CENIDET

NationalCenterforResearchandTechnologicalDevelopment
DepartmentofMechatronicsEngineering
THESISM.Sc.

SimulationandControlofDistillationPlantforProducing
Anhydrousethanol
Presentedby
MJRosendoVargasValley
Ing.IncomputersystemsbyITZacatepec
Asaconditionforobtainingthedegreeof:
MasterofScienceinMechatronicsEngineering
Thesisdirector:
Dra.MariaGuadalupeLopezLopez
CoDirectorofthesis:
Dr.EnriqueQuinteroMarbleMrquez
Jury:
Dr.RigobertoLongoriaRamirezPresident
Dr.VictorManuelAlvaradoMartinezSecretary
Dra.MariaGuadalupeLopezLopezVocal
Dr.EnriqueQuinteroMarbleMarquezAlternateMember

Cuernavaca,Morelos,Mexico.

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December4,2008

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Dedication
Idedicatethisworktoallthepeoplewhosupportedmeinsomewayinthe
developmentofthisthesisproject,tomyfamilyforalltheirsupport,especiallyDiana
loveofmylife,whoalwayshelpedmeindifficultmoments,myadvisors
thatwerealwaystheretoadvise,inordertoallThankyousomuch!.
MJRosendoVargasValley.

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Thanks

Tomyfamily,forgivingmeallthesupporttheyneedforaslongas
Itlastedallthisgreatadventurethatisthegraduateschool.
ADianita,mygirlgavemetheirfullsupportandconfidence,standingupin
difficulttimesandremindingmeeverytimeIneededthereason
allthiseffort.
TomydearClotildewhoarrivedhomeafterdifficultdaysIdrew
asmileonhisfacewithhisantics.
Tomyadvisors,Dr..GuadalupeLopezandDr.EnriqueQuinteroMarblethroughout
theirpatience,supportandwillingnessduringthedevelopmentofthisthesisproject.
Tomyreviewers,Dr.RigobertoLongoraandDr.VictorAlvarado,fortheirvaluable
commentsandthegreatavailabilityfortherevisionofthisthesis.
Toallmyfellowgeneration,whichtheyallowedtheiroccurrencesand
inconsistenciestransformthedifficultandstrenuousworknights
experiencesyouwouldliketorepeatandIwillneverforget.
TheNationalCenterforResearchandTechnologicalDevelopmentandhisstaff,
forgivingmetheopportunitytodomyMaster'sstudiesandbecomea
betterhumanbeing.
TheDGESTbytheeconomicsupportgivenmeduringmystudies
master'sdegree.
Toall,thankyouverymuchforeverything!
MJRosendoVargasValley

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TableofContents

Content

Dedication.
Thanks.
TableofContents.
ListofFigures.
Indextables.
Summary
Abstract
Introduction.
ProblemStatement.
Proposedsolution.
Justification.
Goals.
Generalobjective.
Particularobjectives.
Hypothesis.
Scopeandlimitations.
Contributionsandbenefits.

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Textorganization.

Chapter1
Theoreticalfundament.
1.1Distillation
Column1.1.1orfractionaldistillationcolumn.
1.1.2azeotropes.
1.1.3azeotropicdistillation.
1.2Stateoftheartethanoldehydration.
1.3DescriptionofthebehaviorofthemixtureEthanolWaterBenzene.
1.3.1Behaviorofbinarymixtures.
1.3.1.1WaterBenzene.
1.3.1.2EthanolWater.
1.3.1.3ethanolbenzene.
1.3.2behavioroftheternarymixtureethanolwaterBenzene.

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Episode2
Ethanoldehydrationprocess:SteadyState.
2.1ethanoldehydrationprocessbyheterogeneousazeotropicdistillation.
2.2SettingproposedbyLuyben[1].
2.3Simulationofethanoldehydrationprocess:SteadyState.
2.3.1SimulationsoftwareAspenPlus.
2.3.2Constructionofthesequence.
2.3.2.1Flowchart:selectionofequipmentandinterconnection.
2.3.2.2Selectingcomponents.
2.3.2.3Selectionphaseequilibriummodel.
Experimentaldata2.3.2.3.1.

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2.3.2.3.2Analysisandselection.
2.3.2.4ComputerConfiguration.
2.3.2.4.1Distillationcolumns.
2.3.2.4.2heatexchangeranddecanter.
2.3.3Definitionofinitialconditions.
2.3.4Multiplicityofstates.
Simulation2.3.5stablefinalconfigurationstate.
Sensitivityanalysis2.3.6.
2.3.7DiscussionofResults.
Chapter3
EthanoldehydrationprocessDynamics.
3.1simulationsoftwareAspenDynamics.
3.2DynamicSimulationandcontrolofthesequenceofethanoldistillationsystem
waterbenzene.
3.2.1controlloops.
3.4FinalDynamicconfigurationandperformance.
3.5Discussionofresults.
Chapter4
ImplementationofafuzzycontrollerinAspenandevaluationofits
performance.
4.1AspenmodelingsoftwareModelerCustom.
4.1.1OverviewofAspenCustomModeler.
4.1.2ProgrammingParadigm.
4.2Descriptionofthestandardmodelofafuzzycontroller.
4.2.1fuzzyControl
4.2.2Overviewmodel.
4.2.3Inferencerules.
4.2.4fuzzysystem.
4.2.5Scalingofthesignals.
4.3fuzzycontrollersinthesequenceethanoldehydration.
4.3.1Newcontrolstructure.
Parameters4.3.2drivers.
4.3.3Comparisonoftheperformanceoffuzzycontrollersvs.PI.
4.3.4Responsetodisturbances.
4.4DiscussionofResults
chapter5
Conclusions.

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5.1Generalconclusions.
5.1.1Sequenceimplemented.
5.1.2IntelligentcontrolinAspenEngineeringSuite.
5.2Recommendations.
5.3Futurework.

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References.

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ATTACHMENTS
ANNEXA:Multiplicityofstates.
ANNEXB:PIcontrollerstuningsequencebythemethodof
reactioncurve(CohenCoon).
ANNEXC:ExampleofcodinginAspenCustomModeler,applicationtoa
Idealbinarydistillationcolumn.
ANNEXD:ModelofafuzzycontrollerstandardinAspenCustom
Modeler.
ANNEXE:ModelCENIDETpilotplantapplicationstage
ethanolpreconcentration.

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FiguresIndex
Figure1:BasicDiagramofadistillationcolumn[4]..............................................12
Figure2:binarymixturewithidealbehavior..............................................................13
Figure3:BinaryMixturenotideal,azeotropic......................................................................13
Figure4:BehaviorofWaterinWaterBenzenemixtureat1atm,figuregeneratedin
Aspen................................................................................................................................19
Figure5:BehaviorofEthanolintheethanolwatermixtureat1atmfiguregeneratedin
Aspen................................................................................................................................19
Figure6:BehaviorofEthanolinethanolbenzenemixtureat1atmfiguregenerated
Aspen...........................................................................................................................twenty
Figure7:azeotropepresentintheethanolwatermixtureBenzene,dataobtainedin
Aspen................................................................................................................................twentyone
Figure8:Diagramternarymixture,Aspenfiguregenerated...............................twentyone
Figure9:ethanoldehydrationprocessbyheterogeneousazeotropicdistillation,
asdescribedin[1]...................................................................................................25
Figure10:ConceptualSequence[1].....................................................................................26
Figure11:LocationoftheRADFRACmodelsinAspeninterface.........................28

Figure12:LocationofthedecantersinAspeninterface................................29
Figure13:Locationofheatexchangerinterface29Aspen......................
Figure14:LocationofpumpsandvalvesinAspeninterface..............................30
Figure15:PlacementOptionsflowsinAspeninterface................................30
Figure16:Sequencesteadystateobtained.................................................................31
Figure17:SpecificationofinterfacecomponentsAspen..................................31
Figure18:ModelNRTLandexperimentaldataofequilibriumliquidliquidto55C1
Atm.......................................................................................................................................3.4
Figure19:ModelUNIQUACandexperimentaldataofequilibriumliquidliquidto55C1
Atm.......................................................................................................................................35
Figure20:Flowchartfortheinitialconditions.....................................38
Figure21:Sequenceethanoldehydration,usingsolventbenzeneasa
heterogeneousazeotropicdistillationprocessatsteadystatedevelopedinAspen,
()Inputs()Outputs......................................................................................................40
Figure22:Diagramfullflowsimulationsteadystate,generatedfrom
Simulationresults..................................................................................Four.Five
Figure23:Flowchartsextractedsubsystemssequence
ethanoldehydrationAspengeneratedin:(a)C1subsystem,(b)SubsystemHxDec
and(c)SubsystemC2..............................................................................................................47
Figure24:Sequencewithclosedprocesscycles,obtainedfromthefirst
dynamicsimulationsoftheprocess.....................................................................................54
Figure25:Sequenceproposedin[1].................................................................................55
Figure26:Sequencecompletedehydrationofethanolusingbenzeneas
releaseagentobtainedfromthefinalsimulationinAspen.............................................58
Figure27:Dynamicbehavioroftheethanolconcentrationsequenceobtained
SimulationinAspen.................................................................................................59
Figure28:Dynamicbehaviorofpurewater,obtainedfromthesimulation
Aspen................................................................................................................................59
Figure29:Simulationresultsofheterogeneousazeotropicdistillationprocess
ofethanolwaterbenzene,obtainedfromthefinalsimulationAspensystem...................64

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Figure30:DynamicbehavioroftemperaturecontrolofcolumnC1,TC1....65
Figure31:DynamicbehavioroftemperaturecontrolofcolumnC2,TC2....65
Figure32:DynamicbehaviorcontrolcondensertemperatureHX,TCD.
.............................................................................................................................................66
Figure33:DynamicbehaviorcontrolpressureC1,PC1column...........66
Figure34:DynamicbehaviorcontrolpressureC2,PC2column...........67
Figure35:DynamicbehaviorofflowcontrolsupplytotheC1column,
FC.........................................................................................................................................67
Figure36:DynamicbehaviorcontrolrefluxofcolumnC1,FCreflux.......68
Figure37:Dynamicbehaviorofthelevelcontroltanktheboiler
C1column,LC11................................................................................................................68
Figure38:Dynamicbehaviorofthelevelcontroltanktheboiler
columnC2,LC21................................................................................................................69
Figure39:Dynamicbehaviorofthelevelcontroltankcapacitor
columnC2,LC22................................................................................................................69
Figure40:Dynamicbehaviorofthelevelcontroloftheaqueousphaseinthedecanter,
LCDaq..................................................................................................................................70
Figure41:Dynamicbehaviorofthelevelcontroloftheorganicphaseofthedecanter,
.................................................LCDorg................................................................................70
Figure42:Generalstructureofafuzzycontroller[36]..................................................76
Figure44:Responseofadampedsecondordersystem[36]......................77
Figure45:Errorofadampedsecondordersystem[36]...............................77
Figure46:Machinetypeinferenceproduct[36].............................................................79
Figure47:Sequenceheterogeneousazeotropicdistillationofethanolwaterbenzenesystem
withfuzzycontrollersinstalled,theseareindicatedbyanarrow.................................83
Figure48:ResponseofPIcontrolflowundernormalconditions,simulation
Aspen25hrs..................................................................................................................84
Figure49:Responsefuzzycontrolflowundernormalconditions,simulation
Aspen25hrs..................................................................................................................85
Figure50:DetailofthedynamicbehaviorofIPflowcontrol,simulation
Aspen4hrs....................................................................................................................85
Figure51:Detailofthedynamicbehavioroffuzzycontrolflowsimulation
Aspen2hrs....................................................................................................................86
Figure52:ResponsePItemperaturecontrolsimulationinAspen...............86
Figure53:Responsetemperaturefuzzycontrol,simulationinAspen25hrs...87
Figure54:Detailoftheresponseoffuzzycontrol,simulationAspen
2hrs..................................................................................................................................87
Figure55:Responsetodisturbances,simulation10Hrs...............................................89
Figure56:Ethanol82%molinthefeed,25hrsAspensimulation..............90

Figure57:86mol%Ethanolinfood,25hrsAspensimulation..............90
Figure58:GettingCohenCoonparameters........................................................107
Figure59:Stepresponse5%oftheV1valve...............................................108
Figure60:Pointopeningsequence.....................................................................109
Figure61:CurvereactiontemperatureafterHX........................................109
Figure62:CurvereactiontotheopeninglevelofthevalveV21............................110
Figure63:ResponsecapacitorC2levelopeningV2.......................110
Figure64:Curveaqueousreactionlevelinthedecanter........................................111
Figure65:Responsedecanterorganiclevel.................................................111
Figure66:Responseflowstream"reflux"....................................................112

