyrKk;
cs;sJ.
82
KidtH j. fz;zd;
etf; f puf Nkil
gy jpUg;gzpfisg; gy Mz;Lfshfr; nra;J tUk; jpU.mo. ngUkhs;

NfhdhHpd; Gjy;tHfshy; ,k;kz;lgk; cgakhfr; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sij
mq;Fs;s fy;nyOj;Jg; gyiffs; czHj;Jfpd;wd.
mk;kd;rd;djp mHj;jkz;lgj;jpd; njd;fpof;Nf etf;fpufq;fspd;

Nkil cs;sJ. 4.4 x 4.4 mbasTs;s rkrJu tbtpy; cs;s ,k;Nkil
3.1 mb cauk; cilajhf cs;sJ. ,k;Nkil n[fjp> fz;lk;> gl;bay;
vDk; mikg;Gld; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
rpj; j ptpehafH rd; d jp

,r;rd;djp kfhkz;lgj;jpw;Fs; 6.10 x 6.10 mbasTs;s rkrJu tbtpy;
cs;sJ. ,q;F rpj;jp tpehafH ehfHrpiyfSld; fhl;rp jUfpwhH.
2006 tiu ,r;rd;djp tpkhdk; ,y;yhky; ,Ue;jJ. 2006 Mk; Mz;Lj;
jpUg; g zpahy; ,r; r d; d jp Gjpa nghypTld; mikf; f g; g l; L s; s J.
,t;tpehafhpd; Ejdf;NfhGuj;ijg; ngq;fSH vk;. itj;jpaypq;fk; Mrhhp
(];jgjp) mtHfs; cgakhff; fl;bj; je;Js;shH. ,jid ,f; Nfhapypy;
cs; s fy; n yOj; J f; f Sk; rpj; j ptpehafH NfhGuj; j py; cs; s
fy;nyOj;Jf;fSk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.
rpj;jptpehafH NfhGuj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; fy;nyOj;Jg; gyif.

,jpy; ,f;NfhGuj;ij cgakhff; fl;bj;je;jthpd; ngaH
ntl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mj; j pUg; g zpapd; NghJ ,r; r d; d jpapd; Nky; tpkhdk;
vOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ. 2011 tiu jpUr;Rw;wpd; ntspNa ,Ue;j ,r;rd;djp
,g;nghOJ kfhkz;lgj;jpd; cs;Ns cs;sJ (fhz;f: 2011 Mk;;
Mz;bw;F Kd;Gs;s Kfg;Gj; Njhw;wk; - glk;: 04> 2011 Mk; Mz;bw;Fg;
gpwfhd Kfg;Gj; Njhw;wk; - glk;: 05).
,k; kfhkz;lgj;jpy; fpof;F Nehf;fp ,uz;L Eiothapy;fs;

cs;sd. mtw;Ws; xU Eiothapy; Kjd;ikthapyhfTk; kw;nwhU
thapy; Jizik thapyhfTk; cs;sd. Kjd;ik thapypd; Nky; rptd;
Gypj; N jhy; Milapd; Nky; Rfhrdj; j py; ehd; F fuq; f Sld;
fhzg;gLfpwhH (fhz;f: gpd;dpizg;G - glk;: 34). ,k; kz;lgj;Jr;
RtHfspd; kPJ jpUr;Rw;W ee;jpfSld; rpt ypq;fq;fSk; thpirahf
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
gioa jpUr;Rw;Wr; RtHfspd; kPJ jpUr;Rw;W
ee;jpfSk; mtw;Wld; $ba G+jq;fSk; cs;sd.
J}z; f spd; mikg; G

Filtiuapy; Filag;gl;Ls;s J}z;fs; rJu tbtkhf cs;sd.
,jpy; ,uz;L miuj;J}z;fSk; ,uz;L KOj;J}z;fSk; cs;sd.
mj;J}z;fspd; Nky; gFjpapy; NghjpiffSf;Ff; fPo; Fk;gk; Nghd;w
rpwpa tisT cs;sJ. rJug;gFjpfspy; jhkiufs; ePz;l jz;LfSlk;
nkhl;Lf;fshfr; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,j;J}z;fspd; Nky; juq;fg;
Nghjpiffs; cs;sd (fhz;f: gpd;dpizg;G - glk;: 09).
Filtiu Kd;G fl;lg;gl;Ls;s Kd;kz;lgj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;
,uz;L J}z;fs; ey;y Ntiyg;ghl;Lld; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,j;J}z;fs;
fPopUe;J rJuk; - gjpdhWgl;il rJuk; - gjpdhWgl;il - rJuk;>
mjd; Nky; moF tha;e;j G+Kidg; Nghjpif vd mike;Js;sd.
gjpdhWgl;ilapd; mikg;gpy; vl;Lg;gl;ilahy; Md gFjp; fPo;> Nky;>
,il vd;W mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. nghJthfj; J}z;fspy; ehfge;jq;fs;
mikg;gJ cz;L. Mdhy; ,j;J}z;fspy; ehfge;jq;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf
ehd; F nghk; i kfs; nrJf; f g; g l; L s; s d (fhz; f : gpd; d pizg; G glk;: 08).
2011 Mk; Mz;Lj;jpUg;gzpapd; fhuzkhf tsHr;rp ngw;w cWg;G

kfhkz;lgk;. ,f;Nfhapypd; kPJ kpFe;j gf;jp nfhz;L ,f;NfhapYf;Fg;
kiyf;nfhOe;jR
P tuH Kd;kz;lgj;jpYk;> jpUr;Rw;W kz;lgj;jpYk;
fhzg;ngWk; J}z;fs; rJuk; - vl;Lg;gl;il rJuk; - vl;Lg;gl;il
rJuk; - mjd;Nky; Ntiyg;ghL kpFjpaw;w Nghjpif vd cs;sd.
Kd;kz;lgj;Js; fhzg;ngWk; ehd;F mzpnthl;bj; J}z;fs; ePs; rJu
tbtpy; cs; s d.
,j; J }z; f spd; ; mikg; i gg; ghHf; F k; NghJ
,j; J }z; f Sld; gy Ntiyg; g hLfs; kpf; f J}z; f s; xl; l g; g Lk;
Nehf;fj;Jld; mikf;fg;gl;ljhfj; njhpfpwJ.
83
84
kfhkz; l gk;
KidtH j. fz;zd;
G+f;fl;Lk; ,lk;
jpUkiy klafUg;giu kf;fs; nghpJk; topgLfpd;wdH. 247

fUg;G MLfs; gypapl;L Neu;jj
; pf;fld;fis kf;fs; nrYj;jpa nra;jpia
ehNsLfspy; mwpaKbfpwJ. ,jid> rptfq;if mUNf jpUkiyapy;>
247 fUg;G MLfis gypapl;L> 9 Mapuk; gf;ju;fSf;F md;djhdk;
toq;fp Neu;j;jpf;fld; nrYj;jpdu;. rptfq;if khtl;lk;> jpUkiy
kiyf;nfhOe;jP];tuu; Nfhtpy; mUNf> klaf;fUg;g Rthkp Nfhtpy;
cs;sJ. xt;nthU Mz;Lk; jpUkiyf; fz;khapy; Njq;Fk; ePiu>
ghrdj;jpw;Fj; jpwe;J tpLtjw;fhf> kilapy; tPw;wpUf;Fk; fUg;gUf;F
gilay; itj;J Neu;j;jpf;fld; nrYj;jpa gpd;> fz;kha; kiliaj;
jpwe;J ghrdj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLj;Jtu;. rpj;jpiu tUlg;gpwg;gpy; tpujj;ijj;
njhlq;fp> Neu;j;jpf;fld; nrYj;Jtjw;fhd MLfisg; G+rhupaplk;
toq;Ftu;. ,J Nghd;W> 247 MLfs; toq;fg;gl;ld. rpj;jpiu 8k; ehshd
(Vg;.>20) md;W fhiy G+rhup tPl;by; ,Ue;J MLfis Cu;tykhf
mioj;J te;jdu;. md;W khiy 4 kzp Kjy; Kw;wpYk; fUg;G epwj;jpyhd
247 MLfisr; Rthkpf;Fg; gypapl;ldu;. New;W mjpfhiy 4 kzp tiu
,t;tpoh ele;jJ. fpuhk kf;fs; rhu;gpy; 9>000 gf;ju;fSf;F md;djhdk;
toq; f g; g l; L > kiliaj; jpwe; J > fz; k ha; eP i u tptrhaj; j pw; F g;
gad;gLj;jpdu;. 300 Mz;Lfshf ,e;j tpohitf; filgpbj;J tUfpNwhk;.
,f;NfhtpYf;Fg; ngz;fs; tukhl;lhu;fs;. tPlb
; y; nghUl;fs; jpULNghdhy;>
Rthkpaplk; Ntz;b nts;isr;Nrty; gypapl;lhy;> nghUl;fs; tPL te;J
NrUk;. Foe;ij tuk; Ntz;LNthu; vdg; gyjug;gl;l Ntz;Ljy; epiwNtWk;.
Mz;fs; kl;LNk gq;Nfw;W ,j;jpUtpohit elj;Jtu;. (fs Ma;tpy;
fpuhk kf;fs; toq;fpa nra;jp)
tlf;F thapiy mLj;j gFjpapy; cs;s G+f;fl;Lk; ,lk;

rpwg;Gf;FupaJ. mq;Fs;s mofpa re;jdf;fy;iyr; rpYtpdpg;gl;biar;
Nru;e;j khafz; je;jjhf mjpy; ntl;lg;gl;Ls;s fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jp
$WfpwJ. tl;ltbtkhf cs;s rpwpa mstpyhd ePu;j;njhl;biaf;
fs;swhjpdpg;gl;b kiyf;nfhOe;J Ngr;Rfupahk;G Mrhup fhsAf;jp Mz;L
Ig;grpj;jpq;fs; %d;whk; ehspy; je;jjhf mjd; kPJs;s fy;ntl;lhy;
mwpaKbfpwJ.
jpUf; N fhapy; njhlHghd gpw gFjpfs;

Nfhapypd; Kd;G rw;Wj; njhiytpy; Ridnahd;Ws;sJ (fhz;f:
gpd;dpizg;G - glk;: 85). ,jid kf;fs;; jPHj;jk; vd;W miof;fpd;wdH.
tlgFjpapy; ghiwapd; Nky; VWgbfs; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. gbfspd; fPo;
,wq;fpaTld; Nrq;if xd;Wk; Nrq;ifapd; fpof;Nf tpLjpAk; ee;jtdKk;
cs;sd.
Rw;wpAs;s gpw Nfhapy;fs;

,f;Nfhapiyr; Rw;wpYk; ,g;gFjp kf;fshy; tzq;fg;gLk; rpW
nja;tf; Nfhapy;fs; gy cs;sd.
mtw;Ws; kiyabthuj;jpy;
fpof; N fAs; s flk; g td ma; a dhH NfhapYk; mjidaLj; J s; s
fhspak; k d; NfhapYk; njw; N fAs; s gl; l td; NfhapYk; Nkw; N f
NfhNdhpf;fz;kha; klapy; cs;s klaf;fUg;gH NfhapYk; tlf;Nf rw;Wj;
njhiytpy; G+yhd; F bf; f z; k ha; f ; fiuapYs; s Kdpad; > fUg; g H
Nfhapy;fSk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fdthFk;. ,q;Fs;s fhspak;kd; Nfhapy;
,f; N fhapYld; njhlHGilajhf cs; s J. ,t; t k; k d; rpiyAk;
,f;Nfhapiyr; rhHe;j gFjpapNy fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,t;tk;kdpd; jpUTUtk;
rpijtile;Js;sJ. jiyapy; ,Ue;j kFlk; cile;Js;sJ. iffs;
cile;Js;sd. fhy;fs; cile;j epiyapy; kz;Zf;Fs; GijAz;L
cs;sd. ,g;gFjp kf;fs; fhsp vd tzq;fptUfpd;wdH. ,r;rpiy>
,f;Nfhapy; fy;;ntl;Lf;fs; Fwpg;gpLk; <];tuKilahH jpUf;Nfhapypy;
,Ue;j mk;kd; rpiyahf ,Uf;fyhk;. rpijtpd; fhuzkhfj; jdpNa
nfhz;L tug;gl;bUf;fyhk;. ,t;tk;kdpd; jpUTUt mikjpiag; ghHf;Fk;
NghJ ,t;tk;kd; kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtuH Nfhapypd; gioa mk;kdhf
,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vdj; Njhd;WfpwJ. ,t;tk;kdpd; GUt mikjpAk;
new;wp mikg;Gk; kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtuH Nfhapypy; cs;s ghfk;gphpahs;
mk;kid xj;Js;sJ. vd;gH (fs Ma;tpd; NghJ jpU. fpl;Lf; FUf;fs;
$wpaJ).
85
Rw; w pAs; s jpUTUtr; r piyfs;

,f; N fhapiyr; Rw; w pYk; gy rpiyfs; Mq; f hq; f hNf
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kiyabthuj;jpy; VWgbfSf;F mUfpy;
,Uf;ff;
$ba KUfd; rpiy> jpUr;Rw;wpd; tlfpof;F %iyapy; fhzg;gLk;
jl;rpzh%Hj;jp rpiy> fd;dpkhH rpiy vd;gd Fwpg;gplj;jf;fdthFk;.
,r;rpiyfs; goikahd Mtzq;fs; MFk;. ,tw;iwg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;
(fhz;f: gpd;dpizg;G - glk;: 89 - 92).
*****************
86
jpUTUt mikjp
jkpoHfs; fiyAzHtpy; vtHf; F k; gpd; j q; f hjtHfs; .
vj;jidNah fiyfspy; <Lk; vLg;Gk; ,y;yhky; Xq;fp epw;Fk; jkpofk;
rpw;gf;fiyapYk; jd;NdH ,y;yhj; jdpg;ngUik gilj;J tpsq;FfpwJ.
mj;jkpoff; Nfhapy;fSs; xd;whfj; jpfOk; jpUkiyj; jpUf;Nfhapy;
njd;dpe;jpar; rpw;gf;fiyfSs; Fwpg;gpLk; mstpy; rpwg;Gw;Ws;sJ.
,iwaUisg;ngw ,d;wpaikahjitahf mikAk; jpUTUtq;fisr;
nra;tjw;F Vw;w gj;Jg; nghUl;fisg; gpq;fy epfz;L>
fy; Y k; cNyhfKk; nrq; f y; Y k; kuKk;
kz;Zk; RijAk; je;jKk; tz;zKk;

fz; l rUf; f iuAk; nkOFk; vd; w pit
gj;Nj rpw;gj; njhopw;F cWg;ghFk; (gpq;fy epfz;L)
vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. mtw;Ws; ,j;jpUf;Nfhapw; rpw;gq;fs; fy; kw;Wk;
Rijahy; MditfshFk;.
rpw; g q; f s;
nghJthfr; rpw;gq;fis tifg;gLj;Jk; NghJ mtw;iw %yg;gbkq;fs;>
ghpthug; gbkq; f s; > cw; r tg; gbkq; f s; vd %tifg; g Lj; J tH.
jpUkiyapy; %yg; g bkq; f Sk; ghpthug; g bkq; f Sk; cs; s d.
cw;rtg;gbkq;fs; ,j;jpUj;jyj;jpy; ,y;iy.
KidtH j. fz;zd;
igutH> #hpaH> re;jpuH> jr;rpzh%Hj;jp> JHf;if> rz;bNfRtuH>
JthutpehafH> jz;lhAjghzp> rpj;jptpehafH> etf;fpufq;fs;> ee;jpgypgPlk;> khtPuH fUttPughz;bad; vd;gdTk;. tpkhdj;jpUTUtq;fSk;
,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. ,itad;wp kfplhRukHj;jpdp> fd;dpkhHfs; ;rpiyAk;
cs;sd.
rpj; j ptpehafH
ptpehafH;
%yKjw;nghUshk; tpehafg;ngUkhid topgl;lgpd;Ng gpw
jpUTUtq;fis topgl Ntz;Lk;. ve;jnthU nraiyr; nra;tjhdhYk;
Kjypy; tpehafg; ngUkhid tzq;f Ntz;Lk;. ,q;Ff; Filtiu
Filag;gl;l NghJ Kjd;Kjypy; topgLjw;F Vw;whHNghy; ghiwapy;
tpehafg; ngUkhd; Gilg;Gr;rpw;gkhfr; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;shh;. fl;Lkhdf;
Nfhapy; fl;lg;gl;l epiyapy; fpof;Fj; jpUr;Rw;Wr; Rthpd; Kd;G
rpj;jptpehafH epWtg;gl;Ls;shH.
fpof;F Nehf;fpathW jdpr;rpW
fUtiwapy; tpehafUf;Fhpa nghJ mikjpAld; cs;shH (fhz;f:
gpd;dpizg;G - glk;: 68).
ckhrfpj%Hj; j p
Filtiuf; Nfhapypd; fUtiwapy; Nkw;F cl;Gwr; Rthpy;; fpof;F
Nehf;fpathW rptDk; cikAk; Gilg;Gr; rpw;gkhfr; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sdH.
,j;Njhw;wj;ij kf;fs; fy;ahzRe;ju %Hj;jp vd;wiof;fpd;wdH. ,q;Ff;
fhzg; g Lk; ,j; j pUTUtpidg; Nghd; W gpuhd; k iyf; Filtiuf;
NfhapypYk; Midkiy yhld; NfhapypYk; fhzg;ngWfpwJvd;gH(The
beautiful state of kalyanasundarar may be compared with that piranmalai and
anamalai ladan kovil S.V. Subramanian G.Rajendran HERITAGE OF THE
TAMILS TEMPLE ARTS.P.22).
fl; L khdf; Nfhapypy; kiyf; n fhOe; j P R tuH> ghfk; g phpahs;

%yj;jpUTUtq;fshf ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. Kf;FWzptpehafH> MWKfd;>
rptDk; cikAk; fy; ,Uf;ifapd; kPJ mkHe;Js;sdH. rptd;

,lf;fhiyAk; cik tyf;fhiyAk; ,Uf;ifapd; kPJ Fj;jpl;L KiwNa
tyf;fhiyAk; ,lf;fhiyAk; njhq;ftpl;Ls;sdH. ,e;j Mrdj;ijr;
Rfhrdq;fSs; xd;whd cj;Fbfhrdk; vd;gH. (xU fhy; ,Uf;ifapd;
kPJ Fj;jpl;L ,Uf;f kw;nwhUfhy; njhq;fpa epiyapy; ,Ug;gJ cj;Fb
MrdkhFk;.)
,t;tpUtUk; ,UjpUf;fuq;fSld; cs;sdH. rptdpd;
tyf;fuk; njhq;fpa tyJfhy; njhilapd; kPJ CU`];jj;jpy; cs;sJ.
(ifiaf; fPo;Nehf;fp
Neuhf ePl;bf; ifj;jyj;ijAk; tpuy;fisAk;
njhilapd; k P J nghUj; j p nkd; i kahf Cd; w papUf; F k; epiy
CU`];jkhFk;.) ,lf;fuk; cikapd; tyJfuj;ijg; gw;wpAs;sJ.
87
88
jpUkiyapd; jpUTUtq; f s;
Filtiuapy; ckhrfpj%Hj;jp %yj;jpUTUtkhf ,lk;ngw
KUfDk; tpehafUk; ghpthuj; nja;tq;fshfr; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sdH.
Filtiuj; jpUTUtq;fs; ahTk; ghiwapy; Gilg;ghfr;
nrJf;fg;gl;ldthFk;.
KidtH j. fz;zd;
rptd; jiyapy; fuz;lkFlKk; fhJfspy; Fz;lyq;fSk; fOj;jpy;

`huKk; Njhspy; khiyAk; ,Lg;gpy; cjuge;jdKk; tpuy;fspy; NkhjpuKk;
Grq;fspy; NfA+uq;fSk; kzpf;fl;Lfspy; fq;fzq;fSk; fhy;fspy;
rpyk;Gk; ghjryq;ifAk; mzpfyd;fshfg; ngw;W moFld; jpfo;fpwhH.
,tH fPo; Mil kl;LNk mzpe;Js;shH. Milapy; fl;lg;gl;l Nkfiyapd;
Edpg;gFjp ,U fhy;fSf;fpilNa njhq;fpa epiyapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
rptidg; Nghd;W cikAk; gy;NtW mzpfyd;fis mzpe;Js;shs;.
rptDk; cikAk; NrHe;j ,r;rpw;g mikjp ckhrfpj%Hj;jpahFk; (fhz;f:
,tH fPo; Milkl;LNk mzpe;Js;shH. Milapd; Nky; fl;lg;gl;Ls;s

Jz;bd; Edpg; gFjp KUfdpd; ,lg;;Gwkhfj; njhq;fpg; gPlj;jpidj;
njhl;Ls;sJ. ,thpd; Kg;Ghp E}y; tyJ ifapd; NkNy nry;fpwJ.
Kg;Ghp E}ypd; ,t;tikg;G Kw;fhyg; ghz;baHf;Fhpa rpwg;gikg;ghFk;.
Filtiu tpehafH
Filtiuiar; rhHe;j tpehafH Filtiuapd; fpof;Fg;gFjpapy;
;cs;s ghiwapy; Gilg;Gr; rpw;gkhfr;; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;shH (fhz;f:
gpd;dpizg;G - glk;: 41). ,t;tpehafiu ,d;W vspjpy; topgl KbahJ.
,t;tpehafH fw;wspapd; njd;fpof;F %iyapy; cs;s klg;gs;spAs;
kiwe;Js;shH.
,t;tpehafH gps;isahHgl;b tpehafiug; Nghd;W
topghl;Lr;rpwg;gpw;FhpatH. ,t;tpehafH epd;wepiyapy;
tlf; F Nehf; f pAs; s hH.
ehd; F jpUf; f uq; f Sld; fhzg; g LfpwhH.
Nkw;fuq;fs; ,uz;by; tyjpy; kyHr;nrz;Lk; ,ljpy; ghrf;fapWk; cs;sd.
fP o ; f ; f uq; f s; ,uz; b y; ; x d; W mgaKj; j piuahfTk; kw; n whd; W
Nkhjfj;ijg; gw;wpathWk; cs;sd.
Filtiuapy; gpw; f hyj; j py; epWtg; n gw; w tpehafiuAk;
fhzKbfpwJ. ,t;tpehafH Filtiuf; fUtiwapd; Kd;Gs;s mHj;j
kz;lg Nkilapd; Nky; tlf;F Nehf;fpAs;shH. ,tH tpehafUf;Fhpa
nghJ mikjpAld; yypjhq;fhrdj;jpy; cs;shH (fhz;f gpd;dpizg;G:
glk;: 42).
Filtiu KUfd
KUfd;
,thpd; ,lJ Gwk; Jwtp xUtH cs;shH.

mthpd; jiyKb
RUz;Lk; jpuz;Lk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. Jwtpapd; Milapd; kPJs;s Jz;bd;
Edpg;gFjp ,lg;Gwkhfj; njhq;FfpwJ.
KUfdpd; tyg;;Gwk; nghpa
tapw;Wld; KUfid Nehf;fpathW mbatH xUth; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;shH.
mtH KUfDf;Ff; Fil gpbj;jthW cs;shH.
,thpd; gpd;Gwk;
nfhbkuj;njhd;wpy; Nrty; epw;fpwJ. ,r;rpw;gj;njhFjpapd; fPo; KUfdpd;
thfdkhd kapYk; MLk; xd;iwnahd;W Nehf;fpathW
nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. kapYf;Fk; Ml;bw;Fk; ,ilapy; g+e;njhl;b xd;Wk;
cs;sJ (fhz;f: gpd;dpizg;G - glk;: 43> 44).
kiyf; n fhOe; j P R tuH

,tH fl;Lkhdf; Nfhapy; fUtiwapDs; fpof;F Nehf;fpathW
ypq;f tbtpy; fhl;rpaspf;fpwhH. Mfkj;jpd;gb %y%Hj;jp rptypq;fNk.
Guhz mbg;gilapy; Njhd;wp topghl;Lf;F chpauhff; fUjg;gLk;
%Hj; j q; f s; midj; J k; ypq; f j; j pypUe; J Njhd; w padNt vd; W k;
(g. mUzhr;ryk;> irtrkak; XH mwpKfk; g.3)> Md;khf;fSk; mfpy
cyfq;fs; midj;Jk; xLq;Ftjw;Fk; Njhd;Wtjw;Fk; Vw;w ,lk; vd;gNj
rptypq;fj;jpd; nghUs; vd;Wk;(mu. Mj;jpmbahH> rptdUl; Nfhyq;fs;
g.7)> rptypq;fj;jpd; ngUikapid tpsf;FtH. ,r;rptypq;fk; fy;ypdhy;
MdJ fy;ypdhy; nra;ag;gl;l rptypq;fj;ijg; G+rpg;gtHfs; epidj;Jg;
ghHf;f Kbahj msTf;F mUk;ngUk; rf;jpfisg; ngWtH vd;gH.
(v. ,uhN[e;jpud;> gpuNjh~ G+i[Ak; gyd;fSk; g.59).
njd;dpe;jpar; rpwg;Gkpf;f ,j;jpUNkdp Jtpgq;fkhar;; rw;W tyg;Gwk;

rha;e;j epiyapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,k;KUfDf;Ff; iffs; ,uz;L.
tyJ fuk; CU `];jj;jpYk; ,lJ fuk; fba tyk;gpjkhAk; cs;sd.
jiyapidf; fuz;l kFlKk; fhJfisf; Fz;lyq;fSk; fOj;jpid
MuKk; khHgpid Kg;Ghp E}Yk; ,Lg;gpidf; fbge;jKk; Grq;fisf;
NfA+uKk; kzpf;fl;Lf;fisf; fq;fzq;fSk; mzpnra;fpd;wd.
fUtiwapd; ikag; g Fjpapy; MjhugP l j; j pd; kP J ypq; f k;

mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. MTilahHpd; cauj;ijtpl ypq;fj;jpd; gPrhk;r
cauk; mjpfkha; ,Ug;gjhy; ,J epd;w jpUf;NfhykhFk;. MTilahH
1.8 mb caukha; mike;jpUf;f gPrhk;r cauk; mjidtpl 7 mq;Fyk;
cauk; cilajha; cs;sJ. mjhtJ gPrhk;r cauk; 2.3 mbahfTk;
rpNuhtHj;jdk; 2 mq;FykhfTk; 2.3 + 0.2 = 2.5 mbahfTk; cs;sJ. 3.8
mb rkrJuKila MTilahhpd; ,lJGwk; 1.3 mb ePsk; cila
NfhKfp fhzg;gLfpwJ.
MTilahHpd; Nky;kl;lj;jpy; mgpNlf ePH
nry;tjw;Fr; rw;Wg; gs;skhf mike;j ePHj;jhiu xd;W fhzg;gLfpwJ
(fhz;f: gpd;dpizg;G - glk;: 39).
89
90
KidtH j. fz;zd;
ghfk; g phpahs;
,tH epw;Fk; epiyapy; jiyiaAk; cliyAk; Neuhf epkpHj;jp

xUghw; Nfhlhky; rkepiyapy; fhy;fis NeH Nehf;Filajhf epw;gjhy;
,jidr; rkghj ];jhdfk; my;yJ ejkhdk; vd;wiog;gH.
ghfk;gphpahs;> fUtiwapy; epd;w jpUf;Nfhyj;jpy; njw;F Kfkha;f;

fhl;rp jUfpwhs;.
fhy;fs; ,uz;bidAk; rkkhf itj;Jr; rkghj
];jhdfkha; epw;fpwhs;.
RkhH Xub cauKs;s gPlj;jpd;kPJ RkhH
ehd;fb cauk; cilatshfj; jpfo;fpwhs;. ,tspd; ,U fuq;fSs;
tyJ fuk; kyiu Ve;jpAs;sJ. ,lJ fuk; fba tyk;gpjkhf cs;sJ.
(,Lg;Gf;Ff; fPo; njhq;fpaikAk; if> fba tyk;gpjkhFk;) jiyapy;
fuz;lkFlk;> fPo; Mil> rpyk;G Nghd;w mzpfs; mk;kid moF
nra;fpd;wd. mk;kd; epd;w Nfhyj;jpy; Jtpgq;fkha; cs;shs; (fhz;f:
gpd;dpizg;G - glk;: 40). NeNu ,y;yhky; rha;e;J fhzg;gLtjhYk;
jphpgq; f mikg; g py; khWgLtjhYk; ,t; t k; k d; jdpak; k dha;
tbf; f g; n gwhJ ,iwtDld; Nrh; e ; J ,Uf; F k; epiyapNyNa
tbf;fg;ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhH Nj. nrhf;fypq;fk; (fs Ma;tpd;
NghJ jpU. Nj. nrhf;fypq;fk; $wpaJ).
Kf; F Wzp tpehafH

,t;tpehafH mkHe;j epiyapy; ,lk;Ghp tpehafuhf cs;shH. gPlj;jpd;
kPJ xU fhiy klf;fpg; gLf;ifahf itj;J kw;nwhU fhiy klf;fp
epWj;jpAs;shH. ,t;thW mikAk; ,e;j Mrdj;ij yypjhrdk; vd;gH.
,tUf;F ehd;F iffs; cs;sd. Nkw;fuq;fs; ,uz;by; tyJ fuj;jpy;
mq;FrKk; ,lJ fuj;jpy; ghrf;fapWk; fhzg;ngWfpd;wd. fPof
; i
; ffSs;
tyJ xbf;fg;gl;l je;jj;JlDk; ,lJ Nkhjfj;JlDk; jpfo;fpwJ.
jiyapy; fuz;l kFlKk; tapw;wpy; cjuge;jdKk; khHgpy; gpuk;k
Kbr;Rld; $ba G+Z}Yk; gpw mzpfyd;fSk; mzpe;Js;shH (fhz;f:
RkhH 5.2 mb cauKila kpfg;nghpa
,t;tpehafH Kf;FWzp tpehafH vd miof;fg;ngWfpwhH.
,t;tpehafhpd; gpd;Gwk; jiyg;gFjpapy; nfhz;il Nghd;w mikg;igf;
fhzKbfpd;wJ (fhz;f> gpd;dpizg;G: glk;: 47). ,t;tikg;G NtW
,lq;fspy; ,y;yhj xd;whFk; vd;gijj; jpdkzp ehNsL Fwpg;gpLfpwJ
(jpdkzp> 07.01.2010)
MWKfd;
,k; KUfdpd; MWKfq;fs; tl;ltbtkhfr; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

mtw;Ws; Kd; %d;W Kfq;fs; rpwg;ghfTk; gpd; %d;W Kfq;fs;
rhjhuzkhfTk; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. rptj;jpw;Fhpa Ie;J Kfj;jpidAk;
rf;jpf;Fhpa xU Kfj;jpidAk; nfhz;L MWKfd; Mapdhd; vdTk;
ehd;F jpirfisAk; Nky; fPo; ,lq;fisAk; Nehf;fp midj;ijAk;
ghpghydQ; nra;a ,iwtd; MWKfd; Mapdhd; vdTk;
MWKfq;fSf;Fg; gy tpsf;fq;fs; jUtH.
KUfdpd; gd;dpU fuq;fspy; tyJ mgak;> Nfhopf;nfhb> tr;rpuk;>
mq;Frk;> mk;G> Nty; Mfpatw;WlDk; ,lJ tujk;> jhkiu> kzp> kO>
jz;lhAjk;> tpy; Mfpatw;WlDk; mika Ntz;Lk; vd;gH (r. jz;lghzp
NjrpfH> KUfd; g.25). ,q;Fg; gd;dpU fuq;fspy; xU tyJ if
mgakhfTk; ,lJif CU`];jj;jpYk; cs;sJ. (ifiaf; fPoN
; ehf;fp
Neuhf ePl;b ifj;jyj;ijAk; tpuy;fisAk; njhilkPJ nghUj;jp
nkd;ikahf Cd;wpapUf;Fk; epiy CU`];jk; MFk;> ,Lg;Gf;Ff;
fPo; njhq;fpaikAk; ifahjyhy; fba tyk;gpjk; vd;Wk; $WtH) ,t;tpU
iffs; jtpu gpw iffspy; cs;sit vd;d vd;gJ Gyg;gltpy;iy
igutH
rpthyaq;fspy; mikf;fg;gLk; gpufhuj; nja;tq;fspy; igutUk; xUtH.
,tH rptfzq;fspy; Nrj;jpuf;fhty; GhpgtH. igutiur; rptd>; jd;id
,fo; e ; j gpukdJ jiyiaf; nfha; a j; Njhw; W tpj; j hd; vd; f pwJ
fe; j Guhzk; (jp. ,uhrkhzpf; f k; > njd; d pe; j par; rpw; g q; f Sk;
Nfhapy;fSk;>g.41).
,g;igutH Nkw;F Nehf;fp epd;w epiyapy; cs;shH.
Nkw;F
Nehf;fpAs;s igutNu rpwg;gpw;FhpatH.
iguthpd; mWgj;J ehd;F
tbtq;fis Mfkq;fs; $Wfpd;wd. ,g;igutH fhy;fis NeNu Cd;wp
ehd;F jpUf;fuq;fSld; Milapd;wp cs;shH.
xU gl;bdj;jpy; my;yJ rpWfpuhkj;jpy; KUfid tbf;Fk; nghOJ

gd;dpuz;L iffs; cs;stuhfTk; kiyapd; mbthuj;jpYs;s rpw;W}hpy;
ehd;F iffs; cs;stuhfTk; fpuhkj;jpYk; fhl;bYk; ,uz;L iffs;
cs;stuhfTk; tbf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,q;F KUfd; MWKfKk; gd;dpUfuKk;
cs;stuhf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;shH.
igutUf; F r; RlHKb mike; j pUf; F k; vd; W Mfkq; f s;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. ,q;F mjw;Fg; gjpyhfg; Gj;j gfthdpd; rpw;gq;fs;
rpytw;wpy; fhzg;gLtJ Nghy; RUl;b Kbe;j ePHf;Fkpop Kbr;Rfs;
Nghy; Kbf;fw;iw RUs;RUshf mike;Js;sJ.
91
92
KidtH j. fz;zd;
Nkw;iffs; ,uz;by; tyJif cLf;ifiaAk; ,lJif glk; vLj;j

ghk;igAk; gw;wpAs;sd.
fPo;f;if ,uz;by; tyJif ghk;G Rw;wpa
Rf;Fkj;jbapd; kPJk; ,lJif fghyj;jl;il Ve;jpAk; cs;sd. fhJfspy;
Fz;lyq;fSk; khHgpy; G+Z}Yk; mzpfyd;fshf mzpnra;fpd;wd
gpd;dpizg;G - glk;: 69). ,j;Njtpf;Ff; iffs; ehd;F. mtw;Ws; Nky;

,U iffspy; rq;Fk; rf;fuKk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fPo; ,U iffs;
mga tujkha; cs;sd. (ifr; Rl;L tpuy; Kjy; rpWtpuy; tiu cs;s
ehd;F tpuy;fisAk; xd;Nwhnlhd;W xl;baikj;Jf; ifj;jyj;jpw;Fr;
rk kl;lj;jpy; nrq;Fj;jhf Nky; Nehf;fp epWj;jpg; ngUtpuiyr; Rl;L
tpuNyhL NrHj;J Nky; Nehf;fpaikg;gJ mgakhFk;. mjidj; jiyfPohf
cs;sq;if ntspNa njhpAk; gb mikg;gJ tujkhFk;) ,j;JHf;if
tp~;Z JHf;ifahths;.; rpy rptd; Nfhtpy;fspy; tp~;Z JHf;if
,Uf;fyhk; vd;gH (,uh. rPdpthrd;> rf;jp topghL g.54).
jl; r pzh%Hj; j p
rptngUkhdpd; Ie;J tif tbtq;fSs; Nyhfj;ijAk; Qhdj;ijAk;
,iriaAk; fw;gpf;Fk; MykH nry;td; tbtKk; xd;whFk;.
,J
kNfRtu tbtq;fs; ,Ugj;ije;jpy; xd;W.
,tH NjtNfhl;lj;jpy;
njd;Kfkha; mikf;fg;gLtjhy; jl;rpzh%Hj;jp> njd;Kff;flTs;
vdg;gLfpwhH. jl;rpzk; vd;why; njw;F vd;W nghUs;. jl;rpzh%Hj;jp
tbtpy; ehd;F tifAz;L. mtw;Ws; ,tH tpahf;ahdj; jl;rzh%Hj;jp
MthH.
mkHe;j epiyapy; tyJ fhiy klf;fpj; njhq;ftpl;Lf; fPNo Cd;wpAk;
,lJ fhiy klf;fp tyJ fhypd; Nky; tpiug;ghf ePlb
; g; gLf;ff;fplj;jpAk;
cliyr; rkepiyapy; nfhz;L NeNu epkpHj;jp ,uh[ Nehf;FlDk; cs;shH.
,thpd; ,t;thrdj;ij tPuhrdk; vd;gH. iffs; ehd;F. Nkw;if ,uz;by;
ghk; G k; #yKk; fhzg; g Lfpd; w d.
fP o ; f ; i f ,uz; b y; xUif
rpd;Kj;jpiuAlDk; kw;nwhU if FWf;Nf ePl;ba ,lJ fhypd; kPJk;
cs;sd.
gjp> gR. ghrk; vDk; irt rpj;jhe;jj;ij czHj;Jk;
rpd;Kj;jpiuapid tpahf;ahd `];jk; vd;Wk; tpjHf;f Kj;jpiu vd;Wk;
miog; g H.
rpd; K j; j piu fhl; b As; s tyJ ifapy; mf; f khiy
fhzg;gLfpwJ (fhz;f: gpd;dpizg;G - glk;: 70).
etf; f pufq; f s;
xt;nthU kdpjDk; etf;fpufq;fis topgl;lhy; Nkd;ikailayhk;.
etf;fpufq;fspd; nray;ghLfs; rptdpd; ghHit Kd; mika Ntz;Lk;
vDk; fhuzj;;jhy; mtw;iwr; rptd; Nfhtpy;fspy; gpujpl;il nra;tH.
,f;fpufq;fs; ,q;F xNu gPlj;jpd; kPJ rk msTs;s rpw;gq;fshf
mikf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd (fhz;f: gpd;dpizg;G - glk;: 75 - 83).
etf; f pufq; f spd; mikg; G

fpof;F
tlf;F
Jh; f ; i f
kfprd; vDk; muf; f dhy; Jd; g g; g l; l NjtHfs; rptidAk;
tp~;ZitAk; mile;J jq;fspd; Jd;gq;fis vLj;Jiuj;jdH. mijf;
Nfl;l rptDk; tp~;ZTk; kpfTk; tUe;jpdH. gpd;G tp~;Ztpd; Kfj;jpy;
,Ue;Jk; gpw NjtHfspd; Kfj;jpypUe;Jk; xspg;gpok;Gfs; ntspg;gl;ld.
mg;gpok;Gfs; xd;W $b xU ngz;ZUtk; nfhz;lJ. mg;ngz; cUtNk
JHf;if Mths;. kfprid mopf;fg; gilf;fg;gl;l JHf;fh NjtpNa
vUikj;jiy muf;fdhd kfpridf; nfhd;whs;. ,j;jpUf;Nfhapypd;
JHf;if mk;kfprdpd; vUikj; jiykPJ epd;w epiyapy; cs;shs;.
fhy;fs; rkepiyapy; Cd;wpapUg;gpDk; tyJ fhypd; ghjk; rw;W
Kd;Ndhf;fp ,lJ ghjj;ijtplr; rw;Wg; nghpajhfTk; cs;sJ (fhz;f:
93
Gjd;
Rf;fpud;
re;jpud;
tpahod;
#hpad;
nrt;tha;
uhF
rdp]t
; ud;
NfJ
njw;F
Nkw;F
#hpad;
etf;fpufq;fspy; Kjd;ik ngWgtH #hpad;. ,tH fhrpag Kdpthpd;
Gj;jpuH MthH. ,q;F ehd;F iffSld; fpof;F Kfkha; cs;shH.
Nky; ,U fuq;fspy; kyHfs; fhzg;gl fPo; ,U fuq;fs; mga tujkha;
cs;sd.
94
KidtH j. fz;zd;
re; j pud;
,uhF
ghw;flypNy mKjk; file;j NghJ Njhd;wpatH. ,q;F ehd;F

jpUf;fuq;fSld; Nkw;F jpirapid Nehf;fpAs;shH.
Nkw;fuq;fspy;
MAjq;fs; fhzg;gl fPo;f;fuq;fs; mga tujkha; cs;sd.
,uz;L fuq;fSld; njw;F Kfkha; cs;s ,thpd; fuq;fs; ,uz;Lk;

mQ;ryp`];jkha; cs;sd.
NfJ
nrt; t ha;
,tH tPugj;jpuhpd; mk;rk; MthH. njd; Kfkhfj; jpfOk; ,tUf;F
ehd; F iffs; tyf; f uq; f s; ,uz; b y; #yKk; fj; j pAk; ,Uf; f
,lf;fuq;fspy; xd;W #yj;JlDk; kw;nwhd;W Cd;wpa jz;lj;jpd;
kPJk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
Gjd;
re;jpu fpufj;jpd; FkhuH Gjd; MthH. ,tH ehd;F fuq;fSld;
fpof;F Nehf;fpAs;shH. Nkw;iffs; MAjj;JlDk; fPo;f;iffs; mga
tujkhfTk; fhzg;ngWfpd;wd.
FU (tpahod; )
NjtFU ,tNuahthH. tlf;fpid Nehf;fpAs;s ,tUf;F ehd;F
jpUf;fuq;fs; NkNy MAjq;fSk; fPNo cs;sit mga tujj;JlDk;
cs;sd.
Rf; f pud;
fpof;F Nehf;fpAs;s ,tuJ ehd;F fuq;fspy; NkNyAs;sit
MAjq; f SlDk; fP N oAs; s it mga tuj Kj; j piuAlDk;
fhzg;ngWfpd;wd.
rdp
,tH #hpadpd; Fkhuh; MthH. tyJ fhypid klf;fp fhf;if
thfdj;jpd; kPJ itj;Js;shH.
,lJ fhiyf; fPNo gPlj;jpd; kPJ
Cd;wpAs;shH.
ehd;F iffs; cs;sd.
Nkw;iffspy; mq;FrKk;
ghrKk; fhzg;gl fPo;f; iffSs; tyJ if klf;fpa fhy;njhilapd;
kPJk; ,lJ if Cd;wpa fhy;njhilapd; kPJk; fhzg;ngWfpd;wd.
,tH Nkw;F Kfkha; cs;shH.
95
njw;F Kfkha; cs;s ,thpd; iffs; ,uz;Lk; mQ;ryp `];jkha;

cs;sd.
mQ;ryp`];j tyJ ifapd; Nky;
MAjk; cs;sJ.
,tuJ ,Lg;gpd; fPo; ghk;G Rw;wpAs;sJ.
ee; j p
gpuNjhr tuyhw;wpy; cik rptdplk; ee;jpapd; rpwg;igf; Nfl;f
rptd; ee;jp Njtd; gf;jpahy; vd;id epfh;jj
; td;. mehjpaha;g; gpwe;jtd;.
jHktbtpdd;. ehd;F Ntjq;fSk; ghjq;fshfg; ngw;wtd;. vd;idr;
Rkg;gjhy; vdf;F xg;ghdtd;.
Ntjq;fs; Nghw;Wk; caHe;j &gd;.
vdNt mtid tzq;FgtHfSf;F ehd; rfy nrsghf;fpaq;fisAk;
mspj;J tUfpNwd; vd;W $wpdhh; vd;gH (v. ,uhN[e;jpud;> gpuNjh~
G+i[Ak; gyd;fSk; gf;. 32>33).
rptdpd; thfdkhd ee;jp Njtd;
rptid Nehf;fpg; gLj;jpUf;fpwhH.
,thpd; %d;Wfhy;fs; klf;fpAk;
xUfhy; ePl;b Cd;wpAk; cs;sd. ,uz;L Fl;ilahd nfhk;GfSk;
jpuz;l jpkpYk; mofha; cs;sd. fOj;jpid ,uz;L kzpkhiyfSk;
gpw mzpfSk; moF nra;fpd;w
; d. Kfj;jpy; %f;Ff;fapW fhzg;gLfpwJ
rz; b NfRtuh
NfRtuh;
rz;lk; vd;why; Nfhgk; vd;W nghUs;gLk;. rz;bf; FzKilatH.
cUj;jpu%Hj;jpapd; Nfhghf;fpdpapy; cjpj;jtH. rptG+irapd; Kbtpy;
,tiu tzq;f Ntz;Lk;. ,tH tyJ fhiyr; rw;W tyJ Gwkhfr;
rha;j;J klf;fpf; fPNo Cd;wpAs;shH.
,lJ fhiy tyJ fhypd;
njhilia Nehf;fpathW klf;fp ePl;bg; gPlj;jpd; kPJ itj;Js;shH.
,tUf; F ,uz; L iffs; cs; s d.
tyJ ifapy; nrz; b id
Ve;jpAs;shH. ,lJ ifia klf;fp ,lJ fhypd; kPJ itj;J ePlb
; athW
cs;shH (fhz;f: gpd;dpizg;G - glk;: 68).
96
KidtH j. fz;zd;
#hpad;
ghJifapd; kPJ rkghjkha; epd;w epiyapy; fhl;rp jUfpwhH. ,thpd;

jiy kOq;fp cj;jpuhl;r khiy Rw;wpf; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,tUf;Ff;
iffs; ,uz;L tyJ if Cd;wpa jz;lhAjj;jpidg; gpbj;Jk; ,lJ
if fba tyk;gpjkhAk; cs;sd.
fpof;Fj; jpUr;Rw;W kz;lgj;jpy; Eiothapypd; njd;gFjpapy;

kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtiu Nehf;fpathW cs;shH. rkghj epiyapy; epd;w
jpUf;Nfhyj;jpy; cs;s ,tUf;Ff; iffs; ,uz;L. mtw;wpy; kyHfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fOj;jpy; gy;NtW mzpfyd;fs; cs;sd (fhz;f:
re; j puH
fpof;Fj; jpUr;Rw;W kz;lgj;jpy; Eiothapypd; tlgFjpapy;
kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtuiu Nehf;fpathW cs;shH. ,tH epd;w epiyapy;
tyJ fhiy Neuhf Cd;wpAk; ,lJ fhiyr; rw;W klf;fp Cd;wpAk;
cs;shH. ,tUf;Ff; iffs; ehd;F. mtw;Ws>; Nkw;iffs; kyUlDk;
fPo;f;iffs; mga> tuj Kj;jpiuAlDk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. re;jpuUf;Fhpa
gPlk; jhkiukyiug; Nghy; cs;sJ (fhz;f: gpd;dpizg;G - glk;: 57).
fhJfspy; Fz;lyq;fSk; fOj;jpy; cj;jpuhl;rKk; mzpfyd;fshff;

fhzg; g l Mz; b f; Nfhykha; cs; s hH (fhz; f : gpd; d pizg; G glk;: 53).
Kw;We; Jwe;j rpj;jHfs; jhgpf;fg;gl;L tzq;fg;gl;l
fhuzj;jhy;jhd; ,e;j tbtk; Jwtpf; Nfhyj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;ldNth
vd; W vz; z j; N jhd; W fpwJ vd; g H (,uhrkzpf; f k; > njd; d pe; j pr;
rpw;gq;fSk; Nfhapy;fSk; g.161).
kfplhRukHj; j pdp
jpUTUt mikjpapy; JHifiaAk; kfplhRukHj;jpdpiaAk;
NtWgLj;JtH. kfplhRukHj;jpdp ngUk;ghYk; vUikj; jiyapd; kPJ
MAjq;fSld; $ba vl;Lj; jpUf;fuq;fSld; mikf;fg;gLths;.
Jthu tpehafH
kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtuH mHj;jkz;lgj;jpd; Kd;G tyJGwj;jpy;
fpof;F Nehf;fpathW JthutpehafH cs;shH.
,tH yypjhrdkha;
ehd; F iffSld; cs; s hH.
Nkw; i ffspy; mq; F rKk; ghrKk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fPo;f;iffspy; xd;wpy; xbj;j je;jKk; kw;nwhd;wpy;
NkhjfKk; cs;sd. ,thpd; fz;fs; gpJq;fpa epiyapy; G+kpapid
Nehf;Ftd Nghd;Ws;sd. jiyapidf; fuz;l kFlk; mzpnra;fpd;wJ.
,thpd; tyJGwk; ehfH rpiyfs; cs;sd (fhz;f gpd;dpizg;G: glk;:
52).
jz; l hAj ghzp

godp> kUjkiy> fpzj;Jf;flT> FWe;j
; kiy> nrd;dpkiy> cjafphp>
CjpA+H Nghd;w gy jyq;fspy; %ytuha; cs;s tbtk; jz;lhAj
ghzpahFk;.
fUtiwapd; Kd; tpehafiuAk; jz;lhAj ghzpiaAk; mikf;f
Ntz;Lnkd;gJ Mfk tpjp. mjd;gbNa epWtpAs;sdH.
kf;fs;
,j;jz;lhAjghzp kiykPjpUe;j %ytH vd;Wk; mjid mq;fpUe;J
,q;F vLj;J te;Jtpl;ldH vd;Wk; $WfpwhHfs;.
97
kfplhRukHj;jpdpapd; rpw;gj;ij Kjd; Kjypy; Njhw;Wtpj;jtHfs;

gy;;ytHfNsahthH. gy;ytHfisj; njhlHe;J Kw;fhyg; ghz;baHfSk;
NrhoHfSk; Njhw;Wtpj;jdH vd;gH (R.fz;zd;> jpUkiy jytuyhW
g.41).
,q;Ff; fhzg;gLk; kfplhRukHj;jpdpapd; rpw;gk; xNu fy;ypy; xU
gf; f g; Gilg; g ha; r ; nrJf; f g; g l; l s; s mhpa gilg; g hFk; (fhz; f
gpd;dpizg;G: glk;: 54).
fhy;fs; ,uz;bidAk; rkkha;f; nfhz;L
vUikj; jiyapd; kPJ epw;fpd;whs;. ,tspd; ,lJGwk; khDk; tyJGwk;
rpq;fKk; jiyapid klf;fpj; jpUg;gp xd;iwnahd;W
ghh;j;Jf;nfhs;fpd;wd. MAjq;fs; Ve;jpa iffSld; nkhj;jk; vl;Lf;
fuq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;wpy; tyJ iffspy; ,uz;by; #yhAjKk;
fj;jpAk; fhzg;gl kw;wpU ifapy; cs;s MAjk; Gyg;gltpy;iy. ,lJ
iffspy; ,uz;by; NflaKk; thSk; fhzg;gl kw;wpU iffspy; xd;W
,Lg; g py; ,Uf; f kw; n whU ifapy; cs; s MAjk; vd; d ntd; W
Gyg;gltpy;iy. ,r;rpiyapd; rpwg;Gfis> eilg;gj;jpapy; cs;s
kfplhRuku; j ; j pdpjhd; ,e; j tshfj; J s; s jdpr; rpw; g q; f Ss;
gioikahdjhf cs;sJ. kfpldpd; jiykPJ ,lg;ghjj;ijr; rkj;jpYk;
tyg;ghjj;ij> tyKoq;fhiy ,Nyrhf klf;fpa epiyapy; jpuar;ukhfTk;
epWj;jpAs;s Njtpapd; tyf;iffspy; Kd;if ,Lg;gUNf flfkha;
mika> ,uz;lhk; if rw;Wj; js;spa epiyapy; flfkha; ePz;Ls;sJ.
98

%d;whk;> ehd;fhk; iffspy; fj;jpAk; rq;Fk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. ehd;fhk;
iff;Fg; gpd;dhYs;s Kj;jiy <l;b rpije;Js;sJ.,lf;iffspy; Nkw;if
vwpepiyr; rf;fuk; nfhs;s> fPo;f;iffspy; NkypUe;J fPohf tpy;Yk;
NflaKk; cs;sd. ,l Kd;if ,Lg;gpy; mku;e;Js;sJ. ,ilapy;
,ilf;fl;Lldhd rpw;whil ngw;Ws;s mk;ikiag; G+l;Lf;Fz;lyq;fs;>
fuz;lkFlk;> rug;gsp> Njhs;> if tisfs; moF nra;fpd;wd.
khu;gfq;fisf; fr;R kiwj;Js;sJ. mk;ikapd; tyg;Gwk; rpk;kKk;
,lg;Gwk; khDk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. ,uz;LNk mk;ikia ePqf
; pr; nry;td
Nghy; eilgapd;whYk; Kfq;fs; mk;ikf;fha;j; jpUk;gpAs;sd. ,uz;LNk
Kd;dq;fhy;fSs; xd;iw NkYau;jj
; pAs;sd. vd;Wiuf;fpd;wJ Nfhapy;
rpj;jd; vDk; ,izajsk; (http://koyil.siththan.com/archives/1399).
fd; d pkhH
gpuhkp> rhKz;B];tup> kNf];thp> ehuhazp> nfskhHp> ,e;jpuhzp>
tuhfp vd VO fd;dpaH xNu fy;ypy; nrJf;fgl;Ls;sdH. ,tHfs;
xt;nthUtUf;Fk; iffs; ,uz;;L cs;sd (fhz;f: gpd;dpizg;G glk;: 51).
khtP u h; fUtghz; b ad;

khtPuH fUtghz;badpd; jpUTUtk; ,f;Nfhapypy; fk;gPukhf
epd;wepiyapy; cs;sJ. ,tuJ fhy;fs; rkghjkhf cs;sd. ,thpd;
iffs; ,uz;L mQ;ryp `];jkha; cs;sd. rjhNritr; rpw;gkhd
,tH gUj;j nfhz;ilAk; KUf;fpa kPirAk; ghid Nghd;w tapw;iwAk;
cilatuhff; fhl;rp jUfpwhH (fhz;f: gpd;dpizg;G - glk;: 77).
,r;rpw;gk; 17 my;yJ 18 Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhHe;jjhfj; njhpfpwJ
vd;gH (R. fz;zd;> jpUkiyj; jytuyhW> g.45)
khtPuH fUtghz;badpd; tuyhw;iw mwpa cjTk; jlaq;fs;
VJk; rhpahff; fpilf;ftpy;iy. rhd;whjhuq;fs;; fpilf;Fk; epiyapy;
khtPuH fUttPughz;badpd; tuyhw;wpy; Gjpa khw;wq;fs; fpilf;fyhk;.
KidtH j. fz;zd;
Vf ghjH> fz;zg;g ehadhH Guhzk;, mHj;j ehhPRtuh;> eurpk;khtjhuk;
thkd mtjhuk;>
kr;rhtjhuk; vd;gd Fwpg;gplj;jFe;jdthFk;.
Vf ghjH
rptd;> jpUkhy;> gpuk;kh vDk; %tUk; xU jpUTUtkhf xNu
fhypy; epw;Fk; Vf ghjH rpw;gj;ij ,q;Ff; fz;L kfpoKbAk;.
fz;zg;g ehadhH Guhzr; rpw;gk;

kiyf;nfhOe;jR
P tuH tpkhdj;jpd; tlf;Fg;gFjpapy; f
; z;zg;g ehadhH
Guhzr; r pw; g k; fhzg; g LfpwJ. Ntld; xUtd; kuj; j bapy; cs; s
rptypq;fj;jpy; ,lJ fhiy milahskhf Cd;wpf; nfhz;L jdJ ,U
iffshy; mk;gpidf; nfhz;L jdJ fz;fisj; Njhz;Lfpwhd;.
,f;fhl;rpapidr; rpthr;rhhpahH kuj;jpd; gpd;dpd;W ghHf;fpwhH. ,q;Fs;s
rpw;gj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Ntld; fz;zg;g ehadhH MthH.
mHj; j ehhP R tuH

kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtuH tpkhdj;jpd; tlf;Fg;gFjpapy; mHj;jehhPRtuH
rpw;gk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ciknahU ghfdha;r; rptd; fhl;rpjUk; rpw;gk;
rpwg;GkpFe;j xd;whFk;.
eurpk; k htjhuk;
kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtuH tpkhdj;jpd; Nkw;Fg;gFjpapy; eurpk;khtjhug;
Guhzr;rpw;gk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. eurpk;kH mkHe;j epiyapy;; ehd;F iffSld;
fhzg;gLfpwhH. ,thpd; ,lJ fhy; njhilapd; kPJ> Njtp mkHe;Js;shH.
Njtpapid eurpk;kH xUifapy; gpbj;Js;shH.
Nkw;iffs; rq;F
rf;fuj;JlDk; fPo;f;ifapy; xd;W fhypd; kPJk; cs;sJ.
Njtpf;F
,uz;L iffs; cs;sd.
thkd mtjhuk;
fUtiw tpkhdr; r pw; g q; f s;

kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtuHf; fUtiw tpkhdq;fspy; gy Rijr;
rpw;gq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd (fhz;f: gpd;dpizg;G - glk;: 60 - 67).
mitfSs;>
99
Fl;ilahd tbtpy; ,uz;L fuq;fSld; thkd mtjhur;rpw;gk; xd;W

fhzg;gLfpwJ. xU if FilapidAk; kw;nwhU if nfz;bapidAk;
gpbj;Js;sJ.
100
KidtH j. fz;zd;
kr; r htjhuk;
kd;dHfSk; fy;ntl;Lf;fSk;
ehd;F jpUf;fuq;fSld; jpUkhy; kr;rhtjhukha;f; fhzg;gLfpwhH.

fuq;fs; rq;F rf;fuj;JlDk; mga tujkhAk; cs;sd.
J}z;fspy; cs;s rpw;gq;fs;

Filtiu Kd;kz;lgj; J}z;fspy; cs;s rpw;gq;fs;>
eHj;jd tpehafH> kPdhl;rp Re;jNuRtuH> f[nyl;Rkp> KUfd;> ghHtjp
jpUkzk; vd;gdthFk;
eHj;jd tpehafH: xU fhypidr; rw;Wj; J}f;fpAk; iffs; ,uz;bid

tPrpAk; cs;shH.
kPdhl;rp Re;jNuRtuH:
ckhrfpj%Hj;jpapidg; Nghd;W mkH;e;j

epiyapy; kPdhl;rpAk; Re;jNuRtuUk; cs;sdH.
f[nyl;Rkp :,f;Nfhapypy; f[nyl;Rkp rpw;gk;; nghJthd mikg;Gld;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Filtiuapd; Kd;Ds;s J}zpYk;
kiyf; n fhOe; j P R tuH mHj; j kz; l g thapypd; Nky; gFjpapYk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
KUfd;:
,tH ehd;F jpUf;fuq;fSld;

,thpd; Kd; xU eld kq;ifAk; cs;shH.
Eiothapypy; Jthu ghyfpfSk; Filtiuf;
fUtiwia Nehf; f pathW cs; s ,U
J}z;rpw;gq;fSs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fdthFk;
glk;: 48> 49).
kapypd;kPJ fhl;rpjUfpwhH.
Filtiuapd; fl;Lkhd
fUtiwapd; Eiothapypy;
G+jq; f Sk; Filtiuj;
(fhz;f: gpd;dpizg;G -
ghHtjp jpUkzk;:
gioa jpUr;Rw;wpd; fpof;F Eiothapypd;

Nky; ghHtjpapd; jpUkzf; Nfhyj;ijf; fhzKbAk;. jpUkhy; cikiar;
rptDf;Fj; jhiuthHj;Jf;nfhLf;Fk; fhl;rp
Rijaha;
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,r;rpw;gk; kfhkz;lgf; fl;Lkhdg; gzpfSs; kiwe;J
NghAs;sJ. jpUr;Rw;wpd; %iyfspy; ee;jpfSk; G+jq;fSk; cs;sd.
,itfs; nghJ mikg;Gfisg; ngw;Ws;sd.
*****************
101
jpUkiy kiyf;nfhOe;jR
P tuH Nfhapypy; gpw;fhyg; ghz;baHfspd;
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; 31 fhzg;gLfpd;wd (fhz;f: gpd;dpizg;G - fy;ntl;L
tpsf;fq;fs;).
,f;fy;ntl;Lfspy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gLk; nra;jpfshy;
,j;jpUf;Nfhapypd; tsHr;rpiaAk; mf;fhyr; rKjha epiyiaAk; mwpa
Kbfpd;wJ.
ghz; b aHfs;
jpUkiyf; Nfhapypy; ;fpilf;Fk; gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;ilaLj;J
gpw;fhyg; ghz;baHfspd; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd.
gpw;fhyg;
ghz;baHfspd; fy;;ntl;Lf;fs; Fwpg;gpLk; ghz;ba kd;dHfs;>
rilatHk FyNrfug;ghz;bad; (fp.gp.1190 - 1218)
Kjy; khwtHkd; Re;jughz;bad; (fp.gp.1216-38)
khwtHk tpf;fpukghz;bad; (fp.gp.1218-32)
,uz;lhk; khwtHk Re;jughz;bad; (fp.gp.1239 - 51)
rlhtHk tPughz;bad; (fp.gp. 1253 - 81)
rlhtHk guhf;fpukghz;bad; (fp.gp.1257-72)
jphpGtdrf;futHj;jpd; NfhNdhpd;kha;nfhz;lhd;
,tHfspd; fy; n tl; L f; f spy; ,Ue; J gy mhpa jfty; f isg;

ngwKbfpd;wd.
rilatHk FyNrfug; g hz; b ad; (fp.gp.1190 - 1218)

rilatHk FyNrfug; ghz;bad; fp.gp. 1190 Kjy; 1218 tiuapy;
kJiuapy; ,Ue;J ghz;baehl;il Ml;rp nra;jtd;. ,tdJ nka;ff
; HP j
; j
; p
G+tpd;fpoj;jp vd;W njhlq;FfpwJ. ,k;kd;ddpd; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; kJiu>
jpUney;Ntyp> ,uhkehjGuk; Mfpa khtl;lq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
102
KidtH j. fz;zd;
Nrhoehl;il Mz;l %d;whq;FNyhj;Jq;f NrhoDf;Fk; ,tDf;Fk;

kl;ba+H> fof;Nfhl;il vDk; CHfspy; ngUk; NghH eilngw;Ws;sJ.
,g; N ghhpy; %d; w hq; F Nyhj; J q; f d; ghz; b aehl; L g; gFjpfisr;
Nrjg; g Lj; j pAs; s hd; . rilatHk FyNrfug; g hz; b adpd; 28 tJ
Ml;rpahz;Lf; fy;ntl;Lf;fSf;Fg; gpwF ve;jf; fy;ntl;Lf;fSk;
fpilf;ftpy;iy. vdNt ,tdJ Ml;rpahz;L 1218 ,y; KbTngw;wpUf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ngwg;gLfpwJ. ,k;kd;ddpd; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; 15 jpUkiyf;
Nfhapypy; fpilf;fpd;wd (ARE. No. 19> 20> 21> 25> 26> 27> 28> 29> 30>
31> 32> 33> 34> 37> 40> of 1923 24).
,tw; w hy; ,k; k d; d dpd; %d; w hk; ; Ml; r pahz; L Kjy;

,Ugj;jpuz;lhk;; Ml;rpahz;L tiuapy; Filtiu kl;LNk topghl;by;
,Ue;jJ vd;gij mwpaKbfpwJ.
NkYk; ,k;kd;ddpd; fhyj;jpy;
Filtiuapd; thapy; f s; fl; L khdkhff; fl; l g; g lhky; ,ay; g hd
Njhw; w j; ; J ld; ,Ue; J s; s ijg; ngwKbfpwJ.
,k; k d; d dpd;
,Ugj; j puz; l hk; Ml; r pahz; b y; kiyf; n fhOe; j P R tuH Nfhapy;
fl;Ltjw;fhd jpUr;Rw;Wf;fSk; gpufhuq;fSk; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sd vd;gij
czuKbfpwJ.
,tw; W s; tlf; F kw; W k; fpof; F g; gFjpfspd;
jpUr;Rw;Wf;fs; Kjypy; fl;lg;gl;Lj; jpUg;gzpg; nghUl;fs; Nkw;Fg;Gwkhff;
nfhz; L nry; y g; g l; L s; s d. ,k; k d; d d; ,Ugj; j pnal; L Mz; L fs;
Ml; r pnra; J s; s hd; .
vdpDk; 22 Mk; Ml; r pahz; L tiuapyhd
fy;ntl;Lf;fNs fpilf;fpd;wd.
,f;fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fhzg;gLk; ,lq;fs;
Filtiuf; Nfhapypd; mbj;jsg;gf;fthL 1 fy;ntl;L (ARE.

No. 19).
Filtiuf; Nfhapypd; VWgbfSf;F tyJ gf;fk; - 1 fy;ntl;L

(ARE. No. 20)
Filtiuf; Nfhapypd; VWgbfSf;F ,lJgf;fk; - 1 fy;ntl;L

(ARE. No. 21)
kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtuH Nfhapypd; njw;Fg;gpufhukhf mike;Js;s

ghiw 10 fy;ntl;Lf;fs; (ARE. No. 25>26>27>28>29>30>31>32>33>34)
kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtuH Nfhapypd; tlf;Fg; gpufhuk; 1 fy;ntl;L

(ARE. No. 37)
kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtuH Nfhapypd; fpof;Fg;gpufhuk; 1 fy;ntl;L

(ARE. No. 40)
,e;j 15 fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fhzg;gLk; ,lq;fis Nehf;Fk; NghJ
mit %d;W ,lq;fspy; fhzg;gLtij czuKbfpwJ.
1. Filtiu
2. Filtiuiar; rhHe;j ntspg;Gwg; ghiw. mjhtJ
kiyf; n fhOe; j P R tH Nfhapypd; njw; F g; gpufhukhf
mike;Js;s ghiw
3. kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtH Nfhapypd; gpufhuq;fs;. Fwpg;ghf
tlf;Fg; gpufhuk; kw;Wk; fpof;Fg; gpufhuk;.
103
rilatHk FyNrfug; ghz;badpd; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; G+tpd; fpoj;jp

vd;W njhlq;Ffpd;wd(ARE.No. 25>27>28>29>31>32>33>34>37>40). ,k;kd;ddpd;
fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; Fd;wj;J}H ehadhH vDk; ,iwtd; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwhH
(ARE No.20>33). ,f;Fd;wj;J}H ehadhH ckhrfpj%Hj;jpahfpa Filtiu
,iwtd; MthH. ,tdJ fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; jpUkhspifg; gps;isahH
Fwpf;fg;gLfpwhH (ARE No.25). ,g;gps;isahH Filtiuiar; rhHe;j
fpof;Fg; ghiwapy; Gilg;ghfr; nrJf;fg;gl;l gps;isahuhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
jpUkiwehr;rp vd;w jpUQhdrk;ge;j eq;if ,f;Nfhapypy;
MSila gps;isahiu epWtpaijAk; mg;gps;isahUf;F topghL
nra;tjw;fhfj; njd;gug;G ehl;bYs;s uhNre;jpu Nrho
rJHNtjpkq;fsj;jpy; ,Ue;j epyq;fisj; jhdkhf toq;fpaijAk;
fy;ntl;L Fwpg;gpLfpwJ (ARE No 34 ). ,e;j MSilagps;isahH
Filtiuf; Nfhapy; mHj;j kz;lg Nkilapy; ,lk;ngw;wpUf;Fk;
gps;isahuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,g;gps;isahH ,k;kd;dd; Ml;rpahz;by;
epWtg;gl;Ls;sjhy; Filtiuf; fUtiwapd; Kd;G fl;lg;gl;Ls;s
mHj;jkz;lgNkil ,k;kd;ddpd; Ml;rpahz;by; Njhw;wk; ngw;Ws;sij
mwpaKbfpwJ. Fd; w j; J }HehadhH jpUf; N fhapypy; jpUQhdrk; g e; j H
jpUTUtpw;F Kw;wk; mikj;jjw;F msfkhefiur; rhHe;j Njtubahh;
Mz;lgpuhd; vd;w jpUntz;fhl;L eq;iff;Ff; Nfhapypy; khpahijAk;
rYifAk; toq;fg;gl;lij mwpaKbfpwJ (ARE. No. 33) epyq;fs;
NfhapYf; F epte; j khf toq; f g; g l; L s; s d (fy; n tl; L ARE
No.19>20>25>30>31>34) Nfhapy; epyq;fSf;F thptpyf;F toq;fg;gl;l
nra;jpfSk; ngwg;gLfpd;wd (fy;ntl;L ARE NO.21). kd;dd; jdJ
nrhe; j epyq; f spy; ,Ue; J rpytw; i wf; Nfhapypd; fhiy Neu
topghl;bw;fhf mspj;jhd; vd;gijAk; (ARE. No. 27) fy;ntl;Lf;
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. epyq;fisf; Nfhapyplk; ,Ue;J thq;fpatuhy; kPz;Lk;
104
KidtH j. fz;zd;
NfhapYf;Nf me;epyq;fs; jhdkhf toq;fg;gl;lij mwpaKbfpwJ (ARE.

No.29). mr;Rehzaq;fs; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfisf; fhzKbfpwJ (ARE.
No. 26).
gQ;rtd; khNjtp vd;w xU njUtpd; ngaH
Fwpf; f g; g LfpwJ (ARE. No.20) jd; k htstHfs; vd; w kf; f s;
Fwpf;fg;gLfpd;wdH. ,tHfs; vz;nza;r; nrf;Ffs; itj;J vz;nza;
Ml;bte;jdH vd;gijAk; ,tHfSf;Fs; xU mikg;G ,Ue;jijAk;
mt;tikg;gpd; %yk; rpy KbTfis vLj;J xg;ge;jq;fs; nra;Jnfhs;tH
vd;gijAk; mwpaKbfpwJ (ARE. No. 20). ,j;jpUf;Nfhapypd; ehs;
topghl;bw;fhf tz;zNdk;gy; vd;w rpfuz ey;Y}H toq;fg;gl;lij
mwpaKbfpwJ (ARE No.28). jdpegH xUtUf;Ff; Nfhapy; epyq;fs;
toq;fg;gLtJk; me;epyj;jpd; kPjhd thpia me;egH NfhapYf;Fr;
nrYj;JtJk; ,f;Nfhapy; fy;ntl;Lf;fshy; czug;gLfpwJ(ARE. No.
32).
kJiuapy; ,Ue;j fhspq;fuhad; ,Uf;if gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;
cs;sd (ARE No.29). fhuhz;ik kw;Wk; ikahl;rp chpikfs; gw;wpa
nra; j pfisg; ngwKbfpwJ (ARE No.27>30). ,j; j pUj; j yj; j py;
jpUQhdrk;ge;jH jpUTUtk; jpwe;j ntspapy; ,Ue;Js;sijAk; me;jj;
jpUTUtpw;F Kw;wk; mikf;fg;gl;lijAk; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; gjpTnra;fpd;wd.
jpUg;gzpj; njhz;L nra;Ak; egUf;Fj; jpUf;Nfhapypy; ,Ue;J khpahijfs;
nra;ag;gl;lijf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; nfhz;L mwpaKbfpwJ (ARE No.33).
jpUf;Nfhapypd; epyq;fs; tpw;fg;gl;lij ARE No. 29>32>37>40 vd;Dk;
fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; fhzKbfpwJ. epyj;ij tpw;gid nra;tjd; %yk;
Nfhapypd; jpUtpohf;fs; nfhz;lhlg;gl;ld vd;gijAk; (ARE.No.40)
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; Fwpf;fpd;wd.
Kjy; khwtHkd; Re; j u ghz; b ad; (fp.gp.1216-38)
msfkhefhpy; #uNjt <]; t uKilahH Nfhapy; ,Ue; J s; s ij

mwpKbfpwJ (ARE No.33). fhiyNeug; G+ir (ARE No.27) mHj;jrhkg;
G+ir (ARE No.31) vDk; G+irfs; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; fhzg;gLtjhy;
,f;Nfhapypy; MWfhyg; g+irfs; eilngw;Ws;sd vd;gij mwpKbfpwJ.
jpUkiwehr; r p vd; w jpUQhdrk; g e; j eq; i f (ARE No.34)
NjtubahH Mz;lgpuhd; vd;w jpUntz;fhl;L eq;if (ARE No. 33)
NjtH = ty;ytd; vd;w tpy;ytuhaH (ARE No.30) nghpahd; Mz;lgpuhd;
vd;w jpUntq;fhl;L eq;if (ARE No.27) vd;Dk; kf;fl; ngaHfisAk;
,f;fy;ntl;Lf;fs; top mwpaKbfpwJ.
,k;kd;ddJ fy;ntl;Lf;fspd; top tlfstopehL(ARE. No. 26)
njd;gug;GehL (ARE NO.34) msfkhefH (ARE. No. 26>33) tz;zNdk;gy;
vd;w rpfuzey;Y}H (ARE.No.28) vd;w ,lg;ngaHfisAk; fhzKbfpwJ.
105
,td; fp.gp. 1216 Kjy; 1238 tiu ghz;baehl;il Ml;rp

nra;jtd;. ,td; Kjy; rilatHk FyNrfug; ghz;badpd; Gjy;tdhfNth
my;yJ jk;gpahfNth ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,g;ghz;badpd; nka;f;fPHj;jp
G+kUtpa jpUkle;ijAk; Gtpkle;ijAk; Gaj;jpUg;g vd;W njhlq;FfpwJ.
%d;whq; FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhod; ghz;ba ehl;Lg; gFjpfis mopj;jjw;Fg;
gjpyhfr; Nrhoehl;bd; kPJ NghH njhLj;jhd;. ,tdJ Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy;
Nrhoehl;il %d;whq;FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhod; kfd; %d;whk; ,uhruhr Nrhod;
Mz;L te;jhd;. ,g;gilnaLg;G 1219 ,y; eilngw;wJ. ngU ntw;wpngw;w
Kjy; khwtHk Re;jughz;bad; Nrhoehl;Lg; gFjpahfpa ciwA+iuAk;
jQ;rhT+iuAk; jPapl;Lf; nfhSj;jpAs;shd;. Nrhod; fhpfhw;ngUtsj;jhd;
kPJ gl;bdg;ghiy ghba fbaY}H cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhHf;Fg; ghprpyhf
toq;fpa 16fhy; kz;lgk; jtpu> gpwnty;yhk; mopf;fg;gl;ld vd;gij
tuyhw;wpy; mwpaKbfpwJ.
ntw; w pngw; w ,g; g hz; b a kd; d d; NrhoHfspd; ,uz; l hk;
jiyefuhf tpsq;fpa gioahiwapy; NrhouJ Kb#l;L tpoh eilngWk;
kz;lgj;jpy; tPuhgpNlfk; nra;Jnfhz;lhd;. jpUk;gp kJiu nry;Yk;
topapy; nghd;dkuhtjpapy; rpy ehl;fs; jq;fpapUe;Js;shd;. me;ehl;fspy;
Ml;rpia ,oe;J Ntwplk; nrd;Wtpl;l %d;whk; ,uhruhr Nrhoid
mioj;Jr; Nrhoehl;L Ml;rpia mtdplk; nfhLj;Jj; jdf;Ff; fg;gk;
fl;btur;nra;jhd;.
Nrhoehl; i lf; ifg; g w; w pajhy; NrhzhL nfhz; l Uspa
Re;jughz;ba NjtH vd;Wk; mr;Nrhoehl;il toq;fpajhy; NrhzhL
toq;fpaUspa Re;jughz;ba NjtH vdTk; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwhd;.
Nrhoehl;ilg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l ,uhruhrd; rpy Mz;Lfspy; jpiu
nrYj;j kWj;j NghJ ,g;ghz;bad; kPz;Lk; gilnaLj;Jr; nrd;W
Nrhoehl;ilf; ifg;gw;wp tPuhgpNlfKk; tprahgpNlfKk; nra;Jnfhz;lhd;.
,tdJ fy;ntl;Lf;fs; jQ;rhT+H> jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp> GJf;Nfhl;il Mfpa
khtl;lq;fspy; fpilf;fpd;wd. ,k;kd;ddpd; 6 fy;ntl;Lf;fs; jpUkiyf;
10> 13> 14> 17> 18> 38).
Nfhapypy; fpilf;fpd;wd (ARE No.10>
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fhzg;gLk; ,lq;fs;
kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtuH fUtiw 1 fy;ntl;L (ARE No.10)
106
kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtuH fw;wspapd; Kd;Gs;s kz;lgj;jpy; cs;s

J}z; - 1 fy;ntl;L (ARE No.13)
ghfk;gphpahs; mk;kd; fUtiwapd; fpof;Fr; Rth; - 1 fy;ntl;L

(ARE No.14)
ghfk;gphpahs; mk;kd; fUtiwapd; Nkw;F kw;Wk; tlf;Nf cs;s

;
cl;Gwr; Rth; -1 fy;ntl;L (ARE No.17)
Filtiuf; Nfhapy; Eiothapypd; mbj;jsk; -1 fy;ntl;L

(ARE No.18)
tlf;Fg; gpufhuj;jpy; cs;s fy;,Uf;if - 1 fy;ntl;L (ARE

No.38)
,f; f y; n tl; L f; f s; fhzg; g Lk; ,lq; f is Nehf; F k; NghJ

rilatHkd; FyNrfug;ghz;badpd; (fp.gp. 1190 - 1218) Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy;
fpof;F kw;Wk; tlf;Fj; jpUr;Rw;Wfs; fl;lg;gl;Lj; njhlq;fg;gl;l jpUg;gzp
Kjy; khwtHkd; Re;jughz;bad; (fp.gp. 1216 - 38) fhyj;jpy; KbT
ngw;Ws;sij mwpaKbfpwJ.
KidtH j. fz;zd;
Kjy; khwtHkd; Re;jughz;badpd; (fp.gp.1216-38) fy;ntl;Lf;fs;

G+kUtpa jpUkle; i jAk; vd; W njhlq; F fpwJ (ARE No.17).
Nrhopaew;goq;fhR (ARE No.13>14) tPughQ;rud; fhR (ARE No.14) vd;Dk;
fhRfs; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfisf; fhzKbfpwJ.
jpUf;Nfhapypy; ee;jhtpsf;F vhpg;gjw;Ff; fhRfs; toq;fg;gLk;
Kiwiaf; fhzKbfpwJ (ARE No. 13). Nfhapypd; epyq;fs; jdpegUf;F
tpw;fg;gl;Ls;sd (ARE No.14). me;epyq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l me;egH
me; e pyq; f is kP z ; L k; Nfhapy; topghl; b w; f hf toq; f paijf;
fhzKbfpwJ (ARE No. 14). ,iwtdpd; ePuhl;LjYf;F epyq;fs;
epte;jkhf toq;fg;gl;lijf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd (ARE No.18).
msfkhefhpy; ,Ue; j cilahHNfhapiy ,k; k d; d dpd;
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; Rl;Lfpd;wd(ARE No. 38). tlfstopehL (ARE No.18)
G+w;Fop (ARE No.18) Mw;W}H (vz;.; 38) vDk; ,lg;ngaHfis ,k;kd;ddpd;
fy;ntl;Lf;fshy; mwpaKbfpwJ.
gs;sKilahd; Mlty;yhd; Mjpr;rNjt vd;w g+opahliuaH
(ARE No.13)
13) Mlty; $j;jd; (ARE No. 18) vDk; kf;fl;ngaHfisf;
fhzKbfpwJ..
khwtHk tpf; f puk ghz; b ad; (fp.gp.1218-32)

,tdJ
fhyj;jpy;
kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtuHfw;wsp>
ghfk; g phpahs; f w; w sp> ,f; f w; w spfspd; Kd; G s; s Kd; k z; l gk; >
jpUr;Rw;Wf;fis xl;bf;fl;lg;gl;Ls;s Nkil vd;gd fl;lg;gl;Ltpl;lij
mwpaKbfpwJ. vdpDk; ,k;kd;ddpd; fy;ntl;L xd;W Filtiuapd;
mbj; j sj; j py; fhzg; g LfpwJ (ARE No.18).
,jdhy; fw; w sp
fl;lg;gl;lNghJk; Filtiu tlf;Fg;gFjp jpwe;jepiyapy; ,Ue;Js;sij
mwpaKbfpwJ. ,k;kd;ddpd; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; gy rKjhar; nra;jpfis
mwpaKbfpwJ.
,f;Nfhapypy; Ie;E}w;Wtd; jpUf;fhtzk; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;w

xU kz;lgk; ,Ue;Js;sJ. ,k;kz;lgj;jpy; gy;NtW rhjpiar; rhHe;j
kf;fs; xd;W $b tzpfg;nghUl;fSf;F thpfisj; jPHkhdpj;Js;sdH.
mt;thp ,f;Nfhapypd; gad;ghl;bw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ (ARE No.10)
vd;gij ,tdJ fy;ntl;L Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
107
khwtHk tpf;fpuk ghz;badpd; fy;ntl;L xd;Wkl;Lk; ,f;Nfhapypy;

fhzg;gLfpwJ (ARE NO. 22).
fy;ntl;L fhzg;gLk; ,lk;
Filtiuf; Nfhapypd; fpof;Fg; gFjp 1 fy;ntl;L (ARE

No.22)
,k;kd;ddpd; fy;ntl;L Filtiuf; Nfhapypd; fpof;Fr; Rthpy;

fhzg;gLtjhy; ,td; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpYk; Filtiuapd; tlf;Fg;gFjp
jpwe;j epiyapy; ,Ue;Js;sij mwpaKbfpwJ.
,k;kd;ddpd; fy;ntl;L jpUkfs; [akfs; vd;w nrhw;fSld;
njhlq; F fpwJ (ARE No. 22). NfhapYf; F thpapy; y h epyq; f s;
toq;fg;gl;lij mwpaKbfpwJ (ARE No.22).
108
KidtH j. fz;zd;
NfhapYf;F toq;;fg;gl;l epyq;fs; ,f;Nfhapypd; topghl;bw;fhfTk;

jpUr;rpw;wk;gyk; Nr~;l;ughyh gps;isj; jpUTUit ,f;Nfhapypy;
epWTtjw;fhfTk; toq;fg;gl;;lijr; Rl;LfpwJ (ARE No. 22).
nghwpj;jtd;. Kbkd;ddhfr; rilatHk Re;jughz;bad; ,Ue;J Miz

gpwg;gpf;f tPughz;bad; gilj;jiyik g+z;L ,t;ntw;wpfisg; ngw;whd;
vd;gH. ,k;kd;ddpd; %d;W fy;ntl;Lf;fs; ,f;Nfhapypy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
(ARE No.11> 23> 24).
,uz;lhk; khwtHk Re;jughz;bad; (fp.gp.1239 - 51)

,td; nka;f;fPHj;jp G+kyHj;jpUTk; nghUra kle;ijAk; vd;W
njhlq;FfpwJ. Nghrs kd;dd; tPuNrhNkr;Rud; nfhq;Fr;Nrhod; tpf;fpuk
Nrhod; MfpNahhpd; cwitAk; el;igAk; ngw;W murhz;ltd;. ,tdJ
jiyefH kJiuahFk;. kJiuapy; ,Ue;j rpq;fhjdq;fSf;F kotuhad;
gy;ytuhad; vd;Dk; ngaHfisr; #l;bapUe;jhd;. ,tdJ gl;lj;jurp
cyfKOJilahs; vd;Dk; rpwg;Gf;Fhpats;. ,k;kd;ddpd; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
,uz;L ,f;Nfhapypy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. (ARE No. 35>36).
Nkw;Fg; gpufhuj;jpd; Xug;gFjp 1 fy;ntl;L (ARE No.35).
tlf;Fg; gpufhuk; - 1 fy;ntl;L (ARE No. 36);.
,uz;lhk; khwtHk Re;jughz;badpd; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; G+kyHj;

jpUTk; (ARE No.35>36) vd;W njhlq;Ffpd;wd. kiykz;lyk; vDk;
kz;lyj;jpd; ngaiu ,k;kd;ddpd; fy;ntl;lhy; fhzKbfpwJ (ARE
No.35). Nfhapy; epyq;fs; tpw;fg;gl;lij ,tdJ fy;ntl;Lf;fSk;
Rl;Lfpd;wd (ARE No. 35). Nfhapy; epyq;fs; epte;jkhf toq;fg;gl;lijf;
fhzKbfpwJ (ARE No. 36). fhuhz;ik kw;Wk; ikahl;rp gw;wpa
nra;jpfSk; mitfs; Kiwahfg; gfpHe;jspf;fg;gl;ld vd;gijAk;
,f;;fy;ntl;Lfspy; ngwKbfpwJ. fstopehlhs;thH vd;w kf;fl;ngaiu
mwpKbfpwJ (ARE No.36).
rlhtHk tPughz;bad; (fp.gp. 1253 - 81)