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Figure67:Diagramofamodelbinarydistillationcolumnideally[42].............115
Figure68:ResponsemodelimplementedinMatLab............................................120
Figure69:SequenceofabinarydistillationcolumnidealCustomAspen
Modeler...........................................................................................................................124
Figure70:Behavioroftheconcentrationinthebaseofthespine........................125
Figure71:Behaviorpuritycolumndistillate................................125
Figure72:Degreesofsingletonmembershipofentries[36].......................................126
Figure73:Valuesofthedefinedlinguisticinput[36].................................................127
Figure74:Degreeoftriangularmembership,zero(Z)[36]...................................................127
Figure75:PossibleSingletonessystemoutput[36].................................................128
Figure76:Keyvariablesnormalizedfuzzycontrollermodel..................132
Figure77:PerformanceCDBIwithPIcontroloftheconcentrationinlower.............134
Figure78:PerformanceCDBIwithDiffuseconcentrationcontrolatthebottom..135
Figure79:PerformanceofPIcontrolinthepurityofthedistillate.........................................135
Figure80:Performanceoffuzzycontrolinthepurityofthedistillate...................................136
Figure81:SequenceBatchofCENIDETcolumn.........................................................138
Figure82:CENIDETdistillationcolumn,continuousprocess.........................................139

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IndexofTables
Table1:Experimentaldataliquidliquidequilibriumofethanolwatermixture
benzeneat55Cat1atm.of[30]..........................................................................................33
Table2:Deviceparametersforsteadystatesimulation..................................37
Table3:feedconcentrations...........................................................................38
Table4:Initialconcentrationsobtained.......................................................................38
Table5:Initialvaluesofthepowerofthesequence...............................................39
Table6:Valuesobtainedfromthefirststeadystatesimulation...............................39
Table7:Characteristicsofinputcurrents...........................................................41
Table8:ResponsestablestatewithahighconcentrationofethanolinB1(background
thespine)...........................................................................................................................41
Table9:ResponsestablestatewithalowconcentrationofethanolinB1(background
thespine)...........................................................................................................................41
Table10:feedstreamssimulationfinalstablestate.....................42
Table11:Simulationresultsfinalstablestate.............................................42

Table12:TemperatureprofilesandconcentrationsofcolumnC2instablesimulation.
.............................................................................................................................................43
Table13:TemperatureprofilesandconcentrationsoftheC1columninstablesimulation.
.............................................................................................................................................44
Table14:Settingthesequencecontrollersethanoldehydration,
usingbenzeneasentrainer......................................................................54
Table15:Propertiesofthefeedstreamofethanolproductionprocess
usinganhydrousbenzeneasseparator.....................................................................60
Table16:TemperatureprofilesandstableconcentrationsofthecolumnC2after
50hrsdynamicsimulation..............................................................................................60
Table17:TemperatureprofilesandstableconcentrationsaftercolumnC1
50hrsdynamicsimulation..............................................................................................61
Table18:Listofequipmentoftheproductionsequenceandanhydrousethanol
endconfigurationusedforsimulationinAspensuite...................................62
Table19:Baserulescontrollers.....................................................................81
Table20:Configurationparametersoffuzzycontrolsthesequence
anhydrousethanolproduction................................................................................................82
Table21:Rulesofinferenceofbothfuzzycontrollers..........................................84
Table22:SourceofAspenCustomModelertosimulatedisturbancesCode,increase
ethanol86%mol.............................................................................................................88
Table23:Resultsofperturbationexperimentsto25hrs.simulation.............89
Table24:Propertiesoffeedstreamsbeforereduction.................105
Table25:ProductsofthecolumnC1beforereduction.............................................105
Table26:Currentpowerafterreduction..........................................105
Table27:ProductsofthecolumnC1afterreduction........................................106
Table28:Productstoreturntotheinitialflowvalue.......................................................106
Table29:ProductsofthecolumnC1to0.12kmol/s,inasecondstablestate........106
Table30:FormulastoconfigurecontrollersCohenCoon...................................107
Table31:ParametersobtainedbyCohenCoon..............................................................108
Table32:Parametersobtainedfromthegraphsofresponse............................................112
Table33:FinalConfigurationdriverssequence....................................113
Table34:MatLabcodemodelabinarydistillationcolumnideal..........118

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Table35:GeneralformatofthesourcecodeinAspenCustomModeler........................121
Table36:ModelCodecolumnidealbinarydistillationAspenCustom
Modeler...........................................................................................................................122
Table37:CodeofaPIcontrollerinAspenCustomModeler.................................123
Table38:Distributionoftherules....................................................................................129
Table39:Rulesforoursystemdefined................................................................130
Table40:InitialPseudocode..........................................................................................130
Table41:CodeofafuzzycontrollerstandardinAspenCustomModeler.......131
Table42:Breakdownofvariablesmodelnormalizedfuzzycontroller...........133
Table43:PropertiesCENIDETcolumn................................................................137
Table44:Factscolumn[41].....................................................................................137
Table45:ComparisonofsimulationresultsinAspen...................................138
Table46:ParametersofthebatchsequenceinAspen...................................................139
Table47:Parameterssimulationcolumncontinuously..............................................140
Table48:ResultsofcontinuoussimulationinAspenPlus......................................140

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Summary
Inthisthesisworkitisimplementedsimulationlevel,adistillationplantfor
produceanhydrousethanol,basedontheconfigurationfordehydratingethanol
byWilliamLuybeninhisbook"DISTILLATIONUSINGDESIGNANDCONTROL
ASPENSIMULATION"publishedbyJOHNWILEY&SONS,INC.in2006.This
configurationusesheterogeneousazeotropingagentandbenzeneas
organicseparator.
ThesimulationpackageusedistheAspenEngineeringSuite,apackage
processsimulationwidelyusedintheindustry.Theimplementationcan
dividedintotwogeneral,thefirstparts,theconstructionoftheflowchartand
steadystatesimulation,thisintheAspenPluspackage.Thesecondconstruction
ofthecontrolstructureanddynamicssimulationusingAspenDynamicspackage,
bothpartoftheSuite.
Thefirstphaseisrelativelysimple,becausevirtuallyallthenecessaryinformation
forsteadystatesimulationitisinthebookofW.Luyben.However,no
Ithasalltheinformationnecessarytoimplementthecontrolstructure
processandthereforethedynamicsimulation.Forthisreasontheconfigurationisdone
severalIPbythemethodofthereactioncurve(CohenCoon)controllers.Isadded
alsotheproblemoftheproperuseofnewsoftware.
Dynamicsimulationofthesequencehasimplementedaproductofethanol
purity99.56%mol,thispurityisgreaterwithrespecttodocumentingLuyben,
of99.25mol%.Overall,thebiggestproblemisinprocess
maintaintheappropriateamountofentrainer(Benzeneinthiscase)column
azeotropic,however,isasystemobtainedazeotropicdistillationprocess
heterogeneouspresentsotherimportantissuessuchashighlevelsof
sensitivityandmultiplicityofstates.
Inaddition,amodelofastandardtypefuzzycontrollerisimplemented
Mamdani,thisinthedevelopmentpackageAspenCustomModelermodels,to
totesttheabilityoftheSuiteAspenengineeringforthedevelopmentof
complexcontrollers.Thismodelisinstalledanddynamicallysimulatedinthe
productionprocessofanhydrousethanol,withgoodresults.
Moreover,itincludesthedevelopmentofaflowdiagramthatsimulatesthepilotplant
CENIDETdistillation,checkingtheresultsobtainedbymeansofthedata
experimentalstablestateofabatchconcentrationofethanolinthe
same,thesedataarepresentedinthethesis"ContinuousDiscreteObserverforthe
Estimationofconcentrationsinadistillationcolumnforethanolmixture
Water,"Aguilera,CENIDET2008.

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Abstract
InThisthesiswork,adistillationplanttoproduceanhydrousethanolisImplementedat
levelsimulation,basedintheconfigurationfortheethanoldehydrationpresentedbyWilliam
Luybeninhe'sbook:"DISTILLATIONANDCONTROLDESIGNUSINGASPEN
SIMULATION",publishedbyJOHNWILEY&SONS,INC.in2006.Thisconfigurationuse
theheterogenousazeotropicdistillationandbenzeneastheorganicentrainer.
ThesimulationpackageusedistheAspenEngineeringSuite,Thisisasimulationsoftware
ampleusesoftwareintheindustryProcesses.TheImplementationcanbedividedintwo
Generalparts,first,theconstructionoftheflowsheetandTheirsimulationinsteadystate,esta
inthepackageAspenPlus.Second,theconstructionofthestructureandtheControl
dynamicsimulation,usingthepackageAspenDynamics,BothpartoftheAspen
EngineeringSuite.

ThefirststageisRelativelysimplePracticallyalltheNecessaryBecauseinformationforthe
steadystatesimulationisReportedinthebookofW.Luyben.NEVERTHELESS,itdoesnot
NecessarypresentalltheinformationfortheImplementationoftheprocesscontrolstructure
andTHEREFOREofthedynamicsimulation.ThisisreasontoImprovetheconfigurationof
SeveralPIcontrollersusingthemethodofthereactioncurve(CohenCoon).Theproblemof
thesuitableuseofanewsoftwaretambinestadded.
ThedynamicsimulationofthesequenceImplementedpresentsanethanolproductwitha
purityof99.56mol%purityisgreaterestaWithrespecttotheonethanitLuybendocuments,
of99.25mol%.Inoverallterms,themajorproblematicintheprocessisMaintainingthe
suitableamountofentrainer(BenzeneInThiscase)intheazeotropiccolumn,NEVERTHELESS,
Obtainedthesystemofaheterogenousazeotropicdistillationprocesspresentsother
Importantproblematics,Theyareashighsensitivityandmultiplesteadystates.
Additionally,astandarddiffusemodelcontroller,Mamdanitype,isImplemented,estainthe
AspenCustomsoftwaredevelopmentmodelModeler,withthepurposeoftoprovethe
capacityoftheSuiteofengineeringofAspenforthedevelopmentofcomplexcontrollers.
Thismodelisinstalledandsimulateddynamicallyintheanhydrousethanolproduction
process,Obtaininggoodresults.
Ontheotherhand,thedevelopmentofaflowsheetthansimulatethedistillationCENIDET
pilotplantisincluded,verifiedbytheexperimentalresultsObtainedbysteadystatedatafrom
abatchprocessofethanolconcentrationinthesame,Thesedataarepresentedinthethesis
"ContinuousDiscreteObserverforEstimationofconcentrationsinacolumn
Distillationforethanolwatermixture,"Aguilera,CENIDET2008.

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Introduction

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Introduction

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Introduction

Introduction
Thehighpriceandharmfulnesstotheenvironmentofpetroleumfuelshas
alertedthegovernmentsofcountriesaroundtheworld,makingclearthe
needforalternativeenergysources.
EthanolisoneofthemostimportantalternativesandevencountriessuchasBrazil,Sweden
andtheUnitedStatesalreadyuseintheircarpark.
Ethanolisanalcoholproducedbyfermentationofsugarsor
starchextractedfromthebiomassofcertaincropsandagriculturalwasteor
forest.Ethanolproducedfromtheserawmaterialsalsocalledbioethanol.

USextractedcorninBrazil,sugarcaneinSpain,the
beet,andtheNordiccountriesofcellulosefromwood.
Invaryingproportionsmixinggasolinewithethanol(85:15isthemostfrequent)
Itcanbeusedasfuelforautomobiles.Itsuseshouldnotentail
majorproblemsinthecurrentseriesproducedvehicles,requiringthat
forthemostcomplicatedcasemodifyingcertainelementsforinjection
andon,enginegasketsandfueldriverscanwithout
meanexcessivecosts.Todaycarsaremanufacturedandpreparedspecificallyfor
Theyusebothgasolineandvariousethanol/gasolineblends,arecalled
"Flexcars"or"flexfuel".
IncountriessuchasSweden,CanadaortheUnitedStatesismandatoryexpendinggasoline
mixedwith5%ethanolbecauseoftheirantiknockproperties,andwhichraisesthe
octanegasolineinplaceofothersubstancesharmfuleffects.
Amongotheradvantages,ethanol,asarenewableresource,minimizingdependence
andfuelimportscomparedtotraditionalfuels,
Itproducesfeweremissionsofgreenhousegaseswitha
overallbalancepositivesincetheemissionsofCO
2 Theyoffsettobeabsorbed
duringtheprocessofregenerationofplantmaterialthatservesasthebasisfor
ethanolproduction.
Ethanolproductionbyfermentationprovidesanethanolwaterhaving
anethanolconcentrationofbetween4%and6%molmol[1],soitispassedby
aconcentrationstepwhereanethanolwatermixtureisobtainedwitha
concentrationnotexceeding89.99mol%oftheethanolatatmosphericpressure[2],without
Butthecontentofwaterpresentinthemixture,despitebeingsmall,is
detrimentalforinternalcombustionenginesbecauseitcausesproblems
corrosion.
Amongthealternativetechnologiestogenerateanhydrousethanolaredistillation,
adsorption,pervaporationandcombinationsofthese.
Adsorptionisaprocessinwhichasolidisusedwithaninternalsurfacevery
2/G)toremoveasolublesubstanceinwater,but
large(between5001500m
Itinvolvesdisadvantagessuchashighcapitalinvestment,theneedfor
periodicreplacementandregenerationofthemolecularsieve.

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Introduction

Pervaporationistheselectiveevaporationofonecomponentofafeed
liquidwhenplacedincontactwithasemipermeablemembranehasnotbeen
commerciallyexploitedsoisexpensiveandinvolvesasmallproduction
scale.
Distillationisamethodforseparatingmixturesbyheating,takingadvantage
differentboilingpointsofeachofthesubstances.Thisisthetechnologymore
usedonanindustrialscaletoproduceanhydrousethanolinitsvariousforms.
Thedifficultyofseparatingtheethanolwatermixturebydistillationisits
Thermodynamicbehavior,becauseitformsanazeotropeieone
liquidmixtureoftwoormorecomponentshavingasingleboilingpoint,and
passingthevaporstatebehaveslikeapureliquid,orasifitwereasingle
component.Soitisnecessarytoimplementtechniquesnonidealdistillation:
extractivedistillationwithsalt:Tothemixturewasaddedasentrainer
asalinesubstancetomoveorbreaktheazeotropeandthusallow
separation.Itsdifficultyliesinpredictingthephaseequilibriumand
equipmentcorrosionproblems.
heterogeneousazeotropicdistillation(solvent)isaddedtothemixture
asseparatingagenttoasubstancewhichinducesseparationofthemixture
twodifferentliquidphases.
homogeneousazeotropicdistillation:Tothemixturewasaddedasagent
separatortoasubstancethatdoesnotcausephaseseparationofthemixture.
ProblemStatement
Processcontrolethanolproductionbyheterogeneousazeotropicdistillation,
Itisamajorproblem,causedbyahighlynonidealbehaviorofthe
mixtureandahighsensitivitytosmallchanges.

HoweverinCENIDETnothaveadequateequipmenttodevelopthis
processorwithprevioustheoreticalinformationtoserveasabasisforstudy.
Thereforetheproblemistohaveinformationsufficientbasisforthestudy
controlproblemrepresentingtheproductionofethanolbydistillation
azeotropicheterogeneous,withoutrelyingonateamprocess.
Proposedsolution
Itisproposedtoimplementasequencelevelsimulationdistillationtoproduce
anhydrousethanolbyazeotropicdistillationusingheterogeneousbenzeneasagent
separating,reproducingthesequenceproposedbyW.Luybenin[1],software
commercialsimulationasisthesuiteofengineeringAspen.
Inadditiontoimplementingatechniqueofalternativecontroltoknowthelimitsofthe
modificationsthatmayallowimplementation.

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Introduction

Justification
orproductionofnonfossilfuelsisacurrentproblemandhigh
importanceinthelifestyleofman,mainlyduetopollution
enviroment.
InthealternativeorMexicoanhydrousethanolproductionforuseas
Fuelisatechnologythathasnotbeenexploitedasinothercountries.
orCENIDETForthisatopicofinteresttotheinterdepartmentalgroup
designandprocesscontrol.
orcanbedevelopedwithintheareaofmechatronicsbytheneedtocombine
differentareasofknowledgesuchaschemistry,thermodynamics,processcontrol
andsimulators(computer).
Goals.
Generalobjective
Simulateandcontrolasequencefortheproductionofanhydrousethanol.
Particularobjectives
PredictingthephaseequilibriumofethanolwaterandethanolwatermixtureBenzene
SplitinAspensoftware.
PlayandsimulatethesequenceproposedbyLuyben[1]fortheproductionof
anhydrousethanolpackagesAspenPlusandAspenDynamics.
Performasensitivityanalysissystem.
Playthecontrolschemeoftheplant,proposedbyLuyben[1].
Proposeanalternativecontrolscheme.
Implementthiscontroltosimulatetheplantlevel.
Conductacomparativeanalysisoftheresultsobtainedwithcontrol
regardingalternativeproposedbyLuyben[1]control.
Hypothesis.
FrominformationprovidedbyW.Luybenin[1]canbeimplemented
(Play)asequenceofheterogeneousazeotropicdistillationtoproduceethanol
anhydrousaswellasitscontrolstructure,alsoallowingchangethat
structurewiththeaimofincorporatingadvancedcontrollerstothesystem,aswell
getenoughinformationabouttheproblemofcontrolthatrepresentsthis
process.
Scopeandlimitations.
Itwillfeatureadynamicprocesssimulationethanoldehydrationand
anditscontrolstructure.
ThismodelwillbeimplementedintheengineeringsuiteAspen,asoftware
simulationcommercialchemicalprocesseswidelyusedinindustry.
Itwillfeatureananalysisofthebehaviorofthemixtureisprocessedto
obtainanhydrousethanolandananalysisofthebehavioroftheprocesssequencein
basedonitssensitivity.

Page26
Introduction

Theyalsohaveamodelofanadvancedcontrollerthatcanbeusedin
simulationcontroloftheproductionprocessofanhydrousethanolandother
modelsdevelopedinAspenEngineeringSuite.
Attheendtherewillbeasimulatorofthedistillationsequencefortheproductionof
anhydrousethanol,includingitscontrolstructure.
Contributionsandbenefits.
Itisintendedthattheprocesssimulationanhydrousethanoldistillation
implementedallowsexperimentationwithdifferentcontrolstructuresand
differentconfigurationsofthedriversinstalled,andallowsthe
substitutionofsubstancesandequipmentinvolvedintheprocessinorderto
trynewproductionofanhydrousethanol.
Thedevelopmentofadvancedcontrolopensthepossibilityofimplementing
driversandmorecomplexstructuresandefficientcontrolsuite
Aspenengineeringthatcanbesimulatedinordertoimprovetheprocess.
Overalltheexperiencegainedinmanagingsimulationsoftware
specializedlaythefoundationforthedevelopmentofmorecomplexprojects
reliable,relativelysimpleandfast,takingadvantageofa
modernsimulationtoolwidelyusedintheindustry.
Textorganization.
InChapter1concepts,theoryandstateoftheartreferenceshownat
anhydrousethanolproduction.thebehaviorofthesubstancesdescribedand
Mixtureswhichareconsideredimportantintheprocess.
Chapter2presentstheprocessofheterogeneousazeotropicdistillationand
settingtoproduceanhydrousethanolexposedbyWilliamLuybenin[1].HE
describesthesimulationsoftwareAspenPlusandhowtheteamisselectedfor
buildtheprocessflowdiagram,alsoexplainedasselectedthe
phaseequilibriummodeltogeneratethesimulation.parametersarelisted
equipmentandfinallytheresultsofthesimulationarepresentedinstate
stableprocessforobtaininganhydrousethanol,aswellasthemultiplicityof
presentinthesystemstatesandasensitivityanalysisoftheprocess.
Inchapter3thecontrolloopsofthesequenceproposedbyLuybenexplainedin
[1],theresultsofthedynamicsimulationofthedehydrationprocessdetailed
ethanolwithbenzene.PIareconfiguredandimplementedcontrolsproposedin[1]and
finallyananalysisofsystemperformanceanditsdriversispresented.
Inchapter4theimplementationprocessexposedafuzzycontroller
ItnormalizedimplementedinAspenCustomModeler,thefirstisexplainedin
Simpleoperationofthisinterfacemodelingsubsequentlyexposedthe
operationalmodelandendtheexperimentpresentedcontroller
sequencewilldiffuseinethanoldehydration,performingcomparativetestswith
theconventionalcontrolandperformancetodisturbancesinconcentration
feedstreamsequence.

Page27
Introduction

Finallyinchapter5theconclusionsofthisthesisareestablishedand
recommendationsfortheuseofthemodelandtheAspenEngineeringSuite,
besidespresentingthepossibilitiesofexperimentationanddevelopmentinthis
Workcansupport.
Attheendofthedocument'sreferencesincludeworkservedassupportfor
thedevelopmentofthisthesisandannexeswithdetailedinformationonthis
work.

Page28
Introduction

Page29

Chapter1

Theoreticalfundament.

Thischapterdescribestheprocess
distillation,explainedthatitisanazeotropeand
differenttechniquesthatcanbeusedto
separatingazeotropicmixturesnecessaryfor
toproduceanhydrousethanol.
Moreover,giventheimportanceofhavinga
knowledgeofthebehaviorofthemixture
Azeotropictobeseparated,itincludesa
briefanalysisofbinarymixtureswhich
formandananalysisoftheethanolwatermixture
benzene.

Page30
Chapter1
Theoreticalfundament

10

Page31
Chapter1
Theoreticalfundament
Thebaseofthedistillationistheequilibriumphase,ietheirrelationshipbetween
ifthechemicalsthatareinintimatecontact.Thedistillationcanleadto
theseparationofchemicalcomponentsonlyiftheliquidphasecomposition
andsteamwhichareinbalanceamongthem,aredifferent.Areasonableknowledge
phaseequilibriumnecessaryfortheanalysis,design,andcontrolcolumns
distillation.

1.1Distillation.
Theoverallobjectiveofthedistillationistoseparatethecompoundshaving
differentvaporpressuresataparticulartemperature[3].Distillationis
referstothephysicalseparationofaliquidmixtureintotwoormorefractionshaving
differentboilingpoints.
Ifaliquidmixtureoftwovolatilematerialsisheated,thevaporisseparated
Youwillhaveagreatermolefractionofmateriallowerboiling.Andlikewise
theliquidwillhaveagreatermolefractionofmaterialboilinggreater.
Whereasconversely,ifahotvaporcools,thematerialmostpoint
boilingtendstocondenseingreaterproportionthanlowermaterialpoint
boiling.
Thepurposeofthedistillationistoseparate,byvaporization,aliquidmixtureof
misciblevolatilesubstancesintoitsindividualcomponents,orinsome
casesingroupsofcomponents.
Distillationcanbeperformedinpracticeusingtwobasicmethods[4]:
Thefirstisbasedontheproductionofsteambyboilingthemixture
liquidtobeseparated,withasubsequentvaporcondensation
withoutanythingoftheliquidreturnstothereboilerorcontactwithsteam[4].
Thesecondmethodisbasedonthereturnofthecondensatetothecolumn,
conditionssuchthatthedescendingliquidiscontactedwithsteamis
tothecondenser[4].
Bothmethodscanbecarriedoutcontinuouslyorbatchwisein[4]form.
Theequipmentusedfordistillationisthedistillationcolumnor
fractionalcolumnorcombinationsthereof.
Column1.1.1orfractionaldistillationcolumn.
Adistillationcolumnconsistsofaverticalcontainerwithsufficientheight
forinsidespacefromcontactingthevaporstreamsandliquid
thepurposeofthatmasstransferbetweenthetwophasestakesplace.
Thecontactofthetwophasesisgenerallycarriedoutthroughaseriesof
platesorstages[4].
Undernormaloperatingconditions,acertainamountofliquidisreceivedin
eachdishandthereareinternaldevices(packages,valvesorcaps)for
therisingvaporspassthroughtheliquidandmakecontactwithit.He

eleven

Page32
Chapter1
Theoreticalfundament
andflowingliquiddescendstothebottomplateoftheupperplate,andsteamrises
fromalowstagetothenexthigherstage,performingeachof
stagesmasstransfercausedbyheattransfer
betweenvaporandliquidstreamsintocontact,asshowninFigure1.

Figure1:BasicDiagramofadistillationcolumn[4].
Thefundamentalrequirementofadistillationcolumn[5]istoprovidea
contactsurfaceformasstransferbetweentheliquidandvaportothe
desiredrate.Thereplatecolumnsinwhichtheliquidflows
countercurrentdescendtheorificethroughwhichthevaporrises.

Asthevaporrisesthroughthecolumn,thepointcomponents
higherboilingbegintocondense,whilematerialswith
lowerboilingpointamounttothehigherstages.Thusitestablishesa
temperaturegradient,andthehighesttemperatureisreachedatthebottom
columnandthelowesttemperatureatthetop,fromwhichitcan
removingthesolutionwithlowerboilingpoint.
WhentwocomponentsfollowthelawofRaoult,theproximityoftheirpoints
boilingdeterminestheamountoftheoreticalplatesrequiredfortheseparation.
Iftheboilingpointsarequiteseparateenoughfewdishes,
whilewhentheboilingpointsareverycloserequired
manytheoreticalplates.
Althoughthewordbalanceisusedtorefertothecolumninsometimes
operation,itismorecorrecttosaythatthecolumnisinstablecondition
becauseinathermodynamicsense,noratrueequilibriumisestablishedthroughout
it,becausethereisnouniformtemperatureandthereisacountercurrentflow
liquidandvapor,whichisanotherconditionthatdoesnotallowbalance.
1.1.2azeotropes.
Thesimpleseparationoftwoliquidsrelatestosubstanceswhichforma
mixturebehavesideallyasseeninFigure2.