NrhoehL> eLehL> njhz;ilehL vDk; ehLfspy; Kjy; rilatHk
Re;jughz;bad; Ml;rpapy; gpujpepjpahf ,Ue;J murhz;lhd;. ,tdJ
nka;f;fPHj;jp jpUkfs;tsH vd;Wk; nfhq;fPoq;nfhz;L nfhLtLF
Nfhlopj;J vd;Wk; njhlq;Ffpd;wJ. ,td; nfhq;FehL> <oehL> njYq;fr;
Nrhodhfpa tprafz;l Nfhghyd; ehL> NrhoehL vDk; ,e;ehLfis
ntd;wtd;.
gy;yt murd; ,uz;lhk; Nfhg;ngUQ;rpq;fdplk; jpiw
nfhz;ltd;. jpy;iy khefhpy; tPuhgpNlfKk; tprahgpNlfKk; nra;J
nfhz;ltd;. jpUf;Nfhzkiy> jphp$lfphp vd;Dk; kiyfspy; faw;nfhb
109
kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtuH fw;wspapd; Kd;Gs;s kz;lgj; J}z; - 1

fy;ntl;L
(ARE No.11)
Filtiuf; Nfhapypd; Nkw;Fg; gFjp 2 fy;ntl;Lf;fs; (ARE

No. 23>24)
fy;ntl;Lfs; fhzg;gLk; ,lq;fis Nehf;Fk; NghJ ,k;kd;dd; fhyj;Jk;

Filtiuapd; tlf; F g; g Fjp jpwe; j Njhw; w j; J ld; ,Ue; J s; s ij
mwpaKbfpwJ.
,tdJ fy;ntl;Lf;fs; G+kUtpa jpUkhJk; vd;W njhlq;Ffpd;wd
(ARE No.23).
,f; f y; n tl; L ,t; T +iu msfkhefhpy; cs; s Fd; w j; J }H
vdr;Rl;LfpwJ. ,j;jpUf;Nfhapy; ,iwtidj; jpUkiyg; ngUkhs;
vd;W Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ,j;jpUkiyg; ngUkhs; Nfhapypd; jho;thuf; $iu
mikg;gjw;fhf ,j;jpUf;Nfhapy; chpikahsHfshy; epyk; kw;Wk; Vhpia
epyfq;fuhad; jhapy; ey;yngUkhs; vd;w eurpq;fNjt vd;gtUf;F
tpw;wijf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ (ARE No.11)
n[aq;nfhz;lhd; = ty;ygd; vd;w tlfstop ehlhs;thDf;F
epyq;fisj; jhdkhff; nfhLj;jijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. me;epyq;fSf;Fr;
nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;ba thp Fd;wj;J}HehadhH topghl;bw;F toq;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;gijAk; Rl;LfpwJ. ,f;fy;ntl;by; kd;ddpd; muz;kid kJiuapy;
khlf;Fsj;jpw;Ff; fpof;Nf ,Ue;jijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. (ARE No.23).
n[aq;nfhz;l NrhoH ngUe;njU vd;w njUitg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ
(ARE No.24).
rlhtHk guhf; f pukghz; b ad; (fp.gp.1257-72)

khwtHk FyNrfug; ghz;badpd; Gjy;tHfSf;Fs; Vw;gl;l
rz;ilapd; fhuzkhfg; ghz;baH Ml;rp jho;e;j epiyf;Fr; nrd;wJ.
,jd; fhuzkhf kJiuia kfkjpaj; jiytd; [yhYgPd; mrd;~h
110
KidtH j. fz;zd;
vd;gtd; ifg;gw;Wfpwhd;. vdpDk; kfkjpauJ Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; ghz;ba

ehl;by; ghz;ba murH rpyH ,Ue;jdH. mtHfSs; rilatHk guhf;fpuk
ghz;baDk; xUtd; Mthd;. jpUkiyj; jpUf;Nfhapypy; fhzg;gLk;
fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; ehd;F fy;ntl;Lf;fs; ,k;kd;ddpd; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
MFk;.
(ARE No 15>16> 39> 41).
fP o ; f ; f s $w; w j; J kdg; g il tP l ; i lr; rhHe; j ,uz; L

rNfhjuHfSf;Ff; Nfhapy; epyq;fspd; fhuhz;ik chpikiaf; Nfhapy;
chpikahsHfshy; tpw;fg;gl;lijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,e;epfo;T kd;dd;
Kd;dpiyapy; eilngw;Ws;sJ. ,e;j tpw;gidapd; %yk; ngwg;gl;l
njhifiag; gps; i sahH> ehadhH kw; W k; jpUthjT+H ehadhH
(khzpf;fthrfH) jpUTUtq;fis ,j;jpUj;jyj;jpy; epWTtjw;Fg;
gad; g Lj; j g; g l; L s; s J.
,e; e pyq; f spd; ikahl; r p chpikAk;
tpw;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; %yk; fpilj;j njhif ,j;jpUTUtq;fspd;
topghl;bw;Fr; nrytplg;gl;Ls;sd (ARE No. 39).
fy;ntl;L fhzg;gLk; ,lq;fs;
ghfk;gphpahs; mk;kd; fUtiwapd; tlf;F> fpof;F> kw;Wk; Nkw;Nf

cs;;s cl;Gwr; RtH 1 fy;ntl;L (ARE No.15).
ghfk;gphpahs; mk;kd; fUtiwapd;

Rth; - 1 fy;ntl;L (ARE No.16).
tlf;Fg; gpufhur; RtH 1 fy;ntl;L (ARE No.39)
fpof;Fg; gpufhuj;jpy; cs;s gpr;rhldH jpUf;Nfhapy; - 1 fy;ntl;L

(ARE No.41).
Nkw;Nf cs;;s cl;Gwr;
gpr;rhldH vd;W Fwpf;fg;gLk; igutH Nfhapypy; ,k;kd;dpd; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;

jhd; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,tDf;F Kd;Gs;s kd;dHfspd; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
fhzg;gl tpy;iy.
jpUf;Nfhapy; epyq;fs; kPjhd fhuhz;ik chpikia

msfkhefiur; rhHe;j rigNahH xU ngz;zpw;Ff; nfhLj;jjw;fhd
xg;ge;jj;ijf; fhzKbfpwJ. (ARE No.41).
jphpGtd rf; f utHj; j pd; NfhNdhpd; k ha; nfhz; l hd;

,g;ngaH ghz;ba kd;dHfSf;Fk; Nrho kd;dHfSf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;
tpjkhf cs;sJ. vdpDk; ,k;kd;dd; ghz;ba kd;ddhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;gij xUthW czu KbfpwJ. vdpDk; ,k;kd;dd; gw;wpa nra;jpfis
KOikahf mwpKbatpy;iy. ,tdJ fy;ntl;L xd;W ,f;Nfhapypy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ (ARE NO.12)
fy;ntl;L fhzg;gLk; ,lk;:

,tdJ fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; uhrkuhrd; Fspif vd;w fhR gw;wpf;
Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
ehkD}H vd;w Gwthpey;Y}hpy; cs;s epyq;fis
mt;T+hpd; rigNahH $b eLtpy; $w;wpy; cs;s mkujpkq;fyj;Jg;
nghd;gw;wp vd;Dk; fpuhkj;jpy; tho;e;Jte;j egH xUtUf;F tpw;wijf;
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. eLtpy; $w;W vd;gJ kpoiof;$w;wpd; xU gFjp vd;gijAk;
Rl;LfpwJ. thpfis toq;Fjw;Fhpa vspa topKiwfisAk; ,tdJ
fy;ntl;lhy; mwpayhk; (ARE No.15).
,k;kd;ddpd; fy;ntl;L xd;W ehkD}hH vd;w Gwthp ey;Y}hpy;
cs;s epyq;fis mt;T+hpd; rigNahH $b kpoiof; $w;wpd; xUgFjpahd
eLtpy; $w;wpy; cs;s mkujpkq;fsj;J nghd;gw;wp vd;Dk; fpuhkj;jpy;
tho;e;Jte;j egH xUtUf;F tpw;w epyq;fis me;egH NtnwhU jdpahH
egUf;F tpw;Wtpl;lijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ (ARE No.16).
111
kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtuH fw;wspapd; Kd;Gs;s kz;lgj;J}z; - 1

fy;ntl;L (ARE No12 )
,f;fy;ntl;L jpUkiyngUkhs;> fz;Zila <];tuKilahH

vDk; Nfhapy;fisr; Rl;LfpwJ. jpUkiyngUkhs; Nfhapy; cl;gl %d;W
Nfhapy;fspd; Njtjhd epyq;fSf;F thptpyf;F toq;fg;gl;ilf;
Fwpf; f pwJ.
jphpGtdrf; f uth; j ; j pd; NfhNdhpd; k ha; nfhz; l hdpd;
gjpNdhuhtJ Ml;rpahz;L Kjy; ,e;j thp tpyf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sij
mwpafpwJ. (ARE No.12)
fy;ntl;Lfspd; ghlq;fis ,e;jpaj; njhy;ypay;
mstPl;Lj;Jiwapd; KJepiyf; fy;ntl;L mYtyH KidtH #.
Rthkpehjd; mtHfsplkpUe;J ngw;W K.espdp> ,uh. fiyf;Nfhtd;
vd;NghH jpUkiyf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspd; nra;jpfis kpf tpupe;j mstpy;
Gyg; g Lj; j pAs; s dH(K.espdp> ,uh. fiyf; N fhtd; > njd; k htl; l f;
112
KidtH j. fz;zd;
Filtiufs; gf;.22-42). mtHfs; Fwpg;gpLk; jpUkiyf; fy;ntl;L

tpguq;fshtd:
fp.gp. 1218y; ,Ue;J 1232tiu murhz;ljhff; fUjg;gLk; Kjyhk;

khwtHkH tpf;fpuk ghz;baupd; fy;ntl;L xd;Wk; (ARE 1924: 22) g+kyH
jpUTk; nghU n[a kle;ijAk; vdj; njhlq;Fk; nka;f;fPHj;jpf;Fupa
,uz;lhk; khwtHkH Re;ju ghz;baupd; (fp.gp. 1238 - 1255) fy;ntl;Lfs;
%d;Wk; (ARE 1924:35>36>38) ,q;Fs;sd. ,it jtpu> nka;f;fPh;j;jpaw;w
epiyapy; rilatHkH guhf;fpuk ghz;baupd; ehd;F fy;ntl;Lfisf;
fhzKbfpwJ(ARE 1924:15>16>39>41) mtiu Kjyhk; rilatHkH
guhf; f pukuhff; nfhz; l hy; > Ml; r pf; fhyk; fp.gp. 1315y; ,Ue; J
1334tiunad mikAk;. kd;dH ngauw;w epiyapy; cs;s fy;ntl;L>
mur Mizahf mike;Js;sJ(ARE 1924:12)
jpUkiyf; Nfhapy; tshfj;jpypUe;J 1924y; ,e;jpaj; njhy;ypay;

mstPl;Lj;
Jiwahy;
Kg;gj;jpuz;L
fy;ntl;Lfs;
gbnaLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd(ARE 1924: 10-41 fy;ntl;Lfspd; ghlq;fisj;
je;Jjtpa ,e;jpaj; njhy;ypay; mstPlL
; j;Jiwapd; KJepiyf; fy;ntl;L
mYtyH KidtH # RthkpehjDf;F cskhHe;j ed;wp) fsMa;tpd;NghJ
NkYk; %d;W fy;ntl;Lfs; fz;lwpag;gl;ld(re;jdf;fy;> ePHj;njhl;b>
Filtiuapd; kiwf;fg;gl;l gbf;fl;L ,tw;wpypUe;J ,f;fy;ntl;Lfisf;
fz;lwpe;jtH K. espdp). ,k;Kg;gj;ije;J fy;ntl;LfSs; xd;W$lf;
Filtiu kz;lgj;jpNyh mjd; Kfg;Gj; J}z;fspNyh ,lk;ngwtpy;iy
vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
mtw; W s; re; j dg; gyif> eP H j; n jhl; b f; fy; n tl; L fisj;
jtpHj;Jtpl;lhy;> Vida Kg;gj;J %d;Wk; gpw;ghz;baH fy;ntl;LfshfNt
mike;Js;sd. NrhoHfhyf; fy;ntl;LfNsh> tp[aefu> ehaf;fH fhyf;
fy; n tl; L fNsh ,e; j tshfj; j py; ,lk; n gwhikAk; ,t; t +Uf; F g;
gf; f j; j pYs; s jpUf; N fhl; b a+upy; mit ,lk; n gw; W s; s ikAk;
vz;zj;jf;fd. gpw;ghz;baH fy;ntl;Lj; juTfspd; mbg;gilapy;
Filtiuf; F Kd; D s; s tshfk; mtH jk; fhyj; j pNyNa
cUthdjhff;nfhs;syhk;.
ghz;baH fy;ntl;LfSs; g+kUtpa jpUkhJk; vdj;njhlq;Fk;
nka;f;fPhj;jp ngw;w rilatHkH tPughz;baupd; (fp.gp. 1170-1195) %d;W
fy;ntl;LfNs(ARE 1924: 11>23>24) fhyj;jhy; Kw;gl;lit. ,k;kd;dupd;
fy;ntl;Lfs; mUfpYs;s jpUf;Nfhl;ba+Hf; NfhapypYk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
fp.gp. 1190y; ,Ue;J 1218tiu murhz;l> g+tpd; fpoj;jp vdj; njhlq;Fk;
nka;f;fPHj;jpf;Fr; nrhe;jf;fhuuhd Kjyhk; rilatHkH FyNrfuH fhyf;
fy;ntl;LfNs ,q;F mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; cs;sd. gj;Jf; fy;ntl;Lfs;
nka; f ; f P h j; j pAlDk; MW fy; n tl; L fs; nka; f ; f P H j; j p ,y; y hkYk;
ntl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.( ARE 1924: 25>27-29>32-34>37>40> Gjpa fy;ntl;L> ARE
1924: 19-21>26>30-31) NrhzhL nfhz;lUspa Re;ju ghz;baH (fp.gp.
1216-1244) fhyf; fy;ntl;Lfs; Ie;Jk; (ARE 1924: 10>13>14>17>18>)
113
jpUkiyf; fy;ntl;Lfis KOikahf muha;e;j epiyapy;

,f;Nfhapypd; ,UE}W Mz;Lf; fhy tho;f;ifiag; Gupe;Jnfhs;s
KbfpwJ. ,g;gFjpapy; tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpypUe;Nj kf;fs;
tho; e ; j pUe; j ikia kiyNkYs; s Xtpaq; f Sk; fp.K. Kjy;
E}w;whz;lstpy; ,e;j kiyapy; rkz KdptHfs; jq;fpapUe;jikiag;
goe;jkpo;f; fy;ntl;LfSk; epWtpdhYk;> njhluhd tuyhw;iwg; ngwf;$ba
mstpw;Fj; juTfs; ,y;iy. gpw;ghz;baH fhyj;J Neh;ej
; jpUg;gzpfSk;
Gjpa fl; L khdq; f Sk; ,g; g Fjpapd; gioikahd rhd; W fis
mfw;wptpl;ldNth vdf; fUjNtz;bAs;sJ.
tsehL ehL
ghz;ba kz;lyk; ,uz;L fy;ntl;Lfspy;> ghz;b kz;lyk; vd;W
afuj;ij ,oe;j epiyapy; Rl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. (ARE 1924: 20>33) kJNuhja
tsehL> Nfusrpq;f tsehL vDk; ,uz;L tsehLfNs ,q;Fs;s
fy;ntl;Lfspy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd(ARE 1924:23>30) tlfstopehL>
tlNfhdhL> mz;lehL> njd;gwg;GehL vDk; ehl;Lg;gpupTfisak; kpoiyf;
$w;wk;> Kj;J}w;Wf; $w;wk;> fPo;f;fsf; $w;wk; vDk; ehl;Lg; gpupTfisAk;
(ARE 1924:11>13>14>23>34>39) jUk; fy;ntl;Lfs;> ehw;gj;njl;L CHfspd;
ngaHfisAk; jUfpd;wd.
,t; t +Hg; ngaHfisg; gpd; n dhl; L fspd; mbg; g ilapy;
tifg;gLj;jpaNghJ gjpdhd;F CHg;ngaHfs;> CH vd;w gpd;ndhl;Lld;
,yq;fpaikia mwpaKbe;jJ. vUf;fhl;^H> Fd;wj;J}H> fhl;^H> ehkD}H>
114
KidtH j. fz;zd;
ntspahw;W}H> nrt;t+H> JW%H> g+tD}H> fP*H> ey;Y}H> Mw;W}H>

ngUk;gw;wg;Gypa+H> jpUf;Nfhl;ba+H+> jpUg;Gj;J}H vDk; mtw;Ws; ehkD}H>
GuTtupey;Y}H vd;Wk; ngaH nfhz;bUe;jJ(ARE 1924: 15) vUf;fhl;^H>
gps;isahHgl;bf; Filtiuf; Nfhapy; mike;Js;s gFjpapy; tpsq;fpa
Cuhfyhk;. mf;Filtiuapy; cs;s tl;nlOj;Jf; fy;ntl;L xd;wpYk;
,t;t+upd; ngaH ,lk;ngw;Ws;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ(ARE 1935-36: 156)
Fd;wj;J}H> jpUkiyapd; kw;nwhU ngauhFk;. ,f;Nfhapy; ,iwtd;
rpy fy;ntl;Lfspy; Fd;wj;J}H ehadhH vd;W miof;fg;gl;Ls;shH(ARE
1924:13)
vd;gd ehd;nfOj;Jg; ngaHfs; khlf;Fsk;> thzpak;ghb jr;rned;kyp>

nghd;gw;wp> kdg;giltPL vd;gd gy;NtW gpd;ndhl;Lfspy; mike;j gpw
CHg;ngaHfshFk;.
ey;Y}H vDk; gpd;ndhl;Lld; gj;J CHfis milahsg;gLj;j

KbfpwJ. thdtd; khNjtp ey;Y}h;. Iaq;nfhz;l ey;Y}H =ty;yt
ey;Y}H mjpra ghz;ba ey;Y}H> fhisafhy ey;Y}H> =fuz ey;Y}H
vd;gd murj; njhlHGfisr; Rl;l ghfNjtp ey;Y}H> jpUQhdrk;ge;j
ey; Y }H> =khNfRtu ey; Y }H vd; g d ,iw kw; W k; ,iwabahH
njhlHGfisf; fhl;LfpwJ. mjpra ghz;ba ey;Y}H gpuhkzH FbapUg;ghf
tpsq;fpaJ(ARE 1924:29)
Gypf;fhl;b ey;Y}H vd;W xU fy;ntl;by; Rl;lg;gLk; CHg;ngaH
kw;nwhU fy;ntl;by; Gypf;Fl;b ey;Y}uhf cs;sJ(ARE 1924:17>34)
mkuf;Fb kq;fyk;> nfhj;jkq;fyk;> jhNkhju kq;fyk;> ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhor;
rJHNtjp kq;fyk;> vDk; ehd;F CHfSk; kq;fyk; vDk; gpd;ndhl;Lf;
nfhz; L gpuhkzH FbapUg; G fshf milahsg; g Lfpd; w d.( ARE
1924:15>16>34)
Ie;J CHfs; Fb vDk; gpd;ndhl;Lld; mike;j ngaHfisg;
ngw;Ws;sd. nghJtf;Fb> nfhl;ilf;Fb> ngUq;F> rpWFb> nghpaFb>
vDk; mtw;Ws; nghJtf;Fb kpoiyf;fPo;f; $w;wpy; mike;jpUe;jJ(ARE
1924:11) gy;NtW gpd;ndhl;LfSld; fpilj;jpUf;Fk; gjpide;J CHfSs;
gy fy;ntl;Lfspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s xNu Cuhf msif khefiuf;
Fwpf; f yhk; . ,g; N ghJk; jpUkiyia xl; b arpw; W }uhfr; RUq; f pg;
NghapUf;Fk; msifkhefiuf; fhzKbfpwJ.
jpU vd;w milAld; ntz;fhL> g+tzk;> Vfk;gk;> fhdg;NgH>
vDk; ehd;F CHg;ngaHfs; cs;sd. gs;sk;> Futk;> ty;yk;> Gw;Fop
115
muR mYtyHfs;
gy fy;ntl;Lfs; tpw;gid Mtzq;fshfTk; mur
MizfshfTk; cs;sikahy; ghz;ba kd;dHfspd; fPo;g; gzpahw;wpa
caH mYtyHfspd; ngaHfSk; gy;NtW gzpepiyfspy; ,Ue;j gpw
mYtyHfspd; ngaHfSk; fpilj;Js;sd. rilatHkH FyNrfuH
Ml;rpapd; NghJ FyNrfu %Nte;j NtshH> mofpa ghz;ba %Nte;j
NtshhH< FkzuhaH> Vofg;ngUkhs;> fypq;fj;JiuaH> tpsj;J{Hf; fpotd;>
gl;lhyfdhdh FUFyj;jiuaH>Mlty;yhd; Mjpj;jNjtdhd g+opad;>
FyNrfu gpukkhuaH> mofpa kPfhk gpukkhuhaH ,tHfs; caHepiy
mYtyHfshf tpsq;fpdH (ARE 1924:19>30)
g+kUtpa jpUkhJk; nka; f ; f P H j; j pf; F upa rilatHkH
tPughz;baupd; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; jpUke;jpu Xiyfshfr; nrt;t+UilahH
tP u ghz; b aUk; FkzuhaUk; mike; j dH. GuTtupj; jpizf; f s
ehafq;fshf miuad; =ty;ytdhd FUFyuhad;> Nre;jek;gpahd
tPughz;ba %Nte;j Ntshd;> tapuhjuhad;> Nre;jd; =ty;ytdhd
,uhrehuhaz tpOg;giuad;> rq;fuehuhazd; Re;juj; NjhSilahdhd
nfhq;fuhad; MfpNahH gzpapypUe;jdH(ARE 1924:23) njhz;ilkhd;>
gy; y thz; l hH> goe; j P g uhaH vd; g hH ghz; b aH Ml; r papy; caH
mYtyHfshf tpsq;fpdH(ARE 1924:12)
ngUk;ghyhd fy;ntl;Lfspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s fstop ehlhs;thHfs;
tlfstopehl;ilj; jk; MSifapy; nfhz;bUe;j FWepy murHfshfyhk;.
,uz;L fy;ntl;Lfs; ehlhs;thH xUtupd; Miz XiyfshfNt
mike; J s; s d(ARE 1924:27>32) mtw; W s; xd; W [aq; n fhz; l hH
=ty;ytd; vDk; mtuJ ngaiuAk; jUfpwJ. g+kyH jpUTk; vDk;
nka;f;fPHj;jpia cila khwtHkH Re;ju ghz;baH fhyj;jpy; fstop
ehl; i l Mz; l tuhf vOf ngUkhs; fz; z piwQ; r ngUkhs;
ntspg;gLfpwhH.( ARE 1924:35)
116
KidtH j. fz;zd;
fstop ehlhs;thhpd; fzf;Fg; gz;lhhpfshf ,uhr rpq;fNjtd;>

FUFyuhad; > ntz; f hld; ehkdhd nja; t ehaf fr; r pauhad; >
Mlty;yhd; Mjpj;jNjtdhd g+opajiuad; vd;ghH ,Ue;jdH (ARE
1924:36) rilatHkH tPughz;baupd; fy;ntl;nlhd;W tlfstop ehl;;bd;
fzf;fhsH
Re;juj;NjhSilahd;
rPupsq;Nfhit
milahsg;gLj;JfpwJ(ARE 1924:11)
tupahfg; ngUk;ghYk; ney;Ny jz;lg;ngw;wjhy; mij msf;ff;

Nfhapypy;> fhyfz;lNjtd; vd;w ngaupy; mike;j rpwg;gsit
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. tpisepyq;fis mse;J tpup epHzak; nra;a> Nfhy;
Fbjhq;fp vd;w ngaupy; mike;j epymsT Nfhy; tof;fpy; ,Ue;jJ(ARE
1924:11)
tupfs;
ghz;ba ehl;by; epyk; rhHe;J jz;lg;ngw;w tupfisAk; mit
epytsk; > tpisT tsk; rhHe; J jz; l g; n gw; w tifikfisAk;
gpwtifahd tupapdq; f isAk; jpUkiyf; fy; n tl; L fs; top
mwpaKbfpwJ. flik> Fbik> me;juhak;> nghd;tup> tpdpNahfk;> mr;R>
mr;Rj;Njit> =fhhpag;NgW> cghjpj;jz;lk;> rpy;tup> ngUtup> ck;gstup>
giwtup> ,dtup> kidtup> GQ;irtup> ehl;Nlhfup> $w;Nwhfup> gpw
tpdpNahfq; f s; > gs; s H> giwaH ngauhy; nfhs; S k; tupfs; >
ntl;bKl;ilMa;> vr;NrhW> $w;wuprp> jwpapiw> nrf;fpiw> jl;nlhyp>
jl;lhH ghl;lk;> filf;$l;byf;if> Ms;Njit> ghbfhty;> jpUKfr;rk;glk;>
rpw;whak; vdg; gy;NtW tupapdq;fs; mf;fhyj;Nj ngwg;gl;ld.
tupfs; ve;j ms;tpy; ngw;g;gl;ld vd;gjw;Fk; rpy fy;ntl;Lfs;
rhd;W gfHfpd;wd. rilatHkH tpughz;baH fhyj;jpy; tpdpNahfk;
vd;Dk; tupapdk; xU khTf;F ,Ufyk; ney;yhf mika> me;juhak;
jpukj;Jf;F ,uhrpg;gzk; xd;whf ,Ue;jJ. Ig;grpf; FWit tpistpy;
xUkh epyj;jpw;F xd;Nw Kf;fhy; fyk; ney;Yk; Mbf;FWit tpistpy;
mNj msT epyj;jpw;F xd;wiuf; fyk; ney;Yk; tupahfg; ngwg;gl;ld.
jpid> tuF ,it gapupl;l epyq;fspy; tupapdk; xd;Nwfhy; fyk;
ney;yhf mike;jJ(ARE 1924:11)
khwtHkH Re;ju ghz;baH Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; me;juhak; jpukk;
Kf;fhNy miuf;fhyhf mika> Mbf; FWitf;fhd tupaikg;gpy;
tuF tpise;j epyKk; NrHf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. vs;> jpid ,it gapupl;l
epyq;fspy; tupapdk; xd;Nwfhy; fyk; ney;yhfTk; tpdpNahfk; xUkh
epyj;jpw;Fj; J}zp ney;yhfTk; mikag; Gd;nra; tpise;j epyj;jpw;fhd
me;juhak; miuj; jpukkhf ,Ue;jJ(ARE 1924:18)
117
NfhapYf;Ff; nfhilahfj; jug;gl;l epyq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; tup

ePf;fg;gl;l epiyapNyNa mspf;fg;gl;ld. muR rhHGilatHfshy;
ePf;fg;gl;l ,t;tupapdq;fisf; NfhapyhNu ngw;W> epUthfj;jpw;Ffk;
Nfhapy; rhHe;j topghL> gilay; ,tw;wpw;Fk; gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s>
nfhilaspj; j tHfNs topfhl; l y; f isj; je; J s; s ikiaAk;
fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhzKbfpwJ.
murhizahf mike;j fy;ntl;nlhd;W jpUkiyg; ngUkhs;
Nfhapy; #uNjt <RtuKilahH Nfhapy;> rPty <RtuKilahH Nfhapy;>
fz;Zila <RtuH Nfhapy; Mfpatw;wpw;Fupa epyq;fspd; kPjhd
=fhhupag;NgW> mr;Rj;Njit ,it jtpHf;fg;gl;l jftiyj; jUfpwJ.
jpUkiyg; ngUkhs; Nfhapy; Njtjhd epyq;fshd rpq;fek;gpf; Fbf;fhL>
ghz;bauhaH Fbf;fhL> nrl;bf; Fbf;fhL> NjhuNdup ,tw;wpw;fhd nghd;tup>
mr;R ,it jtpHf;fg;gl;l jftiyAk; ,f;fy;ntl;lhy; ngwKbfpwJ.
jhk; jtpHj;j ,t;tupapdq;fs; nfhz;L Nfhapy; g+irfs;> jpUg;gzp
,tw;iw Nkw;nfhs;s murH Mizapl;Ls;shH(ARE 1924:12) ,J Nghy;
rpy tupfisj; NjHe;J ePf;fpAs;shw; NghyNt epyj;jpd; kPjhd midj;J
tupfisAk; ePf;fpAs;s ghq;fpidAk; rpy fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhzKbfpwJ.
Ntshz; i k
ePHepyk;> ed;nra;> Gd;nra;> taf;fy; vd epyq;fs; mtw;wpd;
ghrdtrjp> tpisjpwd; ,tw;wpw;Nfw;gg; ngauplg;gl;bUe;jd. tpise;jwpahj
epyj;Jz;Lfs; kdpj ciog;ghy; tpisepykhf;fg;gl;lNghJ taf;fy;>
=fz;b taf;fy;> mwpe;jtd; tpOg;giuad; taf;fy;> nghd;dtpy;ypahH
taf;fy;> Fg;ig eq;if taf;fy;> Mjpj;jd; taf;fy;> ngupaiuad;
taf;fy;> ghz;b taf;fy;> fhisahH Ngiuad; taf;fy;> fhld; taf;fy;
vd;gd mtw;Ws; rpy
118
KidtH j. fz;zd;
tpisepyq;fSk; ngaNuw;wpUe;jd. nropajiuad; eq;if tay;>

rPtyg;Ngiuad; GQ;ir> nghd;dhlhs;thH Fbf;fhL> #uNjtehlhs;thH
gw;W> ehYjpf;Fk; ntd;whd; gw;W> gONtl;liuad; vdj; jdpaH
ngaHfspYk; ,ilad; Fbf;fhL> tz;zhd; Vk;gy;> jr;rd; Jlty;
vdj; njhopyH ngaHfspYk; jhkNdupj; Njhl;lk;> NfhNdup tay; vd
ePHepiyg; ngaHfspYk; rpWkhzpf;fk;> jkuhf;fpf; Fbf;fhL vdg;
nghJg;ngaHfspYk; epyj;Jz;Lfs; Fwpf;fg;gl;likia mwpaKbfpwJ.
ghfH> mtH jk;gp vdf;F ey;y ngUkhs; ,tHfs; ,UtiuAk; re;jpj;Jf;

Fsq;fisr; rupnra;J> epyq;fisj; jpUj;jp NfhapYf;Fupa tupfisAk;
je;J cjTkhW Nfl;f> mz;zd;> jk;gp ,UtUk; Fsq;fisAk;
epyq;fisAk; gapupLk; cupikAs;s fhuhz;ikf; fhzpahf tpiyf;Fg;
ngw;wdH. me;j tpiyj;njhif khzpf;fthrfH> rk;ge;jH jpUNkdpfis
vOe; j Usr; nra; a Tk; jpUkiyg; ngUkhSf; F r; #uNjtd;
eP H epiyuapypUe; J jpUkQ; r dk; vLg; g hUf; F cjtTk; Nfhapy;
eilKiwfSf;fhd KjyhfTk; itf;fg;ngw;wJ(ARE 1924:39)
,iw> rkag; gzpfSf;fhf toq;fg;gl;bUe;j epyg; gFjpfs;

mt;tg; ngaiu Vw;wpUe;jd. gps;isahH Njtjhdk;> ehr;rpf;Fop>
jpUkilg;gs;spg;Gwk;> QhdNjt KjypahH klg;Gwk;( ARE 1924:15) vd;gd
mtw;Ws; rpy. tpisAk; nghUs;fSf;F Vw;gTk; rpy epyj;Jz;Lfs;
ngaH nfhz;bUe;jikia ,Yg;igr;nra;> ehty; nra;> Ntg;gQ; nra;>
Gspae;Jlty; vDk; miog;Gfs; epWTfpd;wd. ,it jtpu> Nkw;Fj;jij
ehw;wq;fhy;> njw;Fj;ij ehw;wq;fhy; vdj; jpirr; rl;ba epyj;Jz;LfSk;
,Ue;jd.
VupfspYk; Fsq;fspYk; ,Ue;J gy;NtW tha;ff
; hy;fs; mfog;gl;L
epyq;fSf;F ePH vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;likia miytha;f; Fsk; ePsf;fhy;>
tljiy tha;f;fhy;> eLtpy; tha;f;fhy;> NfhNdup tay; tha;f;fhy;>
tLfd; tha;ff
; hy;> taYf;Fg; gha;fpw ngupa kil> ciyaf; Fbf;fhl;L
tjp vDk; ePHtopg; ngaHfshy; mwpaKbfpwJ.
Fsq;fs; fiu cile;J ePH tw;wpa fhyq;fspYk; ghrdkpd;wp
epyq;fs; gho;gl;l #oy;fspYk; mit mUshsHfshy; tpiyf;Fg;
ngwg;gl;Lr; rupnra;ag;gl;likia ,uz;L fy;ntl;Lfs; czHj;Jfpd;wd.
guhf;fpuk ghz;baupd; gj;jhk; Ml;rpahz;by; Fsq;fs; cile;J
fPiog;Gw;Fop> Nkiyg;Gw;Fopahd Gypf;Fl;b ey;Y}H epyj;Jz;Lfs;
gho; g l; L g; Nghdjhy; me; e pyq; f isg; gapH nra; j FUFyuhaH
FLk;gj;jhuhy; njhlHe;J epytup nrYj;j ,aytpy;iy.
epytpw; g id
ngUk;ghyhd epytpw;gid Mtzq;fs; tpw;gidf;F cs;shFk;
epyj;jpd; cupikiaf; Nfhapy; ,iwtDf;Nfh my;yJ ,iwtpf;Nfh
cWjpna;J gapupLk; cupikia kl;Lk; epyk; thq;FNthUf;F mspj;J
vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. tlfstop ehl;Lg;Gw;Fopf;F tlghy; ,Ue;j rpWkhzpf;fk;
vDk; epyj;Jz;ilg; gapupLk; cupik Nfhapy; fzf;fH gz;lhupfshy;
msifkhefiur; NrHe;j Ntshd; Ml;nfhz;lhd;> ,uhrrpq;fgd;kd;
,tHfl;F mWgJ Nrhopa ew;goq;fhRfSf;F tpw;fg;gl;lJ. epyj;Jz;ld;
cupik Nrhkd; jpUTilahd; vOe;jUStpj;jpUe;j jpUf;fhkf;Nfhl;l
ehr;rpahUf;F mspf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ(ARE 1924:14)
tuk;Gfs; mope;J juprhrpf; fhL kz;ba epiyapy; ,Ue;j
epyj;jpw;F tup fl;lKbahj #oypy; kd;dH guhf;fpuk ghz;baupd;
Ie;jhk; Ml;rpahz;bd;NghJ> nghd;gw;wpiar; NrHe;j ca;aepd;whLthd;
cyFa;ate;jhDf;F> ehkD}H CuhH ,iwapyp ePHepykha; CH <e;j
fhzpahff; FsKk; Fsg;gug;Gk; fhYk; cl;gl tuhfd; ,uhrpkuhrd;
Fspifg; gzk; ehw;gJf;F me;epyj;ij tpw;wdH. mNj epyj;ij
Vohz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF Vofg; ngUkhshd ngha; nrhy;yhjhUf;Ff;
fhzp tpiyahf ,uhrpkuhrd; Gs;sp 480f;F ca;ate;jhd; tpw;wikia
kw;nwhU fy;ntl;lhy; mwpfpNwhk;( ARE 1924:15>16)
mjdhy; epyq; f isf; flik Kj; J f; fhuhz; i kahff;

iff;nfhz;l NfhapyhH> epyq;fisj; jpUj;j Kbahky; rpy Jz;Lfisg;
Gd;nra;g; Nghfj;Jf;Fj; je;J epy thuk; nfhz;L mDgtpj;J te;j
epiyapy;> kdg;giltPli
; lr; NrHe;j ngw;whd; ,uhkdhNjtH ey;y kq;if
tl fstop ehl;L gpukNjakhd mjpra ghz;ba ey;Y}H Cuhuplk;

Fbf;fhL xd;W tpiyf;Fg; ngwg;gl;Lj; jpUkiyf; NfhapYf;Ff;
nfhilaspf;fg;gl;lJ. me;j epyj;ij tupapypahf;FkhW msifkhefiur;
119
120
KidtH j. fz;zd;
NrHe;j kjiy mzpr;rhd; fypq;fj;jiuaH gupe;Jiuf;f> murH FyNrfu

ghz;baH Fbf;fhl;il ,iwapypahf;fpdhH(ARE 1924:29)
,it NfhapYf;F mspf;fg;gl;ld. flik xU khTf;F Ie;J fykhfTk;

jpid> tuF gapupl; l fhyq; f spy; ,uz; l iuf; fykhfTk;
nfhs;sg;gl;lJ(ARE 1924:25)
ehYjpf;Fk; ntd;whd; vDk; ngaupy; mike;j Fbf;fhL

kiykz;lyj;ijr; NrHe;j kj;jpaNfhl;Lg; ngUkhs; ehuhazdhd
jpUehuhadgd;kDf;F vOf ngUkhs; fz;zpiwQ;r ngUkhshd fstop
ehlhs;thuhy; tpw;fg;gl;lJ(ARE 1924:35) msifkhefH Cuhuhy;
ePyfq;fiuaH kfs; khzpf;fhz;lhSf;F epyj;Jz;nlhd;W ,iwapypahf
tpw;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;epyj;ijg; gapupLk; cupik Nfhapyplk; ,Ue;jJ(ARE
1924:41)
ngupahd; Mz; l gpuhdhd jpUntz; f hl; L eq; i ff; F r;
rpWNtsq;Fskhd jpUQhdrk;ge;jey;Y}H Nkw;Ff; Fbf;fhL> re;jd;Fb>
Nfhijf;Fb> fPOuhd Fbf;fhL vDk; epyj;Jz;Lfs; fstop ehlhs;thuhy;
fhuhz; i kahfj; jug; g l; l d. FbeP q ; f hj; Njtjhdkhfj; jug; g l; l
,e;epyg;gFjpfspd; tpisT xUkh epyj;Jf;F %d;W fyk; ney;
flikahfTk; me;juhak; mQ;RNkdpj; jpukkhfTk; jpl;lkplg;gl;L> mit
nfhz;L ,iwtdpd; jpUg;gs;spnaOr;rp> Mz;lgps;isahH jpUg;gbkhw;W
,tw;wpw;fhd nrytpdq;fs; NeHnra;ag;gl;ld. epyj;jpd; cupik ,iwtd;
ngaupy; mike;jJ.( ARE 1924:27)
Kjy; rilatHkH FyNrfuH fhyj;jpy; epfo;e;j kw;nwhU
epykspg;Gk; ,Nj fstop ehlhs;thupd; Mizg;gbNa epfo;e;jJ. ehfd;
Re;judhd cj;jkghz;ba %Nte;j Ntshd;> mfpyguz %Nte;j Ntshd;
vDk; ,UtUf;Fk; tz;zhd; Vk;gyhd =fuz ey;Y}hpy; gapupLk; cupik
mspf;fg;gl;lJ. epycupik ,iwtDf;Fj; jug;gl;lJ. tupfs; eq;iff;Fj;
jpl;lkpl;lhw; NghyNt mika> Gd;nra;g; Nghf tup xU fyk; tpisTf;Ff;
FWzp vd;w epiyapy; ,t;tupapdq;fs; ,iwf;Nfhapypd; jpUg;gb khw;W
cs;spl;l epte;jq;fSf;F mspf;fg;gl;ld(ARE 1924:28)
rilatHkH FyNrfuH fhy kw;nwhU fy;ntl;Lk; fstop
ehlhs;thH Xiytop mspj;j epyk; gw;wpg; NgRfpwJ. ngUq;Fb vDk;
Cupy; xJf;fg;gl;l ,e;j epyj;jpd; gapupLk; cupik ngw;wtupd; ngaH
fy;ntl;by; rpije;Js;sJ. epy cupik Nfhapypy; ,Ue;j jpUkhspifg;
gps;isahH ngaupy; mike;jJ. epyj;jpd; kPjhd flik> me;juhak;
121
khwtHkh tpf;fpuk ghz;baupd; fhyj;jpy; fstop ehl;Lr; rpw;wuruhf

,Ue;j n[aq;nfhz;lhd; =ty;ygd; fstop ehlhs;thH> jpUkiy
n[aq;nfhz;l Nrhog; ngUe;njUtpy; ,Ue;j jpUg;g+tzk; cilahUf;F
xUkh mstpdjhd> gps; i sr; r p taf; f y; vDk; jpUj; j g; g l; l
epyg;gFjpia ,iwapypj; Njtjhdkhf tpw;whH. jpUkiyf; Nfhapypy;
g+tzj; j hH vOe; j UStpj; j pUe; j jpUr; r pw; w k; g y Nrj; u ghyg;
gps;isahUf;fhd gilay;> topghL ,tw;wpw;fhd nrytpdq;fSf;F
,e;epy tpisT Jizepd;wJ(ARE 1924:22)
fhFj;jd; Njtuhz;lhH> mtH jk;gp mke;jhd; ,tHfs; ,UtUf;Fk;
jkuhf; f p vDk; ngaupyike; j Fbf; f hL mwtpiyf; F f; fstop
ehlhs;thuhy; toq;fg;gl;lJ. epyj;ij xw;wpitf;fTk; tpw;fTk; cupik
jug;gl;lJld;> tupfisf; NfhapYf;fspf;fTk; cj;juthdJ. mjd;gb
xUkh epyj;Jf;F ehd;F fyk; tpisT flikahfTk; me;juhak; Ie;J
Nkdpf;F xU jpukkhfTk; mike;jd. Gd;nra; tpistpy; fyj;jpw;Ff;
FWzpAk; Nfhilg; Nghfj;jpy; tuF ,uz;L fykhfTk; jpid xU
fykhfTk; jug;gl;ld(ARE 1924:32)
Kjy; rilatHkH FyNrfuupd; Ie; j hk; Ml; r pahz; b y;
fhupNjtdhd kz;lypfs; fk;guP g;gpr;rUf;Fj; jpUQhdrk;ge;j ey;Y}nud;Wk;
mwpag;gl;l ghlff;Fsf; fPo; Kwpad; taypy; gapupLk; cupik fstop
ehlhs;thuhy; mspf;fg;gl;lJ. jpUkiyf; Nfhapy; Njtubahs; ngUkhs;
jpUkiw ehr; r pahd jpUQhdrk; g e; j eq; i f vOe; j UStpj; j
jpUQhdrk;ge;jH gbkj;jpw;Fj; Njtjhdkhf ,e;epyk; mike;jJ. mjdhy;>
,t; t bahH gbkj; j pw; f hd topghL> gilay; ,tw; w pw; f hFk;
nrytpdq;fisr; re;jpf;f tpistpypUe;J cupa msT fk;gPug;gpr;ruhy;
toq;fg;gl;lJ(ARE 1924:34)
msifkhefH cilahuhd fstop ehlhs;thupd; fzf;Fg;
gz; l hupfs; njd; g ug; G ehl; L gpukNjakhd ,uhN[e; j pu Nrhor;
rJHNtjpkq;fyj;jpUe;j ca;af;nfhz;lhd; rghgjpf;F msifkhefH
122
KidtH j. fz;zd;
Nkw;fpypUe;j fhw;fiuf;Fsj;jpy; gapH nra;Ak; cupikiaf; nfhilahfj;

je;jdH. ,e;epyj;jpd; cupik jpUkiyf; Nfhapy; ,iwtdpd; jpUkQ;rd
mwf;fl;lisiar; rhHe;jjhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. jpUkQ;rdj;jpw;fhd
eP H #uNjtd; vd; W ngauplg; g l; b Ue; j eP H epiyapy; ,Ue; J
nfhzug;gl;lJ(ARE 1924:36)
fzf;Fg; gz;lhhpfshy; rpWkhzpf;fk; vDk; ngaupyike;j epyj;Jz;L

xd;W mWgJ ew;goq;fhRfSf;F tpw;gid nra;ag;gl;lJ(ARE 1924:14)
gilay; topghL
msifkhefH ehuhazd; fhFj;jd; =uhkNjtupd; kidtp
fdpafz; l d; Nrkho; t p vd; g hH jpUkiy ,iwtd; ,iwtp
jpUmde;jPRtuj;J ,iwtd;> ,iwtp> tpehafH> Nrj;ughyH ,tHfl;F
tp~_ ,uz;L> madk; ,uz;L> rptuhj;jpup> mkhthir gd;dpuz;L> khHfopj;
jpUthjpiu Mfpa Kf;fpa ehl;fspy; rpwg;G topghL> jpUtKJ nra;tpf;f
tpioe;J> rz;NlRtu tpiyapy; rPuphz;lhdplkpUe;J epyk; xd;iwg; ngw;Wf;
NfhapYf;F mspj;jhH. rPuhz;lhd; jw;Fwp vd;gjhy; tpiyahtzj;jpy;
mtUf;Fg; gjpyhfg; g+opajiuad; ifnaOj;jpl;Ls;shH(ARE 1924:40)
jpUkiyf; Nfhapy; jpUeilkhspifapy; jl;NlhL ,l tpUk;gpa
NfhapyhH mjw;fhd nryTfisr; re;jpf;ff; Nfhapy; rhHe;j Fsk;
xd;iw kpoiyf; $w;j;Jf; fPo;f; $w;Wg; nghJtf;Fbiar; NrHe;j
eP y fq; f iuad; jhapYk; ey; y nghUkhshd eurpq; f NjtUf; F g;
GJf;Fspifg; gzk; ,UE}w;Wf;F tpw;wdH. tpw;fg;gl;l Fsk;> ehY
jpf;Fk; ntd;whd; gw;wpy; ,Ue;j Nrhiy Vupahd Re;juey;Y}uhFk;.
,J cilaFskha; ,Ue;jjhy;> #o ,Ue;j epyq;fs; tpisahjpUe;jd.
tpw;fg;gl;l Fsg;gw;wpw;Ff; flik> me;juhak;> nghd;tup> tpdpNahfk;
,it jPHkhdpf;fg;gl;ld. flik xUkh epyj;jpw;Ff; fhyfz;lNjtdhy;
,uz;L fyk; ney; vd mike;jJ. me;juhak; jpukj;jpw;F ,uhrpg;gzk;
xd;whfTk; Ig;grpf; FWitf;F xd;Nw Kf;fhy; fyk; ney;Yk; Mbf;
FWitf;F xd;wiuf; fyk; ney;Yk; jpid> tuF gapHfs; vdpy;
xd;Nwfhy; fyKk; epHzapf;fg;gl;ld.( ARE 1924:11)
,f; N fhapypy; Nrhkd; jpUTilahd; vOe; j UStpj; j pUe; j
jpUf; f hkf; N fhl; l ehr; r pahUf; f hd rhj; J gbfSf; f hf Ntshd;
Ml;nfhz;lhH> ,uhrrpq;fgd;kd; ,tHfSf;Ff; fstop ehlhs;thupd;
123
,iwtDf;Fj; jpUkOf;fhl;lr; #uNjtd; vd;Dk;

ePHepiyapypUe;J ePH vLj;J tUthupd; tho;t+jpaj;jpw;fhd cupik
epykhfTk; Mlty;yhd; $j;jdhd FUFyuhaUf;Fg; gapH nra;Ak;
cupik cila epykhfTk; fstop ehlhs;thuhy; Mlty;yhDf;F
tpw;gid nra;ag;gl;l Gypf;Fl;b ey;Y}hpd; ePHepyk;> Gd;nra; ,tw;wpw;fhd
tupapdq;fs; jPHkhdpf;fg;gl;ld. mjd;gb> flik xUkh epyj;jpw;F
%d;W fyk; ney;yhfTk; me;juhak; Kf;fhNy miuf;fhy; jpukkhfTk;
mike; j d. Ig; g rpf; FWitf; F khf; f likapy; xd; N wKf; f hYk;
Mbf;FWitapy; xd;wiuAk; tpisT tuF vdpy; xd;wiuAk; vs;>
jpid vdpy; xd;NwfhYk; mike;jd. tpdpNahfk; xU khtpw;Fj; J}zp
ney;yhfTk; Gd;nra; tpistpy; miuj; jpukkhfTk; tpsq;fpaJ(ARE
1924:18)
rilatHkuhd tP u ghz; b aupd; Ml; r pf; f hyj; j py; fstop
ehlhs; t huhd n[aq; n fhz; l hd; =ty; y td; > msifkhefH
n[aq;nfhz;l Nrhog; ngUe;njUtpy; FbapUe;j tzpfH gl;bAilahd;
jpy;iyNte;jd; Fg;igahd tPughz;ba njd;dNfhDf;F =ty;yt
ey;Y}iuf; fhuhz;ikf; fhzpahf mspf;Fk;gb muriu Ntz;l> kd;dUk;
Kd;DilahH [Ptpjk; jtpHj;J> CUf;fhd flik> me;juhak; ,tw;iwj;
jpUkiyf; Nfhapy; ,iwtdpd; epte;jq;fSf;fhd Kjyhf mspf;FkhW
Mizapl;L Ciu mspj;jhH. CH epyj;jpd; kPjhd flik xU khr;
nra;fF
; %d;W fykhfTk; me;juhak; IQ;RNkdp xU jpukkhfTk; mika
Gd;nra;g; Nghfj;jpy; fyj;jpw;Ff; FWzp tpisT ngwg;gl;lJ. ghz;ba
murhizfs; vt; t hW epiwNtw; w g; g l; l d vd; g ij ,f; f y; n tl; L
Xustpw;Fg; glk;gpbj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ(ARE 1924:23)
Kjy; rilatHkH FyNrfuH jk; ehd;fhk; Ml;rpahz;bd;NghJ
jpUkiyf; Nfhapy; ,iwtdpd; es;spuTr; re;jpf;fhf %d;Wiu kh
epyk; ,iwapypj; Njtjhdkhf mspj;jhH. kz;lypf; fk;gPud; re;jp
vd;wiof;fg;gl;l mr;re;jpapd;NghJ ,iwtDf;F ehs; xd;Wf;F mWehop
muprpapy; jpUtKJk; tpQ;Qdq;fSk; gilf;fg;gl;L> cupa rhj;JgbfSk;
124
KidtH j. fz;zd;
nra;ag;gl;ld. nfhilaspf;fg;gl;l %d;wiu kh epyk; Mjpj;jd; taf;fy;>

Nkw;Fj;ij ehw;wq;fhy;> #uNjt ehlhs;thd; gw;W epyk;> ngupaiuad;
taf;fy;> fypad; ngw;whd; njw;Fj;ij Nkw;Fj; Jlty;> jr;rd; Jlty;>
Giwah tpUj;jp epyk; vDk; gy;NtW epyj;Jz;Lfis
cs;slf;fpapUe;jJ(ARE 1924:31)
rpwg; G r; n ra; j pfs;
Fd;wj;J}iur; NrHe;j mUk;ghf;fpohd; nrq;fjpHr; nry;td; Nfhapy;

ehr;rpahUf;fhd jpUmKJ ,dq;fSf;fhf epyf;nfhil mspj;jhH.
,e;epyj;jpd; vy;iyfisf; Fwpf;Fk; NghJ> klg;Gwk; xd;Wk; =uhkNjtH
kidtpf;F tpw;fg;gl;l epyj;Jz;Lk; Rl;lg;gLfpd;wd(ARE 1924:37)
xUj;Jt ePff
; pdhdhy; ,iwtDf;fhd jpUehkj;Jj Njtjhdkhf Mw;W}H
mspf;fg;gl;lJ(ARE 1924:38)
tpsf; F f; n fhil
Mlty;yhd; Mjpj;jNjtdhd g+opajiuaH khiy tpsf;F xd;W
Vw;Wtjw;fhfr; Nrhopa ew;goq;fhRfs; Ie;jpidf; Nfhapypy; topghL
epfo;jj
; pa Kg;gJ tl;lr;rpt me;jzHfsplk; xg;Gtpj;jhH. msifkhefiur;
NrHe;j ngz;fspy; fhkhz;bf; $j;jpapd; kfs; mQ;ryhd ngUkhs;
,iwtDf;F khiy tpsf;F xd;W Vw;Wtjw;fhf ,uz;L mr;Rfisf;
Nfhapy; rptme;jzHfsplk; je;jhH(ARE 1924:13>26)
=ty; y tdhd tpy; y uhaH =khNfRtu ey; Y }upy; gapupLk;
cupikiaj; jkf; F mspf; F khWk; me; e pyj; j pd; cupikia
ee; j htpsf; F g; G wkhf ,iwtDf; F toq; F khWk; Ntz; b > fstop
ehlhs;thuplk; tpz;zg;gpf;f Ntz;LNfhs; Vw;fg;gl;L epyk; xJf;fg;gl;lJ.
epyj;jpw;fhd tupapdq;fs; tpistpw;F Vw;gj; jpl;lkplg;gl;L> NfhapYf;F
mspf;FkhW mwpTWj;jg;gl;lJ. ,iwf;Nfhapypy; khiy tpsf;F xd;W
Vw; w tha; g ; g hfg; gQ; r td; khNjtpg; ngUe; n jUitr; NrHe; j
jd;kjhtsj;jhH jq;fs; nrf;fpy; ,Ue;J ehSk; cupa vz;nza; toq;f
xg; g pdH. fy; n tl; b y; ,r; n ra; j p ghlyhfTk; ,lk; n gw; W s; s ik
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ(ARE 1924:30>20)
NrhzhL toq; f paUspa Re; j ughz; b aupd; gjpNdohk;

Ml;rpahz;by; jpUkiyf; Nfhapypy; ,Ue;j IE}w;Wtd; jpUf;fhtzj;jpy;
$ba gy;NtW tzpfg; gpuptpdUk; jhk; tpw;Fk; nghUs;fspd; kPJ
Fwpg;gpl;l msTj; jPHitapidj; jpUkiyf; Nfhapy; ,iwtdpd; topghL>
gilay; ,tw;wpw;fhf mspg;gnjdj; jPHkhdpj;jdH. tzpff; FOf;fspd;
ngaHfisAk; tpw;gidg; nghUl;fspd; tiffisAk; njuptpf;f ty;y
,f;fy;ntl;Lg; ngupJk; rpije;Js;sikahy; Njitahd juTfisg;
ngwf;$ltpy;iy(ARE 1924:10)
jpUkiyf; fy;ntl;Lfspy; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,uz;L klq;fspy;
gpr;rhklKk; xd;W. rilatHkH guhf;fpuk ghz;baH Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy;
,k;klj;jpd; jiytuhf g+kpRtuKila KjypahH ,Ue;jhH. kw;nwhU
klj;jpd; jiytuhf QhdNjt KjypahH tpsq;fpdhH(ARE 1924:15>30)
Kjy; rilatHkH FyNrfuhpd; Ie;jhk; Ml;rpahz;bd; itfhrpj;
jpq; f spy; msifkhefH #uNjt <Rtu KilahH Nfhapy;
jpUQhdrk;ge;jd; jpUntLj;Jf; fl;bapy; $ba ngupa jpUf;$l;lj;Jg;
gjpndz; kz;lyj;J =Uj;u> =khNfRtuHfs; msifkhefiur; NrHe;j
Mz;lgpuhdhd jpUntz;fhl;L eq;if nra;j gy mUQ;nray;fis
epidT$He; J > ghuhl; b > mtH kfshd Njtubahs; ngUkhs;
jpUkiwehr;rpahd jpUQhdrk;ge;j eq;iff;Fr; rpy rpwg;G cupikfis
toq;fpdH. msifkhefH #uNjtH Nfhapypy; jpUthjpiu ehadhH>
mtH NjtpahH ,tHfisAk; jpUQhdrk;ge;jiuAk; vOe;jUsr; nra;J>
jpUeilkhspifiaAk; mikj;jtH jpUntz;fhl;L eq;if. eq;ifapd;
gzpfSf;Fg; ghuhl;lhf mtH kfSf;F toq;fg;gl;l rpwg;G cupikfSs;
rq;F jp> Ngupif nfhl;bf;nfhs;Sk; cupik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;( ARE
1924:25)
gpwNfhapy; f s;
msifkhefupYk; mijr; #oe;jpUe;j CHfspYk; ,Ue;j gpw
Nfhapy;fshfj; jpUmde;jPRtuk;> g+kpRtuk;> fz;Zila <Rtuk;>
=ty<Rtuk;> #uNjt <Rtuk;> IadhH fhw;Fiu cilahH Nfhapy;
125
126

Mfpad Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;Ws; #uNjt <RtuKilahH Nfhapypy;
jpUQhdrk;ge;jH jpUntLj;Jf;fl;b vd;w ngaupy; ngUkz;lgk; xd;W
mikj;jpUe;jJ. #uNjtd; vd;w ngaupy; jpUkQ;rd ePHepiy xd;Wk;
,Ue;Js;sJ.
Nfhapy; epUthfk;
Fd;wj;J}H ehadhH Nfhapy;> jpUkiyg; ngUkhs; Nfhapy;
vd; n wy; y hk; miof; f g; g Lk; ,j; j pUf; N fhapypd; epUthfj; i j
Uj; u khNfRtuHfs; > Njtfd; k pfs; > =fhupak; > khlhgj; j pak; vDk;
mYtyHfs; Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jdH. fp.gp. 1194y; jpUntz;fhl;Lg; gps;is
,f;Nfhapy; =fhupakhf ,Ue;jhH tpujk; Kbj;j ngUkhs;> tPughz;ba
gpukhjuhad; > jpUkiyg; n gUkhs; > Re; j u ghz; b a gpukhjuhad; >
Gwg;nghd;dkgl;ld;> rj;jpgl;ld;> jpUf;fhisr; NrhoNfhd; gpukhjuhad;>
NgUilahd; kiyg; n gUkhs; ,tHfs; UjukhNfRtuHfshfTk;
Njtfd;kpfshfTk; mika> nrhf;fdhH khlhgj;jpakhf ,Ue;jhH.
jpUTz;zhopifg; gps;is> Mz;lhH ngupa NjtH ,UtUk; Nfhapy;
tapuhfpfshf ,Ue;jdH(ARE 1924:11)
NrhzhL toq; f pa Re; j u ghz; b aH fhyj; j py; rpj; j dhd
epj; j tpNdhj gl; l d; > jpUg; g +tz gl; l d; > jpUVfk; g Kilahd; >
fz;Zilahd;> cikghfd;> nrhf;fd;> Nrid kPfhkgl;ld;> mofpahd;
jpUNtfk;gKilahd;> FutKilahd; Fd;wd; NjtHgl;ldhd rPtygl;ld;
,tHfs; ,f;Nfhapy; rptme;jzHfshfg; gzpahw;wpdH. mNj fhyj;jpy;
Nfhapy; fzf;Fg; gz;lhhpfshf Vof kPfhk gpukkhuhad> g+opajiuad;>
fr;rpauhad;> tapuhjuhad; Re;jughz;ba %Nte;jNtshd; ,tHfs;
gzpahw;wpdH(ARE 1924:13>14)
rilatHkH guhf;fpuk ghz;baH fhyj;jpy; fz; epiwQ;rhd;
tpujk; Kbj;j ngUkhs;> nry;yg;gps;isahd tPughz;ba gpukhjuhad;>
mZf;fek;gp> rpj;jgl;ld;> kapyd; jpUkiyg;ngUkhs;> ,uhrehuhaz
fz;ba gpukhjuhad;> ngupa Kjyp vdf;F ey;y ngUkhshd Re;ju
ghz;ba gl;ld;> ehtpsq;fhjhdhd NrhoNfhd; gpukhjuhaH> Re;ju ghz;ba
gpukjuhaH ,tHfs; khNfRtuHfshfg; gzpahw;wpdH. te;J cijaQ;
nra;thd; nrhf;fuhad; Nfhapw; fzf;fhsuhf ,Ue;jhH.
127
KidtH j. fz;zd;
topghLfs; ;
G+irAs; md;ghy; nra;ag;g
; Lk; G+ir Mfk tpjpg;gbr; nra;ag;gLk;
G+ir vd ,UtifAz;L.
mtw;Ws; md;ghy; nra;ag;gLk; G+ir
Kiwapidj; jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil tpsf;FfpwJ. fhkpf Mfkk; G+irapid
ehs; topghL (epj;jpak;) thutopghL (iekpj;jpak;) rpwg;G topghL (fhkpak;)
vDk; %d;W tifg;gLj;jpf; $WfpwJ. jpUkiyj; jpUf;Nfhapypy;
,k;%d;W topghLfSk; rpwg;ghff; nfhz;lhlg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. nghJthf
vy;yhj; jpUf;Nfhapy;fspYk; Mfkq;fSf;F Vw;g G+irfs; eilngWk;.
,d; W rpy Myaq; f spy; kl; L Nk mt; t hW eilngWfpwJ.
ngUk;ghd;ikahd Nfhapy;fspy; nghUshjhur; rpf;fy; fhuzkhf vy;yhg;
G+irfSk; epfo;j;Jtjpy;iy.
,t;thyaj;Js; fhkpf kw;Wk; fhuz
Mfkj;jpd;gbg; G+irfs; eilngw;W tUfpd;wd.
ehs; t opghLfs;
#hpad; cjpg;gjw;F Kd; njhlq;fp #hpad; kiwe;j gpd;Dk;
eilngWk; xUehs; topghL ehs; topghL vdg;gLk;. mtw;iw Mfkq;fs;
vl;Lf;fhyk;> MWfhyk;> Ie;Jfhyk;> ehd;Ffhyk; vdg; gphpj;Js;sd.
,f;Nfhapypy; ehs; topghlhf ehd;F fhyg; G+irfs; eilngWfpd;wd.
mitahtd> 1.
fhiy re;jp 2 cr;rpf; fhyk;. 3. rhaul;ir
4 mHj;j rhkk; vd;gdthFk;
fhiyre; j p
,J fhiy Neug; G+ir vdg;gLk;. ,q;Ff; fhiy re;jpNa
Kjy; G+irahFk; .
,f; N fhapypy; gs; s paiw ,y; i yahjyhy; .
gs;spaiwapypUe;J ,iwtidf; fUtiwf;F vOe;jUsr; nra;a
Ntz;Ltjpy;iy. #hpad; cjpj;j gpd; Voiu ehopiffSf;Fg; gpd;
,g;G+ir epfo;j;Jjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gH (fh. ifyhrehj FUf;fs;> irtj;
jpUf;Nfhapy; fphpia newp g.170). ,q;Ff; fhiy rhpahf 8.30 kzpastpy;
,g;G+ir eilngWfpwJ.
,g;G+irapd;NghJ Kjw;fz; ,iwtd;
,iwtpaUf;F mgpNrfq;fSk; myq;fhuq;fSk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
mjd;gpd; Jthu tpehafUf;Fj; jPg J}gq;fSld; G+ir eilngwj;
njhlq; F fpd; w J.
tpehafiuj; njhlHe; J kiyf; n fhOe; j P R tuH>
jz;lhAjghzp. ghfk;gphpahs;. FiltiutpehafH> ckhrfpj%Hj;jp>
KUfd; > #hpad; > ee; j p> jl; r pzh%Hj; j p> Kf; F Wzp tpehafH>
kfplhRukHj; j pdp> rg; j khjHfs; > ehfHfs; > MWKfd; > JHf; i f>
128
KidtH j. fz;zd;
rz; b NfRtuH> igutH> etf; f pufq; f s; > re; j pud; > ntsptpehafH>
MfpNahUf;F KiwNa G+irfs; eilngWfpd;wd.
G+irapd;wp mHj;jrhkg; G+ir khiy rhpahf 5.30 kzp Kjy; 6.30

kzpastpy; eilngWfpwJ. ,t;Ntisapy; mgpNrfk; myq;fhuk;
nra;ag;ngWtjpy;iy. (fs Ma;tpd; NghJ jpU. ,uhk. Kj;Jr;rhkpf;
FUf;fs; $wpaJ). kiyf;nfhOe;jR
P tuNu ,g;G+irapd; Kjw; G+irapidg;
ngWfpwhH. ,tiuj; njhlHe;J ghfk;gphpahs;> Filtiu ckhrfpj%Hj;jp>
rz;bNfRtuh;> igutH MfpNahUf;Fg; G+irfs; eilngWfpd;wd.
cr; r pf; f hyk;

,g;G+ir ez;gfypy; epfo;tJ vd;gH (ehfg;gh. ehr;rpag;gd;>
jpUg;guq;Fd;wk; Nfhapy; Ntw;Nfhl;lk; g.121). ,j;jpUf;Nfhapypy; ez;gfy;
rhpahf 11.00 kzp Kjy; 12.00 kzpastpy; ,g;G+ir eilngWfpwJ.
,g;G+ir Ntisapy; mgpNrfk;> myq;fhuk; nra;ag;gLtjpy;iy. tpNrrf;
fhyq;fspy; kl;Lk; ,g;G+irapy; mgpNrfk;> myq;fhuk; nra;ag;gLk;
vd;gH(fs Ma;tpd; NghJ jpU. ,uhk. Kj;Jr;rhkpf; FUf;fs; $wpaJ).
,t; N tisapy; ,iwtDf; F (kiyf; n fhOe; j P r H) Kjw; G +ir
eilngWfpwJ.
,iwtidj; njhlHe;J ghfk;gphpahs;> Filtiu
ckhrfpj%Hj;jp> rz;bNfRtuh;> gypgPlk;> MfpNahUf;F KiwNa G+irfs;
eilngWfpd;wd.
rhaul; i r
ehs; t opghl; L g; nghUl; f s;

mgpNrfq; f Sf; F r; Rid eP h pidg; gad; g Lj; J fpd; w dH.
ngUk;ghYk;; jputpag; nghb> kQ;rw;nghb> mgpNrfq;fNs
epfo;jj
; g;ngWfpd;wd. kf;fs; mtHjk; tpUg;gpw;F Vw;gg; ghy;> vz;nza;
Nghd;wtw;why; mgpNrfq;fs; epfo;j;jg; ngWtJz;L. xt;nthU fhy
G+irapYk; Rj;jhd;dNk ieNtj;jpakhfg; gilf;fg;gLfpwJ.
tpNrl
ehl;fspy; tpUg;gg;gb ieNtj;jpak; gilg;gJz;L. jPgj;Jf;Fj; J}Htrp
J}Ht vd;W njhlq;Fk; ke;jpuKk; J}gj;Jf;F eNkh m];J rHNggpNah
vd;W njhlq;Fk; ke;jpuKk; Xjg;gLfpwJ.
,g;G+irf;F rhaq;fhyg; G+ir> khiy re;jp> jpUte;jpf;fhg;G>

gpuNjhrfhyg; G+ir vd;w ngaHfSk; cz;L.
gpuNjhrk; ,utpd;
njhlf;fkhd khiyg; nghOjhFk;. ,g;G+ir #hpad; kiwtjw;F %d;Nw
Kf;fhy; ehopiff;;F Kd; epfo Ntz;Lk; vd;gH (ehfg;gh. ehr;rpag;gd;>
jpUg;guq;Fd;wk; Nfhapy; Ntw;Nfhl;lk; g.121). ,g;G+ir khiy rhpahf
4.30 kzp Kjy; 5.30 kzpastpy; eilngWk;.
,jpy; ,iwtd;
,iwtpaUf;F mgpNrf myq;fhuq;fs; eilngWk;.
,t;Ntisapy;
Kjw;fz; G+irapidg; ngWgtH Jthu tpehafH> ,tiuj; njhlHe;J
kiyf;nfhOe;jR
P tuH> jz;lhAjghzp> ghfk;gphpahs;> Filtiu tpehafH>
ckhrfpj%Hj;jp> KUfd;> #hpad;> ee;jp> jl;rpzh%Hj;jp> Kf;FWzp
tpehafH> kfplhRukHj;jpdp> rg;jkhjHfs;> ehfHfs;> MWKfd;> JHf;if>
etf;fpufq;fs;> re;jpuH> ntsp tpehafH MfpNahUf;F KiwNa G+irfs;
eilngWfpd;wd.
fhiyre;jpapy; eilngWk; igutH rz;bNfRtuH
G+irfs; ,g;G+irapy; eilngWtjpy;iy.
thutopghLfs;
mHj; j rhkk;
rdPRtuhpd; rdpNjhrk; cs;stHfs; ,q;Fs;s rdpgfthidr;

rdpf;fpoikNjhUk; topghL nra;fpd;wdH.
JHf;if topghl;ilf;
fhl;bYk; rdPRtu topghNl ,q;Fr; rpwg;Gg; ngWfpwJ(fs Ma;tpd;
NghJ jpU. ,uhk. Kj;Jr;rhkpf; FUf;fs; $wpaJ) vd;gH.
rhaul;ir G+irf;Fk; mHj;jrhk G+irf;Fk; ,ilNa epfo;tJ

,uz;lhq;fhyg; G+ir ,t;tpuz;lhq;fhyg; G+ir Kbe;J %d;Nw Kf;fhy;
ehopiffs; fopj;j gpd;Ng mHj;jrhk G+irfs; eilngWk; vd;gH (g.
mUzhryk;> irt rkak; XH mwpKfk; g.121). ,q;F ,uz;lhq;fhyg;
129
thuj;jpw;nfhU Kiw eilngWk; topghl;by; rpwg;Gg; ngWtd ,uz;L

1.
JHf;if topghL>
2. rdP];tu topghL
JHf; i f topghL
ngz;fs; jq;fSf;Fs;s Njhrq;fisg; Nghf;fpf; nfhs;s nts;sp>
nrt;t
; ha;f; fpoikfspy; ,q;Fs;s JHf;ifia topgLfpd;wdH. topghl;by;
mtHfs; vYkpr;ir tpsf;Nfw;wp; Fq;Fkq;fis mk;kdpd; ghjj;jpy;
itj;J topgLfpd;wdH. nts;sp> nrt;tha; vDk; ,Uehl;fspy; gf;jHfspd;
$l;lk; mjpfkha; ,Uf;Fk;.
rdP R tuH topghL
130
KidtH j. fz;zd;
rpwg; G topghL:
Nfhapypd; ntspNa mikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; nrhf;fg;gidia vhpA+l;lg;

gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdH. nrhf;fg;gid vd;gJ Xiyfshy; fl;lg;gl;l rpwpa
tPL Nghd;w mikg;ghFk;. ,e;jr; nrhf;fg;ghd; vhpAk; NghJ rptd;
mz;zhkiyahuha; ntspg;gLtjhff; fUJfpd;wdH. ,e;epfo;Tfs; khiy
MWkzp Kjy; eilngwj; njhlq;Ffpd;wd.
ngUk;ghd;ikahd jpUf;Nfhapy;fspy;
Mz;bw;nfhU KiwahtJ cw;rtj; jpUtpoh eilngWk;. ,f;Nfhapypy;
nfhbkuk; kw;Wk; cw;rtg;gbkq;fs; ,y;iynad;gjdhy; ,q;F cw;rtj;
jpUtpoh eilngWtjpy;iy (fs Ma;tpd; NghJ jpU. ,uhk. Kj;Jr;rhkpf;
FUf;fs; $wpaJ). Fwpg;gpl;l khjq;fspy; tUk; rpwg;Gj;jpdq;fs; tpohthff;
nfhz;lhlg;gLfpd;wd.
gpuNjhr G+ir: xt;nthU khjKk; tUk; ,U gpuNjhr jpdq;fs;

rpwg;ghff; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;tpohtpd;NghJ kf;fs; mjpfkhff;
Nfhapypy; $Lfpd;wdH.
gpuNjhr ehl;fspy; ,iwtd; ,iwtpaUf;F mgpNrfk; kw;Wk;
myq; f huq; f s; epfo; j ; j g; g Lfpd; w d.
gpwF JthutpehafH>
kiyf;nfhOe;jR
P tuh;> ee;jp> ghfk;gphpahs; MfpNahUf;Fr; rpwg;gha; topghL
epfo;j;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
md;dhgpNrfk; : ,f;Nfhapypd; md;dhgpNrfj; jpUehs; Ig;grp ngsHzkp

ehspy; eilngWk;. ,j;jpUehs; kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtuHf;F chpa rpwg;Gj;
jpUehshFk.;
,e;ehsd;W kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtuHf;Fr; rpy mgpNrfq;fs; nra;j
gpd;dH Rj;jhd;dj;jhy; mgpNrfk; eilngWfpwJ. mgpNrfk; Kbe;j
epiyapy; md;dj;ijj; jhkiuf; Fsj;jpy; (Nrq;ifapy;) kPd;fSf;F
czthfg; gilf;fpd;wdH. md;dhgpNrfQ; nra;ag;gl;l ,iwtDf;F
,sePH mgpNrfk; nra;J kpjg;Gr; rhw;wp myq;fhuk; nra;fpd;wdH.
jPghtsp: jPthspj; jpUehsd;W ,f;Nfhapy; ,iwj; jpUTUtq;fSf;Fg;

Gjpa Milfs; mzptpf;fg; ngWfpd;wd.
nghUshjhu epiyapy;
gw;whf;Fiwahfr; rpy Mz;Lfspy; ,iwtd; ,iwtpaUf;F kl;LNk
Gjpa Milfs; mzptpf;fg;gLk; (fs Ma;tpd; NghJ jpU. ,uhk.
Kj;Jr;rhkpf; FUf;fs; $wpaJ) Gjpa Milfspy; fhl;rpjUk; ,iwtd;
,iwtpaUf;Fg; G+irfs; rpwg;ghf epfo;j;jg;ngWfpd;wd.
2008 Kjy; jpUf;fhHj;jpif md;W fphptyk; nry;tJ kpfTk;

rpwg;ghf eilngWfpwJ. ,d;W kiykPJ kfhjPgk; rpwg;Gld; Vw;wg;gLfpwJ.
mj;Jld; fphptyk; epfo;rr
; pAk; eilngWfpwJ. fphptyj;jpw;F te;J nry;Yk;
kf;fspd; trjpf;fhfg; NgUe;J trjp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,uT fphptyk;
Kbe;j gpd;dH rpwg;G G+irfSk; eilngWk; vd;gij mwpaKbfpwJ.
(jpdj;je;jp> 30.11.2009).
khHfopkhjg; G+irfs; ::khHfop khjj;jpd; xt;nthU ehSk; g+irfs;
rpwg;ghf eilngWfpd;wd. ,J fhiyre;jpg; G+irapd; Kd; rhpahf
5.30 kzpKjy; 6.00 kzpastpy; eilngWfpwJ. ,g;G+ir Ntisapy;
japud;dk; ieNtj;jpakhfg; gilf;fg;gLfpwJ.
G+irapd; Kbtpy;
md;dj;ijg; G+irapy; fye;J nfhz;l kf;fSf;Nf toq;Ffpd;wdH.
nghq;fy;: ijkhjg; nghq;fy; jpUehs; rpwg;ghff; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ.
,e;ehspy; ghfk;gphpahs; mk;kd; rd;djpapd; Kd;G Ie;J ghidfs;
itj;Jg; nghq;fy; itf;fg;gLfpwJ.
ghy; Cw;wpg; gilf;fg;gLk;
,g; n ghq; f Ny md; i wa ieNtj; j pakhfpd; w J.
fhiy re; j papy;
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vr;rpy; glhky; mhprpkhtpy; tpsf;Fg; NghLtijf; fhzKbfpwJ.

Neh;e;J nfhz;ltHfs; ,e;jf; Nfhapy; ,iwtd; Kd;G gLj;Jf;nfhs;s
mthpd; tapw;wpd; Nky; khtpsf;F itf;fg;gLfpwJ.
nghq;fy; jpUehsd;W itf;fg;gLk; nghq;fiyg; Nghyr; rpy

ey;y ehl;fspy; kf;fs; ,f;Nfhapypy; nghq;fy; itj;J ,iwtid
topgLfpd;wdH.
ghiwfspy; cly; cWg;Gfisr; nrf;fp itj;jy;
KbnaLj; j y;
cly; Neha;fshy; ;ghjpg;gilgth;fs; me;j Neha; Fzkhf

Ntz;Lk; vd ,iwtid Ntz;bf;nfhs;fpd;wdH. mtHfspd; Ntz;Ljy;
epiwNtwpagpd;G NfhapYf;F te;J ghjpg;gile;jthpd; cly; cWg;Gfisf;
Nfhapypd; Kd;Gs;s ghiwfspy; nrJf;fp ,iwtDf;Fg; gilf;fpd;wdH.
,t;thW nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sjpy; cly; cWg;Gfs; md;wpj; J}z; tbtKk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. kdpj cly; cWg;Gfspy; Kfk;> cs;sq;iffs;> KOf;
iffs;> fhy;fs;> ghjq;fs;> KO cly;fs; vdg; gy epiyfspy;
ntl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. (fhz;f: gpd;dpizg;G - gpd;dpizg;Gglk;: 25 - 31)
,j;jpUf;Nfhapiyf; Fynja;tkhff; nfhz;lhLk; kf;fs; jq;fspd;

Foe;ijfSf;F ,q;F KbnaLf;fpd;wdH. ,q;F KbnaLg;gjw;nfd;W
fhzpf;iffs; thq;fg;gLtjpy;iy. KbnaLf;Fk; ehtpjH jd;Dila
njhiyNgrp vz;iz xU ml;ilapy; vOjpj; njhq;ftpl;Ls;shH.
mjd;top kf;fs; mtiu vspjpy; mZfKbfpwJ.
,iwtd; ,iwtpaUf;Fg; gl;Lr; rhHj;Jjy

jy;
,iwtDf;Fk; ,iwtpf;Fk; gl;lhy; Md Milfis Neh;j;jpf;
fldhfr; nrYj;j Ntz;bf;nfhs;fpd;wdH. mjd;gb gl;lhilfisf;
FUf;fsplk; toq;fp ,iwtd; ,iwtpaUf;F mzptpf;fr; nra;fpd;wdH.
139
,iwtd; ,iwtpaH ngaH itj;jy;

,j;jpUf;Nfhapypd; ,iwtd; ,iwtpaH ngah;fisj; jq;fspd;
Foe;ijfSf;F itf;fpd;wdH. ,iwtd; ,iwtpaH ngaiu tpLj;J
NtWngaH itf;Fk; NghJk; Kjy; vOj;J ,iwtd; ,iwtp ngahpd;
Kjy; vOj;jhff; nfhs;fpd;wdH.
*****************
140
KidtH j. fz;zd;
jq;fspd; flikahfNt nfhz;Ls;sdH. mjd;gb ,q;F te;J
topgl;Lr; nry;fpd;wdH.
kf;fs; njhlHG
jpUf;Nfhapy;fs; ,iwtid topgLk; J}a,lkhfTk; ,iwaUs;

fpilf;Fk; jpUtplkhfTk; jpfo;tJld; ghlrhiyahfTk; fiytsHf;Fk;
fiyf;$lkhfTk; ePjpnewp> Cuhl;rp Mfpatw;wpd; kd;wkhfTk; ,d;dy;
NeHe;j fhyq;fspy; kf;fspd; GfyplkhfTk; nghOJNghf;Ff; $lkhfTk;
$l;lq;fs; elj;jg;gLk; nghJ ,lkhfTk; ,Ue;Js;sijf; Nfhapw;fiy
tuyhW ed;FzHj;Jk;. ,t;thW kf;fs; jpUkiyj;; jpUj;jyj;Jld;
neUq;fpa njhlHgpy; cs;sdH.
,f;Nfhapypy; fhzg;gLk; khwtHk Re;jughz;badpd; fy;ntl;bd;
top ,f;Nfhapypy; Ie;E}w;Wtd; jpUf;fhtzk; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;w xU
kz;lgk; ,Ue;Js;sijAk; ,k;kz;lgj;jpy; gy;NtW rhjpiar; rhHe;j
kf;fs; xd;W $b tzpfg;nghUl;fSf;F thpfisj; jPHkhdpj;Js;sdH
vd;gijAk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ (A.R.E.No.10).
2. jq;fs; FLk;gq;fspy; gpwf;Fk; Kjy; Foe;ijapd; Kbiaf;

Nfhapy; ,iwtDf; F f; fhzpf; i fahff; nfhLf; f pd; w dH.
mf;Foe;ijf;F ,iwtd; ,iwtpaH ngahpidr; #l;Lfpd;wdH.
jpUg;gzpf;F ed;nfhil toq;fpa jpUthsHfspd; gl;baypy;
cs;s ngaHfspy; mjpf ,lq;fspy; kiyf;nfhOe;J vDk;
ngaH tUtijf; fhzKfpd; w J.(gpd; d pizg; g py; cs; s
ed;nfhiltoq;fpa jpUthsH ngaHg;gl;baiyf; fhz;f)
rpyrkaq;fspy; NtW ngaH itf;f tpUk;gpdhy; ,iwtd; Kd;G
G+f;fl;bg; Nghl;L ,iwtdpd; tpUg;gj;ijg; ngWfpd;wdH. NtW
ngahpYk; Kd;ndOj;J ,iwtd; ngaupy; cs;s Kd;ndOj;jhf
itf;fpd;wdH.
3. ,k; kf;fs; Nrq;if ePiur; rptdpd; fq;if ePuhff; fUjp jq;fspd;
clk;gpy; njspj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdH.
Fynja; t khfg; Nghw; W k; kf; f s;
Nfhapypy; elf; F k; ,y; y tpohf; f s;
Kk;Kbg; ghz;badhy; ,t;T+Uf;F mioj;J tug;ngw;w kf;fs; vd;W

fUjg;gLk; ,dj;jtHfSk;; gpw Ch;fspy; ,Ue;J te;J FbNawpa kf;fSk;
,f;Nfhapiyf; Fynja;tkhf vz;zp topgLfpd;wdH. ,q;Ff; FbNawpa
kf;fs; gpw;fhyj;jpy; NtW ,lq;fSf;Fr; nrd;Ws;sdH.
,Ug;gpDk;
mtHfs; jq;fspd; Fynja;tkhd kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtug; ngUkhid
Mz;nlhd;wpw;F xU KiwahtJ ,q;F te;J topgl;Lr; nry;fpd;wdH.
rpy Ch;fspy; cs;s gq;fhspfs; midtUk; xd;W $b tz;bfspYk;
ruf;Fe;JfspYk; te;J topgl;Lr; nry;Yk; fhl;rp jpUtpohtpidg;
Nghd;Ws;sJ.
,y;yq;fspy; eilngWk; rpy ,y;y tpohf;fisf; Nfhapypy;

epfo;jJ
; fpd;wdH. mr;rkaq;fspy; ,j;jpUf;Nfhapy; jpUtpohj; jpUehshff;
fhl;rpjUfpwJ. mt;tpohr; rlq;FfSs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd>
Nfhapy; f Sk; FbfSk;

Fynja;tkhfg; Nghw;Wk; kf;fisg; Nghd;Nw gy;NtW
fPo;tUk; epfo;Tfisf; ,f;Nfhapypy; epfo;j;Jfpd;wdH.
kf;fSk;
fhjzp tpoh
jpUkz tpoh vd;gdthFk;.
fhjzp tpoh
,f;Nfhapiyf; Fynja;tkhff; nfhz;lhLk; kf;fSk; Foe;ijg;
Ngw;wpid ,t;tpiwtd; ,iwtpaiu Ntz;bf; Foe;ijg;; ghf;fpak; ngw;w
kf; f Sk; jq; f s; Foe; i japd; fhjzptpohtpid ,f; N fhapypy;
epfo;j;Jfpd;wdH.
jpUkz tpoh
1. xt;nthU Mz;Lk; Mz;bw;F xUKiwahtJ VNjh xU ey;y
ehspy; NfhapYf;F te;J ,iwtid topgl Ntz;Lk; vd;gijj;
,t;tpiwtd; Kd;dpiyapy; jq;fs; ,y;yj;J kztpoh eilngw