12

Page33
Chapter1
Theoreticalfundament

Figure2:binarymixturewithidealbehavior.
However,theredonotfollowmixturesRaoult'slaw(nonideal),asis
thatshowninFigure3,thisparticulartypeofmixis
calledazeotrope.

Figure3:BinaryMixturenotideal,azeotropic.
Anazeotropecanbedescribedasamixtureundercertainconditions
temperatureandpressurebehavesasapurecompound,asasinglephase.
Inotherwords,thetwoliquidsinthemixturehavetheirpoint
boiling(phasechange)atthesametemperature.
Generallyanazeotropicstateisdefinedasastateinwhichoccursone
masstransferbetweentwophaseswhilethecompositionofeachphase
remainsconstant[6].
Anazeotroperepresentsamajorproblemfordistillation,whichas

previouslyexplained,usesthedifferenceintheboilingpointofthe
compoundsformingamixturetocarryoutseparation.Without

13

Page34
Chapter1
Theoreticalfundament
Buttheredistillationtechniquesforseparatingmixtures
azeotropic.
1.1.3azeotropicdistillation.
Thedistillationprocesstoseparateazeotropesusedisknownas
azeotropicdistillation,however,insomemixturestheazeotropecan
overcomebychangingthepressureatwhichitislocated,ie,verifyyour
pressuresensitivity[6].
Thisischeckedwhethertheazeotropiccompositionchangesinanamount
reasonablemoderatepressurechangesiftheazeotropedisappears
thenasequenceofrelativelystraightforwarddistillationcanachieve
separationoftheoriginalmixtureintoitspurecomponents.
Iftheazeotropeisnotpressuresensitive,willbenecessarytoadda
thirdcomponent,whichwillreferasseparatingagentorjust
separator,toenableseparationofthemixture.
Theantiblockingagentscanbeclassifiedintoatleastfourdifferent
categories[6],whichcanbeidentifiedbythewaytheymake
possibleseparation:
Agentorliquidseparatorwhichdoesnotinduceaseparationofliquidphases
intheternarymixture.Distillationofthistypeisknownas
homogeneousazeotropicdistillation,extractivedistillationwithclassical
asaspecialcase.
Agentliquidseparatororinducingphaseseparationintheliquid
ternarymixture.Distillationofthistypeisknownasdistillation
heterogeneousazeotropic.
orentrainerwhichreactswithoneofthecomponentsofthemixture
original,knownasreagentsbinaryseparators.
Agentseparatororionicallydissociatesintheoriginalbinarymixtureand
movesthecompositionofthebinaryazeotrope.Anexamplearethesalts
inorganic.Tothisitisknownasextractivedistillationwithsalt.
Aparticularentraineriseffectiveorineffectiveinseparating
anazeotropicmixture,largelydependonenvironmentalbalance
phasesoftheternarymixturemulticomponentorresultingmixture.
Astheefficiencyofaseparatingagentisathermodynamicproperty
Intrinsicmixtureandnotoftheindividualcomponents.
Sothefirstthingtodoistostudythestructureandproperties
ofthephasediagramsoftheazeotropicmixturesareformed.
1.2Stateoftheartethanoldehydration.
Thedistillationappliedtotheproductionofanhydrousethanolisasoldasthe
samefossilfuelsandinternalcombustionengines.HenryFord
HemadethefirstdesignofyourcarModelTin1908andhopedtouseethanol

14

Page35
Chapter1
Theoreticalfundament
asfuel.From1920to1924,theStandardOilCompanysold25%
ethanolingasolinesoldintheBaltimorearea.However,thehighprices
corn,alongwiththedifficultiesofstorageandtransportation,theydidleave

theproject[7].
Inthelatetwentiesandduringthethirties,theybecame
unsuccessfuleffortstoregaintheinitiative.Followingthislistlessinuse
ethanol,HenryFordandseveralexpertsjoinedforcestopromotetheir
Recovery.fermentationplantinAtchison(Kansas)Itwasconstructedwitha
potentialtoproduce38.000litersofethanolforautomobiles.Duringtheyears
thirty,morethan2,000servicestationsinthemidwestsoldthisethanol
Theymadefromcornwhichtheycalled"gasol".However,competitionfromlow
oilpricesforcedtheclosureoftheproductionplantinmidethanol
theforties.Asaresult,thebusinessoffarmersisover
Americanandethanolwasfinallyreplacedbyoil[7].
Toreducetheproductionofpollutantsgeneratedbyfossilfueluse,
especiallyintheuseofautomobiles,ispresentedasoneofthealternativesisthe
useofethanolasanoxygenateorfueladditiveforgasoline.thistechnology
ismainlydominatedbyBrazilandtheUnitedStateswhoarethelargestproducersof
ethanol,amongothers[8][9].
Researchrelatedtoethanolproductionarefocusedonseveralissues
asaretherawmaterialtoproduceethanol,thepredictionofphaseequilibrium
themixtureethanolwaterseparator,developingprocesssequences
produceanhydrousethanol,theselectionofreleaseagentsanddevelopment
efficientcontrolstructurestothedewateringprocess.
Therawmaterialwhereyoucangetethanolplantmatterishigh
sucrosecontent,starchorcellulose.Thesesubstancesareabundantin
vegetablessuchassugarcane,beets,corn,potatoes,agriculturalwaste,etc.,
theseinvestigationsaremainlylocally,totakeadvantageofwaste
plantmaterialortoexploitacropthatisabundantinsomelocalityin
particularly[8][9][10][11].
Otherprojectsarefocusedonthedevelopmentoftechniquesfordehydration
ethanolastheheterogeneousazeotropicdistillation,pervaporationandseparation
sales[12].
Inthespecificcaseoftheheterogeneousazeotropicdistillation,whichisourtheme
study,researchisaboutthedifferentexistingseparatingagents
analyzingtheirseparationcapabilitieswithdifferentazeotropes
specificandoptimalconcentrationofthis,benzene,cyclohexane,glycerol,acetate
acetate,amongothers[13][14].
Meirellesatwork[15],researchonextractivedistillationisrelated,
usesapilotplanttoproduceanhydrousethanol,whichisderivedprofiles
concentrationsatdifferentconcentrationsandseparatorfeedreasons
reflux,extractivedistillationusinganethyleneglycolasentrainer.

fifteen

Page36
Chapter1
Theoreticalfundament
SupplementsitsresultswithasimulationusingtheNRTLequation
describethephaseequilibrium,producingethanolwithapurityof99.5%mol.
Mller[16]intheirstudyseparatesthemixtureofethanolwaterseparatorusingthe
cyclohexane,explainingthattheprocessishighlysensitivetodisturbancesin
processparameters,performingadynamicanalysisthroughmodeling,
simulationandexperimentalstudies.
InanotherstudybyMller[17]experimentallyverifiedtheexistenceofmultiple
stablestatesintheheterogeneousazeotropicdistillation,implementinga
ethanoldehydrationalsousingcyclohexaneasaseparator.
Beckley[18]comparesasetofsequencesfordehydratingethanolbya
Heterogeneousazeotropicdistillationusingbenzeneasaseparatorsupported
ASPENPLUSsoftwarecalledDistilandanothercalledHysys,inordertovalidate
amethodforpreliminarycomparisonsofthesesequences,the
firsttwocolumnsandthesecondofthreecolumns,theparametersfor
comparisonwerethenumberofdishesandafactorthattakesintoaccounttheflow
totalvaporsystem.
WithinthestudyofphaseequilibriumworkZhiFangiset
to[19]wherehediscusseshowtopredictthevaporliquidequilibrium(VLE)forsteamandliquid
Liquid(VLLE)ofaheterogeneousazeotropicdistillationinamoreaccurateand

Itproposesasimulationalgorithmdistillationthreephases.
Controlofheterogeneousazeotropicdistillationprocessisasubjectquite
extensive,mainlybyinterestinthecomplexityoftheprocessfortheirsensitivityto
smallperturbations,soanefficientcontrolisasubjectofstudy
important.Asexplainedforexamplein:
Chienwork[20]explainsthecomplexityofcontrolofanazeotropicdistillation
heterogeneousandstudiedexperimentallyconventionalcontrolstrategies
foraheterogeneousazeotropicdistillationcolumnequivalenttothe
separationofethanol.
WithintheconventionalcontrolalsofindtheworkofGil[21]inwhich
performsproportionalcontrolofacolumn,controllingtherefluxaccumulatorand
rekettle.Usingthecriterionofslope,sensitivityanalysisanddecomposition.
Otherworksarefocusedonfindingthemostimportantvariables
controlasthestudyofRovaglioetal[22],whereadistillationiscontrolled
heterogeneousazeotropicethanoltodehydrate,considersthattheamountof
separatorandthecompositionprofilearecriticalforstablecontrol,uses
benzeneasaseparator.AndinPatentShinskey[23]whichperformscontrol
twodistillationcolumns,oneproducesanazeotropicethanolataconcentration
presetwhichistreatedinthesecondcolumn,wherethetemperatureiscontrolled
andproductflowcontrol,forcontrollingtheamountofseparatorinthemixture.

16

Page37
Chapter1
Theoreticalfundament
AmoreelaboratecontrolisaddressedinworkssuchasCristeaetal[24]who
Itpresentsanapproximatealternativetononlinearpredictivecontrolbasedona
Iterativelinearizationofthemodelresponsesothatresponsesloop
closedarethesameasthoseobtainedwiththenonlinearmethodbutwithatime
muchlesscalculation,implementedinadistillationprocessofethanol.Andof
Rovaglio[25]considersthattheconcentrationoftheseparatorandthecompositionprofile
Theyarecriticaltomaintainingproductqualityandproposesthedevelopmentof
anadvancedcontrolstructurebasedonastrategyofnonlinearfeedback
forward,thisdevelopmentisbasedonarigorousdynamicmodelforthecase
ofethanoldehydrationwithbenzeneasaseparator.
FinallyLuybenin[1],presentsadynamicsimulationofaprocess
heterogeneousazeotropicdistillationtoobtainanhydrousethanolusingthemodel
UNIQUACbalance,providingaprocessflowdiagram,theconfiguration
equipmentandabriefdescriptionofthecontrolloops.
However,themajorityconcludesinvirtuallythesame,thedistillationprocess
ofanhydrousethanolitisacomplextask,whereintheconcentrationofreleaseagent,
willchargetobreakormovetheazeotrope,itisoneofthemajorproblems
control,causinghighsensitivityprocessingthedemixing
ethanolwaterbenzenehasmultiplestates,confirmedbysimulation,
mathematically(accordingtomathematicalanalysisofthermodynamicsmix
[26])andexperimentally.
Thesejobsareonlypartofthepublicationsfoundingeneralcan
concludethatthesimulationoftheproductionprocessofanhydrousethanolbydistillation
heterogeneousazeotropeisacomplicatedtask,topresentbehavior
highlysensitiveandmultiplicityofstates.Andthereforetheestablishmentofa
controlstructureisachallengingproblem.
Also,thedevelopmentofasequenceofprocessisverycomplexandrequires
advancedknowledgeofchemicalandthermodynamicprocesses.Forthisreason
chooseasequenceofprocessanddeveloped,inordertofocusourefforts
thedevelopmentofmorecomplexcontroltechniques.
Therefore,referencesspewingimportantinformationforourproject
Theyare:
Luyben[1],wheremuchinformationisprovidedonaprocessingsequence
toproduceanhydrousethanolbyheterogeneousazeotropicdistillationusingthe
benzeneasaseparator.
Brandani[30],wheresufficientinformationisprovidedtovalidatethemodel
phaseequilibriumthatisusedintheprocesssimulation.

Stephanopoulos[35],whichcontainsthetheorynecessarytoconfigurecontrollers.
Garduo[36],Driankov[37]andWang[38],withthetheorynecessarytodevelopa
anadvancedmodelisafuzzycontrollerasstandardcontroller.

17

Page38
Chapter1
Theoreticalfundament
Andfurther,theinformationneededtoefficientlyusethesuite
Aspenengineering,whichcanbefoundinmanymanuals
userpackageswithinit.
Foralltheabove,onecansaythatthisworkislocatedinthestudy
controlproblemrepresentingtheproductionprocessofanhydrousethanolby
Heterogeneousazeotropicdistillationusingbenzeneasaseparator,
implementinganadvancedcontroltechniqueasisthefuzzylogiccontrol.
1.3DescriptionofthebehaviorofthemixtureEthanolWaterBenzene.
Asexplainedabove,itisimportanttohaveaknowledge
sufficientphaseequilibriumofthemixturetocarryoutseparation
themixtureinaheterogeneousazeotropicdistillationprocess.Soitis
essentialtoknowasthemixturebehaves,toknowthecomplexityof
problem.
Themixtureisintendedtoseparateethanolwatermixture,thisformsanazeotrope
preventingpurityexceeding89.9%ethanolmolar,atapressureof1atm,that
Itisaconcentrationofabout96%byvolume(commercialalcohol).
Toovercometheazeotropeathirdsubstanceisaddedtothemix:benzene.He
benzenealtersthepropertiesofthewaterwithinthecolumn,returningtothewatervery
volatile.
1.3.1Behaviorofbinarymixtures.
Wewilldiscussthebehaviorofbinarymixtureswhich
Theyformwiththecomponentsinvolvedintheprocess.
1.3.1.1WaterBenzene.
Thewatermixtureformstwophaseswithbenzenepartialmiscibilitythat
separate[1]temperature.
Thephaseequilibriumgraphiscomplex,Figure4,thismixtureforms
twophases,anaqueous(partialmiscibilityofboth)andotherorganicby
whichenablestheexistenceoftwodifferentconcentrationsatthesame
temperature.
Inthecentralpartofthefigureshowswhatcan
consideredasanazeotrope.Thispointsbetween30%purity
and65mol%mol.

18

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Chapter1
Theoreticalfundament

Figure4:BehaviorofWaterinWaterBenzenemixtureat1atm,
figuregeneratedinAspen.
1.3.1.2EthanolWater.
Thisistheoriginalmixturetobeseparated,ethanolformsanazeotropewith
water,seefigure5,whichlimitsthepurityofethanolfromaprocess
conventionaldistillationto89.9mol%[1].
Itisforthisreasonthatethanolcannotbeobtainedbya
simpleseparation.

Figure5:BehaviorofEthanolintheethanolwatermixtureat1atm,
figuregeneratedinAspen.

19

Page40
Chapter1
Theoreticalfundament
Toovercomethisazeotrope,youmustaddaseparatingagent,
Herebenzene.
1.3.1.3ethanolbenzene.
Inthismixtureanotherazeotrope[1]appears,seeninthebottom
figure6,ataconcentrationof44.5mol%.Thisazeotropeadds
evenmorethecomplexityofseparation,asseenintheanalysis
ternary.

Figure6:BehaviorofEthanolinethanolbenzenemixtureat1atm,
figuregeneratedinAspen.
1.3.2behavioroftheternarymixtureethanolwaterBenzene.
OurTernaryanalysisbeginswithfindingallazeotropespresent
inthemixture,usingtheSplitAspen,partofthesuite
Aspenengineering.
LocalizedazeotropesshowninFigure7.
Theseazeotropesarenotequaltothosepresentedinthebinarygraphics,
giventhepresenceofthethirdcomponent.
Thesefourazeotropescreate"borders"thatlimitdistillationprocesses.

twenty

Page41
Chapter1
Theoreticalfundament

Figure7:azeotropespresentintheethanolwatermixtureBenzene,data
Aspen.

Figure8:Diagramternarymixture,Aspenfiguregenerated.

twentyone

Page42
Chapter1
Theoreticalfundament
Thefourazeotropes()areshowninFigure8,thesedefinetheboundaries
distillation,youareinturngenerateareaswheredistillationcan
move,ieasingledistillationcolumncanonlyget
productswithinthesameareawheretheyarelocatedconcentrationsof
mixturefed.
Thereforeitcanbeseenthattheethanoldehydrationprocessnot
canbeperformedinasinglecolumn,forourfood()is
thenumber1andourproductarea()isthenumberZone2.

22

Page43

Episode2

Dehydrationprocess
ethanol:SteadyState.

Inthischaptertheprocesswillbeexplained
distillation
azeotropic
heterogenous
Luybenconfigurationproposedin[1]for
produceanhydrousethanol.

the

thesimulationprocessdescribed
ethanolproductioninstableconditionandequipment
integratingthesequence.
Italsodiscusseshowthemodelwasselected
phaseequilibriumusedinsimulation
Accordingtoananalysisofexperimentaldata
behavioroftheternarymixtureEthanol
WaterBenzeneandproblemsinherentinthe
implementation
Y simulation
from processes
complexasthis,suchas:themultiplicity
stateandhighsensitivitytosmall
perturbationsinthepressureandtemperature
operation.

Page44
Episode2
Ethanoldehydrationprocess:SteadyState.

24

Page45
Episode2
Ethanoldehydrationprocess:SteadyState.
2.1ethanoldehydrationprocessbyheterogeneousazeotropicdistillation.
Theoriginsofthisprocessbackmorethanacenturywhenitwasnecessary
productionofhighpurityethanol.Ethanoliswidelyproducedbytheprocess
fermentation.Atypicalmixtureobtainedbyfermentationcontainsconcentrations
verylowethanol,4mol%to6mol%[1].
Separator

Ethanol
4%6%mol

Water
EtOH
Water
Figure9:ethanoldehydrationprocessbyheterogeneousazeotropicdistillation,
asdescribedin[1].
Ifthismixtureisfedtoadistillationcolumn,column1,operatingat
atmosphericpressure,canbeproducedhighlypurewater,distilledethanolbutnot
canreachahigherconcentration89.99%molar,thisoccursbythepresence
anazeotropeintheethanolwatermixture,asexplainedinChapter1.
Benzeneworksasalightseparatorevaporatestakeswaterwithit,
thankstopartialmiscibilitybetweenthem.Bythiswaterreturnstobenzene
veryvolatile.
Ethanolexitsthebottomofcolumn2,althoughthewaterisheavier,
thenormalboilingpointofethanolis351.5K,whilethewateris373.2K.
Thesteamleavingthecolumnisaternarymixtureconsistingofwater,ethanoland
benzene.Whenthisiscondensed,therepulsionbetweenwatermoleculesand
benzeneorganicmoleculesissuchthattwoliquidphasesareformed.

Forthisreason,therefluxtankbecomesadecanter,theliquidphasemore
Lightispumpedbacktothecolumnasrefluxandanorganicliquidphase
aqueous,heavier,containssignificantamountsofethanolandbenzeneso
isfedtoathirddistillationcolumn,column3,whereinthewateris
extractedfromthebottomandthedistillateisrecycledtothesecondcolumn.

25

Page46
Episode2
Ethanoldehydrationprocess:SteadyState.
2.2SettingproposedbyLuyben[1].
Luybentakesupthisideatoproduceanhydrousethanol,however,noconfiguration
takingintoaccountthepreconcentrationcolumn,startingfromthecolumn
azeotropic,column2ofFigure9,andproposestheconceptualsequence
ItpresentedinFigure10.

Figure10:Conceptualsequence[1].
Thissequenceisfedwithamixtureneartheazeotropeethanolwater,witha
concentrationof84mol%ethanoland16%molofwater.
Wewishtoobtainproductsofthisprocessiswaterobtainedinthe
bottomofthesecondcolumn,calledC2,anotherproductwegetis
highpurityethanolinthebottomofthefirstcolumn,calledC1.
AsmentionedinChapter1,foodandethanolfoundin
differentregionsoftheternarydiagram,tobeadistillationborderbetween
Theythereforecannotbeachievedinaseparationdistillationcolumn
simple,forthisreasonadecanterthatwillhelpuscrosstheborderisaddedandthe
secondcolumntoachievethedesiredpurityethanol.
Theoperationisasfollows,isfedtoprocessamixtureofethanolwater
84mol%ethanol,inthefirstcolumn(C1)ahighconcentrationof
benzene,thiscausesthewaterisveryvolatile,highlypureethanolisobtained
atthebottomofthecolumn,thedistillatevaporisaternarymixtureisvery

26

Page47

Ethanoldehydrationprocess:SteadyState.

Episode2

neartheazeotropicpointternary,thismixtureiscooledinexchanger
heatandenterstheclarifier.
Twophasesinthedecanter,anaqueousandotherorganicoccur,thelatteris
recirculatedcolumnC1.Theaqueousphase,containinghighconcentrationsofethanoland
water,isfedtothesecondcolumn(C2).
About50mol%ofthefeedtocolumnC2isethanoland30%
molariswater,incolumnC2refocusesethanolto
about60%molar.Thedistillateternaryobtainedisrecycledtothecolumn
C1tocontinueextractingethanolbecauseitstillcontainsalargeamountofethanol,and
inthebottomofthecolumnhighpuritywaterisobtained.
2.3Simulationofethanoldehydrationprocess:SteadyState.
2.3.1SimulationsoftwareAspenPlus.
AspenPlussystemisthesteadystatesimulationofAspenTech,
thiscanbeusedformodelingavarietyofprocesses
industrial,includingchemical,petrochemicalandrefineryprocesses.Aspen
Plusincludesanextensivelibraryofmodelsoperatingunitsthat
Theyalloweasyinterfacetobuildprocessmodels
custom.
AspenPluswasdevelopedatMITbyL.Evans.Orientedindustry
process,ChemicalandPetrochemical,thesimulatorispossiblythemost
widespreadinindustry.
ToimplementthisproposedprocesssimulationsuiteinAspen
Plus,youneedtoknowhowtohandlethisfourcomponents:
orAspenPlus:orienteddesignandprocesssimulationstate
stable.
orAspenDynamics:orienteddynamicsimulationofprocesses,
ascontroloverit.
AspenorSplit:forpredictingphaseequilibrium.
orAspenCustomModeler:todevelopcomputermodelsthatintegrate
aprocessandapplytosimulation,optimizationandprocesscontrol
continuous,batchorsemicontinuous.
2.3.2Constructionofthesequence.
Theprocessconsistsof:
ortwodistillationcolumns.
orColumnC1,istheheartofthesystem,31stages,has
condenser.
C2orcolumnof22stages,hascondenserandreboiler.
o1decanter.
orhorizontalcylindrical,dimensions:4mx2m.
oroneheatexchanger.

27

Page48
Episode2
Ethanoldehydrationprocess:SteadyState.

oronemixer.
or5pumps.
or8valves.
Laterdetailsofeachofthementionedequipmentwillbegiven.
2.3.2.1Flowchart:selectionofequipmentandinterconnection.
ordistillationcolumns.
columnsmodel"RADFRAC"areused,thesearespecifiedin
[1],butaccordingto[27],itisarigorousmodelforsimulating
alloperationsofvaporliquidseparationmultiphase
Theseoperationsinclude:
orordinarydistillation.
orabsorption.
orstripping.
orazeotropicandextractivedistillation.

the"Columns"tabisselectedwhereweselectthemodel
"RADFRAC".

Figure11:LocationoftheRADFRACmodelsinAspeninterface.
ordecanter.
Themodel"Decanter"simulatesdecantersandotherseparatorsone
stagethatdonotincludeavaporphase.Whenconditions
output,thismodeldeterminesthethermalconditionsandphaseofthe
mixtureofoneormoreinputcurrents.
Iftwoliquidphasesinthedecanter,decantermodel
denominatesthephasewithahigherdensityasthesecondphase.
Themostimportantdatatoconfigurethismodelare:
ordimensions.
oroperatingpressure.
orlossofheat(adiabaticornonadiabatic).
the"Separators"thenthemodel"Decanter"tabisselected.

28

Page49
Episode2
Ethanoldehydrationprocess:SteadyState.

Figure12:LocationofthedecantersinAspeninterface.
orheatexchanger.
Themodel"Heater"canbeusedtorepresent:
orheaters.
orcoolers.
orvalves.
Itcanevenbeusedtodeterminethethermodynamicconditions
astream.
Whenoutputconditions,thismodeldeterminesthe
thermalandphasesofthemixtureofoneormorestreamsconditions
entry.
Theparameterstobespecifiedare:
ortemperatureoftheoutputcurrent.
oroperatingpressure.
the"HeatExchangers"model"Heater"tabisselected.

Figure13:LocationofheatexchangerAspeninterface.

orpumps.
Themodel"Pump"canbeusedtorepresentabombor
ahydraulicturbine.
Themodel"Pump"isdesignedtohandleasingleliquidphase.For
specialcasescanbespecifiedcalculationstwoorthreephases,for
determinetheconditionoftheoutputcurrentorcalculateyour
density.
Theparametersrequiredforconfigurationare:
oType:pumporturbine.
orincreasepressureoroutletpressure.

29

Page50
Episode2
Ethanoldehydrationprocess:SteadyState.
the"PresureChangers"model"Pump"tabisselected.

Figure14:LocationofpumpsandvalvesinAspeninterface.
orvalves.
Themodel"valve"isusedtorepresentcontrolvalvesor
disrupterspressure.themodel"valve"relatesthepressuredropto
alongwiththevalveflowcoefficient.
Themodel"valve"assumesanadiabaticflowanddeterminestheconditions
thermalandphaseoftheoutputcurrentofthevalve.Thismodelis
abletoperformcalculationsofone,twoorthreephases.
Theonlyrequiredparameteristhepressuredroprequired.
the"PresureChangers"model"Valve"tabisselected.seefigure
14.
orinterconnection.
Tocompletethediagram,flow,connectionscanbeestablished
levelofmaterialflow,heatfloworworkflow.Inthis
simulationonlyneedtheconnectionlevelmaterialflow,as
noenergybalancecalculationsorworkperformed.Youselectthe
element"StreamsMaterial",themousecursorchangestoacrossand
movethecursortotheareaoftheinsertedequipment,arrowsappearwhere
connectioncanbeplaced.