Ntz;Lk; vd tpUk;Gk; kf;fSk; jpUkzg; Ngw;wpid ,t;thya ,iwtd;
,iwtpapd; mUshy; ngw;w kf;fSk; kztpoh elj;Jjw;Fg; Nghjpa
141
142
KidtH j. fz;zd;
,ltrjpapy;yhj kf;fSk; jq;fspd; kztpohtpid ,f;Nfhapypy;

epfo;j;Jfpd;wdH. jpUkzq;fs; NtW ,lq;fspy; eilngw;whYk; jq;fs;
jpUkz miog; g pjio Kjypy; ,f; NfhapYf; F f; nfhz; L te; J
,iwtDf;Fg; gilj;Jr; nry;fpd;wdH.
one of these sessions, the youngsters turned their attention to preserving the
hill and protecting it from vandals. They began by planting trees along the
base of the hill and constructed a borewell to supply drinking water to pilgrims
and visitors. They also installed lamp posts at two different points on the
hilltop without damaging the rock. With the help of the Department of
Archaeology and the local media, the youth were able to spread awareness
about the areas historical significance and also draw the attention of the
State. In a recent development, official sources in the Department of
Archaeology said that they were working to make Tirumalai a protected
site. As it is a dry area and the local economy is based on agriculture, this
move may help draw tourists, which would in turn generate some employment
for the youth said, Nagavalli Deivamani, Panchayat president. vd;Wiuf;fpwJ
,izajsk;
(http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/nxg/
article82954.ece).
jpUf; N fhapYk; CUk;

,f;Nfhapypd; ehs;topghL kw;Wk; rpwg;G topghLfspd; NghJ rq;F>
nrfz;b> efwh vDk; ,irf; fUtpfis kl;Lk; ,irf;fpd;wdH.
Nksq;fs; gad;gLj;JtJ fpilahJ. ,jidnahl;b ,t;T+H kf;fSk;
jq;fs; ,y;yq;fspy; eilngWk; tpohf;fSf;Fr; rq;F Nghd;wtw;iw
kl;Lk; cgNahfpf;fpd;wdH. ,tHfs; Nksq;fisNah NtW ,irf;
fUtpfisNah ,irg;gjpy;iy vd;W ,t;T+H kf;fs; $Wk; nra;jp tpaf;f
itf;fpd;wJ.
NfhapYk; gQ; ; r haj; J k;

kf;fs; ,iwtd; kPJ nfhz;Ls;s ek;gp;f;ifapd; fhuzkhfj;
jpUf;Nfhapy;fspy; gQ;rhaj;Jf;fs; epfo;j;jg;gl;Ls;sd. ,d;Wk; rpy
ehl;fspy; gQ;rhaj;Jf;;fs; eilngWtJz;L vd;gij ,g;gFjp kf;fs;
njhptpf;fpd;wdH.
lhf;lH mg;Jy;fyhkpd; ngahpy; kd;wk; xd;iw epWtp ew;gzpfs;

nra;J tUk; ,t;T+iur; NrHe;j ,isQHfspd; gq;fspg;G> nghpJk; tpaf;Fk;
tifapy; cs; s J. jkpof muR ,j; j yj; i jr; Rw; W yhj; j ykhf
mwptpj;Js;sJ. ,jw;fhf ,t;T+H ,isQHfs; nra;j Kaw;rp nghpJk;
ghuhl;Lk; tifapy; ,Ue;Js;sJ.
Xtpaq; f isg; ghJfhj; j y;
,isQHfspd; gq; F
,t;T+H ,isQHfspd; gq;F tpaf;Fk; tifapy; cs;sJ. ,q;Fs;s
Xtpq;fs; fhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;> ,q;Fs;s tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gfs; fhf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;> Md;kpfg; gzpAld; ,j;jpUj;jyj;jpd; GdpjKk; goikAk;
fl;bf;fhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W mauhJ cioj;J tUk; ,isQHfisAk;
mtHfSf;Fj; Njhs; nfhLj;J Jizepw;Fk; nghpatHfisAk; ,q;Ff;
fhzKbfpwJ.
kuk; tsHj;jy;> tpsf;Ffs; mikj;jy;> tpopg;GzHT Vw;gLj;jy;
vd ,q;Fs;s ,isQHfs; Mw;wptUk; gzpfisg; gy;NtW ehNsLfSk;>
,izajsq;fSk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. ,e;j ,isQHfspd; gq;fspg;ig>
In 2006, the village formed the Dr. Abdul Kalam Youth Welfare Association,
now headed by Ayyanar, and were working to empower local communities by
establishing reading clubs and helping poor students complete their education.
These reading clubs store a variety of newspapers and magazines so that the
youngsters stay abreast of events and also share views and discuss various
topics. Learning of Tirumalais historical significance through a magazine in
143
,q;Fs;s goq;fhy Xtpaq;fisg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd ,g;gFjp

kf;fs; nghpJk; tpUk;Gfpd;wdH. moptpd; tpspk;gpy; ,Uf;Fk; ,tw;iw
muR fhg;ghw;w eltbf;if vLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ,g;gFjp kf;fspd;
tpUg;gk;(jpdkzp 07.01.2010).
KUfd; Nfhapiyf; fl;Ljy;

kf;fs; ,f;Nfhapypd; kPJ nfhz;Ls;s <Lghl;lhy; ,q;Fs;s
KUfd; Nfhapiyf; fl;lNtz;Lk; vdf; $wptUfpd;wdH. ,jid>
Fd;wpUf;Fk; ,lnky;yhk; Fkud; ,Uf;Fk; ,lk; vd mwpe;J KUfDf;F
,g;ghiw kPJ Nfhapy; fl;l m];jpthuk; Nghlg;gl;Ls;s epiyapNy
cs;sJ. ,e;jf; Nfhapiyf; fl;bKbf;f Ntz;Lk; vdg; nghJkf;fs;
typAWj;Jfpd;wdH vd;W Rl;LfpwJ jpdkzp (jpdkzp: 07.01.2010).
*****************
144
KidtH j. fz;zd;
jytuyhWfSk; gz;ghl;Lr; rpd;dq;fSk; g.337). tpLjiyf;Fg; gpd;
rptfq;if rkPd; jq;fs; Ml;rp chpikia ,e;jpa murplk; xg;gilj;jJ.
Mdhy; jq;fs; tl;lhuj;jpy; ,Ue;j jpUf;Nfhapy;fis kl;Lk; jq;fs;
nghWg; g pNyNa itj; J f; nfhz; l J.
rptfq; i f rk]; j hdk;
Njt];jhdj;jpd; fPo; E}w;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Nfhapy;fs; ,aq;fptUfpd;wd.
Njt];jhdg; nghWg;Gfisf; ftdpj;Jf;nfhs;s jdp mYtyHfs;
gzpGhpfpd;wdH. ,t;tikg;gpd; epUthfj; jiytuhf mur kugpdNu
,Ue;J tUfpd;wdH.
epUthfKk; gzpahsUk;
,d; i wa epiyapy; NkjF uhzp rh`pgh nfshp ty; y g

b.v]; . Nf.kJuhe; j fp ehr; r pahH mtHfs; rptfq; i f rk]; j hdk;
Njt];jhdj;jpd; guk;giu mwq;fhtyuhf ,Ue;JtUfpd;whH.
jpUf; N fhapy; tUkhdk;

vq;Fk; epiwe;jpUf;Fk; ,ay;Gilatd; ,iwtd;.
vdpDk;
Myaq;fSs; rpwg;gha;f; fhzg;gLfpwhd;. mt;tpiwtid kf;fs; vspjpy;
miltjw;F xU rpwe;j topNa jpUf;Nfhapy; topghL.
mj;jpUf;Nfhapy;fs; ey;yepiyapy; ,aq;Ftjw;F mbg;gilaha; miktJ
jpUf;Nfhapy; epUthfk;.
,d;W rpWnja;tf; Nfhapy;fs; tsHr;rp
ngw;W ngUe;nja;tf; Nfhapy;fs; Nghd;W Njhw;wk; ngWtjw;F kf;fs;pd;
gq;fspg;G xUGwk; ,Uf;f mf;Nfhapypd; epUthfNk ngUk;gq;fhw;Wfpd;wJ.
jpUf; N fhapypd; tsHr; r papy; epUthfj; j pd; nghWg; G k; gq; f spg; G k;
,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.
jpUkiyj; jpUf;Nfhapy; jw;nghOJ rptfq;if rk];jhdk;
Njt];jhdj;jpd; fPo; ,aq;fp tUfpwJ. ,j;jpUf;Nfhapypd; tUkhdk;>
nryTfs;> Nfhapw;gzpahsHfs;;> jpUg;gzpfs; vd;gd epUthfj;jpd;
Kf;fpaf; $Wfshfpd;wd.
epUthf Kiw
,f;Nfhapiyr; rptfq;if Njt];jhdk; rk];jhdk; epUtfpj;J
tUfpwJ. ,jid> rptfq;if ,uhkehjGuk; NrJgjpfspd; Ml;rpapd;
fPo; ,Ue;J
,g;gFjpia Mz;l tp[auFehj NrJgjpapd; Ml;rpf;
fhyj;jpy; (1710 - 1720) mtuJ Mjutpdhy; rptfq;if vd;w Gjpa
rk]; j hdk; mikf; f g; g l; l J vd; g h; (tp. fe; j rhkp> jkpo; e hl; b d;
145
jpUf;Nfhapypd; tUkhdk; mf;Nfhapypd; mirAk; mirahr;

nrhj;Jf;fspy; ,Ue;J fpilg;;git cz;bay; %ykhff; fpilg;git
vd mikAk;. ,f;Nfhapypy; jpdrhp tUthapid <l;bj; jUk; cz;bay;
fpilahJ. Kd; G cz; b ay; ,Ue; j J Mdhy; mJ ,UKiw
fsTNghdjhy; rpy Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G mjidf; Nfhapypy; ,Ue;J
vLj;Jtpl;ldH vd;W $Wfpd;wdH(fs Ma;tpd; NghJ jpU. ,uhk.
Kj;Jr;rhkpf; FUf;fs; $wpaJ). ,f;Nfhapypy; gpw Nfhapy;fs; Nghd;W
mHr;rid> Kbf;fhzpf;if Nghd;wtw;wpw;F urPJfs; toq;fpg; gzk;
ngwg;gLtjpy;iy. vdNt tUtha; vd;W $wpf;nfhs;Sk; mstpw;F
xd;Wk; ,y;iy vdj;; njhptpf;fpd;wdH.
,f;Nfhapypd; Fwpg;gplj;jFe;j tUkhdk; j];jpf; nfhilahFk;.
mjhtJ 1973 Mk; Mz;L jpUkiyf; NfhapYf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd> Nfhapy;
gzpahsHfs; gapH nra;J te;j epyq;fs; murhy; mg;gzpahsHfSf;Nf
gl;lhf;nfhLj;J toq;fg;gl;ld. ,jdhy; NfhapYf;Ff; fpilj;J te;j
tUkhdk; jilgl;lJ. mjw;fhf muR Mz;nlhd;wpw;Ff; Fwpg;gplj;jFe;j
njhifia toq;fp tUfpwJ. ,t;tUthapidf; nfhz;Nl Nfhapypd;
gy;NtW nryTfs; nra;ag;g
; Lfpd;wd. 1973 ,y; toq;fg;gl;l njhifapy;
khw;wq;fs; nfhz;Ltu Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ gzpahsHfspd; tpUg;gkhf
,Ug;gij mwpaKbfpwJ.
kf;fs; jhkhf toq;Fk; nfhilfSk;
mhprp Nghd;w nghUl;fSk; ,f;Nfhapy; tUkhdkhfpwJ.
Mdhy;
nfhilfs; Nfhapy; jpUg;gzpf;Fk; nghUl;fs; Nfhapypd; topghl;Lr;
nrytpw;Fk; cgNahfg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
146
KidtH j. fz;zd;
Nfhd; : jpUg;gs;spnaOr;rpf;Fj; Njitahd japH toq;FtJ. jPghtsp>
jpUf; N fhapw; nryTfs;

,j; j pUf; N fhapypd; nryTfSs; gzpahsH rk; g sk; >
G+irfSf;fhd gbj;juk;> jpUtpohf;fs; vd;gd Fwpg;gplj;jf;fdthFk;.
jpUf;fhHj;jpif> rq;fuhe;jp vDk; rpwg;G ehl;fSf;F 2 gb nea;Ak; 2

gb ghYk; toq;f Ntz;baJ ,tuJ gzpfshFk;.
Rak; g hfk; :
gQ;rftpR vd;wiof;fg;gLk; Itif ieNtj;jpaq;fis

klg;gs;spapy; rikj;Jf; nfhLg;gJ ,tuJ gzpahFk;
jpUf; N fhap; y ; gzpahsHfs;

jpUf;Nfhapy; gzp vd;gJ vg;nghOJk; ,dpikjUk; gzpahFk;
,f;Nfhapypy; gzpnra;tjw;F nkhj;jk; 15 gzpahsHfs; ,Ue;Js;sdH.
mtHfshtH>
jhdfh;zk;.> 3. rq;F.
Kj;jpiuf; fzf;F:
jpUf;Nfhapw; fzf;Ffisr; rhpghh;j;J mtw;wpd; mwpf;ifapy;
Kj;jpiuapl;Lf; nfhLg;gJ Kj;jpiuf; fzf;fhpd; gzpahFk;.
1.
];jhdpf mHr;rdhghfk;. 2.
4.
XJthH. 5 nka;f;fhty;. 6 Nfhd;. 7. Rak;ghfk;.
8.
Kj;jpiuf;fzf;F. 9. tapuhtp. 10 nfhj;J. 11 ee;jtdk;.
tpohf;fhyq;fspy; jPtl;b gpbj;jy;. Nfhapiyr; Rj;jkhf itj;jpUj;jy;

,thpd; NtiyfshFk;.
12. efwh. 13 tz;zhd;. 14 nfhj;Jkzp. 15 Njrhe;jhp MfpNahuhtH.
nfhj;J: NfhapYf;Fs; Eioaf; $lhj tpyq;Ffs; Eioe;J tplhky;
];jhdPf mHr;rdhghfk; : Nfhapy; G+ir nra;tJ. jpUthguzq;fs;>
ghHj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy;. NfhapYf;Fs; nrb> nfhbfs; Kisf;fhky;

ghJfhj;jy; ,tuJ gzpfshFk;.
tapuhtp: gbj; j ur; rhkhd; f isr; Rke; J nfhz; L tUjy; .
ghj;jpuq;fs;> ghptl;lq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;L ghJfhj;J

itj;jpUe;J nfhLf;f Ntz;baJ> vDk; gzpfs; ];jhdpf mHr;rdh
ghfj;jpw;F chpajhFk;.
ee;jtdk;: NfhapYf;Fj; Njitahd G+f;fis Kiwahf tsHj;Jf;
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147
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nra;J tUfpwhH.
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cs;sd.
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,d;W ,g;gzpfisj; jpUkiy njw;F tPL Kj;JtLff;

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nra;J tUfpd;wdH. ,tHfspd; gzp xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhy ,ilntspapy;
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fzgjp ];jgjp. it> rpw;gr;;nre;E}y;> njhopy; El;gf; fy;tp

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kiyahz;b> uhkd;> kiyf;nfhOe;J vDk; ehd;F tifawhf;fs; nra;J
tUfpd;wdH. ,e;ehd;F tifawhf;fSs; Fwpg;gpl;l ,ilntspapy;
gzpfis khw;wpf;nfhs;fpd;wdH. nka;f;fhty; gzpapid khtPuH fUt
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nra;JtUfpd;wdH. mtHfs>; khtPuH nra;Jte;j ,e;j nka;f;fhty;
gzpapid ehq;fs; njhlHe;J nra;fpd;;Nwhk; vd;Wiuf;fpd;wdH.
Nfhd; vDk; gzpiaf; Nfhd; ,dj;jtHfSs; ehd;F fiuapdH
nra;JtUfpd;wdH(fs Ma;tpd; NghJ jpU fpU~;zf;Nfhd; $wpaJ).
JthH vDk; gzp ,d;wstpy; nra;ag;ngWtjpy;iy.
149
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fz;zd;. R> jpUkiy jytuyhW> fjpnuhsp mr;rfk;> 24 V>

G+f;fhur; re;J> Nky Mtzp %ytPjp kJiu.
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G+irAk;.
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jytuyhW> gps;isahHgl;b fw;gf tpehafH efuj;jhH
mwepiy gps;isahHgl;b> 2001.
fe;jrhkp.tp>
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jkpo; ehl;bd; jy tuyhWfSk; gz;ghl;Lr;

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nrd;id.
150
KidtH j. fz;zd;
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newp> ,e;J fyh mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fk;> flw;fiu tPjp> nfhOk;G.
ehuhazd; uh> rptfq; i f khtl; l k; njhy; y pay; ifNaL>

jkpo;ehL muR njhy;ypay; Jiw> nrd;id 08> 2011.
Nfhtpe; j d; . rp> Nrhokd; d Hfs; tuyhW.
gh]; f uj; njhz; i lkhd; . nj.K> jkpoff; Nfhapy; f Sk;

jkpoH gz;ghLk;>
jpUney;Ntyp.
rf;jpNty. R> jkpo;nkhop tuyhW> kzpthrfH gjpg;gfk;> 31

rpq;fH njU> ghhpKid> nrd;id 108> 2006.
rz; K fk; . nr.it.
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(gp) ypkpnll;> 41 gp rpl;Nfh ,z;l];bhpay;
nrd;id. (k.g 2012)
Kj; J g; gps; i s. rp> Gdpj Nfhapy; f Sk; Gz; z paj;

jPHj;jq;fSk;> ,z;bah gpu];> nrd;id.
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h[hkzp FkNurd; > rptfq; i f rk]; j hdk; Njt]; j hdk;

uh[hkzp
jpUf;Nfhapy;fs; jytuyhW> rptfq;if rk];jhdk;
Njt];jhdk; ntspaPL> rptfq;if. 2009.
rptFUehjd; gps;is. kh> rpt tbtq;fs;> jkpo;g;

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Mq; f py E}y;
NrJuhkd;. v> ghz;baH tuyhW>

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gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;>
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NrhkNy>
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jkpo;f; Fg;gk; utpr;re;jpud;> gps;isahH gl;b ];jytuyhW>

ts;spak;ik gg;spNf~d;];> 12 rd;djp njU> gps;isahHgl;b>
rptfq;if khtl;lk;> 2006.
espdp.K> fiyf; N fhtd; . ,uh> njd; k htl; l f;
Filtiufs;> lhf;flH kh.,uhrkhzpf;fdhH tuyhw;wha;T
ikak;> rp87> gj;jhk; FWf;F> jpy;iyefH Nkw;F> jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp
- 620 018. 2009.
SUBRAMANIAN.S. V. RAJENDRAN. G. H(1985), HERITAGE OF THE TAMILS

TEMPLE ARTS International Institute of Tamil Studies Madras.13.
fUj;juq;f kyh;
............. jpUf;Nfhapy;fs; fUj;juq;fk;>
mofg;gh gy;fiyf;fofk;>
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*****************
ehfrhkp. ,uh> Xtpag;ghit> jkpo;ehL muR njhy;nghUs;

Ma;Tj; Jiw.
nrd;id.
ehr; r pag; g d; . ehfg; g h> jpUg; g uq; F d; w k; Nfhapy;
Ntw;Nfhl;lk;>
jkae;jp ntspaPL nrd;id.
151
152
gpd;dpizg;Gfs;
gpd;dpizg;Gfs; I fy;ntl;Lf;fs;:
jpUkiyapy; gpuhkpf; f y; n tl; L f; f Sk; gpw; f hyg; ghz; b aH
fy; n tl; L f; f Sk; gpw; f hyj; i ja fy; n yOj; J f; f Sk; Fk; g hgpNrff;
fy;ntl;Lf;fSk; cs;sd.
gpuhkpf; fy; n tl; L f; f s;

fp.K.2 Mk; E}w;whz;bw;F Kw;gl;lJ.
fy;ntl;L thrfk;.
fy;ntl;L: 1 vf;
vf;fhL CH fhtpjpfd; nfhwpa ghtpa
ghtpa
(R. fz;zd;> jpUkiy jytuyhW> g.15)
vf;
vf;fhnthH fhtpjpfd; nfhwpa ghspq;
(uh. ehuhazd;> rptfq;if khtl; lk; njhy;ypay;
ifNaL gf;. 17>18)
fy;ntl;L: 2
tfuhz;
tfuhz;il
l
,jd; nghUs;
vf;fhl;Liur; rhHe;j fhtpjpfd; ,f;Fifj; jsj;Jg; gLf;ifia
cUthf;fpdhd;.
gpw;fhyg; ghz;baH fy;ntl;Lfs;
jpUkiyf; Nfhapypy; fhzg; g Lk; gpw; f hyg; ghz; b aHfspd;
fy;ntl;Lf;fisf; fy;ntl;lha;thsHfs; gbnaLj;J ntspapl;Ls;sdH. mit
1923 24 Mk; Mz;Lf; fy;ntl;L mwpf;ifapy; vz; 10 Kjy; 41 tiuapyhfj;
njhFj;Jf; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mj;njhFg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy;
fhzg;gLk; nra;jpfis mwpaKbfpwJ.
A.R.E.No: 10 of 1923 24.

fhzg;gLk; ,lk;: kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtuH fUtiwiar; Rw;wpf; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s kd;dd;: khwtHkd; vd;w jphpGtd rf;futHj;jp Re;ju ghz;baNjt
(,td; Nrhoehl;ilf; ifg;gw;wpatd; mjd; fhuzkhf Kbnfhz;l Nrhod; vd
miof;fg;gl;lhd;)
Ml;rpahz;L: 17 Mk; Ml;rpahz;L> rpk;gh 15.
fy;ntl;by; ngwg;gLk; nra;jpfs;: ,f;fy;ntl;L ntl;lg;gl;Ls;s fw;wspapd;
fw;fs; thpirahf ,y;yhky; khwpkhwp fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,f;fy;ntl;L; ,iwtidf;
Fd; w j; J }H ehadhH vdf; Fwpf; f pd; w J.
Ie; E }w; W td; jpUf; f htzk;
153
KidtH j. fz;zd;
vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;w xU kz;lgk; ,Ue;Js;sJ. ,k;kz;lgj;jpy; gy;NtW rhjpiar;
rhHe;j kf;fs; xd;W $b tzpfg;nghUl;fSf;F thpfisj; jPHkhdpj;Js;sdH.
mt;thp ,f;Nfhapypd; gad;ghl;bw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
A.R.E.No: 11 of 1923 24.
fhzg;gLk; ,lk;: kiyf;nfhOe;jR
P tuH fw;wspapd; Kd;Gs;s kz;lgj;jpy; cs;s
J}z;fspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
rlhtHkd; vd;w jphpGtd rf;futHj;jpd; tPughz;baNjt
Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s kd;dd;: r
Ml;rpahz;L: 22 + 2 Mk; Ml;rpahz;L hprg 11.
fy;ntl;by; ngwg;gLk; nra;jpfs;: ,f;fy;ntl;L ,t;T+iu msfkhefhpy; cs;s
Fd;wj;J}H vdr;Rl;LfpwJ. ,j;jpUf;Nfhapy; ,iwtidj; jpUkiyg; ngUkhs;
vd;W Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
,j;jpUkiyg; ngUkhs; Nfhapypd; jho;thuf; $iu
mikg;gjw;fhf ,j;jpUf;Nfhapy; chpikahsHfshy; epyk; kw;Wk; Vhpia epyfq;fuhad;
jhapy; ey;yngUkhs; vd;w eurpq;fNjt vd;gtUf;F tpw;wijf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
A.R.E.No: 12 of 1923 24.
kw;nwhU J}zpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s kd;dd;: jphpGtdrf;futHj;jpd; NfhNdhpkha;nfhz;lhd;
Ml;rpahz;L: 13 Mk; Ml;rpahz;L kw;Wk; 342 Mk; ehs;.
fy;ntl;by; ngwg;gLk; nra;jpfs;: ,f;fy;ntl;L jpUkiyngUkhs;> fz;Zila
<];tuKilahH vDk; Nfhapy;fisr; Rl;LfpwJ. jpUkiyngUkhs; Nfhapy; cl;gl
%d;W Nfhapy;fspd; Njtjhd epyq;fSf;F thptpyf;F toq;fg;gl;lijf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
jphpGtdrf;futh;jj
; pd; NfhNdhpkha; nfhz;lhdpd; gjpNdhuhtJ Ml;rpahz;L Kjy;
,e;j thptpyf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
A.R.E.No: 13 of 1923 24.
%d;whtJ J}zpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
Fwpf; f g; g l; L s; s kd; d d; : khwtHkd; vd; w jphpGtd rf; f utHj; j pd;
Re;jughz;baNjt
Ml;rpahz;L: 17 tJ Ml;rpahz;L kw;Wk; 342 tJ ehs;
fy;ntl;by; ngwg;gLk; nra;jpfs;: ,f;fy;ntl;by; Nrhopaew;goq;fhR gw;wpa
Fwpg;G fhzg;gLfpwJ. gs;sKilahd; Mlty;yhd; Mjpr;rNjt vd;w g+opahliuaH
vd;gtuhy; Ie;J Nrhopaew;goq;fhRfs; ,f;Nfhapypd; ee;jh tpsf;F vwpg;gjw;fhf
toq;fg;gl;lijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
154
KidtH j. fz;zd;
A.R.E.No: 14 of 1923 24.
A.R.E.No: 17 of 1923 24.

P tuH Nfhapypy; vOe;jUspapUf;Fk; ghfk;gphpahs;
mk;kd; fUtiwapd; fpof;Fr; Rthpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
fhzg;gLk; ,lk;: ghfk;gphpahs; mk;kd; fUtiwapd; Nkw;F kw;Wk; tlf;Nf

cs;s
; cl;Gwr; Rthpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s kd;dd;: khwtHkd; Re;jughz;bad;
Ml;rpahz;L: 9 MtJ Ml;rpahz;L> rpj;jpiu 12.
fy;ntl;by; ngwg;gLk; nra;jpfs;: ,f;fy;ntl;L G+kUtpa jpUkle;ijAk;
vd;W njhlq;FfpwJ. Kw;Wg;ngwhky; epw;fpwJ.
Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s kd;dd;: khwtHkd; vd;w jphpGtd rf;futHj;jpd;

Re;jughz;baNjt.
Ml;rpahz;L: 10+1 Mk; Ml;rpahz;L 342 tJ ehs;.
fy;ntl;by; ngwg;gLk; nra;jpfs;: ,f;fy;ntl;by; Nrhopaew;gq;fhR kw;Wk;
tPughQ;rud; fhRfs; gw;wpa FwpgG
; fs; fhzg;gLfpdw
; d. Nfhapye
; pyq;fs; jdpegUf;F
tpw;fg;gl;lijAk; me;j egH gpwF mNj epyq;fis ,f;Nfhapypd; ghfk;gphpahs;
mk;kdpd; topghl;bw;fhf toq;fpaijAk; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
A.R.E.No: 15 of 1923 24.
fhzg;gLk; ,lk;: ghfk;gphpahs; mk;kd; fUtiwapd; tlf;F> fpof;F> kw;Wk;
Nkw;Nf cs;s
; cl;Gwr; RtHfspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
Fwpf; f g; g l; L s; s kd; d d; : rhlhtHkd; vd; w jphpGtd rf; f utHj; j pd;
guhf;fpukghz;baNjt
Ml;rpahz;L: Ie;jhtJ Ml;rpahz;L.
fy;ntl;by; ngwg;gLk; nra;jpfs;: ,f;fy;ntl;L nghpJk; Nrjkile;Js;sJ.
,jDs; uhrkuhrd;Fspif vd;w fhR Fwpff
; g;gLfpwJ. ehkD}H vd;w Gwthpey;Y}hpy;
cs;s epyq;fis mt;T+hpd; rigNahH $b eLtpy; $w;wpy; cs;s mkujpkq;fyj;Jg;
nghd;gw;wp vd;Dk; fpuhkj;jpy; tho;eJ
; te;j egH xUtUf;F tpw;wijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
eLtpy; $w;W vd;gJ kpoiof;$w;wpd; xU gFjp vd;gijAk; Rl;LfpwJ. thpfis
toq;Fjw;Fhpa vspa topKiwfisAk; ,f;fy;ntl;lhy; mwpayhk;.
A.R.E.No: 16 of 1923 24.
fhzg;gLk; ,lk;: ghfk;gphpahs; mk;kd; fUtiwapd; Nkw;Nf cs;;s cl;Gwr;
Rthpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s kd;dd;: rhlhtHkd; vd;w jphpGtd rf;futHj;jpd; guhf;fpuk
ghz;ba Njt
Ml;rpahz;L: 9 MtJ Ml;rpahz;L> rpj;jpiu 12.
fy;ntl;by; ngwg;gLk; nra;jpfs;: ehkD}hH vd;w Gwthp ey;Y}hpy; cs;s
epyq;fis mt;T+hpd; rigNahH $b kpoiof;$w;wpd; xUgFjpahd eLtpy;$w;wpy;
cs;s mkujpkq;fsj;Jg; nghd;gw;wp vd;Dk; fpuhkj;jpy; tho;eJ
; te;j egH xUtUf;F
tpw;w epyq;fis me;egH NtnwhU jdpahH egUf;F tpw;Wtpl;lijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
155
A.R.E.No: 18 of 1923 24.

fhzg;gLk; ,lk;: Filtiuf;Nfhapy; Eiothapypd; mbj;jsj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;
fy;ntl;L (,e;j mbj;jsk; ,d;W fl;Lkhdg; gzpfshy; kiwe;Js;sJ.)
Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s kd;dd;: khwtHkd; vd;w jphpGtdrf;futHj;jpd;.. ghz;baNjt.
Ml;rpahz;L: 9 jhtJ Ml;rpahz;L> rpj;jpiu 12.
fy;ntl;by; ngwg;gLk; nra;jpfs;: ,f;fy;ntl;L gOjile;Js;sJ. Mlty;$j;jd;
vd;w FUFyuhaH> tlfstop ehl;by; cs;s G+w;Fopapy; cs;s epyq;fis
thq;fp> ,f;Nfhapy; ,iwtdpd; Gdpj ePuhl;LjYf;F epte;jkhf toq;fpaijf;
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
A.R.E.No: 19 of 1923 24.
fhzg;gLk; ,lk;: Filtiuf; Nfhapy; mbj;jsg; gf;fthl;by; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s kd;dd;: rlhtHkd; jphpGtd rf;futHj;jpd; FyNrfu Njt
Ml;rpahz;L: 99+1 Mk; Ml;rpahz;L rpj;jpiu 12
fy;ntl;by; ngwg;gLk; nra;jpfs;: fy;ntl;bd; ngUk;ghd;ikahd gFjpfs;
Nrjkile;Js;sd. fpilf;Fk; gFjpfisf; nfhz;L Nehf;Fk; NghJ epyq;fs;
rpytw;iwf; NfhapYf;F epte;jkhf toq;fpaij bfpwJ.
A.R.E.No: 20 of 1923 24.
fhzg;gLk; ,lk;: Filtiuf; Nfhapypd; VWgbfSf;F tyJ gf;fj;jpy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s kd;dd;: jphpGtd rf;futHj;jpd; FyNrfu Njt
Ml;rpahz;L: 99+1 Mk; Ml;rpahz;L
fy;ntl;by; ngwg;gLk; nra;jpfs;: gQ;rtd; khNjtpg;ngUe;njUtpy; tho;e;j
jd;khlhtstHfs; jq;fspd; xt;nthU vz;nza;r; nrf;fpy; ,Ue;Jk; ehSk; xU
fuz;b vz;nziaf; Fd;wj;J}HehadhH Nfhapypd; ee;jhtpsf;F vhpgg
; jw;f toq;Fjy;
vd xg;ge;jk; nra;jijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,f;fy;ntl;bd; KbTg; gFjpfs; nghpJk;
Nrjkile;Js;sd. ,r;Nrjkile;j gFjpfis ed;F Nehf;fpdhy; ,t;T+uhy;
,iwtDf;F epyq;fs; toq;fg;gl;lij mwpaKbfpwJ.
156
KidtH j. fz;zd;
A.R.E.No: 21 of 1923 24.

fhzg; g Lk; ,lk; : Filtiuf; Nfhapypd; VWgbfSf; F ,lJgf; f j; j py;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
Ml;rpahz;L: Ie;jhk; Ml;rpahz;L.
fy;ntl;by; ngwg;gLk; nra;jpfs;: ,f;fy;ntl;L NfhapYf;fhf toq;fg;gl;l epyj;Jf;F
thptpyf;F toq;fg;gl;lijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
A.R.E.No: 22 of 1923 24.
fhzg;gLk; ,lk
,lk;: Filtiuf; Nfhapypd; fpof;Nf cs;s fl;Lkhdr;Rthpy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s kd;dd;: khwtHkd; vd;w jphpGtd rf;futHj;jpd; (tpf;fpuk
ghz;baNjt)

fy;ntl;by; ngwg;gLk; nra;jpfs;: ,f;fy;ntl;L jpUkfs; [akfs; vd;w
nrhw;fSld; njhlq;FfpwJ.(njhlf;ffhyj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l Rthpy; cs;sJ)
NfhapYf;F thpapy;yh epyq;fs; toq;fg;gl;lijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. me;epyq;fs;
,f;Nfhapypd; topghl;bw;fhfTk; jpUr;rpw;wk;gyk; Nr~;lu; ghyh gps;isj; jpUTUit
,f;Nfhapypy; epWTtjw;fhfTk; toq;fg;gl;l
; ijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
A.R.E.No: 23 of 1923 24.
fhzg;gLk; ,lk;: Filtiuf; Nfhapypd; Nkw;Fg; gFjpapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s kd;dd;: rlhtHkd; vd;w jphpGtd rf;futHj;jpd; tPughz;baNjt.
Ml;rpahz;L: 22+9 Mk; Ml;rpahz;L 349 Mk; ehs;.
fy;ntl;by; ngwg;gLk; nra;jpfs;: (,r;RtH Filtiuapd; tyJ gFjpapy;
fl; l g; g l; L s; s J. Mdhy; ,jd; gFjpfs; gpw; f hyj; jpUg; g zpfshy;
kiwf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ) ,f;fy;ntl;L G+kUtpa jpUkhJk; vd;W njhlq;FfpwJ.
n[aq;nfhz;lhd; = ty;ygd; vd;w tlfstop ehlhs;thDf;F epyq;fisj;
jhdkhff; nfhLj;jijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. me;epyq;fSf;Fr; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;ba thp
Fd;wj;J}H ehadhH topghl;bw;F toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk; Rl;LfpwJ.
,f;fy;ntl;by; kd;ddpd; muz;kid kJiuapy; khlf;Fsj;jpw;Ff; fpof;Nf
,Ue;jijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
A.R.E.No: 24 of 1923 24.
A.R.E.No: 25 of 1923 24.

P tuH Nfhapypd; njw;Fg; gpufhukhf mike;Js;s
ghiwr; Rthpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s kd;dd;: (rlhtHkd;) jphpGtdrf;futHj;jpd; FyNrfuNjt
Ml;rpahz;L: Ml;rpahz;L mwpa Kbatpy;iy.
fy; n tl; b y; ngwg; g Lk; nra; j pfs; : ,f;fy;ntl;L kPJ Filtiur; RtH
fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. g+tpd; fpoj;jp vd;w thrfj;Jld; njhlq;FfpwJ. jpUkhypifg;
gps;isahHf;F epyq;fs; epte;jkhf toq;fpaijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
fy;ntl;by; ngwg;gLk; nra;jpfs;: G+tpd;fpoj;jp vd;w nrhy;Yld; njhlq;FfpwJ.
Nfhapypy; mHj;jrhk topghL elj;Jtjw;fhf epyq;fs; jhdkhf toq;fg;gl;lijf;
$WfpwJ.
A.R.E.No: 26 of 1923 24.
Fwpf; f g; g l; L s; s kd; d d; : jphpGtd rf; f utHj; j pd; FyNrfuNjt.
13+1 Mk; Ml;rpahz;L
Ml;rpahz;L: 13
fy;ntl;by; ngwg;gLk; nra;jpfs;: tlfstopehL msifkhefhpy; trpj;Jte;j
ngz;nzhUj;jpahy; ,U mr;R ehzaq;fs; jhdkhf toq;fg;gl;lijf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
A.R.E.No: 27 of 1923 24.
Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s kd;dd;: rlhtHkd; vd;w jphpGtd rf;futHj;jpd; FyNrfuNjt
fy;ntl;by; ngwg;gLk; nra;jpfs;: G+tpd; fpoj;jp vd;W njhlq;FfpwJ.
rlhtHkd; vd;w jphpGtd rf;futHj;jpd; FyNrfuNjt vd;Dk; ,g;ghz;ba kd;dd;
jdJ nrhe;j epyq;fspy; ,Ue;J rpytw;iwf; Nfhapypd; fhiyNeu topghl;bw;fhf
mspj;jhd; vd;gijAk; ,t;thW toq;fg;gl;l epyj;jpd; fhuhz;ik kw;Wk;
ikahl;rpiag; nghpahd; Mz;lgpuhd; vd;w jpUntq;fhl;L eq;iff;Fk; ,iwtDf;Fk;
rhpahfg; gFj;J toq;fg;gl;lijAk; Fwpg;g
; pLfpwJ.
fhzg;gLk; ,lk;: Filtiuf; Nfhapypd; Nkw;Fr; Rthpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s kd;dd;: rlhtHkd; vd;w jphpGtd rf;futHj;jpd; tPughz;baNjt
Ml;rpahz;L: Ml;rpahz;L mwpaKbatpy;iy.

fy;ntl;by; ngwg;gLk; nra;jpfs;: ,f;fy;ntl;L nghpJk; gOjile;Js;sJ.

n[aq;nfhz;l NrhoH ngUe;njUitf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ..
Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s kd;dd;: rlhtHkd; vd;w jphpGtd rf;futHj;jpd;

FyNrfuNjt
157
A.R.E.No: 28 of 1923 24.
158
KidtH j. fz;zd;

fy; n tl; b y; ngwg; g Lk; nra; j pfs; : ,f; f y; n tl; L k; G+tpd; fpoj; j p
vd; N w njhlq; F fpd; w J.
,f; f y; n tl; b d; tyJ gFjpapy;
fl; L khdg; g Fjpfs; ,lk; n gw; W s; s d.
,j; j pUf; N fhapypd; ehs;
topghl;bw;fhf tz;zNdk;gy; vd;w rpfuz ey;Y}H toq;fg;gl;lijf;
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ
Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s kd;dd;: rlhtHkd; vd;w jphpGtd rf;fu tHj;jpd;

FyNrfu Njt
fy;ntl;by; ngwg;gLk; nra;jpfs;: G+tpd;fpoj;jp vd;w nrhy;Yld;
njhlq;FfpwJ. Nfhapypy; mHj;jrhk topghL elj;Jtjw;fhf epyq;fs;
jhdkhf toq;fg;gl;lijf; $WfpwJ.
A.R.E.No: 29 of 1923 24.
A.R.E.No: 32 of 1923 24.
fhzg;gLk; ,lk;: kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtuH Nfhapypd; njw;Fg; gpufhukhf

mike;Js;s ghiwr; Rthpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

FyNrfu Njt

FyNrfu Njt
Ml;rpahz;L: fy;ntl;by; mwpa Kbatpy;iy.
fy; n tl; b y; ngwg; g Lk; nra; j pfs; : ,f; f y; n tl; L Kw; W g; n gwhky;
cs;sJ. G+tpd; fpoj;jp vd;W njhlq;FfpwJ. epyq;fisf; Nfhapyplk;
,Ue;J thq;fpatuhy; kPz;Lk; NfhapYf;Nf me;epyq;fs; jhdkhf
toq; f g; g l; l ij ,f; f y; n tl; l hy; mwpaKbfpwJ.
,f; f y; n tl; L
fhspq;fuhad; vd;wiof;fg;gl;l mur ,Uf;if kJiuapy; ,Ue;jijAk;
Rl;LfpwJ.
fy;ntl;by; ngwg;gLk; nra;jpfs;: G+tpd; fpoj;jp vd;W njhlq;FfpwJ.

,f;fy;ntl;by; jdp egH xUtUf;F epyq;fs; jhdkhf toq;fg;gl;lijAk;
me;egH me;epyq;fSf;Fhpa thpia Nfhapypd; klg;gs;spr; nrytpw;fhf
toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
A.R.E.No: 30 of 1923 24.

FyNrfu Njt
Ml;rpahz;L: 33+2 Mk; Ml;rpahz;L itfhrp.
fy;ntl;by; ngwg;gLk; nra;jpfs;: G+tpd; fpoj;jp vd;W njhlq;Fk;
,f;fy;ntl;L gOjile;Js;sJ. msfkhefiur; rhhe;j ngz; xUtH
nra;j ,iwj; njhz;bw;fhf mg;ngz;zpw;Ff; Nfhapypy; toq;fg;gl;l
rpwg; G fisf; Fwpg; g pLfpwJ. msfhkhefiur; rhHe; j Njtubahh;
Mz;lgpuhd; vd;w jpUntz;fhl;L eq;if jd; Chpy; ,Ue;j #uNjt
<];tuKilahH Nfhapypy; rz;Nl];tuH jpUTUtpid epWtpajw;Fk;
Fd;wj;J}H ehadhH jpUf;Nfhapypy; jpUQhdrk;ge;jH jpUTUtpw;F Kw;wk;
mikj;jw;Fk; mg;ngz;zpw;Ff; Nfhapypy; khpahijAk; rYifAk;
toq;fg;gl;lijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

FyNrfu Njt
Ml;rpahz;L: 13
13+1 Mk; Ml;rpahz;L rpk;kk;> nts;sp> mdpyk;> (mDuhjh)
fy;ntl;by; ngwg;gLk; nra;jpfs;: ,f;fy;ntl;L gOjile;Js;sJ.
Nfhapypy; ee; j h tpsf; F epWTtjw; f hf epyq; f s; jhdkhf
toq;fg;gl;lijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. epyq;fspd; fhuhz;ik kw;Wk; ikahl;rp
chpikfis NjtH = ty;ytd; vd;w tpy;ytuhaUf;Fk; NfhapYf;Fk;
gfpHe;jspf;fg;;gl;lijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
A.R.E.No: 31 of 1923 24.