Figure15:PlacementOptionsflowsinAspeninterface.

30

Page51
Episode2
Ethanoldehydrationprocess:SteadyState.
Soallteamsareinsertedandinterconnecteduntilyouget
theflowchartshowninFigure16.

Figure16:Sequenceobtainedsteadystate.
2.3.2.2Selectingcomponents.
Thesequenceisbuilt,itisnownecessaryindicate
Aspenthatcomponentsinvolvedintheprocess,forwhichyoucan
accessthe"databrowser""Components
Specification"orpressthe
buttoncomponents,
ItisshowninFigure17.

Thenawindowwillappearasthat

Figure17:SpecificationofinterfacecomponentsAspen.

31

Page52
Episode2
Ethanoldehydrationprocess:SteadyState.
Justtypethenameinthebox,thesoftwarecancompleteall
registrationifrecognized,cannot,pressthe"Find"button
showtheoptions.
Wemustaddthecomponents:
orbenzene.
orethanol.
orwater.
Formoreinformationsee[27],Chap.6,"SpecifyingComponents".
2.3.2.3Selectionphaseequilibriummodel.

Luybenin[1],performsitssimulationswiththeequilibriummodel
UNIQUAC,butinordertotesttheeffectivenessofthismodelinthe
dehydrationofethanol,aliteratureresearchisdone
modelsusedinotherresearchandtestedthesemodels
withexperimentaldata.
In[18]theuseUNIQUACmodelforprocessrecommended
ethanoldistillationusingbenzeneasaseparator.In[13]usingthe
NRTLequilibriummodel,whichconsideredcorrectaccordingtodata
experimental[28],foranequivalentsystem.In[29]itisreportedthat
NRTLequilibriummodelissuitableaccordingtoyourdata
experimentalmodelingthebehavioroftheethanolwatermixture.
In[30]itreportedthatthemodeladequatelyreproducesUNIQUAC
behaviorofbenzeneethanolwatermixture.
BesidesmanualAspenPlus[27]insection77,recommends
useofUNIQUAC,NRTLandWILSONmodelsforseparations
andalcoholsazeotropicseparations.
Experimentaldata2.3.2.3.1.
Generallyintheliteraturetheyareused3differentmodels
balance:UNIQUAC,NRTLandWILSON.However,themodel
Wilsonbalancecanonlybeusedforbinaryanalysis
anditrequiresaternaryanalysis,therefore,thismodel
balancewillbeexcludedfromtheanalysis.thedataisused
experimental[30]toperformsimulationswiththesetwo
Models.
Experimentaldata[30],areanumberofpoints
determinedbytheconcentrationsofthethreecomponents,
determiningimmiscibilitylinehavingthis
mixture.Thisdataistakenfromaternarymixtureformed
ethanolwaterbenzene,inliquidliquidequilibrium55C,to
atmosphericpressure.ThesedataarepresentedinTable1.

32

Page53
Episode2
Ethanoldehydrationprocess:SteadyState.
Table1:Experimentaldataliquidliquidequilibriumofthemixture
ethanolwaterbenzeneat55Cat1Atm.of[30].
Phase
xww
XEW
XWB
0.952
0.046
0.002
0.949
0.049
0.002
0.87
0.125
0,005
0.789
0.197
0.014
watery
0.774
0.209
0.017
0.761
0.223
0.016
0.72
0.256
0.024
0.673
0.293
0.034
0.014
0.026
0.96
0.014
0.029
0.957
organic
0.031
0.094
0.875
0.064
0.181
0.755
0.07
0.183
0.747
2.3.2.3.2Analysisandselection.
1,Theexperimentalpoints
theerrorrateiscalculatedRMSE
againstthepointsobtainedbydifferentmodels
balance.
RMSEerrorrateiscalculatedforeachseriesof
concentrationscorrespondingtoeachofthesubstances
(Ethanol,waterorbenzene)andthenaddeach
theseindicestoobtainanindexRMSEaccumulatedforeach
model.
NRTLmodelbehavioragainstdata
experimentalareshowninFigure18,wherethecurvedline
marksthedivisionofimmiscibilitydeterminedbythemodel
balance
NRTL Y the points
represent
experimental.

the

data

ThecumulativeerrorrateRMSEfortheequilibriummodel
NRTLis0.254.
ThebehaviorofthemodelagainstdataUNIQUAC
experimentalareshowninFigure19.
ThecumulativeerrorrateRMSEfortheequilibriummodel
UNIQUACis0.136.

1 MediaSquareRootError:rootmeansquareerror.

33

Page54
Episode2
Ethanoldehydrationprocess:SteadyState.

Figure18:ModelNRTLandexperimentaldataofliquidliquidequilibrium
to55Cat1atm.

3.4

Page55
Episode2
Ethanoldehydrationprocess:SteadyState.

Figure19:ModelUNIQUACandexperimentalequilibriumdataliquid
Liquidat55Cat1Atm.
Wecanseethatthemodelthatapproximatesthe
ExperimentaldataisUNIQUACandthereforethisisthe
mustbeused,thisherebyconfirmed[1],[18]and[30].Without
ButthedifferencewiththeNRTLmodelisverysmall,
whatthetwoproposedmodelsmaybesuitablefor
oursimulation.
2.3.2.4ComputerConfiguration.
2.3.2.4.1Distillationcolumns.
DistillationcolumnC1:
Itsaimistodehydrateethanolbeyonditspoint
azeotropic,ieremoveasmuchwaterthatis
possible,thisisachievedusingbenzeneasentrainer.

35

Page56
Episode2
Ethanoldehydrationprocess:SteadyState.
Thiscolumndoesnothaveacapacitor,thiselement
installedseparately,ithas31stages(including
reboiler),anditispoweredby3streams:
orsupply:isthesupplycurrentoftheentiresystem,
connectedstep15,composedofanethanolwatermixture
84mol%ethanol.
2,Byhigh
orreflux:isfedinstage1
benzeneconcentration.
orRecycledisfedinstep10,thiscurrentisobtained
thedistillateofcolumnC2.

Itoperatesatapressureof2atmatitshigheststagewitha
pressuredropoor0.0068atmstage.
DistillationcolumnC2:
Itsgoalistorefocustheethanolfromtheethanolwatermixture
benzeneresultingazeotropicremovalcolumn
C1,drawingwaterbysimpledistillationandrecyclingmost
amountofethanolpossibletocolumnC1.
Ithas22stages(includingreboilerandcondenser),has
relujoaratioof0.2,itisfedbytheaqueousstream
Decanterproduct,whichisahighconcentrationof
ethanol,worksatapressureof1.1atmatitshigheststage
apressuredropof0.0068atmperstage.
2.3.2.4.2heatexchangeranddecanter.
Theheatexchangerisconnectedtoadecanter
servestoseparatethebenzenevaporoutletofthecolumn1,
andrecycleasrefluxtocolumn1,thusavoidingwaste
Benzeneisatoxiccompound.
ItsgoalofreducingthesteamtemperaturefromC1,
foraseparationmayoccurintwophasesinthe
decanter.
Thedesiredoutputtemperatureis313K,havinga
pressuredrop0.1atm.
Inshort,youcanseetheconfigurationparameters
equipmentinTable2.

2 AspenPluslistingstepsupanddown.

36

Page57
Episode2
Ethanoldehydrationprocess:SteadyState.

Equipment
columnC1

Table2:Deviceparametersforsteadystatesimulation.
Parameter
Value
stages
31
Flowrateat
thebottom
flows
feeding
Pressure
firststage

cometary
Thiscolumndoesnotcount
condenser

0.0504kmol/s
REFLUX2 step=1.
recycle2
stage=10.
Feed2 step=15.
2Atm.

0.0068Atm.

columnC2

Pressuredrop
bystep
stages

Total
0.2molar
0.0095kmol/s

exchanger

Condenser
Refluxratio
Flowrateat
thebottom
Flowof
feeding
pressure
condenser
Pressuredrop
bystep
temperature
supercooling
temperature

22

Generallythepressure
whichissetto
Aspenisthe
condenser.

Itincludesreboilerand
condenser.

F2 stage=11.
1.1Atm.
0.0068Atm.
316.8981K
313K

Atthistemperature

heatHX

decanter

pumps

departure

Itpresentsseparation
phase.

Pressuredrop

0.1Atm.

Pressure
Capacity
heat
Increaseof
Pressure

1Atm.
0watts.

valves

adiabatic
Pressuredrop

mixerM1

Pressure

P11andP22=1Atm.
P21=0.1Atm.
PD1=0.26799999Atm.
PD2=1.1Atm.
All
V12=0.9Atm.
TherestAtm=0.1.
2.1Atm.

37

Page58
Episode2
Ethanoldehydrationprocess:SteadyState.
2.3.3Definitionofinitialconditions.
Foraconvergencewithahighconcentrationofethanolinlower
time,itisnecessarytoknowthecharacteristicsofthestreamsthatfeedthe
system,mainlytwostreamsthatfeedthecolumnC1.Theseare
processloopstobeclosed,however,thisisnotachievedin
steadystatesimulation,thisisduetothehighsensitivityofthesystemas
thecurrentsthatwouldclosethesetiesmustbeexactlythesame,what
otherwisethesimulationwouldnotbesatisfactory.
Theassumptionsmadeare:thedistillatestreamin
topshouldbeveryclosetotheazeotropicpointternary(seeChapter1).
Sincetherewillbearecyclingandreflux,wecanassumethatthecomposition
ofthesecurrentswillbeveryclosetotheconcentrationsoftheoutputs
aqueousandorganicdecanter.Tocalculatetheapproximatevaluesofthese
separateconcentrationssimulationisperformedexchanger
heatanddecanter.
Itispoweredwithaternarymixtureasazeotropicpointdeterminedbythe
UNIQUACmodel,Table3,atatemperatureof358K.
Table3:feedconcentrations.
CompoundConcentration(%mol)
Benzene
53.06
Ethanol
27.49
Water
19:45

Figure20:Flowchartfortheinitialconditions.
Afterperformingthesimulationrunconcentrationsareobtained
initials,Table4.
Table4:Initialconcentrationsobtained.
PhaseAqueousphaseOrganicCompound
Benzene
7.11mol%
83.46mol%
Ethanol
46.57%14.85%molmol
Water
46.3mol%
1.675%mol
thesevaluesareassumedforinitialization.

38

Page59
Episode2
Ethanoldehydrationprocess:SteadyState.
Thecompletesequence(Figure21)hasasinitialvaluesthoseshown
inTable5.
Table5:Initialvaluesofthepowerofthesequence.
Inrushcurrents
Concentration
Feed
Recycle
Reflux
BenFeed
Benzene
0%mol
83.46%7.11mol%mol
100mol%
Ethanol
84mol%
46.57%14.85%molmol
0%mol
Water
16mol%
46.3%mol%mol1675
0%mol
Flow
0.06kmol/s0.06kmol/s0.12kmol/s0.00025kmol/s
Temp.
350K
317.08K
317.08K
350K
Pressure
2,195Atm.
2.1Atm.
2.1Atm.
2.1Atm.
Withthisbaselinesimulationsteadystateprocessisexecuted,
obtainingtheresultsshowninTable6forallstreams
fromtheflowchart.
Table6:Valuesobtainedfromthefirststeadystatesimulation.
Outputcurrents
Concentration
ETH2
D2CALC
ORGREF
water2
Benzene
19.43mol%
8.64mol%
83.33mol%
0%mol
Ethanol
80.56%53.54%molmol
14.97mol%
0%mol
Water
0%mol
37.8mol%
1.685%mol
100mol%
Flow
0.05kmol/s0.074kmol/s0.106kmol/s0.0096kmol/s
Temp.
363.18K
339.56K
317.16K
373.16K
Pressure
2.9Atm.
2.1Atm
2.1Atm.
1Atm.

39

Page60
Episode2
Ethanoldehydrationprocess:SteadyState.

Figure21:Sequenceethanoldehydrationusingbenzeneassolvent
inaheterogeneousazeotropicdistillationprocessatsteadystatedeveloped
Aspen,()Inputs()Outputs.

40

Page61
Episode2
Ethanoldehydrationprocess:SteadyState.
Tobefoundhigherconcentrationsofethanol,andinturn,search
correspondenceentersrecyclestreamswith"d2calc"andrefluxwith
"Orgref"toclosethecyclesinafinalsequence.
Thiscanbeachievedbyupdatingthevaluesofthecurrentsandreflux
recycledwiththevaluesobtainedinthesimulation,untilthechangein
outputcurrentsisminimal,inordertoachievecorrespondence
betweenthesetwocurrents.Toachievehighethanolconcentrationis
necessarytoreducetheflowofrefluxstream(REFLUX),thisaltersthe
concentrations"d2calc"and"orgref"soitisnecessarytoupdatethe
valuestoachievehighpurityethanol,ittakesalotof
iterations.
2.3.4Multiplicityofstates.
Duringtheiterationsperformedtoconvergeatamaximumconcentrationof
asecondstablestateethanolisobtainedintheprocess.Thatis,the
systemhasdifferentbehaviorsapplyingthesameinput,this
phenomenonisknownasmultiplicityofstates.
Table7:Characteristicsofinputcurrents.
FEED
Recycle
Reflux
Flow
0.06kmol/s
0.06kmol/s
0085kmol/s
Pressure
2.229E5N/m2
2.127E5N/m2
2.127E5N/m2
Temp.
350K
K317
K317
Water
0.16%mol
0.463%mol
0.01676%mol
Benzene
0%mol
0.0711%mol
0.8346%mol
Ethanol
0.84mol%
0.4657%mol
0.1485%mol
twodifferentbehaviors,onewithahighconcentrationareobtained
ethanolintheoutputcurrents,Table8,andonewithalowconcentrationof

ethanol,Table9.
Table8:ResponsestablestatewithahighconcentrationofethanolinB1
(Bottomofcolumn).
Vap
B1
Flow
0154kmol/s
0.05kmol/s
Pressure
E52.026N/m2
2.026E5N/m2
Temp.
355.9K
369.5K
Water
25mol%
0.105%mol
Benzene
48.3mol%
0.94mol%
Ethanol
26.5mol%
98.95mol%
Table9:ResponsestablestatewithalowconcentrationofethanolinB1
(Bottomofcolumn).
Vap
B1
Flow
0154kmol/s
0.05kmol/s
Pressure
2.026E5N/m2 2.026E5N/m2
Temp.
358.9K
371.4K
Water
10.58mol%
44.5mol%
Benzene
48.6mol%
0%mol
Ethanol
40.7mol%
55.4mol%

41

Page62
Episode2
Ethanoldehydrationprocess:SteadyState.
Theonlyparameterthatisalteredistherefluxofthecolumn,whichcausesa
hysteresisbehavior.
TheexistenceofthissecondstablestateisdocumentedbyLuyben[1]and
asforsimilarsystemsinheterogeneousazeotroping
othermultipleitems[14][26][31][32].
Thechangefromonestatetoanother,inthissystem,canbecausedby
minoralterationsinthedifferentoperatingparameters,giventhe
interconnectionprocessundertheseconditionsrequiresalongtime
achieveaproductwithahighpurityofethanol,itisnecessaryto
manyrunsmodifyingthepropertiesofthefeedstreams
enoughtoimprovethepurity,butnottosuchadegreethatcausesthechangeto
anotherstablestate,inAnnexAdetaileddescriptionis
occurrenceofthisbehavior.
Simulation2.3.5stablefinalconfigurationstate.
Theresultsofthesteadystatesimulationofthedistillationprocess
heterogeneousazeotropicethanolwaterbenzenesystemshownin
Tables10and11.
Table10:feedstreamssimulationfinalstablestate.
Current
characteristics
Feed
Recycle
Reflux
BenFeed
Benzene
0%mol
15.72mol%
81.77mol%
100mol%
Ethanol
84mol%
61.36mol%
16.41mol%
0%mol
Water
16mol%
22.9mol%
1.811%mol
0%mol
Flow
0.06kmol/s0.05727kmol/s0.084kmol/s0.00025kmol/s
Temperature
350K
317K
317.08K
350K
Pressure
2,195atm
2,161atm
2.1atm
2,199atm
Table11:Simulationresultsfinalstablestate.
Current
Concentration
ETH2
D2CALC
ORGREF
water2
Benzene
0.906%mol
8182615723%mol%mol
0%mol
Ethanol
61,36798,951%mol%mol%mol16,367
1.538%mol
Water
0.141%mol
22908%1.806mol%mol
98461mol%
Flow
0.0504kmol/s0.058kmol/s0.0836kmol/s0.0095kmol/s
Temperature
372.53K
316.99K
316,291K
375.156K
Pressure
3.103atm
2.1atm
2.1atm
1,242atm
fullflowdiagramofthesteadystatesimulationseenin
Figure22.
Forthefinalconfiguration,therefluxofcolumnC1isvariedto
currentsD2CALC
RecycleandORGREF Refluxconvergeto
samevalues,thisisachievedbyupdatingtheconcentrations,temperaturesand
thesecurrentsflows,andthustoclosethecycle.

He

42

Page63
Episode2
Ethanoldehydrationprocess:SteadyState.
Theproductsofthesequence,butareveryclosetothevaluesof
entry,donothavetheappropriatevaluesforclosetiesintheprocess.Is
possiblethatthevaluesrequiredcanbeachievedbutittakes
moreiterations,butalreadyitisclosetothesecondstablestateand
althoughyoucanmoveforwardwithverysmallchanges,thesewouldtakemuch
timetothedesiredvalue.
Thesystemgeneratedsequenceproducesethanoldehydration
highethanolconcentrationandcalculatedazeotropeexceedsUNIQUAC
(89.99mol%),reachingaconcentrationof98.95mol%,eventhough
alongreproductivesincenoneoftheexistingprocessloops
ithasclosed.Thisisachievedatalaterstage,inadynamicsimulation.
ThetemperatureprofilesandconcentrationsarepresentedinTables12
forthesecondcolumnand13forthefirstcolumn.
Table12:TemperatureprofilesandconcentrationsofcolumnC2instablesimulation.
columnC2
Liquidcomposition
Vaporcomposition
temperatureBENZENE
ETHANOL WATER BENZENE ETHANOL WATER
Stage
K
mol
mol
mol
mol
mol
mol
1
0.454269240.229087720.157234890.61367739342.1617470.376057280.16967348
2
0.157234890.315321950.022425270.66225277350.7770410.613677390.22908772
3
0.133476840.339540830.016994660.64346451351.6152890.622238030.24428513
4
0.132566490.348403570.016359380.63523704351.8306880.618916970.24851654
5
0.132489670.351656930.016185220.63215784352.0014720.617464410.25004592
6
0.132484330.352748430.016149370.63110219352.1604450.616920230.25059544
7
0.132499280.353001410.016165820.63083277352.3145150.616732370.25076835
8
0.132521790.352929740.016202460.63086779352.4662320.616682740.25079546
9
0.132547170.352733380.016246850.63101977352.6165920.616686570.25076626
10
0.01629413352.765988
0.63121580.352490060.132573590.616710880.25071553
eleven 0.132600360.352229980.016342440.63142758352.9145770.616742860.25065677
12
0.00197541355.800934
0.64303920.354985380.018377040.708124080.27349887
13
0.002219940.355768410.000234450.64399713356.3229180.720734230.27704583
14
356.523307
0.356798340.000263440.7217237400.643173950.27801282
fifteen 356.689851
00.641129880.35886686
0.2791992700.72076959
16
356.863794
0 0.63678960.36321002
00.718456580.28153976
17
357.064884
0.3724974300.62750253
0.2864209500.71357863
18
357.332887
0.3929524100.60704758
00.70317435
0.2968256
19
357.785233
0.4409179200.55908208
0.3197047400.68029525
twenty 358.908553
0.5705096900.42949031
00.626695220.37330478
twentyone
363.674472
0 0.1337757
0.8662243
00.481816440.51818356
22
375.156444
0.9846178700.01538213
0 0.1492261 0.8507739

43

Page64
Episode2
Ethanoldehydrationprocess:SteadyState.
Table13:TemperatureprofilesandconcentrationsoftheC1columninstablesimulation.
columnC1
Liquidcomposition
Vaporcomposition
temperatureBENZENE
ETHANOL WATER BENZENE ETHANOL WATER
Stage
K
mol
mol
mol
mol
mol
mol
1
0.512231440.021619310.775753860.20262684358.2920220.327701890.16006667

0.019853040.204544220.77560274358.690495
0.51598350.335275520.14874098
32
0.205269650.77498804358.822725
0.0197423
0.51609830.336319870.14758183
4
0.515744490.019832820.774076980.20609019358.9240280.336747260.14750825
5
0.515192990.019998390.772674960.20732665359.0172480.337241830.14756518
6
0.514331850.020292280.770228360.20947936359.1004420.337993460.14767469
7
0.512821240.020887530.765348410.21376406359.1636390.339306010.14787276
8
359.182178 0.75395890.223723340.022317760.509788630.341927980.14828339
9
0.502689730.026841990.720198560.25295945359.0957060.348030920.14927935
10
0.481525250.064326270.515420330.42025339358.8842070.36598515
0.1524896
eleven 0.484887250.045678050.516987110.43733484359.8109790.400447650.11466511
12
360.291420.516682230.445569520.037748240.486468280.416669950.09686177
13
0.486221510.035118140.511131970.45374988360.5529640.424488320.08929017
14
0.480949480.037758990.479553150.48268785360.7171830.432211840.08683868
fifteen 0.450840010.056788440.351923440.59128812361.0627390.459394750.08976523
16
361.53866 0.35027890.604991290.044729810.448101690.479576530.07232177
17
0.445885670.034490550.348991960.61651749361.9623510.497247860.05686646
18
0.34797524362.330757
0.62591550.026109250.444126250.51212645
0.0437473
19
0.442733580.019453830.347139180.63340699362.6463240.524252750.03301367
twenty 0.639330870.34637343362.915271
0.01429570.441597260.533908890.02449385
twentyone
363.146157 0.34544460.644180080.010375310.440554360.541553520.01789211
22
0.439322230.007446630.343832390.64872098363.3491790.547801860.01287591
2.3
0.437250170.005300240.340208290.65449147363.5384090.553620130.00912969
24
0.432674910.003773610.331188720.66503766363.7402470.560940040.00638505
25
0.421376430.002749870.309209840.68804029364.0201630.574189680.00443388
26
0.735178760.002138450.393853570.26268278364.556492
0.60302020.00312623
27
0.18889603365.718788
0.80927110.001832870.33538334
0.66227090.00234575
28
0.241707680.001694040.110440320.88786564367.7179570.75633682
0.0019555
29
0.140857380.001607060.054022560.94437037369.9243960.857364950.00177767
30
0.067662190.001519230.023340620.97514014371.5308970.930672560.00166524
31
0.027687490.001415320.009067970.98951671372.4350190.970761620.00155088

44

Page65
Episode2
Ethanoldehydrationprocess:SteadyState.

Figure22:Diagramfullflowsimulationsteadystate,generated
oftheresultsofthesimulation.

Four.Five

Page66
Episode2
Ethanoldehydrationprocess:SteadyState.
Sensitivityanalysis2.3.6.
Becauseofthedifficultytoconvergethesequence,boththenumberofiterations
andthepresenceofmultiplestates,analysisisperformed
sensitivityusingtheformulaofparametricsensitivity[33],detailsonthe
AnnexB,tobetterunderstandthesystem.
Theflowchartisdividedintothreesubsystemstofacilitateanalysis,Figure22:
orC1:Correspondstocolumn1.
orHXDEC:correspondingtothejunctionoftheheatexchangerandthe
decanter.
orC2:correspondingtocolumn2.
simulationsareperformedcorrespondingtoeachofthesubsystemsand
Theyapplythemperturbationsinthefollowingparametersineachofthe
inrushcurrents:
orflow.
orpressure.
ortemperature.
orwaterconcentration.
orbenzeneconcentration.
orethanolconcentration.
Theinputcurrentsofeachofthesubsystemsare:
orSubsystemC1.
orReflux:refluxfromtheclarifiertocolumn1.
orRecycle:recyclingthedistillatefromcolumn2to
column1.
orFeed:feedpreconcentratedmixtureofethanol
waterintheirazeotropicpoint.
orSubsystemHXDec.
orVAP2:distilledfromthetopofcolumn1.
orSubsystemC2.
orF2:aqueousphaseresultingfromtheseparationinthedecanter.
Inthespecificcaseofchangingconcentrations,reducesthe
concentrationofanyofthethreecompoundsandtheremainingtwoelements
increase,thisincreaseisappliedproportionallytotheconcentrationthat
presentedinsteadystate,forexampleifwehaveconcentrations
benzeneethanolwater(BEW)of0.250.50.25,andreducetheconcentrationof
5%water,thenewwaterconcentrationis0.2375,therestisdividedin
ratio:twothirdsforethanolandonethirdforbenzene
thenewconcentrationsare:0.25410.50830.2375BEW.
ThesimulationisperformedintheAspenPlussoftware

TM
Valuesweretaken

resulting,theywererecordedinatableandaregivenanadaptationofthe
formulaisparametricsensitivity[33].