159
A.R.E.No: 33 of 1923 24.
A.R.E.No: 34 of 1923 24.
160
KidtH j. fz;zd;

Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s kd;dd;: rlhtHkd; vd;w jphpGtd rf;futHj;jpd; FyNrfu
Njt
fy;ntl;by; ngwg;gLk; nra;jpfs;: gOjile;Js;s ,f;fy;ntl;L G+tpd; fpoj;jp
vd;W njhlq;FfpwJ. jpUkiw ehr;rp vd;w jpUQhdrk;ge;j eq;if ,f;Nfhapypy;
MSila gps;isahiu epWtpaijAk; mg;gps;isahUf;F topghL nra;tjw;fhfg;
njd;gug;G ehl;bYs;s uhNre;jpu Nrho rJHNtjpkq;fsj;jpy; ,Ue;j epyq;fisj;
jhdkhf toq;fpaijAk; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
A.R.E.No: 38 of 1923 24.

fhzg;gLk; ,lk;: tlf;Fg; gpufhuj;jpy; cs;s fy; ,Uf;iffspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s kd;dd;: khwtHkd; vd;w jphpGtd rf;futHj;jpd; Re;ju
A.R.E.No: 35 of 1923 24.

fhzg;gLk; ,lk;: Nkw;Fg; gpufhuj;jpd; Xug;gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
Re;jughz;bad;
Ml;rpahz;L:
11
11+1 Mk; Ml;rpahz;L
fy;ntl;by; ngwg;gLk; nra;jpfs;: G+kyHj; jpUTk; vd;W njhlq;FfpwJ.
Kw; W g; n gwhky; cs; s ,f; f y; n tl; L rpijtile; J k; cs; s J.
kiykz;lyj;ijr; rhHe;j xUtUf;F epyq;fis tpw;wijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
A.R.E.No: 36 of 1923 24.

fhzg;gLk; ,lk;: tlf;Fg; gpufhuj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
99+1 +1 Mk; Ml;rpahz;L Nkrk;> 22>
Re;jughz;bad; Ml;rpahz;L:
rg;jkp> nts;sp> GzHG+rk;
fy;ntl;by; ngwg;gLk; nra;jpfs;: G+kyHj; jpUTk; vd;W njhlq;FfpwJ.
Fd;wj;JhH ehadhUf;F ehs;NjhWk; Gdpj ePuhl;LjYf;Ff; fstop
ehlhs;thH vd;ghH epyq;fis epte;jkhf mspj;jijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
,tH fhuhz;ik kw;Wk; ikahl;rp chpikia rghgjp kw;Wk; NfhapYf;F ,ilNa
gfpHe;J nfhs;tjw;fhf epakpf;fg;gl;ltH MthH.
A.R.E.No: 37 of 1923 24.
fhzg;gLk; ,lk;: tlf;Fg; gpufhuj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
Ml;rpahz;L: 22 Mk; Ml;rpahz;L
fy;ntl;by; ngwg;gLk; nra;jpfs;: nghpJk; gOjile;Js;sJ. G+tpd; fpoj;jp
vd;W njhlq;FfpwJ. Nfhapy; epyq;fs; rpy tpw;fg;gl;lijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
ghz;ba Njt
Ml;rpahz;L: mwpaKbatpy;iy.
fy;ntl;by; ngwg;gLk; nra;jpfs;: msfkhefH cilahH NfhapYf;F Mw;W}H
vDk; fpuhkj;ijj; Njtjhdkhf toq;fpaijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
A.R.E.No: 39 of 1923 24.
fhzg;gLk; ,lk;: tlf;Fg; gpufhur; RtHfspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s kd;dd;: rhlhtHkd; vd;w jphpGtd rf;futHj;jpd; guhf;fpuk
ghz;ba Njt
Ml;rpahz;L: 10 Mk; Ml;rpahz;L (hprgk;) grpl;lkp> QhapW> jpUNthzk;
fy;ntl;by; ngwg;gLk; nra;jpfs;: fPo;fs $w;wj;J kdg;gil tPl;ilr;
rhHe;j ,uz;L rNfhjuHfSf;Ff; Nfhapy; epyq;fspd; fhuhz;ik chpikiaf;
Nfhapy; chpikahsHfshy; tpw;fg;gl;lijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,e;epfo;T
kd;dd; Kd;dpiyapy; eilngw;Ws;sJ. ,e;j tpw;gidapd; %yk; ngwg;gl;l
njhifiag; gps;isahH> ehadhH kw;Wk; jpUthjT+uH ehadhH (khzpf;fthrfH)
jpUTUtq;fis ,j;jpUj;jyj;jpy; epWTtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,e;epyq;fspd; ikahl;rp chpikAk; tpw;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; %yk; fpilj;j
njhif ,j;jpUTUtq;fspd; topghl;bw;Fr; nrytplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
A.R.E.No: 40 of 1923 24.
fhzg;gLk; ,lk;: gpufhuj;jpd; fpof;Fg; gFjpapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
Ml;rpahz;L: 13
13+9 Mk; Ml;rpahz;L fy;ntl;by; ngwg;gLk; nra;jpfs;:
fy;ntl;L Kw;Wg; ngwhky; cs;sJ. G+tpd; fpoj;jp vd;W njhlq;FfpwJ.
,j;jpUf;Nfhapypy; jpUtpohf;fs; nfhz;lhLtjw;fhf Nfhapy; epyq;fisg; ngz;
xUtUf;F tpw;wijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
A.R.E.No: 41 of 1923 24.
fhzg;gLk; ,lk;: fpof;Fg; gpufhuj;jpy; cs;s gpr;rhldH jpUf;Nfhapypd;
cj;jpuq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s kd;dd;: rlhtHkd; jphpGtd
Ml;rpahz;L: 8 Mk; Ml;rpahz;L
rf;futHj;jpd; guhf;fpuk ghz;ba NjtMl;
rpk;kk; 24> jptpl;jpa jpq;fs; Nutjp
fy;ntl;by; ngwg;gLk; nra;jpfs;: Kw;Wg; ngwhky; cs;sJ. ,f;fy;ntl;L
cs;s fw;fs; fhzky; NghAs;sd. jpUf;Nfhapy; epyq;fs; kPjhd fhuhz;ik
chpikia msfkhefiur; rhHe;j rigNahH xU ngz;zpw;Ff; nfhLj;jw;fhd
xg;ge;jj;ijf; $WfpwJ.
161
162
163
Place of
Inscription
On the tiers
round the central shrine in the
Malaikkolundisvara
at
temple
Tirumalai (Same
taluk and same
district)
Place of
Inscription
Date
Remarks
king
Remarks
164
st
Maravarman alias 10+1 ,, ,,
wall of the
Tribhuvanachakravartin
padampiriyal. S u n d a r a Amman
pandyadeva.Who
shrine in the distributed the Chola
same temple.
14 On the east
ing taken the chola

country was pleased to
perform the anointment
of Victors at
the mandapa in Tribhuvana

front of the chakravartin
Vira
same shrine
dyadevadyadeva
pilanother
On
12
lar in the same Konerimaikondan.
mandapa.
Records a sale of temple land to a certain private individual

who seems to have presented it back for worship to the goddess. Mentions Soliya-narpalankasu and Virapanjaran-kasu.
Sale of land and tank by the temple authorities to

22 + 2nd Year, Nilagangaraiyan Tayilunalla Perumal alias
Rishabha 11. Narasingadeva for constructing the roof of the veranda
of the temple of Tirumalai-Peruma at Kunrattur in
Alagaimanagar.
th
13 Year and Records the remission of certain of certain taxes due
from three temples including those on the devadana lands
342nd day
of the god Tirumalai-Perumal, from the 11th year of the
king in favour of the temple of Kannudai-IsvaramudaiyaNayanar for worship and repairs
17th year ,, ,,
Gift of 5 Soliya-narpalankasu for burning a twilight lamp
13 On the third Maravarma alais
in the temple by Pallamudaiyan Adavallan
pillar in the Tribhuvana
Adichchadevan alias Puliyadaraiyar.
same
chakravartin Sundara
mandapa.
Pandyadeva Who hav-
Date
Maravarma alais 17th year Simba 15 Stones out of order. Seems to record an agreement arrived at
T r i b h u v a n a
by the various communities fixing the taxes to be paid on the
chakravartin Sundara
several articles of merchandise for the benefit of the temple of
Pandya deva Who
Kunrattur Nayanar. Mentions (the hall called) Annurruvan
having taken the
tirukkavanam in the temple where they assembled together
chola country was
for the purpose.
pleased to perform the
anointment of heat
roes..
Mudigondasola
puram
king
11 On a pillar in Jatavarman alias
No
10
No
Mq;fpy tpsf;fk;
ed;wp jQ;irj; jkpog; gy;fiyf; fofk;> fy;ntl;bay; Jiw.
gpw;fhyg; ghz;baHfspd; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; ARE.No.10-41 of 1923 -24
gpd;dpizg;Gfs; I fy;ntl;Lf;fs;:

KidtH j. fz;zd;
king
Date
165
On the west and

north walls (inside)
of the same shrine.
.. Do
166
do.
Do.
do.
25 On the rock on (Jatavarman
?)
the south side Tribhuvanachakravartin ......................
of the prakara of
the same temple. Kula(Sekharadeva).
24 On the same Do.

side..
23
Built in. Contains portion of the introduction g+tpd; fpoj;jp>

etc. Seems to record a gift of land in the name of TirumaligaiPillaiyar(Ganapati).
Much damaged and built in below, mentions the street

Jayangondasolar-perunderuvu.
should be paid to the temple at Kunrattur for offerings, Refers to the

king as occupying his royal seat in the sleeping apartment in his
palace at Madura to the east of Madakkulam.
Records the remission in favour of the temple of certain taxes

on lands including those purchased for the temple.
Remarks
st
Built in at the beginning. Begins with the introduction
On the east side Maravarman alias 7+1 ,, ,,
of same rock-cut Tribhuvanachakravartin
( V i k r a m a cave.
Pandyadeva).
alias, 2+9 th year 349 th Built in at the right end but the portion thus hidden has
Jatavarman
On the west side
been re-engraved on the cross-wall. Begins with the introof the same Tribhuvanachakravartin day.
duction g+kUtpa jpUkhJk;> etc. Gift of land to jayangondan
vira-Pandyadeva.
rock-cut cave
Srivallabhan alias Kalavali-Nadalvan with the provision that the taxes
5th year ,,
Date
22
Do. do.
king
On the left side of

the same steps..
Place of
Inscription
side of the Kulasekharadeva

steps leading to
the same rockcut cave.
Records the agreement by the danmadavalavar residing

in Panchavanmadevi-perumteruve(Street) to supply every day 1 spoonful of oil per oil-mill for a twilight lamp to
the temple of Kunrattur-Nayanar. There is also a much
damaged record at the end which seems to register a
gift of land.
Seems to be a portion of a big inscription which is almost completely damaged. Seems to record a gift of
land.
Begins with the introduction g+kUtpa (jpUk)le;ijA

etc. of king Maravarman sundara pandya I which stops
short about the middle.
Damaged. Seems to rocord a gift of land by purchase at
purkuli in vadakalavali-nadu by Adavalakuttan alias
Gurukularayar to provide for the supply of water for the
sacred bath of the god.
21
No
Much damaged. Seems to record a sale of land at Namanur alias

Puravari-nallur by the assembly of the village to a native of
ponparri at Amaradimangalam in Naduvil-kuru. a sub-division
of Milalai-kurram on certain easy terms for the payment of taxes.
Mentions the coin Rasimarasan-kuligai.
Remarks
On the west wall Jatavarmanalias

9th year, Sittirai Damaged. Records a re-sale of the land mentioned above
(inside) of the
by the purchaser to another individual.
12.
P a r a k r a m a same shrine.
Pandyadeva.
On the north, Jatavarman alias 5th year, Tai ,,

east and west Tribhuvanachakiravartin
walls (inside) of P a r a k r a m a the same shrine Pan(dyadeva)
Place of
Inscription
18 On the base of the Maravarman alias

Do
platform at the en- (Tr.bhu)vanacha
trance of the rock- kravartin
cut cave in the ndyadeva.
same temple.
19 On the side of ( J a t a v a r m a n ) 9+1st year ,,
the same plat- Tribhuvana
chakravartin
form.
(Kulase)kharadeva.
20 On the right Tribhuvanachakravartin Do.
17
16
15
No

KidtH j. fz;zd;
167
Do
Do
32
33
168
king
(3)+2 nd
vaigai.
,,
Remarks
Damaged. Begins with the same introduction. Records the grant of certain
honours and privileges in the temple to Andapiran alias Tiruvenkattunangai,
a devaradiyar of Alagaimanagar in return for her acts of charity, viz., (1) setting,
up of the image of Chandesvara in the temple of Suradeva-Isvaramudaiyar in
her village and (2) constructing a verandah for the image of Tirunanasambands
in the temple of Kunrattur-Nayanar.
Begins with the same introduction. Gift of land to a private individual who
had to pay the taxes on it to the temple to meet the expenses of the kitchen.
Begins with the introduction g+tpd;fpoj;jp> etc. Gift of land for conducting the
midnight service in the temple.
Date
3+(1)st ,, ,,
3+1st year ,,
Damaged. Records gift of land for a lamp in the temple. with a similar apportionment of the rights on it as in No. 27 above between a certain Devar
Sirivallavan alias Villavarayar and the temple.
Refers to the royal seat called Kalingarayan in the palace at Madura.
Incomplete. Begins with the same introduction. Seems to record a gift of land by purchase.
Built in at the right end. Begins with the same introduction. Records a
similar grant of the village Vannanembal alias Sikarananallur for daily offerings in the temple.
Begins with the introduction g+tpd; fpoj;jp> etc. Records a gifd of land (from
the personal property of the king) for the morning service in the temple at
Kunrattur with the apportionment of karanmai and miyatchi on the lands
between a certain periyan Andapiran alias Tiruvenkattunangai and the god.
the same veranda.
of the Bhikshatana shrine in
On a beam and pillar in front
On the side of the

east verandah in
the same prakara.
40
Jatavarman alias
ParakaramaPandyadeva.
Records a sale of the karanmai right on a certain temple land to two

brothers of manappadaividu in Kilkala-kurram by the temple authorities in the presence of the king to set up the images of Pillaiyar-Nayinar
and Tiruvadavur Nayanar (Manikyavachakar) with the sale amount
realized. With the income from the miyatchi right provision was made
for the sacrd bath and offerings of these images in the temple.
Much worn out. Seems to record the gift of the village of Arrur as a
devadana to the temple of Alagaimanagar Udaiyar.
Incomplete. Begins with the introduction g+tpd;fpoj;jp> etc. Sale of

land to a lady for making provision for a number of festivals in the
temple.
8 th year, Simha 24, Incomplete. Stones lost. Records an agreement given to a lady by the
su, dvitiya, Mon- assembly of Alagaimanagar regarding the daranmai right over some
day, Revati
temple lands.
13+9th year
Tiruvonam.
pandyadeva.
Tirubhuvanachakravartin
Kulasekhara-deva.
10 th year, (Rishabha), ba
Sunday.
siptaml,
Jatavarmanalias Tribhuvana
chakravartin Parakrama-
On the slab serving Maravarman alias

..
as a bench near the Tribhuvanachakravartin
Sundara-Pandyadeva.
same verandah.
alias 3+2nd year

On the same rock Jatavarman
Tri bhuvanachakravartin
,,
Kulasekharadeva.
On the north wall of

the same prakara.
41
Do.
Do.
Do.
(anuradha)
Friday, Anilam
13+1st year,(simba),
,,
Damaged. Begins with the introduction g+tpd; f poj; j p> etc Gift of
land in Rajendrasola-chaturvdimangalam in Tenparappu-nadu. by a
certain Tirumarai-Nachchi alias Tirujnanas sambanda-nangai for
worship and offerings to the image of Aludaiya-pillaiyar set up by
her in the temple.
On the side of the west Maravarman alias Tribhuvana
Begins with the introduction g+kyw;wpUTk;> etc. Incomplete and damst
,,
,,
11+1
verandah in the
chakravartin Sundara-Pandyadeva.
aged. Seems to record a sale of land to a native of Malai-mandalam,
same prakara.
9+1+1 st year, mesha Begins with the same introduction. Gift of land for providing water for the sacred bath of god
On the side of the Do.
22, susaptaml, Fri- Kunratturudaiya Nayanar by Kalavali-Nadalvar who apportioned the karanmai and mikatchi
north verandah in
day Punarpusam
rights over it between a certain Sabhapati and the temple.
the same prakara.
th
Much damaged. Begins with the introduction g+tpd; f poj; j p> etc.
same Tribhuvanachakravartin (13)+9 year
the
On
Kulasekhara (deva).
Seems to record a sale of land.
verandha ,,
Place of
Inscription
39
38
37
36
35
No
34
Do
31
Do.
alias
Jatavarman
Kulasekharadeva.
Do
29
Do
Jatavarman alias
(Kulase)kharadeva.
Do
28
Do.
alias 3+3rd ,,
Jatavarman
Kulasekharadeva.
30
Remarks
13+14th year Gift of 2 achchu for burning a twilight lamp in the temple, by a lady residing in
Alagaimanagar in Vadakalavali Nadu.
Date
Do
On the same rock Tribhuvanachkravartin

,,
,,
,,
Kulasekharadeva.
king
27
26
No
Place of
Inscription

KidtH j. fz;zd;
gpd;dpizg;Gfs; II
,jo;fs; kw;Wk; ,izag;;gjpTfs;
jpUkiy njhlHghd nra;jpfspd; gjpTfis ehNsLfs;> ,jo;fs; kw;Wk;
,izajsq;fspy; fhzKbfpwJ.rptfq;if mUNf ehis kiyf;nfhOe;j]
P t
; uH
Nfhtpypy;; fphptyk; vd;w jiyg;gpy; jpdj;je;jp nra;jp ntspapl;Ls;sJ.
rptfq;if mUNf kiyf;nfhOe;jP];tuH Nfhtpypy; ehis fphptyk;
elf;fpwJ. rptfq;if mUNf jpUkiyf; fpuhkj;jpy; rptfq;if rk];jhdk;
Njt];jhdj;jpw;Fr; nrhe;jkhd kiy nfhOe;j]
P t
; uH ghfk;gphpahs; mk;kd; Nfhtpy;
cs;sJ. kpfg; goikahd ,e;jf; Nfhtpy; 13 Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;F Ke;jpajhFk;.
,e;jf; Nfhtpypy; goq;fhyf; fl;blf; fiyf;Fr; rpwg;Gr; NrHf;Fk; tifapy;
kiyia 20 mb tiu File;J mjw;Fs; kPdhl;rpRe;NjuRtuH tpehafH KUfd;
mfpNahuJ rpiyfisr; nrJf;fp itj;Js;sdH. ,e;j kiyapd; cr;rpapy; fp.gp
1194 Mk; tUlk; rlhtHk FyNrfughz;bad; vd;w kd;dH kiyf;nfhOe;j]
P t
; uH
vd;w ngahpy; rptidAk; ghfk;gphpahs; vd;w ngahpy; mk;kd; NfhtpiyAk;
fl;bAs;shH. ,q;Fs;s kiyf;Fiffspy; rkzHfs; jq;fpajhff; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
njhptpf;fpd;wd. NkYk; ,q;Fr; rpj;jHfs; ,Ue;J tUtjhfTk; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy;
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;Jld; ,e;jf; Fiffspy; %ypifr; nrbfisf; nfhz;L
Xtpaq;fs; tiuag;gl;Ls;sd. ,q;Fs;s Fsj;jpy; Fspj;jhy; fq;ifapy; Fspj;j
Gz;zpak; fpilf;Fk; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j kiyiar; Rw;wp xd;wiu fpNyh
kPll
; H Rw;wstpy; rhiy trjp nra;ag;gl;L kpd; tpsf;Ffs;; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
fle;j Mz;L jpUf;fhHj;jpifapy; ,Ue;J xt;nthU khjKk; gTHzkp md;W
fphptyk; efo;r;rp eilngw;W tUfpwJ. ,e;j Mz;L ehis 1 Mk; Njjp md;W
kiyf;nfhOe;jR
P tuH Nfhtpypy; kfhjPgk; Vw;Wk; epfo;rr
; pAk; eilngWfpwJ. mj;Jld;
fphptyk; epfo;r;rpAk; eilngWfpwJ. fphptyj;jpw;F te;J nry;Yk; gf;jHfspd;
trjpf;fhf g]; trjp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,uT fphptyk; Kbe;j gpd;dH rpwg;G
g+i[fSk; eilngWk;. tpohTf;fhd Vw;ghLfisr; rptfq;if Njt];jhdk;
mwq;fhtyH kJuhe;jfp ehr;rpahH cj;jutpd; Nghpy; Njt];jhd CopaHfs; kw;Wk;
fpuhkkf;fs; nra;J tUfpd;wdH (jpdj;je;jp 30.11.2009)
Youths fight to save archaeological site vDk; jiyg; g py; ntspahfpAs; s
ehNsl;Lr;; nra;jp (Deccon granical 04.01.2010)
AR. MEYYAMMAI DC SIVAGANGAI Jan.3: A bunch of youths of picturesque
Tirumalai in sivagangai district is waging a grim battle against heavy odds to save
the archaeologically rich heritage site in their village.
Home to a treasure
trove of Jain beds, Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions of Sangam Age, rock paintings of 5th
century and rock-cut and structural temples of the pandya period, the Tirumalai
hill has fallen on evil times. Lack of professional preservation and vandals
unscrupulous activities have rendered the site an easy target for abuse.
I f
169
KidtH j. fz;zd;
the walls of the structural Malai Kolundeeswarar Temple maintained by Sivagangai
Devasthanam replete with Tamil-Brahmi scripts have been mindlessly white-washed,
the totally defaced Jaina beds and the rock paintings in red ochre on the rocks
above the temple stand as mere signs of vandalism. But the significance of the
treasure is not lost on the local youths though the panchayat administration does
not care for its preservation. About 30 youngsters of the village have formed Dr
Abdul Kalam Youth Welfare Manram with a mission to put little-known Tirumalai
on the archeological and tourism map of the state. With funds contributed by
their friend Kannadasan, a young engineer of the village who workds in dubai they
have put up compact fluorescent lamps. The hill is a den for antisocial
elements and vandals who have not spaared even a single rock painting and Jaina
bed, says M. Iyyanar. a staff in the clerical section of the Madurai Kamaraj University
who spearheads the manram, showing the scors of graffiti either painted or
chieselled on them. Empty liquor bottles are found strewn all over the plaace.
Another youth Ramesh says These days we take turns to guard the hill from
miscreants
The youngsters helped form NSS in their local school and involved
students to restore the Brahmi inscriptions on the temple walls. The effort did not
bear fruit. We need experts to regain the lost glory, laments Iyyanar. These youths
want the Tamil Nadu government to declare it as a protected monument and provide
adequate security to ward off the vandals.
jpdkzp 07.01.2010 ehsd;W rptfq;if kw;Wk; kJiu gjpg;Gfspy;>
jpUkiyf; nfhOe;j]
P t
; uH Myak; Rw;Wyhj;jykhFkh? vd;w jiyg;gpy; jpUkiy
njhlHghd nra;jpia ntspapl;Ls;sJ. ,r;nra;jpapy; ,q;Fs;s FiltiuAk;
Xtpaq;fSk; gy;ytH fhyj;ijr; rhHe;jit vdr; Rl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mdhy; Fil
Kw;fhyg; ghz;baH fhyj;ijr; rhHe;jJ vd;gJk; Xtpaq;fs; kpfg; goq;fhyj;jit
vd;gJk; njspthFk;. ,q;Fs;s tpehafH rilKb jhpj;Jf;fhzg;gLtJ rpwg;ghd
mikg;G vd;gijAk;> kiyNky; ghjpAld; epw;Fk; KUfd; jpUf;Nfhapiyf;fl;Ljw;F
,t;T+H kf;fs; tpUk;GfpwhHfs; vd;gijAk; gjpTnra;Js;sJ.
rptfq;if Id.06. rptfq;ifapy; ,Ue;J jpUg;gj;J}H nry;Yk; rhiyapy;
xf;$hpypUe;J Nkw;F Nehf;fpg;gphpAk; ghijapy; 9 fp.kP njhiytpy; cs;sJ
jpUkiy NfhNdhpgl;b fpuhkk;. ,q;fpUe;J 1 fp.kP. J}uj;jpy; 200 mb cau
kiyapd; kPJ mUs;kpF ghfk;gphpahs; kiyf;nfhOe;j]
P t
; uH Myak; mike;Js;sJ.
,f; N fhapy; 2000 Mz; L fSf; F Kd; gy; ; y tH fhyj; j py; fl; l g; g l; l
Filtiuf;NfhapyhFk;. NkYk; mfj;jpaH KdptH tho;e;j ngUik ngw;wJ.
ghiwiaf; File;J fl;lg;gl;l ,f;Nfhapypd; cs;Ns rptDk; kPdhl;rpAk;
jpUkzf; Nfhyj;jpy; fhl;rp jUfpd;wdH. mUNf Rg;gpukzpaH Rthkp FwtH
Ntlj;jpy; Nrtw;nfhbAld; ghrp khiyazpe;J fhl;rp jUfpwhH. Fiff; NfhapYf;F
ntspNa NfhGuk; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjpy; kiyf;nfhOe;jP];tuH Rthkp ypq;f
tbtpy; fhl;rp jUfpwhH. mjw;F tyJGwk; ghfk;gphpahs; mk;kd; fhl;rp jUfpwhH.
170

,f;NfhGuj;jpd; gpd;Gwk; tpehafH rilKbAlDk; mjw;F tyJGwj;jpy;
Rg;gpukzpaH Rthkp MWKfj;JlDk; fhl;rpjUfpdw
; dH. Nfhapy; Njhd;wpa fhyj;jpy;
fUttPughz;bad; ,f;Nfhapiyf; fhj;J te;Js;sjhff; $Wfpd;wdH. mtUf;Fk;
rpiyAs;sJ. ,q;Fs;s rpiyfs; moFehr;rpGuk; mk;kd; Nfhtpypy; ,Ue;J
tbtikj;Jf; nfhz;Ltug;gl;Ls;sJ. ,f;Nfhapiyr; Rw;wpf; fphptyk; tUtjw;fhf
2 fp.kP Rw;wstpy;; rhiy mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
hp~g fphpN~j;jpuk; vd;Dk;
nrhy;Yf;F Vw;whH Nghy; fhiskhL gLj;Jf;fple;jJ Nghy; ghiwaikg;G ,Uf;fpwJ.
mjw;F Nky; Nfhtpy; mikag;ngw;wpUg;gJ rpwg;gk;krkhFk;. ,q;Fs;s tpehafH
rilKb jhpj;Jf; fhl;rp jUtJ NtW Nfhtpy;fspy; ,y;yhj rpwg;G. rdP];tuH
fhf;ifapd; Nky; jd; fhiy itj;jpUg;gJ mhpa fhl;rpahf cs;sJ. fhyigutH
jdJ tyJ ifapy; mDkd; Nghy; fjhAjk; itj;Js;sJ gpukpf;f itf;fpwJ.
ghiwapd; Nky; gFjpapy; %ypifr; rhaq;fshy; tiuag;gl;l rpw;gq;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,f;Nfhapiyr; Rw;wp 8 Ridfs; cs;sd. NkNy cs;s nghpa Ridapy;
tpehafH cUtk; nghwpj;j fy; xd;W ePUf;Fs; fplf;fpwJ. Rid ePH tw;wp ,e;j
tpehafH rpiyapd; jiyapd; jiyg;gFjp njhpe;jhy; kionga;Ak; vdTk; cly;
eyd; ghjpf;fg;gl;NlhH ghiwapd; kPJ jq;fs; cUtj;ijg; nghwpj;jhy; Neha;
FzkhFk; vd;Dk; ek;gpf;if epyTfpwJ. mg;gFjpapy; gy;NtW cly; cWg;Gfs;
glq;fshf tiuag;gl;Ls;sd.
ghiwapd; njw;Fg;Gwk; mfj;jpaH tho;e;j ,lkhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
mg;gFjpapy; mfy;tpsf;F Nghd;W ghiwapy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mfj;jpaH
Nfhapypy;; jpahdk; nra;Ak; NghJ Xk; vd;W nrhy; xypf;Fkhk;. ,f;NfhapYf;F
tyJGwk; mike;Js;s jhkiuf;Fsk; fhrpf;F epfuhf xg;gplg;gLfpwJ. fhrpf;F
epfuhd jPHj;jk; vd;fpwhHfs; CHkf;fs;.
Mb> Gul;lhrp> ij Nghd;w khjq;fspy; tUk; mk;khthir md;W
jhkiuf;Fsj;jpy; jpjp jHg;gzk; nra;jhy; fhrpf;Fr; nrd;w gyd; fpilf;Fk; vd;w
ek;gpf;ifAk; gutyhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
Mb mk;khthirf;Fk; ijg;G+rj;jpw;Fk; ,q;Fr; rpwg;G tpohf;fs; eilngWk;.
jpUkiyf; Nfhapy; gFjpiar; Rw;Wyhj;jykhf khw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ jpUkiyf;
fpuhk kf;fspd; ePz;lfhyf; Nfhhpf;ifahFk;. gy;ytHfhy Xtpaq;fs; epiwe;J
fhzg;gLtjhy; ,f;Nfhapy; kfhgypGuk; Nghd;W rpwg;Gg; ngWk; tha;gG
; cs;sJ.
vdNt ,g;gFjpiar; Rw;Wyhj;jykhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nfhhpf;if vOe;Js;sJ.
NkYk; Fd;wpUf;Fk; ,lnky;yhk; Fkud; ,Uf;Fk; ,lk; vd mwpe;J KUfDf;F
,g;ghiw kPJ Nfhapy; fl;l m];jpthuk; Nghlg;gl;Ls;s epiyapNy cs;sJ.
,e;jf; Nfhapiyf; fl;bKbf;f Ntz;Lk; vdg; nghJkf;fs; typAWj;Jfpd;wdH
KidtH j. fz;zd;
THE HINDU 09.01.2010 ehspjopy; Vandalism takes its toll on prehistoric rock
paintings vDk; jiyg;gpy; ntspahd ,r;nra;jpia
(http://www.hindu.com/
2010/01/09/stories/) vDk; KfthpAs;s ,izajsj;jpYk; fhzKbfpwJ. rkzg;
gLf;iffs; cs;s ,lj;jpy; Rt];jpf; Kj;jpiu fhzg;gLtJ jkpofj;jpNy
jpUkiyiaj; jtpu NtW ve;j ,lj;jpYk; ,y;iy vd;gijAk; ,q;Fs;s Filtiu
Kw;fhyg; ghz;baH fhyj;jJ vd;gijAk; ,r;nra;jpf; Fwpg;G Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
,r;nra;jpahtd> callous: A view of the vandalised rock art at Tirumalai near
Sivaganga district, which is more than 2500 years old.
MADURAI: The rocks here

speak volumes for history but it is
unfortunate that what could be one
of the priceless and most prestigious
monuments of cultural heritage is left
to ruin. The Tirumalai hill in Sivaganga
district coming under Tirumalai
Koneripatti panchayat possesses
rock paintings dating back to the 5th
century B.C., a couple of TamilBrahmi inscriptions of the Sangam
Age, several Jain beds (pillow lofts)
carved out of the rock floor of the
caverns
swastika sign incised on a Jain bed, not found in other Jain sites in
the State. Most of the paintings were done using red ochre which has almost
reached the stage of getting erased. Vandalism by visitors to the temple and
other natural reasons are taking their toll on them.A rock-cut temple of the
8th century A.D. of the early Pandya period; and a structural temple of the
13th century of the later Pandya period are the highlights of Tirumalai.
Bhagampriyal Malaikolundeeswarar is how the temple is being called now
and is under Sivaganga Devasthanam.The pillars and walls of the temple are
replete with Tamil inscriptions of the Pandya kings Jatavarman Kulasekaran,
Maravarman Sundarapandian and Jatavarman Parakramapandian, belonging to the 13th and 14th centuries. Historians and archaeologists claim that
Tirumalais distinction is that the two temples belong to the continuous chain
that links the prehistoric with the medieval times. Almost every visible rock
172
171

painting has been defaced with names scribbled on the inscriptions. The Jain beds
have been vandalised and desecrated. Moreover, the hill space as reported by the
temple authorities and local people is being used for unlawful activities.
It caught the attention of Additional Collector Nagarajan and Dhan Foundation
(a NGO based in Madurai) following a news article published by Frontline. The NGO
among other things sensing its historical importance organised a heritage walk to the
hill and also is undertaking efforts to form a heritage club. According to the official
sources from the Archaeological Department, revenue particulars of the village and
the demographic details have been garnered and is about to be sent to the Government asking them to announce it as a protected site.
Local people wish to see the place announced as a tourist site so that it could
generate some self-employment for them said, Nagavalli Deivamani, panchayat president, Tirumalai Koneripatti.Restricted access combined with guided tours can prove
beneficial for the protection of these rockart.
jpUkiyf;F Mgj;J vDk; jiyg;gpy; ef;fPud; gj;jphpf;if> jpUkiyapd;
rpwg;Gfis tpsf;fp nra;jpntspapl;Ls;sJ.
Nfs;tpg;gl;lNghJ ek;g Kbatpy;iy Nehpy; nrd;W jhprpj;j gpwF
ek;ghky; ,Uf;f Kbatpy;iy. jpUts;StUk; ef;fPuUk; xf;$H khrhj;jpahUk;
fzpad; G+q;Fd;wdhUk; vl;Lj;njhif gj;Jg;ghl;L ,yf;fpag; nghf;fp~q;fs;
<d;nwLj;j rq;fj;jkpo;g; GytHfSk; Xa;ntLj;j kiyah ,e;j jpUkiy? rkz
KdptHfspd; ciwtplkhfg; gyE}W Mz;Lfs; jpfe;jitah jpUkiyapy; cs;s
FifaiwfSk; mitfSf;Fs; nrJf;fg;gl;l gLf;iff; fy; nkj;ijfSk;. kuhl;ba
ngsj;jHfspd; m[e;jh Xtpaq;fSf;Fg; Nghl;bahf rkzj; Jwtpfshy;
jPl;lg;gl;litah jpUkiyf; Fifspy; mope;Jnfhz;bUf;Fk; ,e;j %ypif
Xtpaq;fs;? ,e;jj; jpUkiyapd; mUik ngUikahy;jhd; NrJgjpfs; jq;fs;
ngaUf;F Kd;dhy; fPHj;jpahfj; jpUkiy vd;w nrhy;iyr; NrHj;Jf;nfhz;lhHfsh?
Mk; Mk;. gbg;Nghiu mioj;J te;J vq;fisg; gbf;fr;nrhy; njhd;ik
tuyhw;wpd; cz;ik njhpAk; vd;W nrhy;yhky; nrhy;fpd;wd jpUkiyf; Fiffspy;
cs;s fy;ntl;Lf;fs;. rptfq;ifapy; ,Ue;J xf;$H fPog;g+q;Fb topahf 6 tJ
fpNyhkPl;lhpy; gRik jtOk; tay;ntspfspd; eLtpy; ghiwfis mLf;fpdhw;
Nghd;w neLq;Fj;jhff; fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ jpUkiy. kiyapy; xU Filtiuf;
Nfhapy; kiyf;nfhSe;j]
P t
; uH ghfk;gphpahs; Nfhapy; rptfq;if rk];jhdj;jpd;
93 Nfhapy;fspy; ,JTk; xd;W. ,q;NfapUe;J ,uhkehjGuk; muz;kidf;F xU
Ruq;fg;;ghij ,Ue;jjhk; me;j topahfj;jhd; NrJgjp uh[hf;fs; FLk;gj;NjhL
te;J ,e;jr; rhkpiaf; Fk;gpLthHfshk; tpag;NghL nrhd;d jpUkiyf; Nfhapypd;
mHr;rfH fpU~;zFkhH kJiu kPdhl;rpak;kd; NfhapYf;Fk; fhisahH NfhapYf;Fk;
rptfq;if muz;kidf;Fk; $l Ruq;fg; ghijfs; ,Ue;jjhk.; kJiuj;
jkpor
; r
; q;fj;jpwF
; tUk; GytHfs; vy;yhUk; ,q;NftUthHfshk;. jPuhj Nehnay;yhk;
jPHf;Fk; kiy vd;W Gdpjk; ngw;wJ ,e;j jpUkiy nrhy;topg; ngUikfis
mLf;fpdhH mHr;rfH. jpUkiyapd; gok;ngUikfs; ,Jtiu ,e;jg; gFjp kf;fSf;Nf
njhpahky;jhd; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ. rkPgj;jpy; te;j Muha;rr
; pahsHfs; nrhy;ypj;jhd;
173
KidtH j. fz;zd;
vq;f kiyapd; rpwg;G vq;fSf;Fj; njhpQ;rJ mg;Gwk;jhd; ,e;j kiyf;F tHw
jg;ghd MSq;fisj; jLf;f Muk;gpr;Nrhk;. mg;gbapUe;Jk; fz;Zy kz;izj;
J}tpl;L fy;Y}hp khztHfs; FiffSf;Fs; Ngha; mrpq;fg; gLj;JfpwhHfs;
jpUkiyf;fpuhk mk;gyk; kiyr;rhkp nrhd;dhH. jkpofj;jpd; Mjp tuyhw;wiw
mwpaf;$ba fy;ntl;Lf;fSk; Xtpaq;fSk; rpy ,lq;fspy;jhd; fpilf;fpd;wd.
rptfq;if Njt];jhdf; fl;Lg;ghl;by; jpUkiyf; Filtiuf; Nfhapy; ,Ug;gjhy;
fy;ntl;L Ma;thsHfNsh njhy;nghUs;JiwNah ,ijf; fz;Lnfhs;tjpy;iy.
jhdk; mwf;fl;lisapy; ,Ue;J rpy Ma;thsHfs; te;J nrd;w gpwNf kiyapd;
gok;ngUik cs;SH kf;fSf;Nf njhpe;jpUf;fpwJ.
tuyhw;W MHtyUk;
gy;fiyf;fof CopaUkhd ma;adhH ek;kplk; ,q;F fs;sf;fhjiy muq;Nfw;wtUk;
fhkN[hbfisAk; lh];khf;; ghHl;b elj;jtUk; Fbkfd;fisAk; jLj;jhf Ntz;Lk;.
rpiwapy; ,Ue;J jg;gpa 5 ifjpfs; ,q;Nfjhd; kiwe;jpUe;jhHfs;. mjdhy;jhd;
jpUkiyiar; Rw;Wyhj;Jiwapd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; nfhz;LtuNtz;Lk; vd;fpNwhk;
vd;whH. rptfq;if khtl;lr; Rw;Wyh topfhl;bapy; nrl;behl;Lf; Nfhl;il tPLfisr;
Rl;bf;fhl;Lk; Rw;Wyhj;Jiw ,e;j mw;Gjkhd fy;ntl;Lf;fSk; %ypif Xtpaq;fSk;;
epiwe;j jpUkiyiag; gw;wp Fwpg;gpltpy;iyNa vd;w Fiw Cuhl;rp kd;wj;
jiytH ehfts;sp nrauhkDf;F. ,tH ftiyNahL nrhy;fpwhH kiy KOf;f
tpsf;nfhsp mikf;fZk; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; %ypif Xtpaq;fs; Nky fz;l fUkj;ijAk;
vOjp tr;rpUf;fhDf. ,ijnay;yhk; vg;gb ePfF
; wJ? rptfq;if Njt];jhdj;jpd;
tUkhdf; Fiwthd Nfhapy; ,J. uhNk];tuk;> gps;isahHgl;b> nfhy;yq;Fbf;Fg;
Nghfpw gf;jHfis ,q;Nf tiutioj;jhy; jpUkiyapd; GfOk; caUk; guTk;
vd;fpwhH. jpUkiyf; fpuhk ey mYtyuhd jdghydpd; tpUg;gk;> ,d;iwa
nrl;behl;Lg; gFjpapd; tl;lhur; nrhw;fisj;jhd; mjpfk; gad;gLj;jpapUf;fpwhH
ma;ad; jpUts;StH. ts;Stg; ngUe;jif gpwe;jJ ,e;jr; NrJgjpr; rPikahfj;jhd;
,Uf;Fk; vd;gJ jQ;irj; jkpo;g; gy;fiyf;fofg; gjpg;Gj;Jiwj; jiytuhf ,Ue;j
mwpQH Nfhit ,sQ;Nruypd; Ma;T. rkzuhd jpUts;StH ,e;jj; jpUkiyapy;
trpj;jhuh vd;gijj; jpUkiyf; Fiff; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; gbj;jwpa Ntz;Lk;.
NrFNtuhtpd; nra;jpj; njhFg;ghf ntspte;Js;s ,r;nra;jpapy; ma;adhH
fpU~;zFkhH MfpNahhpd; glq;fSk; jpUkiyf; Fd;W kw;Wk; ghiwf;Fiffspd;
glq;fSk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. (ef;fPud; 16.01.2010)
THE HINDU January 21, 2010 ehNsl;by; ntspahd ,r;nra;jp (http://
www.thehindu.com/life-and-style) vd;w ,izajsj;jpYk; fhzKbfpwJ.
,r; n ra; j pahdJ> Members of the Dr.Abdul Kalam Youth Welfare
Association, Tirumalai Koneripatti panchayat in Sivaganga district, Tamil Nadu
standing in front of the temple which has rare inscriptions and the hill beside has pre
historic rock paintings that were witness to vandalism. A group of youngsters got
together to protect their culture from falling into ruins Given Indias ancient past, it is
not
174

surprising that there are sites of historical
importance scattered even in small villages and
remote areas.Often these areas are sadly lacking in historical consciousness leading to destruction and defacement of artefacts and
monuments. However, there are some places
where local people have come together to
preserve historical and natural landmarks. In Tirumalai Koneripatti, a
village in Sivaganga district in Tamil Nadu, the local youngsters came together to save the records of a distant past.
Piece of history: The Tirumalai hills in the village are the site of pre-historic rock
paintings that meticulously record many events of life on the walls, floors and ceilings
of the hill caves. The majority of these paintings are in red ochre and date back to the
5th century B.C. There are also Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions from the Sangam Age, several Jain beds (pillow lofts) carved out of the rock floor of the caverns and a swastika
sign incised on a Jain bed, not found in other Jain sites in the State.A rock-cut temple
of the 8th century A.D. of the early Pandya period and a structural temple of the 13th
century of the later Pandya period are the highlights of Tirumalai. The pillars and walls
are replete with Tamil inscriptions of the Pandya kings Jatavarman Kulasekaran,
Maravarman Sundarapandian and Jatavarman Parakramapandian, belonging to the
13th and 14th centuries. Historians and archaeologists claim that Tirumalais temples
belong to a chain that link the prehistoric with the medieval times.However these
paintings and inscriptions are being eroded by the continuing vandalism and had
reached a stage of erosion when the heritage conscious youth of the village decided
to protect the site.
Getting into action: In 2006, the village formed the Dr. Abdul Kalam Youth
Welfare Association, now headed by Ayyanar, and were working to empower local
communities by establishing reading clubs and helping poor students complete their
education. These reading clubs store a variety of newspapers and magazines so that
the youngsters stay abreast of events and also share views and discuss various
topics. Learning of Tirumalais historical significance through a magazine in one of
these sessions, the youngsters turned their attention to preserving the hill and protecting it from vandals. They began by planting trees along the base of the hill and
constructed a borewell to supply drinking water to pilgrims and visitors. They also
installed lamp posts at two different points on the hilltop without damaging the rock.
With the help of the Department of Archaeology and the local media, the youth were
able to spread awareness about the areas historical significance and also draw the
attention of the State. In a recent development, official sources in the Department of
Archaeology said that they were working to make Tirumalai a protected site. As it is
a dry area and the local economy is based on agriculture, this move may help draw
175
KidtH j. fz;zd;
tourists, which would in turn generate some employment for the youth said, Nagavalli
Deivamani, Panchayat president.
Keywords: Dr.Abdul Kalam Youth Welfare Association, Tirumalai Koneripatti
panchayat, Sivaganga district, rock paintings, vandalism v d ; g j h F k ; .
Ridj;jz;zU
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nra;jpahtd
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ehfhpfj; jlq;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. ,JNghy; 14 Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; NrHe;j
ghz;baHfspd; fy;ntl;Lf;fSk; fpilj;Js;sd. ,q;F goq;fhy kdpjHfshy;
tiuag;gl;l Fif Xtpaq;fisf; fhzyhk;. ,q;Fs;s Filtiuf; Nfhtpy; kpfTk;
rpwg;G tha;e;jJ. ,e;jg; gFjpia hp~gfphp Nr~;jpuk; vd;W nrhy;thHfs;. ,e;j
kiyapd; mikg;G rptdpd; thfdkhd ee;jpiag; Nghd;W cs;sJ. ,q;F 8 Mk;
E}w;whz;ilr; NrHe;j Filtiuf;Nfhtpy; cs;sJ. ,e;jf; Nfhtpy; kpfj; jpwikahfr;
nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Fifapy; cs;s ghiwiar; nrJf;fp mjw;Fs; rptypq;fk;
fpof;F Nehf;fpa jpirapy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,Nj Nghd;W mk;kd; rpiy
njw;F Nehf;fpa jpirapy; cs;sJ. nghJthfj; njw;F Nehf;fpa jpirapy; cs;s
mk;kid tzq;Ftjd; %yk; gy;NtW rpwg;Gfis milayhk;. NkYk; tlf;F
Nehf;fpa jpirapy; KUfdpd; rpiy mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J jtpu ,e;jf; Fltiuf;
Nfhtpypd; mUNf 12k; E}w;whz;by; mikf;fg;gl;l kiyf;nfhOe;j]
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cs;sJ. ,e;jf; Nfhtpy; %y];jhdf; NfhGuj;jpy; jrhtjhuf; fhl;rpfs;
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk; rilKbAld; $ba Kf;FWzp tpehafH rpiy
,q;F mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j kiyapd; Rw;wsT RkhH 4 fpNyhkPl;lH tiu
,Uf;Fk;. ,e;j kiyapd; xU gFjpia kiyf;Flk;G vd;W $WthHfs;;. ,e;j
,lj;jpy; ,d;Wk; rpj;jHfs; te;J jtk; nra;tjhfTk; $wg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j kiyiar;
Rw;wp tw;whj Ridfs; cs;sd. ,itfspy; cs;s jz;zPH kpfr; Ritahf
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gFjpapy; kionga;J kPz;Lk; jz;zPH ngUfp Ridj; jz;zPUf;Fs; tpehafH
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$wg;gLfpwJ. Nfhtpypd; gpd;Gwk; kiyf;F Nky; Fif xd;W cs;sJ. ,jpy;
Ml;fs; jq;fp ,Ue;jjw;fhd milahsq;fs; ,d;Wk; cs;sd. cile;j goq;fhyg;
nghUl;fis mq;F fhzyhk;. mj;Jld; rkzHfs; ,q;Fj; jq;fpapUe;j milahsKk;
176
KidtH j. fz;zd;
mtHfSf;fhfr; nrJf;fg;gl;l gLf;iffisAk; fhzKbfpwJ. ,e;j kiykPJ

Vwj; njhlq;fpaJNk ek;Kila kdJf;F kpFe;j mikjp fpilj;JtpLfpwJ.
me;j msTf;F ,e;jg; gFjpapy; kfpik ,Ug;gjhfj; njhptpf;fpd;wdH. rpy
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; p gpugyk; mile;J
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tUfpd;wdH. ,jw;fhf ,e;j kiyiar; Rw;wp jhHr;rhiy mikf;fg;gl;L kpd;
tpsf;F trjpfs; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. gTzHkp md;W kl;Lk; ,e;jf; Nfhtpypy;
,uT Neug; g+i[fs; eilngWfpd;wd. kw;w ehl;fspy; khiy 3 kzpf;Fs;
milj;JtpLfpd;wdH. ,e;jg; gFjpiag; nghWj;jtiu ,d;wsTk; rpj;jHfs;
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Nfl;gjhfTk; ,e;jg; gFjpapdH njhptpf;fpd;wdH. ,jdhy; jpUkiyf;Fj; jw;NghJ
gf;jHfspd; tUif mjpfhpj;Js;sJ. jpUkiy Md;kpfj; jykhf kl;Lk; my;yhJ
rpwe;j Rw;Wyhj; jykhfTk; cs;sJ. ,jdhy; ,q;F gs;sp khzt khztpfSk;
Rw;Wyhthf te;J ghHj;Jtpl;Lr; nry;fpd;wdH. ,r;nra;jpia v];. rPdpthrd;
rptfq;ifapy; ,Ue;J gjpTnra;Js;shH.(jpdj; je;jp 31.01.2010)
Thirumalai is a little hillock about 6 km from Uranganpatti, near Melur, This

little nondescript place is a pandoras box filled with tales of youre. The temple is now
called Bhagampriyal Malaikolundeeswarar and is under sivaganga Devasthanam.
The Brahmi Script is one of the most important writing systems in the world by virtue
of its time depth and influence. It represents the earliest post-indus corpus of texts,
and some of the earliest historical inscriptions found in india. Most importantly, it is
the ancestor to hundreds of scripts found in South Southeast, and East Asia.
Sources from the Archaeological Department said that a detailed study has been
undertaken and then a proposal to list this site is on the anvil. Asked when these
projects would take shape, the department officials were mum. It is a long winding
dusty road that twists and turns making lazy curves when a little hillock rises up the
horizon as if a sentinel of the sprawling plain. It needs real fertile imagination to think
that this sleepy road was once a busting trade route where in merchants and traders
loaded with goods strapped across beasts of burden made profitable journey between
the Pandya and chola kingdoms. During the early Pandya period, this little hillock
called Thirumalai , about 6 kim from Uranganpatti Near Melur, Became the canvas for
artisans. who made a paints taking climb up the hill and carved out a beautiful temple
out of the harsh granite rock. The temple dedicated to Siva and Parvathi. reflects how
religion mirrored the society of the time, Siva, here, is seen in a serene mode holding
the hands of parvathi while playing pagadai (a traditional dice game)
Another interesting sculpture, which shows how caste at that time was not a stringent dividing
factor is that of Muruga wearing a garland made of beads that are usually worn by
people belonging to the Kuravar community.
During the later Pandya period,
the kings decided to extend the temple. So a separate structure was neatly merged with
rock hewn temple. The temple came to be known as the Koluntheeswarar temple. The
tower of this structure is a classic example of the architectural beauty of the time. One
side of the temple tower is a delicately etched Vishnu shown in all his Dasavatharams.
The other side of the tower portrays the perfect mingling of Vaishnavite and Shaivaite
form of worship with the portrayal of Brahma-the creator Vishnu-the preserver and
Siva the destroyer. Though the temple is a small intimate shrine, there are umpteen
idols of various gods and goddesses. There is the Mukkuruni Vinayagar idol.
Sabthakannigal idol and Lord Arumugam with all his six faces. An imposing idol is that
of Mahishasuramathini fiery Durga atop the lion ready to slay Mahishasur. But sadly,
this magnificent piece is losing its sheen due to the vagaries of nature. A sculpture
of Kala Bairava holding his Gadhayutha is also installed there along with the
navagrahas. The navagraha is unique here as Lord Saneeswarar is seen with a crow, a
pose which is very hard to find any other temple.
The temple priest Ramalinga
Guru told Express that the Lingam in the sanctum sanctorum is part of the hill and the
rock juts out of the structure.
According to him, this structural edifice was actually the third one to built. the second temple which was built in the foothills has now
become a part of lost history.Villagers on the warpath to preserve heritage
For the villagers living near this hillock, the temple is not just their presiding
deity but a monument that has to be saved for posterity. These simple and untrained
villagers in their endeavour to preserve the temple, whitewashed the temple in a thick
layer of paint. Thus hiding the various scripts and some of the intricate carvings. The
beautiful stone sculptures carved on the temple wall were pinted in vibrant colours.
Thus the magnificence was hidden behind the veneer of modernity. Thus for years,
the temple remained as just any other village temple dotting the southern landscape.
Two decades age, an archeological team that had come to this site studied the rock
paintings that were painted with a mixture of siol, animal fat and extracts from several
plants. The team to their surprise found that the paintings could have been made
during the megalithic period.
It was then that the villagers began unearthing
their past. They realized that they had made a mistake by painting the walls of the
temple thus obscuring the various engraved writings.According to experts, what is
now needed is a painstaking work to peel off the outer layers so that the script below
can be read and atleast photographed so that it can be studied further.
The villagers, now aware of their rich cultural past are taking all efforts to
preserve the place. They take steps to see that no miscreants reach the hill side and
deface the walls. They have also asked the tourist department to make this site as a
heritage place. So that various financial grants can be obtained to preserve this site.
Ayyanar of Thirumalai village said that a youth club has been formed in the name of
the former president of india, APJ Abdul dalam, and the club not onlyeducates the
villagers regarding this site but has also sponsored solar lighting on the hill top so that
vandals can not use the cover of darkness to create havoc her. The lights are automatically switched on at 6pm The villagers, who are mostly farmers, hope that this site if it
177
178
A temple seeped in history vDk; jiyg;gpyhd nra;jpia ,e;jpad; vf;];gpu];

ntspapl;Ls;sJ. (The new Indian express Monday march 15 2010 madurai)
KidtH j. fz;zd;
be comes a tourist attraction, could also generate some additional income to these
families. It is only hoped that the Government, which stands for preserving Tamil
culture, joins hands with the villagers in their endeavour to preserve a dying past.Fading
Brahmi scripts, losing cultural heritage While the state geraars up to hold the world
classical Tamil conference, the Tamil Brahmi scripts carved in the temple her will soon
cease to exist.
Tamil Brahmi inscriptions are classified as Early Tamil Brahmi and
Late Tamil Brahmi It is assumed that travelling Jain monks who had brought this script
from North India had made Thirumalai their home. Much before the artisans recruited
by the pandya kings made their way uup the hill, this plaace was a resting place for the
Jain monks. One can still see the Jain beds carved on the side of the hill some of them
can still be seen with a little niches gouged out on the sides so that the monks were
protected when it rained. These monks had carved out the Brahmi script on the hill
and one of the two scripts, which can be easly read tells how in the first century BC a
chieftain (he is called a Kon) of the village known as Erukattur sculpted the beds of
the Jain monks in the caverns of the hill. In another line, the chief is also called as
KavithiBut like all other historical places that have been failed to garner the attention
of the administration, this site also stnds helpless against the onslaught of nature and
the ever present vandals. Most of the scripts have vanished and many have been
defaced by vandals who seem to gain notoriegy with every passing decade.
According to the nearby villagers this site also housed various pre-historic paintings
but only four have survived. These paintings in ochre colour would have been starting on the dark grey rock surface but now this colour has faded and what one can see
is rusty figures as if heaving their last breath on the rock surface.
What once
would have been feast for the senses is now a faded phase of yore that has to be
peered at by those who visit this temple. A painting in the eastern slope of the hill
depicts a man seated on an animaol. The figure resembles a Udukkai (a traditional drum
used by priests and nomads) thus revealing that the painting was a celebration of life.
The most wonderful part of the painting was it was drawn at a height that could not be
reached without any support.
Another painting on the eastern side depicts two
men facing each other may be a scence replicating the wrestling match in villages.
These two paintings are the one of a top like rock structure. Rock paintings on the
southern sided depicts two men holding their hands and there is an other painting of
a tall man. The painting also depicts a deer portrayed. Maybe it was a scene portraying
a hunting expeditions. All these men were also depicted as Udukkai shapes.
Sources from the Archaeological department told Express that a detailed study on this
site had been undertaken and with these details a proposal to list this site is on the
anvil. They also said that plans are afoot declare the Tamil-brhmi scripts found her
as an archeological site to be preserve.
Asked when these projects would take
shape, the department officaials were mum. What lovers and preservers of history
hope is that these decisions are taken as earyly as possible so that the site is preserved for generations to com.
Cave painting is the germination point of all Indian paintings and it is very visible here as ancient people have tried their hands in
depicting scenes from their daily life.

A view of the jain caves, that were made
suitale for habitation by cutting stone beds in them. The beds were chiseled smooth
raising one side a little to serve as pillows. To prevent rainwater flowing into the cave
shelters, the overhanging rock was cut in the form of drip-ledge. The earliest lithic
monuments of this region are represented by these jain caves. The earliest epigraphi9c
records in Brahmi characters can be seen here and they provide authentic evidence of
the early spread of Jainism in Tamil Nadu.
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YOUTH TRY TO PROTECT THE CAVES ATOP A HILL IN SIVAGANGA vd;w jiyg;gpy;
ntspahd nra;jpahtd (Times of India 01.11.2011)
181
Pre-historic Jain site cries TO BE PRESERVEDMT Saju/TNN

A year ago, when ayyanar and his friends thought of promoting a hill in their
village as a heritage spot. Elder in the village didnt take them seriously. But this didnt
disappoint the youth. They trekked the Tirumalai Koneripatti hills cleaned the shrubs
and bushes around the Jain beds and caves dating back to 3rd century BC, and finally
put up two lamp posts atop the hill. But the pri-historic rock paintings inside the caves
were already facing deterioration. What you see now, in place of rare rock paintings
is a patch of faded red, with the recent creation of vandals with chalk and paint. We
know we cant recreate the rare rock painting now, but at the same time wer can protect
the remaining workds and structures. We have done everything that we could, but the
problem is we dont have money to invest in big restoration and renovations workds.
says K Ayyanar, member of the Dr Abdul Kalam Youth Welfare Association in Tirumalai
village in Sivagangai district.
There are three monuments in the hill premises.
At the bottom of the hill, there is a 8th century early Pandya cave temple with rare rockcut sculptors of gods and goddesses. The cave temple is housed by an other temple
with a siva linga carved in rock. And the pre-historic Jain beds and rock paintings can
be seen atop the hill.
The cave temple blogs to the early pandya period while
the outer temple must have been constructed around 13th century. The most interesting thing is that the temple has rare rock-idols and goddesses, says V Vedachalam, a
senior epigraphist. The temple, maintained by the Sivaganga Devasthanam, has rare
Tamil inscriptions. However, most of them haave been lost while the temple underwent
a face-lift. The white-washing was done without any vision. Most of the inscriptions
were lost under the paint. Now we have to slowly clean the paint off the wall. says
Ayyanar: Vedachalam however. says there are two rare Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions and
a swasthe symbol stop the hill besides rock paintings in red ochre in three places.
The Jains lived here during the 3rd century BC. There are some rock-beds inside the
caves to prove that. The rare rock paintings belong to the 5th century BC, he says.
However. it is disappointing to see writing using chlk and paints everywhere in and
around the natural cave says vedachalam. Despite having rare prehistoric rock-paintings, neither the ASI nor the HR & CE have so far declared the Tirumalai-Konneripatti
as a protected site. Last Year, officials of the ASI surveyed the place, and we are
waiting for a positive reply from them, says Sugandh, a villager: However, an official
from the ASI told TOI that the Survey has been done and the matter is pending with
the ASI. THE JAINS LIVED HERE DURING THE 3RD CENTURY BC. THERE ARE
SOME ROCK-BEDS INSIDE THE CAVES TO PR9OVE THAT. THE RARE ROCK PAINTINGS BELONG TO THE 5TH CENTURY BC V. EDACHALAM/SENIOR EPIGRAPHIST
182

FRONTLINE (Volume 26 Issue 03:: Jan. 31-Feb.) ,y;; jpUkiy Fwpj;j
tphpthd jfty;fisf; fhzKbfpwJ. ,jid http://www.flonnet.com/fl2603/
stories/ vd;w ,izajsj;jpYk; fhzKbAk;. ,r;nra;jpahdJ> Vandals work
(Vol:26
Iss:03
URL:
http://www.flonnet.com/fl2603/stories/
20090213260306400.htm )T.S. SUBRAMANIAN Prehistoric rock paintings, Sangam
Age inscriptions and Jaina beds in Sivaganga district of Tamil Nadu are under
attack. K.GANESAN A rock painting in red ochre showing a human figure astride
a horse, in the Tirumalai hill
THE Tirumalai hill in Sivaganga district of Tamil

Nadu stands in the midst of paddy fields as far
as the eye can see. The plentiful November rains
have filled the lakes to the brim. At the foot of
the hill is a pond, which is covered with lotuses.
A serene setting like this would take the focus away from the rocky outcrop if you were not an archaeologist or, it appears now, a mere vandal.
The hill may be obscure now but resonates with ancient history. Rock
paintings dating back to the 5th century B.C.; two Tamil-Brahmi
inscriptions of the first century B.C. (Sangam Age); several Jaina beds
(pillow lofts) hewn out of the rock floor of the caverns; a swastika sign
incised on a Jaina bed, not found in other Jaina sites in Tamil Nadu; a
rock-cut temple of the 8th century A.D. of the early Pandya period; and
a structural temple of the 13th century of the later Pandya period are the
highlights of Tirumalai. There are several sites around Madurai where
prehistoric rock paintings, Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions and Jaina beds are
found to coexist. Tirumalais distinction is that the two temples belong to
the continuous chain that links the prehistoric with the medieval times. K.
GANESAN The defaced painting of a man wearing a bird mask. V.
Vedachalam, retired epigraphist of the Tamil Nadu Archaeology
Department, says, Tirumalai is one of its kind.
The structural temple is replete with 30 Tamil inscriptions of the Pandya

kings Jatavarman Kulasekaran, Maravarman Sundarapandian and
Jatavarman Parakramapandian, belonging to the 13th and 14th centuries. The inscriptions talk about a prominent merchant guild of the
period called thisai aiyirathu ainuttruvar (meaning, the guild whose
183
KidtH j. fz;zd;
members travel all over the country to trade
goods); the tax levied by the administrative
assembly of the nearby trading centre of
Azhagai Managar on salt, paddy, pulses,
pepper and other commodities transported
by the guild; and the use of a portion of the
tax towards maintenance of the temple, among
other things.An inscription
even talks about how the administrative assembly and all the members
of the thisai aiyirathu ainuttruvar met in full quorum, without any
absentees, to decide the quantum of tax to be levied on the commodities
that passed through the commercial town. V.VEDACHALAM A red-ochre
painting, a human image, drawn in triangles in outline. Both have been
vandalised. The Annual Report on Indian Epigraphy, 1924, says that
this inscription seems to record an agreement arrived at by various
communities, fixing the taxes to be paid to several articles of merchandise
for the benefit of the temple at Kunrathur-Nayanar. Vedachalam said,
The inscriptions at once testify to the location of Tirumalai on an ancient
trade route between the Pandya and Chola countries.
Tirumalai was then called
Kunrathur. It fell in the administrative
division called vadakalavazhi
nadu of the Pandya country, he
added.The rock paintings, done in red
ochre, are quite varied. A masterpiece
depicts two men fighting, each trying
to block the other with an outstretched
hand and their other hand raised
fully, with the fingers spread out, as if they are about to slap each other.
The two men are shown with masks resembling birds with prominent beaks.
The men have been painted in solid form. Of the 70-odd rock-art sites
found in Tamil Nadu, only in two other sites (Keezhvalai and Settavarai
in Villupuram district, Kidaripatti near Madurai and Chandrapuram near
Vellore) men have been depicted with bird-like masks. The other paintings
are of human beings, formed out of triangles or lines that resemble a
damaru (a small two-headed drum); a man riding a horse; a man holding
184

a sickle; a crane; a deer; a dog; and so on. The human beings, drawn
out of triangles, are in outline. K.T. Gandhirajan, who specialises in art
history, said: Tirumalai is the only place in Tamil Nadu where paintings
are available in both solid form and in outline, all in red ochre. This is
rare. In his perception, the Tirumalai rock art resembled those at
Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh in style and execution.
It is difficult to come across human
figures in geometrical forms in red
ochre. Tirumalai, and Azhagarmalai in
Madurai district are the only places
where they are found, Gandhirajan
said. On December 19, 2008,
Gandhirajan discovered in a rocky
shelter at the foot of the Tirumalai hill
paintings in red ochre of a hunter leading a dog by a leash, a child walking
A view of the Tirumalai hill in
beside a hunter and a deer. The hunter
Sivaganga district.
has been drawn using triangular shapes
and is shown wearing a bird-mask. The importance of these sites is perhaps
lost on ordinary people. Each and every rock painting of Tirumalai has been
defaced with names scrawled on them and the inscriptions and the Jaina beds
have been vandalised and desecrated. On the masterpiece that shows the
two bird-headed men, vandals have inscribed the names Viman and Ramu.
Hundreds of graffiti have been chiselled or painted on the Jaina beds. On one
bed, the election symbol of a political party in Tamil Nadu has been carved.
It was a mortifying experience for
Vedachalam to see the painting of the birdheaded men he had discovered in 1989
vandalised. Worse awaited him. When he
walked up to one of the two Tamil-Brahmi
inscriptions that he had discovered in 1989
along with S. Rajagopal and C.
Santhalingam, his colleagues from the State
Archaeology Department, he was shocked
to find the inscription defaced with black
paint. The inscription, belonging to the 1st
The swastika symbol incised on
century B.C., talks about how the chief
a Jaina bed in a cavern.
185
KidtH j. fz;zd;
(kon) of a villagecalled Erukattur was instrumental in sculpting the beds for the
comfort of the Jaina monks. It mentions the village chiefs title as kavithi.Neither
the State Archaeology Department nor the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has
declared Tirumalai a protected monument. The State Department has not declared it a
historically important site under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites
and Remains Act of 1966. The ASI, too, has failed to protect it under its Ancient
Monuments and the Archaeological Sites and Remains Act of 1958. There is not a
single watchman posted to protect the priceless treasures. The temples are administered by the Sivaganga Devasthanam.
Gandhirajan, who is now doing an extensive survey of Tamil-Brahmi sites, said that
among the many monuments in Tamil Nadu that are not a protected, the most important
one is Tirumalai. Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions, he argues, offer the basic evidence that
Tamil is a classical language. However, they have been vandalised at many sites.
The Tirumalai paintings show a high degree
of skill in execution, like those found at
Bhimbetka, according to Gandhirajan.Local
people call the damaru-shaped human beings
udukkai manidhargal (drum-shaped men in
Tamil). All human beings drawn in solid form
there have bird-like masks. This must have a
ritualistic significance or it indicates a clan identity, Gandhirajan explained. The Tirumalai artists belonged to a hunter-gath erer society,
according to him. In 1977-78, Rajagopal,
Santhalingam and Vedachalam disc overed the
shorter Tamil-Brahmi inscription at Tirumalai,
which has been read asvakarandai. Karandai
in Tamil means a cavern or a small hill. It, there
The granite-cumstucco relief of

Siva and Uma.
fore, denoted a place where monks lived.The more significant discovery came in
1989 when the trio came across the longer Tamil-Brahmi inscription during their
epigraphical survey of Tirumalai. It was then that Vedachalam discovered the series
of paintings, too.M. Sundararaja gurukkal, the priest of the two temples, recalls
with excitement the discovery of the paintings.He said: Vedachalam was going
round the hill, looking for inscriptions. I went along with him. It was then that he
discovered the painting of the two men with bird-masks. This spurred him on, and he
noticed more paintings on the nearby rocks. Some distance away, he discovered a
Tamil-Brahmi script too. The name Erukattur mentioned in the inscription has a long
history. It finds mention in the Tamil-Brahmi inscription of the first century A.D. at
Tirupparankunram near Madurai and in the Tamil Vatteluttu inscriptions of the sixth
century A.D. at Pillayarpatti in Sivaganga district.
186
KidtH j. fz;zd;
Dhayan Kannanar, a poet of the Sangam Age,

belonged to Erukattur. His poems appear in the
Tamil Sangam anthologies of Agananuru
and Purananuru.Vedachalam said, Erukattur
must have been an important centre for several
centuries. But there is no village by that name
today in Sivaganga district.
Tamil inscriptions of the 13th and
cally important sites to the

local people. When we
explain to them about the
historical treasure, which
is about 2,200 years old,
the villagers are surprised.
It is time we involved the
villagers in the protection
of these priceless treasures.
14th centuries at the structural temple.
A view of the lotus pond and the

paddy fields. In the foreground,
the gopuram of the structural
temple on the hill.
V. Vedachalam, retired epigraphist

of the State Archaeology
Department, taking an estampage of
the defaced Tamil-Brahmi
inscription.
Vedachalam pointed out that a swastika symbol was found on Jaina beds excavated
by King Kharavela in the Udayagiri hill near Bhubaneswar in Orissa, in the first
century B.C. At a lower elevation of the Tirumalai hill is the rock-cut temple of the 8th
century A.D. It has pillars with taranga podhika capitals, that is, with wavy patterns. (Tarangam in Tamil means wave, and podhikai means capital). It has a bas relief
panel of Siva and Uma. Although the images have been sculpted out of granite, the
reliefs are covered with stucco.
In the front mantapa is a high relief of Murugan. Below him in low relief are two ganas.
One gana holds an umbrella to protect Murugan. The structural temple is also dedicated to Siva and Parvathi with sub-shrines for Ganesa, Murugan, Bhairava and
others. Gandhirajan said: I have surveyed many Tamil-Brahmi/Jaina sites around
Madurai. Neither the ASI nor the Tamil Nadu Archaeology Department has cared to
explain the significance of these histori
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jpUkiy njhlh;ghfg; gjpthfpapUf;Fk; nra;jp> rptfq;if mUNfAs;s jpUkiy>
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; puhkp vOj;Jf;fspy; ,Ue;J rkzu;fs; ,q;F jq;fpr; nrd;wjw;fhd RtLfis
187
188

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kl;LNk cs;sd. ,q;F Vuhskhd Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs;> gf;ju;fs; tUfpd;wdu;.
gpurpj;jp ngw;w Nfhtpypy; juprdk; ngw;Wr; nry;yhky;> rkzu; gLf;if> gpuhkp
vOj;Jf;fs;> gk;gu kiy ghiwfisr; Nrjg;gLj;jpAk;> fw;fspy; ngau;fisg;
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tuyhw;Wr; rpd;dq;fisg; ghJfhf;f Kaw;rpf;ftpy;iy. tuyhw;Wg; nghf;fpRj;ijg;
ghJfhf;f muR eltbf;if vLf;Fkh?
INSTITUTE FOR ORIENTAL STUDY, THANE vd;w ,izajsj;jpy;
jpUkiyapd; gjpTfisf; fhzKbfpwJ. ,jw;fhd ,iza Kfthp
(http://www.hindu.com) vd;gjhFk;.
,k;Kfthpapy; cs;s gjpTfs;> CHENNAI: Setting off a fresh flurry of
excitement among rock art enthusiasts, creations that portray a hunter, a man
rowing a boat, another riding a horse, animals and geometrical designs have
been discovered at Tirumalai, Mudalai Kulam, Keezhavalavu and Kongar
Puliyankulam in Tamil Nadu.K.T. Gandhirajan, who specialises in art history,
discovered them in December 2008 while surveying Tamil-Brahmi sites in the
State.These four sites have Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions, and Jaina beds sculpted
out of rock floor. He estimated that these paintings on rocky outcrops on hills
could be 2,500 to 3,000 years old. While Tirumalai is in Sivaganga district,
Mudalai Kulam, Keezhavalavu and Kongar Puliyankulam are between 20 and
35 km from Madurai.The discovery in a rocky shelter at the foot of the Tirumalai
hill shows a hunter leading a dog by a rope, a child walking beside the hunter,
and a deer. The hunter has the mask of a bird with a prominent beak, Mr.
Gandhirajan said. The paintings have been done in red ochre in outline. The
drawing of the hunter has been made employing triangular shapes.Atop the
Tirumalai hill are also several paintings. Outstanding among them is one of two
men about to trade blows with each other, one hand trying to block the other
189
KidtH j. fz;zd;
man, and the other hand raised, with all the fingers spread out as if to slap the
other. These two men have bird-like faces, with prominent beaks.
Otherpaintings:
Other paintings at Tirumalai include a cluster of human beings drawn
out of triangles or damaru (small drum) shapes, deer, a man riding a horse,
and so on. The drawings of men, employing triangular shapes, are in outline.
V. Vedachalam, retired senior epigraphist, Tamil Nadu Archaeology Department,
discovered these paintings in 1989.Mr. Gandhirajan said: Tirumalai is the only
place where rock art is available in both solid form and outline, and in red ochre
only. This is rare.Adjacent to the Tirumalai paintings atop the hill are two
Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions on two caverns and a series of Jaina beds on the
floor of the caverns. The inscriptions belong to the 1st century B.C. All the
paintings, the Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions and Jaina beds have been vandalised
with graffiti chiselled into them or painted in bright black, red and white
colours.The painting found at Mudalai Kulam depicts a man rowing a boat.
This rock art work, in a withered condition, is found on the ceiling of a small
cave and there is a Jaina bed on the floor. Nearby is a Tamil-Brahmi inscription
of the 2nd century B.C. that talks about how the assembly of a village called
Vembiloor dug an ayam. In Tamil, ayam or kulam means a pond.At
Keezhavalavu are designs in red ochre of circles, semi-circles and triangles,
and other decorative motifs. At Kongar Puliyankulam are paintings of a man
riding a horse, human beings and animals done in solid form and outline in
white kaolin. Both Keezhavalau and Kongar Puliyankulam have Tamil-Brahmi
inscriptions and a series of Jaina beds.These four discoveries are an important
addition to about 70 rock-art sites in Tamil Nadu, Mr. Gandhirajan said.
HolyIndia.Org vd;w ,iza Kfthpapy; jpUkiy njhlHghd nra;jpfisf;
fhzKbfpwJ. ,r;nra;jpahdJ>
nghJey tof;F vDk; jiyg;gpy; (http://www.inneram.com/news/tamilnadunews/) vDk; Kfthpapy; cs;s nra;jpahtJ>
r%f tpNuhjpfshy; Nrjg;gLj;jg;gLk; jpUkiyapYs;s Guhjdr;
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190
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itj;J> ,lf;ifahy; mk;gpifapd; ifiag; gpbj;jgb Rfhrd epiyapy;

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ey;y tud; mikAk; vd;gJ ek;gpf;if.
jpUkiyiaf; fz;Lfspj;jtHfspd; fye;Jiuahly;fisAk; mtHfs;

ntspaplL
; s;s jpUkiy epow;glq;fisAk;> (http://www.panoramio.com/user/6679046/
tags/Tirumalai%20kalairajan) vDk; ,izajsj;jpYk;(https://groups.google.com/
forum/#!msg/mintamil/MiyQfs9jVuk/H-VooWfR_-QJ) vDk; ,iza KfthpapYk;
fhzKbfpwJ. Nfhapy; rpj;jd; vDk; ,izaj;jpw;fhd Kfthp (http://
koyil.siththan.com) vd;gjhFk;. ,jDs; mUs;kpF kiyf;nfhOe;jP];tuu;
jpUf;Nfhapy;> jpUkiy> rptfq;if khtl;lk;. fhiy 8 kzp Kjy; kjpak; 1 kzp
tiu jpwe;jpUf;Fk;.
ghz;ba kd;du;fspd; Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;l

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191
192

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Kjd;ik thapy; vspa ,Ujsf; NfhGukhf mika> fPo;j;js
Mutupirapy; rhiyf;fhd ,lj;jpy; ,iwtdpd; jpUkzf;fhl;rp myq;fhu
tisTld; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,UGwj;Jk; fu;zf;$lq;fs; NfhGuj;ijj;
jOtpj; njw;F> tlf;F Nehf;fp ePSk; fpof;F kjpy;Rtu; tlf;fpy;
tpupe;J> Nkw;fpy; glu;e;J ghiwapy; KbfpwJ. thapypd; njd;Gwj;Nj
fpof;Fg; ghu;itapy; gpd;dhisa fl;Lkhdkha; xUjs Ntrug; gps;isahu;
Nfhapy; vOe; J s; s J.tshfj; J s; thapiy xl; b tpupAk; fpof; F
khspifg;gj;jpapy; tlGwk; re;jpuDk; njd;Gwk; R+upaDk;
epWj;jg;gl;Ls;sdu;. Filtiuf;F mioj;Jr; nry;Yk; topf;F Kd;Nd
njd;Gwj;Nj tlghu;itahf epw;gtu; khtPuu; fUt ghz;bau;. mlu;jj
; pahd
kPirAld; iffisf; Ftpj;J tzq;fp fk;gPukha;f; fhl;rpaspf;Fk; ,e;jg;
ngupatu; Nfhapy; fhtyu; f spd; Kd; N dhbahk; . mtiu mLj; J f;
Filtiuf;fhd gbj;jsk; tsu;fpwJ. thapYf;F Neu; vjpNu cs;s
Nkw;F khspifg; gj;jpapd; njd;Gwj;Nj miw xd;wpy; gps;isahUk;
mtUf;F Kd;Ds;s eilg;gj;jpapy; kfplhRuku;j;jdpAk; cs;sdu;.
fpof;Fg; ghu;itahf cs;s gps;isahu; gpw;fhyj;jtu;. gpd;iffspy;
ghrk;> mq;Frk; ngw;W ,yypjhrdj;jpy; cs;s mtuJ Kd;iffspy;
,lg;Gwk; Nkhjfk;> tyg;Gwk; cile;j je;jk;. mUk;Gr;ruk;> cjuge;jk;>
Kg;GupE}y;> fuz;lkFlk; ngw;Ws;s mtuJ ,lk;Gupj; Jisf;ifapYk;
Nkhjfk;.
193
194
jpUtpoh:
jpUtpoh:Ig; g rpapy; md; d hgpN~fk; > jpUf; f hu; j ; j pif> fhu; j ; j pif
Nrhkthuk;> rptuhj;jpup> Mb> ij mkhthir> Gul;lhrpapy; tUk; kfhsa
mkhthir.
KidtH j. fz;zd;
eilg;gj;jpapy; cs;s kfplhRuku;j;jdpjhd; ,e;j tshfj;Js;s

jdpr; rpw;gq;fSs; gioikahdjhf cs;sJ. kfpldpd; jiykPJ
,lg;ghjj;ijr; rkj;jpYk; tyg;ghjj;ij> tyKoq;fhiy ,Nyrhf
klf;fpa epiyapy; jpuar;ukhfTk; epWj;jpAs;s Njtpapd; tyf;iffspy;
Kd;if ,Lg;gUNf flfkha; mika> ,uz;lhk; if rw;Wj; js;spa
epiyapy; flfkha; ePz;Ls;sJ. %d;whk;> ehd;fhk; iffspy; fj;jpAk;
rq;Fk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. ehd;fhk; iff;Fg; gpd;dhYs;s Kj;jiy <l;b
rpije;Js;sJ.
,lf;iffspy; Nkw;if vwpepiyr; rf;fuk; nfhs;s> fPo;f;iffspy;
NkypUe;J fPohf tpy;Yk; NflaKk; cs;sd. ,l Kd;if ,Lg;gpy;
mku; e ; J s; s J. ,ilapy; ,ilf; f l; L ldhd rpw; w hil ngw; W s; s
mk;ikiag; G+l;Lf;Fz;lyq;fs;> fuz;lkFlk;> rug;gsp> Njhs;> if
tisfs; moF nra;fpd;wd. khu;gfq;fisf; fr;R kiwj;Js;sJ.
mk;ikapd; tyg;Gwk; rpk;kKk; ,lg;Gwk; khDk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. ,uz;LNk
mk; i kia eP q ; f pr; nry; t d Nghy; eilgapd; w hYk; Kfq; f s;
mk;ikf;fha;j; jpUk;gpAs;sd. ,uz;LNk Kd;dq;fhy;fSs; xd;iw
NkYau;j;jpAs;sd.
Nkw;F khspifapd; tlGw miwapy; fpof;Fg; ghu;itahf
MWKfd; ,lk;ngw;Ws;shu;. ty Kd;if fhf;Fk; Fwpg;gpy; ,Uf;f> ,l
Kd;if fbatyk;gpjkha; cs;sJ. Vida gj;Jf; iffspy; gy;NtW
fUtpfs;. gps;isahu;> KUfd; miwfSf;F ,ilg;gl;l khspifg;gj;jp
kilg; gs;spahf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. tlGw khspifg;gj;jpapd; ,ilNa
mike;Js;s thapy; kiyia xl;bAs;s Fsk;> mijj; njhlu;e;J
tpupAk; gRikahd tay;fs; vd ,aw;if moF nrhl;Lk; fhl;rp. ,t;top
cs;s gbf;fl;Lfspy; ,wq;fpdhy; kiyapd; tlruptpy; eilgapyyhk;.
thapiy mLj;j gFjpapy; cs;s G+f;fl;Lk; ,lk; rpwg;Gf;FupaJ.
mq;Fs;s mofpa re;jdf;fy;iyr; rpYtpdpg;gl;biar; Nru;e;j khafz;
je;jjhf mjpy; ntl;lg;gl;Ls;s fy;ntl;Lf; $WfpwJ. tl;ltbtkhf
cs;s rpwpa mstpyhd ePu;j;njhl;biaf; fs;swhjpdpg;gl;b kiyf;
nfhOe;J Ngr;R fupahk;G Mrhup fhsAf;jp Mz;L Ig;grpj; jpq;fs;
%d;whk; ehspy; je;jjhf mjd; kPJs;s fy;ntl;lhy; mwpaKbfpwJ.
G+g; g yifahf khw; w g; g l; L s; s ghiwg; gyif xd; w py; khwtu; k u;
Re;jughz;baupd; rpijTw;w fy;ntl;nlhd;W fhzg;gLfpwJ.
G+f;fl;Lk; ,lj;ij xl;bj; njd;tlyhf ePSk; mk;kd; tpkhdKk;
Kfkz;lgKk; Rw;wpd; tlfpof;Fg; gFjpapy; mike;Js;sd. mk;kd;
jpUKd;Df;Ff; fpof;fpy; xd;ghd; Nfhs;fs; Nkil tpsq;f> tlfpof;F
%iyapy; Nrj;ughyu; fhl;rpjUfpwhu;. eha; Cu;jpaw;wtuha;> fhyUNf
epWj;jg;gl;Ls;s fij kPJ ty Kd; if Cd;w> ,l Kd; ifapy;
jiyNahL ngw;W> epu;thzpaha;g; gpd;iffspy; tyg;Gwk; cLf;ifAk;

,lg;Gwk; ghk;Gk; nfhz;L Rlu; KbAld; epw;Fk; mtu; nrtpfspy; tyg;Gwk;
kfuFz;lyk;; ,lg;Gwk; gidNahiyf; Fz;lyk;.
fpof;Fg; ghu;itaha; ,Ujs ehfukhf cs;s ,iwtd; tpkhdk;
ghjge;jj; jhq;Fjsk;> Ntjpifj;njhFjp nfhz;L ehd;Kf miuj;J}z;fs;
R+o;e;j Rtu; ngw;W vOfpwJ. Mwq;f MuKk; rpwpa ,uz;lhk; jsKk;
ngw;Ws;s mjd; fpuPt ehrpifapy; njd;Gwk; Myku; mz;zYk; Nkw;fpy;
gukgjehjUk; tlf;fpy; ehd;KfDk; ,lk;ngw> fPo;j;jsf; Nfhl;lq;fs;
ntWikahf cs;sd. tlGwj;Nj rpwpa mstpyhd nfhw;witj;
jpUKd;Dk; rz;NlRtuu; jpUKd;Dk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Kfkz;lg
thapypd; njd;Gwj;Nj gps;isahu; rpw;gKk; tlg;Gwj;Nj godpahz;br;
rpw;gKk; mika> fUtiwapy; kiyf; nfhOe;jPru; rJu MTilahupy;
ePz;l cUisg;ghzj;Jld; fhl;rpjUfpwhu;.
njw;Fg; ghu;itahf cs;s ghfk;gpupahjhs; tpkhdk; ,iwtd;
tpkhdk; NghyNt mq;fq;fs; ngw;W ,Ujs ehfukhf vOe;Js;sJ.
fUtiwapy; rkghjuha; epw;Fk; mk;ikapd; tyf;if ePNyhj;gyk; nfhs;s>
,lf;if nefpo;e;Js;sJ. tpkhdf; fPo;j;jsf; Nfhl;lq;fs; ntWikahf
cs;sd. ,uz;L fw;wspfSNk gpw;ghz;bau; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; ngw;Ws;sd.
Rw;Wntspapy; ,Ue;J Filtiuf;Fj; njhlq;Fk; gbf;fl;Lfs;
,uz;L gpupTfshf cs;sd. njw;F Nehf;Fk; Kjy; gpuptpy; ehd;F
gbfSk; mLj;J xU rJuj; jsKk; njhlu;e;J Nkw;F Nehf;fp Ie;J
gbfSk; vd mike;jpUf;Fk; gbj;njhlupd; gbaLf;Ffisj; Jisf;ifg;
gpbr;Rtu;fs; mizj;Js;sd. thapiy xl;bAs;s fpof;Fr; Rtupd;
fPo;g;Gwj;Nj ahidia mopj;j ,iwtd; rpw;gkhfp cs;shu;. vjpNu
G+l;lg;gl;l rpwpa miw.
epiyf;fhy;fSk; Nky;> fPo; epiyfSk; ngw;Ws;s Filtiu
tshf thapiyg; gf;fj;jpw;nfhd;whf cWg;G NtWghlw;w ,uz;L ehd;Kf
miuj;J}z;fs; mizj;Js;sd. mit cj;jpuk;> th[dk; jhq;f> NkNy
rJug;gl;bAld; $iu. gf;fr;Rtu;fspy; tyg;Gwk; rq;fepjp ,lg;Gwk;
jhkiuepjp mtw; w pw; F f; fP N o ,UGwKk; ftupf; fhupifau;
gf;fj;jpw;nfhUtuha; epw;fpd;wdu;.
gbj;njhlu; Nkw;ws Kw;gFjpapy; epw;Fk; ,uz;L fdkhd J}z;fs;
Kr; r Ju> ,Ufl; L clypd. fl; L fs; tisg; g l; i l ngw> fP o ; >
eLr; r Juq; f spy; rpw; g q; f s; . Nkw; r Juq; f s; ntWikahf cs; s d.
Nghjpiffs; G+nkhl;Lf; fhl;l> NkNy $iuAWg;Gfs;. ,J NghyNt
Kjw; gbj;njhlu; KbAk; jsj;jpYk; ,uz;L J}z;fs; cs;sd.
Rw;Wntspapy; njhlq;Fk; ,uz;lhk; gbj;njhlupd; Kfg;G cghdk;>
Jizcghdk;> jhkiu [fjp> Nky; Nehf;Fj; jhkiutup> fk;G> ngUq;fk;G>
195
196
KidtH j. fz;zd;
Nky;Nehf;Fj; jhkiu tup> fk;Gfs; jOtpa ghjq;fs; ngw;w fz;lk;>

fPo;Nehf;Fj; jhkiutup> fk;G> Nky;Nehf;Fj; jhkiutup> fk;Gfs; jOtpa
ghjq; f s; ngw; w ngUq; f z; l k; > fP o ; N ehf; F j; jhkiutup> ,uz; L
$LtisTfs; ngw;w fNghjk;> G+kpNjrk; vdg; gy;YWg;Gfs; ngw;w
fNghj ge; j j; Jizj; j skhf moFgLj; j g; g l; L s; s J. fpof; f py;
,j;jsj;jpd; Nky; ehd;Kf miuj;J}z;fs; mizj;j Rtu; vOg;gg;ngw;W
kiyr;rupTld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjpy; ,lk;ngw;wpUf;Fk; NfhKfk;
topNa Filtiuf; fUtiwapd; KOf;fhl;L ePu; ntspNaWfpwJ.
fUtiwAk; Kfg;Gk; ngw;w kz;lgf; Filtiuahf mike;Js;s
gioa tshfj;ijg; Gjpa tshfj;Jld; ed;F ,izj;Js;sdu;. tlf;Fg;
ghu; i tahf cs; s Kfg; g pd; Kd; G wj; N j neLfj; jiuaikj; J >
Filtiuf; fhyg; gbaikg;ig %batu;fs;> Filtiuf; fNghjj;ijAk;
Kd;tshfr; RtUld; ,izj;Jf; $iuaikj;Js;sdu;. Kd; jiuahy;
kiwf;fg;gl;Ls;s fPo;g;gFjpf;Fr; nry;y> jiuaikg;gpy; tplg;gl;Ls;s
,lk; ghiwahy; jw; f hypf milg; G g; ngw; W s; s J. mjd; topf;
fPopwq;fpdhy; Filtiuf; fhyg; gbaikg;ig xl;bf; fhzg;gLk; ,uz;L
fy;ntl;Lfisg; ghu;gg
; Jld;> Filtiu Kfg;ig mLj;J tpupAk; Nkw;Fg;
ghiwr;Rtupy; njhlq;Fk; ghz;bau; fy;ntl;bd; fPog
; g
; FjpiaAk; ngwyhk;.
fpof;F Nkw;fhf 5.77 kP. ePsKk; njd;tlyhf 74 nr. kP. mfyKk;
ngw; w ike; J s; s Kfg; g py; ehd; K fkhf mike; J s; s ,uz; L
KOj;J}z;fSk; ,uz;L miuj;J}z;fSk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. gf;fg;
ghiwr;Rtu;fis xl;b mike;Js;s miuj;J}z;fs; Nkw;gFjpapy;
tisaj; njhq;fYk; %d;W gl;bfshyhd tbg;gw;w fl;Lk; ngw;Ws;sd.
,g;gl;bfspy; eLg;gl;b rw;Wg; gpJq;fpAs;sJ. fl;Lf;F Nky; thafd;w
fyrk; mika> NkNy Nghjpif. mNj tbg; G fSld; cs; s
KOj; J }z; f s; tisaj; n jhq; f iyj; njhlu; e ; J kpf eP s khd
khiyaikg;Gg; ngw;Ws;sd.
Nghjpiffs; gl;il ngw;w tpupNfhzj; juq;ff;iffshy; jhq;Fk;
cj;jpuk; Nghjpiffistpl mfykhfTk; Mdhy;> cauf; FiwthfTk;
cs;sJ. cj;jpuj;jpd; Nky; tpspk;nghl;b ePSk; th[dk;> Kfg;gLj;J
Kd;Ndhf;fp tpupAk; 1.13 kP. mfy Nkw;Fr; RtupNyh my;yJ 98 nr. kP.
mfyf; fpof;Fr; RtupNyh ,lk;ngwtpy;iy. th[dj;ij mLj;J ePSk;
$iu> fNghjkha; tise;J ,wq;fp Kd;Rtu;f; $iuAld; ,izfpwJ.
Kfg;ig mLj;J tpupAk; gf;fr; Rtu;fspy; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; cs;sd.
fpof;F Nkw;fhf 5. 77 kP. ePsKk; njd;tlyhf 3. 89 kP. mfyKk;
2. 86 kP. cauKk; ngw;Ws;s kz;lgj;jpd; fpof;Fr; Rtu; ntWikahf
cs;sJ. NkNy $iuia xl;b th[dk;. njw;Fr; Rtupd; Nkw;Fg;gFjpapy;
fhzg;gLk; 1. 74 kP. cauk;> 1. 33 kP. mfyk;> 13. 5 nr. kP. Mok; ngw;w
Nfhl;lj;jpd; fPo;j;jsk; Nghy> kz;lgj; jiuapypUe;J 69 nr. kP. cau>

mfyf; Fiwthd jsk; xd;W 2. 11 kP. ePsj;jpw;F ntl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,j;jsKfg;gpy; fpof;fpy; MLk;> Nkw;fpy; kapYk; mika> ,ilapy;
G+r;rhb.
Nfhl; l j; j py; eLehafkhf KUfDk; tyg; G wk; mtUf; F f;
Filgpbf;Fk; G+jKk; ,lg;Gwk; iff;fl;bg; gzpT fhl;Lk; gj;jpikahsu;
xUtUk; rpw;gq; fshfpAs;sdu;. cWg;G NtWghlw;w ,uz;L ehd;Kf
miuj;J}z;fshy; mizf;fg;gl;Ls;s Nfhl;lj;jpd; Nkw;gFjpapy; nky;ypa
cj;jpunkhd;Wk; NkNy $Lfsw;w fNghjKk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. $iuia
xl;ba th[dk; njw;Fr; Rtu; KOtjw;Fkha; mike;Js;sJ.
kz;lgj;jpd; tlGwk; cs;s Kfg;gpd; njw;F Kfj;jpy; cj;jpuk;>
th[dk; mika> mijaLj;J 8 nr. kP. fdj;jpy; 71 nr. kP. mfyj;jpy;
fpof;F Nkw;fhf $iuia xl;b mjd; KO ePsj;jpw;Fk; tpupAk; gyif
mikg;G> njw;fpy; fUtiwapd; tlf;Fr; Rtiunahl;ba mstpy;
KbfpwJ. Nkw;Fr; Rtupy; th[dk; ,y;iy. kz;lgj;jpd; fpof;Fr; Rtupy;
fpof; F miuj; J }iznahl; b f; $iuapypUe; J jiutiu ,wq; F k;
rJug;gl;b Nkw;Fr; Rtupy; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy.
Nkw;Fr; RtupypUe;J kz;lgj;jpw;Fs; 98 nr. kP. gpJf;fkhff;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s fUtiwapd; Kd; gpw;fhy ,izg;gha; cs;s jsk;
cghdk;> fk;G> Nky;Nehf;Fj; jhkiutup> ghjq;fs; ngw;w fk;Gfs; jOtpa
fz;lk;> fPo;Nehf;Fj; jhkiutup> fNghjk;> fk;G ,tw;iw cWg;Gfshfg;
ngw;w Jizj;jskha; mike;Js;sJ. 76 nr. kP. cauk;> 3. 14 kP. ePsk;>
1. 61 kP. mfyk; ngw;Ws;s ,j;jsj;jpd; tlGwj;Nj ,uz;L gbfs;
cs;sd.
Nkilapy; njd;Rtu; mUNf ,yypjhrdj;jpYs;s gps;isahu;
gpd;iffspy; ghrk;> mq;Frk; ngw;Wf; fuz;l kFlj;Jld; ,lk;Gupahf
Kg;GupE}Yld; cs;shu;. Kd; iffspy; tyf;if Nkhjfk; Ve;j> ,lf;if
,lKoq;fhy; Nky; cs;sJ. tyj;je;jk; cile;jpUf;f> ,lj;je;jk;
KOikahf cs; s J. cjuge; j k; > gl; l hil ngw; W s; s mtuJ
fOj;jpypUe;J gjf;fj;Jld; ,wq;Fk; ePskhiy tapw;wpy; jto;fpwJ.
1. 74 kP. cauk;> 91 nr. kP. mfyk; ngw;Ws;s fUtiw
thapiynahl; b epiyf; f hy; f s; Nghyg; gf; f j; j pw; F xd; w ha; f ;
fhl;lg;gl;bUf;Fk; cWg;G NtWghlw;w miuj;J}z;fspd; Nky; cs;s
Nghjpiffs; tpupNfhzf; iffshy; mfykhd cj;jpuk;> nky;ypa th[dk;
jhq;f> NkNy $iu. fUtiw Kd;Rtu; tlGwj;Nj Nkw;Fr; Rtuha;j;
jpUk;Gk; ,lj;jpy; kw;Nwhu; miuj;J}z; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. njd;Gwj;Jk;
Kd;Rtu; kz;lgj; njw;Fr; Rtiuj; njhLkplj;jpw;F 37 nr. kP. Kd;
mikAkhW Xu; miuj;J}z; cs;sJ.
197
198
KidtH j. fz;zd;
thapypd; ,UGwj; J k; mike; J s; s epiyj; J }z; f Sf; F k;

js;spaike;Js;s ,t;tiuj;J}z;fSf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l Rtu;g;gFjp
,UGwj;Jk; Nfhl;lq;fshfpAs;sJ. njd;Nfhl;lk; 1. 74 kP. cauj;jpy;
40 nr. kP. mfyk; ngw;wika> tlNfhl;lk; 1. 75 kP. cauj;jpy; 43 nr.
kP. mfyk; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,f;Nfhl;lq;fspd; fPo;g;gFjpapy; gf;fj;jpw;F
xd;whfr; rpwpa mstpyhd G+jq;fs; fUtiwf;fha;j; jpUk;gpa xUf;fzpg;G
epiyapy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
fUtiwapd; tlRtu; mjd; fpof;F> Nkw;F Xuq;fspy; cWg;G
NtWghlw;w ehd;Kf miuj;J}z;fisg; ngw;Ws;sJ. mtw;Ws; fpof;Fj;
J}z; NkYs;s Nghjpif tlf;F> Nkw;F ,UjpirfspYk; juq;ff;
iffis tpupNfhzj;jpy; tpupj;J cj;jpuk; jhq;f> Nkw;Fj; J}z; Nghjpif
fpof;fpy; kl;LNk iftpupj;Js;sJ. NkNy cj;jpuk;> th[dk;. fUtiwapd;
tlRtUf;Fk; Kfg;gpw;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s 78 nr. kP. mfy kz;lg
Nkw;Fr; Rtu; ntWikahf cs;sJ.
njd;tlyhf 1. 43 kP. ePsk;> fpof;F Nkw;fhf 1 kP. mfyk;> 1. 97
kP. cauk; nfhz;like;Js;s fUtiwapd; njd;> tlRtu;fSk; fpof;Fr;
RtUk; ntWikahf cs;sd. $iuAk; jiuAk; ed;F cUthfpAs;sd.
fUtiwg; gpd;Rtiu xl;bf; fhzg;gLk; 74 nr. kP. cauj; jsk;
jiuapypUe;J 25 nr. kP. cauj;jpy; xU gb Nghy mike;J> gpd; 49
nr. kP. cauk; ngw;w jskhf 30 nr. kP. mfyj;jpy; 1. 38 kP. ePsj;jpw;F
tpupe;Js;sJ.
,k; N kw; w sj; j py; j hd; fpof; F g; ghu; i tahfj; njd; G wk;
rptngUkhDk; tlGwk; cikad;idAk; cs;sdu;. mtu;jk; jiyf;F
NkYk; gf;fq;fspYk; cs;s Rtu;g;gFjpapy; jpiur;rPiy fl;bdhw; Nghy;
NkNy MW njhq;fy; kbg;GfSk; gf;fq;fspy; RUl;ba jpiur;rPiyj;
njhFg;Gk; Rijahy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. gbfspd; Kfg;gpy; cghdk;>
fPo;Nehf;Fj; jhkiutup> fk;Gfs; jOtpa ghjq;fSldhd fz;lk;>
Nky;Nehf;Fj; jhkiutup> ngUq;fk;G Mfpad ngw;w Jizj;js tbg;G
cs;sJ.
kz;lgj; njw;Ff; Nfhl;lj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s KUfd; ,Nyrhd
tyr;rha;tpy; rkghj epiyapy; nky;ypa jsnkhd;wpd;kPJ epw;fpwhu;.
tyf;if njhilkPJ jto> ,lf;if ,Lg;gpy; cs;sJ. fpuPlkFlk;>
mij kPwp tyg;Gwk; nefpOk; Foy;fw;iwfs;> gidNahiyf; Fz;lyq;fs;>
Njhs;> if tisfs;> eptPjkha; Kg;GupE}y;> ,Ufhy;fisAk; jOtp
mzpag;gl;l gl;lhil> ,Lg;igAk; njhilfisAk; jOtp ,lg;Gwk;
Kbr;rplg;gl;l ,ilf;fl;L> rtb> gjf;fk; ngw;w Kj;Jkhiy> gjf;fk;
ngw;w ePs;khiy vdj; jpfOk; KUfdpd; tyg;Gwk;> jiyia epkpu;j;jp
,iwtid Nehf;fpa Nfhyj;jpy; ,uz;L iffshYk; Fil xd;iwg;
gpbj;jthW jdpj;jsk; xd;wpy; epw;Fk; G+jk; cjuge;jk; ngw;Ws;sJ.

kuNkWthu; Nghy; ,ilahilAk; RUs;KbAk; ghlfq;fSk; Fjk;igfSk;
nfhz;Ls;s mjd; tapW rk;ge;jupd; ghlybia epidTgLj;JfpwJ.
G+jj;jpd; jiyf;F Nky; tsUk; nfhbj;jz;L cUisj; J}z;
clYk; mjw;fhd cUisj; jiyAWg;GfSk; ngw;Wg; gyifapd; Nky;
Nrtiyg; ngw;W KbfpwJ. KUfDf;fha;j; jpUk;gpAs;s mr;Nrty;>
kJiu ahidkiyf; fe;jd; Filtiur; Nrtiy epidT+l;LfpwJ.
KUfdpd; ,lg;Gwk; cs;s iff;fl;bg; gj;jpikahsu; rkghjj;jpy;
mlf;fj;Jld; fhl;rpjUfpwhu;. rilg;ghuk;> fhy;fisj; jOtpa gl;lhil>
199
200
KUfidg; NghyNt mzpag;ngw;w ,ilf;fl;L> Njhs;> if tisfs;> ,uz;L

fOj;jzpfs;> gidNahiyf; Fz;lyq;fs;> Kg;GupE}y; ngw;Ws;s mtuJ Kfk;
Foe;ijapd; Kfk; Nghy tbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fUtiw Kd;Rtu;f; Nfhl;lq;fSs; njd;Gwk; cs;s G+jk; ,uz;L iffspYk;
cUs;ngUe;jb xd;iwj; jiy fPohfg; gpbj;Js;sJ. kuNkwp Mil mzpe;Js;s
mjd; RUz;L glu;e;j jiyKbiaf; fl;Lf;Fs; itf;FkhW Jzpg;gl;il xd;W
jiyiar; Rw;wpf; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. gidNahiyf; Fz;lyq;fs;> Njhs;> if
tisfs;> fOj;jzpfs;> ghlfk;> Kg;GupE}y;> cjuge;jk; ngw;Ws;s mg;G+jk; fUtiw
Nehf;fpf; fhy;fis ,Uj;jpathW thapy; Nehf;fpa xUf;fzpg;gpy; cs;sJ.
tyf;ifapy; G+Nte;jpapUf;Fk; tlG+jk;> ,lf;ifia ,Lg;gpy; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
Mil njd;G+jj;ijg; Nghy; mika> jiyapy; RUs;Kb. Kg;GupE}y;> gjf;fkhiy>
Fjk;ig ngw;Ws;s mjd; ,Lg;gpy; cjuge;jk; Nghyf; fl;lg;gl;Ls;s Jzpgg
; l;ilapd;
Kbr;R tyg;Gwk; nefpo;eJ
; s;sJ.
fpuPlkFlk; ngw;Ws;s ,iwtDk; ,iwtpAk; cj;Fbahrdj;jpy; cs;sdu;.
,iwtd; ,lf;fhiyj; jsj;jpd;kPJ Fj;Jf;fhyhf;fp> tyf;fhiyf; fPopwf;fpg;
ghjj;ijg; gbapy; ,Uj;jpAs;shu;. ,iwtp tyf;fhiyf; Fj;Jf;fhyhf;fp ,lf;fhiyf;
fPopwf;fpg; ghjj;ijg; gbapy; itj;Js;shu;. ,iwtdpd; ,U iffSs; tyf;if
njhilkPJ ,Uf;f> ,lf;if ,iwtpapd; tyf;ifiag; gw;wpAs;sJ. ,iwtpapd;
,lf;if jsj;jpy; Cd;wpAs;sJ.
tyr;nrtpapy; kfuFz;lyKk; ,lr;nrtpapy; Fjk;igAk; mzpe;Js;s
,iwtdpd; khu;gpy; rtb> gjf;fk; ngw;w rpwpa> ngupa khiyfs; jtof; ifapy;
Njhs;> if tisfs;. Kg;GupE}y;> cjuge;jk;> fhy;fisj; jOtpa gl;lhil>
ghlfk; mzpe;Js;s ,iwtdpd; Njhs;fspy; Foy; fw;iwfs; glu;e;Js;sd.
Neu;gg
; hu;itaha; mku;ej
; pUf;Fk; mtuJ ,lg;ghjk; jpuar;ukhf cs;sJ.
jiyr;rf;fuk;> Fjk;ig> jhyp> gjf;fkhiy> tapw;iw tULk; ngUk;
gjf;fkhiy> Njhs;> if tisfs; Kg;GupE}y; ngw;Ws;s ,iwtpapd; khu;gfq;fis
nky;ypa fr;R kiwj;Js;sJ. ,UtUf;Fk; ,ilahil tpupT jsj;jpy; glUkhW
fhl;bAs;sdu;.
kiyapd; Nkw;gFjpapy; mike;Js;s ,uz;L ,aw;ifahd Fifj;jsq;fSk;
rkzj; Jwtpfspd; thoplq;fshf ,Ue;Js;sikia mq;Fs;s goe;jkpo;f;
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; epWTfpd;wd. ,uz;lDs; fpof;fpy; cs;sjpy; gLf;iffs; njspthf
mikatpy;iy. ghiwapd; Nkw;gFjpapy; ePut
; b tpspk;gpw;F ed;F fPo; ,Uf;FkhW>
201
202
4. ckhrfpj%Hj;jp
1.Filtiu tpehafH (Gilg;G) 2. RkhH 6 mb cauj;jpw;fhd VWgbfs; 3. KUfd; rpw;gj; njhFjp
rptfq;if khtl;lj;jpy; ghiw Xtpaq;fs; cs;s goikahd jpUkiyiag;

Guhjdr; rpd;dkhf mwptpf;ff; Nfhhp jhf;fyhd tof;fpy; kj;jpa khepy muRfs;
gjpyspf;f kJiu INfhHl; fpis cj;jutpl;Ls;sJ. jpUkiy NfhNzhpg;gl;biar;
NrHe;j ma;adhH jhf;fy; nra;j kD: jpUkiyapy; rkzH gLf;iffs; fp.K. 5 k;
E}w;whz;L ghiw Xtpaq;fs; fp.K 1 Mk; E}w;whz;Lj; jkpo;g; gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fs;
cs;sd. kiyiaf; File;J kiyf;nfhOe;jR
P tuH ghfk;gphpahs; mk;kd; Nfhapy;
mikj;Js;sdH. ,J fp.gp. 8 Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; NrHe;jJ. NkYk; fp.gp. 3 Mk;
E}w;whz;ilr; NrHe;j xU NfhapYk; cs;sJ. ,k;kiyf;Nfhapypy; cs;s 30f;Fk;
Nkw;gl;l jkpo;f; fy;ntl;Lf; Fwpg;Gfs; fp.gp 13 kw;Wk; 14 Mk;; E}w;whz;ilr;
NrHe;jit. jkpofj;jpy; jpUkiyapy; kl;Lk;jhd; ghiw Xtpaq;fs; cs;sd.
,JNghy; kj;jpag;gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;sJ. jpUkiyapy; Guhjdr; rpd;dq;fisr;
r%f tpNuhjpfs; Nrjg;gLJfpd;wdH. ,ijg; ghJfhf;ff; Nfhhp jkpof Kjy;tH
kw;Wk; njhy;ypay; Jiwf;Ff; fbjk; vOjpNdd;. Guhjhdr; rpd;dkhf mwptpj;Jg;
ghJfhf;f cj;jutpl Ntz;Lk; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,k;kD ePjpgjpfs;
rpj;uh ntq;fl;uhkd;> MH. fUg;igah nfhz;l ngQ;r; Kd;dpiyapy; tprhuizf;F
te;jJ. kDjhuH tf;fpy; moFkzp MWKfk; M[uhfpdH. kj;jpa muR $Ljy;
nrhypl;lH n[duy; utpr;re;jpud; jpUkiyia Ma;T nra;J mwpf;if jhf;fy;
nra;a eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk; vd;whH. jkpof muR $Ljy; ml;tNfl; n[duy;
(glk;:01)
vUfhL CU fhtpjp Nfhd; nfhwpa gspa; vd;w goe; jkpo;f; fy;ntl;L ,uz;L
tupfspy; ,d;Wk; gbf;FkhW njspthf cs;sJ. fp. gp. Kjy; E}w;whz;Lf;
fy;ntl;lhf milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s ,ij kiwf;FkhW tuyhw;W czu;tw;w
rpyu; jq;fs; ngau;fisAk; jiyg;ngOj;Jf;fisAk; tz;zk;> csp ,tw;why;
gjpT nra;Js;sdu;.
Nkw;Ff; Fifj;jsj;jpy; tupirahfg; gLf;iffisf;
fhzKbe;jhYk; khq;Fsk;> guq;Fd;wk;> ahidkiy Nghy; njspthd tiuaiwfs;
,y;iy. jiyaiz mikg;Gk; ,y;iy. Fifj;js Nkw;ghiwapy; ntl;lg;gl;bUe;j
goe;jkpo;f; fy;ntl;by;> tfuz;il vd;w nrhy; kl;LNk vQ;rpAs;sJ. fp. K.
Kjy; E}w;whz;Lf;Fupajhff; fUjg;gLk; ,f;fy;ntl;Lk; ePu;tb tpspk;gpw;Ff; fPo;
,Uf;FkhW ntl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Fifj;jsq;fSf;Fr; nry;Yk; topapy; cs;s rpy ghiwfspy; tuyhw;Wf;
fhyj;jpw;F Kw;gl;l Xtpaq;fspd; vr;rq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. tpyq;nfhd;wpd;
Nky; mku;eJ
; s;s kdpju;> jdpjJ
; epwF
; k; kdpju;fs; vd Mq;fhq;Nf rpy Xtpaq;fis
,dk; fhzKbfpwJ. rptg;G tz;zj;jpy; tiuag;gl;Ls;s ,t;Nthtpaq;fSs;
ngUk;ghd;ikad rupahd guhkupg;gpd;ikahy; Kw;wpYk; mope;Jtpl;ld. Xtpaq;fs;
tiuag;gl;Ls;s ghiwfSf;Fr; nry;Yk; topapy; rJukhd fl;Lj;jsk; xd;Wk;
KdPRtudhf tzq;fg;gLk; ghiw xd;Wk; cs;sd.
jpUkiyapd; cr;rpf;Fr; nry;gtu;fs; Rw;wpYk; gue;J fplf;Fk; gRik
epiw tay; f isAk; Nfhapypd; Kd; D s; s eP u ; epiwe; j Fsj; i jAk;
kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtuu; Nfhapy; tshfj;ijAk; xU gwitg; ghu;itapy; fz;L
kfpoyhk;.
jpUkiyiag; Guhjhdr; rpd; d khf mwptpf; f f; ; Nfhhp tof; F
njhlug;gl;bUf;Fk; nra;jpia ehNsLfs; ntspl;Ls;sd.
KidtH j. fz;zd;
gpd;dpizg;Gfs; IV glq;fs;
203
(glk; : 03)
1.Filtiu tpehafH (Gilg;G)

2. Filtiu Kd;kz;lgNkil (fl;Lkhdk;) 3. tlf;Fg; gFjpapy;
fl;lg;gl;l RtH. mjpy; cs;s EioT thapy; 4. Filtiu KUfd; rpw;gj;njhFjp
5. Filtiu tpehafH
(fl;Lkhdk;) 6. ,iwtd; ,iwtpaH
ckhrfpj%Hj;jp
7. gioa VWgbfs; %lg;gl;Ls;sd. mg;gbfs; ,Ue;j
gFjp xU gs;sk; Nghy; cs;sJ. 8. tlf;Nf fl;lg;gl;l Rthpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s fy; rd;dy;
(glk; : 02)

KidtH j. fz;zd;
204
KidtH j. fz;zd;
(glk; : 03)
(glk; : 07)
1. kfhkz;lgk; 2. rpj;jp tpehafH 3. re;jpuH 4. #hpaH 5. FiltiutpehafH

(Gilg;G) 6. fUttPughz;bad; 7. ee;jp> gypgPlk;
8. Jthu tpehafH 9. jz;lhAjghzp
10. kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtuH mHj;j kz;lgk; 11. kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtuH 12. jl;rpzh%Hj;jp
13. Kf;FWzptpehafH ,lg;Gwk; kfplhRukh;j;jpdp kw;Wk; rg;jkhjHfs; tyg;Gwk;
ehfHrpiyfs; 14. klg; g s; s p 15. MWKfd; 16. JHf; i f 17. rz; b Nf]; t uH
18. ghfk; g phpahs; mHj; j kz; l gk; 19. ,iwtp (ghfk; g phpahs; )
20. igutH
21. etf;fpufq;fs; 22. Filtiu Kd;kz;lg Nkil (fl;Lkhdk;) 23. Filtiu
Kd;kz;lgk; 24. Filtiu KUfd; rpw;gj;njhFjp 25. Filtiu tpehafH (fl;Lkhdk;)
26. Filtiu ,iwtd; ,iwtpaH (ckhrfpj%Hj;jp) 27. kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtuH tlf;F
thapy; 28. tlf;F thapYf;Fr; nry;tjw;fhd ghij
29. jiuj;jsj;jpy; ,Ue;J
kiyf;NfhapYf;F Vwpr; nry;tjw;fhd gbfs; 30. jytpUl;rk;
(glk; : 06)
(glk; : 04)
(glk; : 08>09)
(glk; : 05)
glk;: 04 2011 Mk; Mz;bw;F Kd;Gs;s Kfg;Gj; Njhw;wk;
glk;: 05 2011 Mk; Mz;bw;Fg; gpwfhd Kfg;Gj; Njhw;wk;
205
glk;:
glk;:
glk;:
gl;k:;
06
07
08
09
Filtiuapd; tlf;Nf Filtiug; ghiwAld; xl;bf;fl;lg;gl;Ls;s RtH

Filtiuf; fUtiwapd; Kd;G fl;lg;gl;Ls;s mHj;j kz;lgNkil
Filtiu Kd;kz;lgj; J}z;
Filtiuj;J}z;
206
KidtH j. fz;zd;
(glk; : 10>11)
(glk; : 12>13)
10
11
12
13
Vwpr;nry;tjw;fhd fl;Lkhdg; gbf;fl;Lfs;.

jpUkiyapd; njd;fpof;Nf fhzg;gLk; ghiwg;gbfs;.
fl;Lkhd VWgbfspd; fpof;Nf cs;s ghiwg;gbfs;.
fl;Lkhdg; gbfspd; Nkw;Nf nrbnfhbfSf;Fs; kiwe;JNghAs;s
ghiwg;gbfs;.
(glk; : 16)
(glk; : 14)
(glk; : 17)
(glk; : 15)
glk;:
glk;:
glk;:
glk;:
(glk; : 18)
ghz;baHfspd; fiyg;ghzpahfj; jpfOk; kPd; rpd;dk;.
glk;: 14 mk;kd; Nfhapy; Kd;Gs;s Kd;kz;lg cj;jpuj;jpy;
cs;sJ>
glk;: 15 kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtuH Nfhapy; Kd;kz;lgj;
njd;gFjpapy; cs;s cj;jpuj;jpy; cs;sJ.
glk;: 16 kiyapd; kPJ njhlq;fg;gl;L Kw;Wg;ngwhky; epw;Fk;
KUfd; jpUf;Nfhapy;
207
glk;: 17 gpuhkpf;fy;ntl;L fhzg;gLk; ,lk;.

glk;: 18
Fifj;jsj;jpw;F Nky; fhzg;gLk; gpuhkpf;fy;ntl;L.
208
KidtH j. fz;zd;
(glk; : 19>20)
(glk;: 21> 22)

glk;: 19>20 VWgbfis cgakha;f; fl;Ltpj;j cgajhuHfspd;
ngaHf; fy;ntl;L
glk;: 21 1992 Mk; Mz;Lf; FlKOf;Ff; fy;ntl;L>

glk;: 22> 2006 Mk; Mz;Lf; FlKOf;Ff; fy;ntl;L
209
210
KidtH j. fz;zd;
(glk;: 23> 24)
(glk; : 32>33)
(glk; : 35)
(glk; : 36>37)
(glk; : 34)
(glk;: 25> 26)
(glk; : 39>40)
(glk;: 29> 30)
(glk;: 27> 28)
(glk; : 31)
glk;: 23: kfhkz;lgj;jpUg;gzpapd; NghJ itf;fg;gl;Ls;s fy;ntl;L.

glk;: 24: njw;Fg; gpufhukha; cs;s ghiwapy; cs;s fy;ntl;L.
glk;: 25: ek;gpf;ifapd; milahsq;fs; fhy;ghjq;fs;.
glk;: 26>27>28 Koq;fhy;fs;> cs;sq;if> cs;sq;iffs;.
glk;: 29>30>31 KOkdpjd; - Mz;> KOkdpjd; - ngz;>
211
J}z;
(glk; : 38)
glk;:
glk;::
glk;:
glk;:
glk;::
glk;:
32>33 ,iwtd; ,iwtpaH tpkhdq;fs;.

34 Eiothapypd; Nky; cs;s ,iwtd;.
35: Nrq;if.
36>37 Nfhapypd; ,aw;iftsk;.
38 ckhrfpj%Hj;jp vd;w kPdhl;rpRe;jNu];tuH.
39>40 kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtuh;> ghfk;gphpahs;.
212
KidtH j. fz;zd;
(glk; : 52>53)
(glk; : 50)
(glk; : 41>42)
(glk; : 43)
(glk; : 51)
(glk; : 54>55)
glk;:
glk;:
glk;:
glk;:
glk;:
41>42 FiltiutpehafH(Gilg;G)> FiltiutpehafH(Rij)

43 Filtiu KUfd;
44 KUfdpd; fPo; cs;s thfdq;fs;: ML> kapy;
45>46 Kf;FWzptpehafH> MWKfd;
47 Kf;FWzptpehafH jiyapd; gpd;Gwk; fhzg;gLk;
nfhz;il Nghd;w mikg;G
glk;: 48>49 Filtiuf; fUtiw thapypd; gFjpfspy; cs;s
rpw;gq;fs;
213
(glk; : 56>57>58)
(glk; : 48>49)
(glk; : 45>46)
(glk; : 47)
(glk; : 44)
(glk; : 59)
glk;:
glk;:
glk;:
glk;:
glk;:
glk;:
50 rpj;jptpehafH
51 fd;dpkhH rpiyfs;
52>53 JthutpehafH> jz;lhAjghzp
54>55 kfplhRukHj;jpdp> ehfH rpiyfs;
56>57>58 igutH> re;jpud;> #hpad;
59 khtPuH fUttPughz;bad;
214
KidtH j. fz;zd;
60>61
64>65
66>67
(glk; : 87)
62>63
(glk; : 86)
(glk; : 68>69>70)
(glk; : 84>85)
(glk; : 71>72)
75>76>77
81>82>83
glk;: 60 - 67 tpkhdr;rpw;gq;fs; (eurpk;kH> kr;rhtjhuH> fz;zg;g

ehadhH> VfghjH> igutH> eluhrH> gpuk;kh>
jr;rpzh%Hj;jp)
glk;: 68 - 70 rz;bNf];tuH> JHf;if> jl;rpzh%Hj;jp>
glk;: 71 - 74 ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;bad: jr;rpzh%Hj;jp> KUfd;>
fd;dpkhH> efwh
glk;: 75 - 83 etf;fpufq;fs; (Nky; thpirapy; njhlq;fp> ,lkpUe;J
tykhff; fhz;f: uhF> rdP];tud;> NfJ> FU> #hpad;>
nrt;tha;> re;jpud;> Rf;fpud;> Gjd;)
215
glk;:
glk;:
glk;;:
glk;;:
(glk; : 90)
(glk; : 88>89)
(glk; : 73>74)
78>79>80
84 jytpUl;rk;> glk;: 85 Ridj; jPHj;jk;>

86 fhHj;jpifjPgk; Vw;Wk; J}z;> glk;: 87 ee;jp> glk;: 88 rkzg;gLf;iffs;
89 uhkHrPijg;gLf;if vd;wiof;fg;gLk; rkzH gLf;iffs;
90 ];t];jpf; Kj;jpiu
216

Sivagangai District - Thirumalai (Thalavaralatru Avanangal)

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rptfq;if khtl;lk; - jpUkiy (jytuyhw;W Mtzq;fs;)

rptfq;if khtl;lk; - jpUkiy

rptfq;if khtl;lk; - jpUkiy

gy;ytp gjpg;gfk; (njd;dpe;jpah) gp.ypl;.

gy;ytp gjpg;gfk;(njd;dpe;jpah) gp.ypl;>

Published by : Pallavipublications (South India) Erode.11.

rptfq;if khtl;lk; - jpUkiy (jytuyhw;W Mtzq;fs;)

NkjF uhzp rh`pgh nfsup ty;yg

guk; g iu mwq; f htyH

,e; E }iy mr; r pLtjw; F cjtpa ey; cs; s q; f s; :

lhf;lH mg;Jy;fyhk; ew;gzp kd;wk;

rptfq;if khtl;lk; - jpUkiy (jytuyhw;W Mtzq;fs;)

mk; i kAk; mg; g Dkha; clDiwe; j ehafh

Myak; njhOtJ rhyTk; ed;W Nfhapy; ,y;yh Chpy;

fpilf; F k; ew; g yd; f s;

Nfhapy; f s; gy fiyfisg; Nghw; w p tsHj; J s; s d.

jpUkzg; ghf; f pak;

jkpo; e hl; L f; Nfhapy; f s; Md; k pf xspgug; G k; mUs;

,j; j pUj; j yj; i j topgLtjhy;

rptfq;if khtl;lk; - jpUkiy (jytuyhw;W Mtzq;fs;)

3. gpw;fhyg; ghz;baHfspd; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;

gpd;dpizg;Gfs; III glq;fs;

,jo;fs; kw;Wk; ,izag;;

1. Filtiu Filag;gl;l NghJ ,Ue;j mikg;G (glk;: 01).

v jpUkiyj; jpUj;jyk; - mwpKfk;

3. mUs;kpF ghfk;gphpahs; kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtuh; jpUf;Nfhapy;

4. 2011 Mk; Mz;bw;F Kd;Gs;s Kfg;Gj; Njhw;wk; (glk;:

5. 2011 Mk; Mz;bw;Fg; gpwfhd Kfg;Gj; Njhw;wk; (glk;:

6. Filtiuapd; tlf;Nf Filtiug; ghiwAld; xl;bf;

7. Filtiuf; fUtiwapd; Kd;G fl;lg;gl;Ls;s

9. Filtiuj; J}z;fs; (glk;: 09).

2. Filtiu fl;Lkhdg;gzpfSld; $ba mikg;G (glk;: 02).

10. Vwpr;nry;tjw;fhd fl;Lkhdg; gbf;fl;Lfs; (glk;: 10)>

(glk;: 11)> fl;Lkhd VWgbfspd; fpof;Nf cs;s

rptfq;if khtl;lk; - jpUkiy (jytuyhw;W Mtzq;fs;)

25. Kf;FWzptpehafH jiyapd; gpd;Gwk; fhzg;gLk;

19. Nfhapypd; ,aw;iftsk; (glk;: 36>37).

37. jytpUl;rk;> Ridj;jHP j;jk;> fhHj;jpifjPgk; Vw;Wk; J}z;

20. ckhrfpj%Hj;jp vd;w kPdhl;rpRe;jNu];tuH (glk;: 38).

38. ee;jp> (glk;: 87)

21. kiyf;nfhOe;jPRtuh;> ghfk;gphpahs; (glk;: 39>40).

39. rkzg;gLf;iffs;> uhkHrPijg;gLf;if vd;wiof;fg;gLk;

22. FiltiutpehafH (Gilg;G) FiltiutpehafH (Rij)

40. Rt];jpfh Kj;jpiu (glk;: 90).

23. Filtiu KUfd;> KUfdpd; fPo; cs;s thfdq;fs;

41. ehHj;jhkiyf; Filtiu ghjpapy; epw;gJ (glk;: 91)

24. Kf;FWzptpehafH> MWKfd; (glk;: 45>46).

rptfq;if khtl;lk; - jpUkiy (jytuyhw;W Mtzq;fs;)

b.v]; . Nf. kJuhe; j fp ehr; r pahH>

,e;E}y; rptfq;if rk];jhdk; Njt];jhdf; Nfhapy;fSs;

kJuhe; j fp ehr; r pahH

,q;Fs;s Filtiuf; Nfhapypd; fhyj;ijf; fp.gp. Ie;J my;yJ

rptfq;if khtl;lk; - jpUkiy (jytuyhw;W Mtzq;fs;)

jpU.gh. ,sq; N fh.gp.fhk; . gp.vy;

NkyhsH> rptfq;if rk];jhdk; Njt];jhdk;

jkpoH> tuyhw;Wj; njhd;ikAk; rpwg;Gk; kpf;ftHfs; vd;gijf;

rptfq; i f khtl; l k; jpUkiy jytuyhw; W Mtzq; f s;

rptfq;if khtl;lk; - jpUkiy (jytuyhw;W Mtzq;fs;)

rpt= fpl;L (v) Re;juhrf; FUf;fs;

rptfq;if khtl;lk; - jpUkiy (jytuyhw;W Mtzq;fs;)

KJfiy> Ma;tpay; epiwQH> kw;Wk; KidtH gl;lq;fspy; ehd; nra;j

fz;fhzpg;ghsH(Xa;T) rptfq;if fy;tp khtl;lk; mtHfSf;Fk; vd; md;ghd

Nf.v];. uq;frhkp fiy mwptpay; kfspH fy;Y}hp Kjy;tH KidtH kh.