46

Page67
Episode2
Ethanoldehydrationprocess:SteadyState.
Theformulaisasfollows:
S =

Change _ % _ in _ Variable _ Measure

Change _ % _ in _ Variable _ manipulated

(2.1)

TaketheSindexvaluesgreaterorequaltoone,iftheyarearound
onewillhaveadirectrelationshipbetweenchanges.
Allsubsystemsareappliedastepofapproximately5%
afterthesimulationisstabilized.

(to)

(B)

(C)
Figure23:Flowchartsextractedsubsystemsdehydrationsequence
ethanolgeneratedinAspen:(a)SubsystemC1,(b)SubDecHxand(c)Subsystem
C2.

47

Page68
Episode2
Ethanoldehydrationprocess:SteadyState.
Theresultsarelistedbelow:
ColumnC1.

Thisisthemostsensitivesubsystem,theoutputcurrentisthemostaffectedof
productobtainedinthelowerpart,theethanolconcentration.Practically
anychangesaffectingit,withveryhighrates.
Thehighersensitivitiesofeachtypeareobtained:
1.Variationoftheconcentrationofbenzeneintherefluxstream
column1,fromtherecirculatingorganicphasedecanter
column1,16.41%concentrationisreducedto15.59mol%mol,which
Iaffectstheproductobtainedatthebottom,increasedconcentration
waterandreducingtheconcentrationofethanol54mol%to98.94mol%,
obtaininganindexof6485.6.
2.Variationoftheconcentrationofethanolof1.81mol%to1.72mol%inthe
refluxstreamtocolumn1,thataffectstheproductofthelower
column,increasedconcentrationofwaterof0mol%to45.48mol%
andreducingtheconcentrationofethanolof98.94mol%to45.48mol%,
achievinganindexof6415.
3.Variationofwaterconcentration81.77%77.68%moltomolin
refluxstreamtocolumn1,whichaffectsthebottomproduct,
increasedconcentrationofwateranddeducingtheconcentrationof
ethanol98.94mol%to43.2mol%,obtaininganindexof6092.9.
4.Variationflow0.08414kmol/s0.079933kmol/s,inthecurrent
refluxcolumn1,thataffectstheproductobtainedinthebottomof
column,increasingtheconcentrationofwaterandreducing
ethanolconcentrationof98.94mol%to76.54mol%,obtaininganindex
of3299.
5.Variationofthetemperatureof317Kto301.2K,therefluxstream
column1,thataffectstheproductobtainedatthebottomofthecolumn,
increasingtheconcentrationofbenzeneandreducingtheconcentrationof
ethanol98.94mol%to98.05mol%,obtaininganindexof20.93.
6.Variationofthepressureof2.1atmto1,995atmatrefluxstream
column1,thataffectstheproductobtainedatthebottomofthecolumn,
butinanalmostimperceptiblemannernotgreatlyaffectthe
purityofethanolproduced,resultinginarateof0.05258.

48

Page69
Episode2
Ethanoldehydrationprocess:SteadyState.
ColumnC2.
Inthissubsystem,basicallyonlytwooutputvariableswhicharealteredthe
benzeneconcentrationandtheethanolconcentrationintheoutputcurrentof
thebottomofthecolumn.
Thehighersensitivitiesofeachtypeareobtained:
1.Variationofconcentrationof33.52mol%waterto31.85%mole,which
Iaffecttheproductinthelowerpartincreasedconcentrationofbenzene
andreducingtheconcentrationofwaterproduced(variableofinterest)of
98.46mol%to90.51mol%,obtaininganindexof2533.8.
2.Variationofinflowof0.067kmol/s0.064kmol/s,whichaffectsthe
thebottomproduct,increasingitsconcentrationofbenzeneand
reducingthepurityofwaterproducedfrom98.46to94.84mol%mol%,
obtaininganindexof334.7.
3.Variationofconcentrationof52.95%Ethanol50.3%moltomolwhich
Itaffectstheproductinthelowerpartreducingtheconcentrationofethanol,
increasedconcentrationof98.46%producedwaterto100%mol
mol,obtaininganindexof20.
4.Variationofthetemperatureof300.3K316.9Kto,affectingproduct

lowerreducingitsconcentrationofbenzeneincreased
producedwaterconcentrationof98.46mol%to99.3mol%,obtaining
anindexof16.41.
5.Variationoftheconcentrationofbenzeneof13.51mol%to12.83mol%,
Itisaffectingtheproductinthelowerpartreducingitsconcentration
benzene,increasingtheconcentrationofwaterproducedfrom98.46mol%to
99.15%mol,obtaininganindexof15.42.
6.Variationofthepressureof1.16atmto1.109atm,virtuallyno
affectstheobtainedproductperceptibly,obtaininga
0.0611index.
HeatexchangerandDecanter
Thissubsystemistheleastsensitiveofthethree,howeveralteration
Decanterlevelisveryimportantbecauseitdependsfeeding
benzenecolumnC1,whichasalreadydiscussedisverysensitive.
Thehighersensitivitiesofeachtypeareobtained:
1.Variationintheconcentrationofethanol32.77%31.13%moltomolwhich
mainlyitaffectstheflowoftheaqueousphaseinconcentrationof
reducingbenzene13.51mol%to11.76mol%,obtaininganindex
2.58.

49

Page70
Episode2
Ethanoldehydrationprocess:SteadyState.
2.Variationofconcentrationofbenzeneof51.22mol%to48.66mol%,which
affectstheproductfromtheaqueousphaseincreaseditsflowof0.06758kmol/s
0.07375kmol/s,obtaininganindexof1.82.
3.Variationofwaterconcentrationof16mol%to15.2mol%,whichaffects
productinitsaqueousphase,increasingtheconcentrationofbenzene
13.51%14.62%moltomol,obtaininganindexof1.64.
4.Variationofflowconcentration0.15101currentkmol/s0.1434
kmol/s,whichaffectstheproductinitsaqueousphase,increasingitsflow
0.0642kmol/s0.0675kmol/s,andreducingtheorganicflow0.08342
kmol/s0.07925kmol/s,obtaininganindexof1.05.
5.Thevariationof5%tothepressureandtemperatureareunchanged
noticeableintheorganicandaqueousstreamsoutput,obtainingindices
virtually0.
2.3.7DiscussionofResults.
Tomakethesimulationconvergeinahighconcentrationofethanol,
ItisgraduallyreducedtorefluxofcolumnC1from0.12kmol/sto0.84
kmol/s,makingupdatestothecorrespondingcurrentscycles
reflowprocessandrecycling,tobeclosed.
Althoughthepropertiesofeachoftheseflowshasa
considerablecorrespondence,seefigure22,thisisnotenoughtogeta
convergencethatpresentahighconcentrationofethanol.Causingthe
closethesecyclesethanolconcentrationsthatdonotexceed50%obtained
molar.
Thesteadystatesimulationobtainedhasapurityofmaximumethanol
of98.95mol%,fedamixtureofethanolwaterto84mol%ethanol,to
thispointisnotpossibletoobtainhigherpuritiesasyourequireadjustments
verylittlethattheycanbeobtainedwithanefficientcontrolstructure.
Accordingtothesensitivityanalysisinputcurrentthataffectsmore
theprocessistherefluxstream,asthemainpowersource
benzene,asitistheseparatorwhichovercomestheazeotropeandgeta
highpurityethanol,theazeotropicpointhigher.
theimportanceoftheamountofbenzeneincolumnC1isevident,for
theprocesscanoperateefficientlyandproduceahighpurityethanol,by
whichcontroltheamountofbenzenepresentinthiscolumnis
essentialfortheproductionofhighpurityethanol.

fifty

Page71

Chapter3

Dehydrationsequence
ethanol:Dynamic.

Thischapterdescribesthesimulation
dynamicsazeotropicdistillationprocess
heterogeneousethanolwaterbenzenesystem
givenbyLuybenin[1]andincludes
informationnecessaryforreproduction.
thecontrolstructureisalsodescribed
proposal
by
Luyben
in
[1]
AspenDynamicsimplementationand
alldataforimplementation.
Finally
HE discusses the
Operatingsequencecompletely
completed.

results

for

his

ofthe

Page72
Chapter3
Ethanoldehydrationsequence:Dynamics.

52

Page73
Chapter3
Ethanoldehydrationsequence:Dynamics.
3.1simulationsoftwareAspenDynamics.
Dynamicsimulationisessentialwhenyouwanttomaximizeoperability,
safetyandproductivityofplantsthataredesignedoroperated.AspenDynamicsis
apowerfulandeasytousetoolthatallowsdynamicsimulations
[3.4].
AspenDynamicsiscloselylinkedtothesteadystatesimulatorAspen
Plus.WithAspenPlus,aprocesscanbeevaluatedintermsofconsumption
energy,improvedproductionandprocessalternatives.UsingAspenDynamics,the
sameprocesscanbestudied:
orexaminingtheoperabilityoftheprocessanditscontrol.
orevaluatingthesafetyoftheplant.
Potteringorplantproblems.
ItstartsfromaprocessmodeldevelopedinAspenPlus,atsteadystate
fromwhichAspenDynamicscangeneratedynamicresultsandallows
evaluatetheprocessandapplydifferentcontrolalternatives.
3.2DynamicSimulationandcontrolofthesequenceofethanoldistillationsystem
waterbenzene.

Althoughnotsufficientconvergence,themodelisexportedfromAspenPlusto
AspenDynamicsandTC1controllerisimplemented,isaPIcontroller
whoseconfigurationisreportedin[1],itsaimistocontrolthetemperatureoftheplate
number28 3 whichmustbemaintainedatapproximately371.2K.
Theinstallationofthiscontrollerallowsclosingprocesscycles,thisisshown
inFigure24.
Thissequenceresultsinaproductwithapuritywhichismaintainedin
99.64%molofethanol,howeverabout24hrs.simulation
dynamic,thepuritydropstoabout80mol%ethanol.
TheconfigurationdataalldriversareinTable14.
TheoriginalsequenceproposedbyLuybenin[1]has12drivers,Luyben
onlyprovidestheconfigurationoftwoofthemin[1],Luybenexplainstheuseofa
autosintonizabledrivercalled"PIDIncr"whichdoesnotexistinourversionof
AspenDynamicstwomorearesetbyAspenDynamicstobeexported,
soithasbeennecessarytosetuptherestofthesedriversforour
account.

3 AspenPlusasAspenDynamicsplateshavetopdown.

53

Page74
Chapter3
Ethanoldehydrationsequence:Dynamics.

Figure24:Sequencewithclosedprocesscycles,obtainedfromthefirst
dynamicsimulationsoftheprocess.
Tosetthesecontrollersthemethodofthereactioncurveisused,also
knownasCohenCoonmethod[35].Theprocedureconsistsinthe
effectofadisturbancestepinopenloopofthedifferentelements
controlledinsequence,thisraisesanewproblem,becauseif
disconnectsanysignificantflow,simulationcannotrunanddonoteven
allowsmodificationofsomevalues,thenthevaluestakenasreference
importedfromAspenPlus.
Table14:Settingthesequencecontrollersethanoldehydration,
usingbenzeneasentrainer.
PIControl
Control
Description
kc
ti
FC
0.716808
5.557349
Flowcontrolsupplytothesystem.
FCreflux 10.061728
1.986312
Controlflowofrefluxstreamtothedecanter
column1.
LC11
6.317587
3.096604
Levelcontrolreboilerofcolumn1.
LC21
6.317587
3.096604
Levelcontrolreboilerofcolumn2.
LC22
1001.40169
0.001
Levelcontrolcapacitorcolumn2.
LCDaq
29.928931
0.034265
Levelcontroloftheaqueousphaseinthedecanter.
LCDorg
3.3
173.850389levelcontroloftheorganicphaseinthedecanter.
PC1
twenty
12
Controlpressureinthecondensercolumn1.

PC2
TC1
TC2
TCD

twenty
1.15
0.707
14075.6586

12
44
9.2
0.120019

Controlpressureinthecolumncondenser2.
Controltemperatureincolumn1.
Controltemperatureincolumn2.
TemperaturecontrolintheheatexchangerHX.

ThedriverconfigurationdetailedprocedureisinANNEX
B.

54

Page75
Chapter3
Ethanoldehydrationsequence:Dynamics.
3.3.1controlloops.
Thefinalproposedin[1]systemhas12controllersindifferent
controlloops:
or3temperaturecontrols:TC1,TC2andTCD.
or2pressurecontrols:PC1andPC2.
O2flowcontrols:FCandFCreflux.
or5levelcontrols:LC11,LC21,LC22,LCDaqandLCDorg.

Figure25:Sequenceproposedin[1].
Theneachoftheseloopsaredescribed:
ortemperaturecontrols:
orTC1:cascadeworkswithflowcontrolFCreflux,your
goalistocontrolthetemperatureofstep28column
C1,keepingin371.27K,accordingtothecriterion
gradient[1],generatingadynamicreferencetoacontrol
ofreason.
orTC2:theobjectiveistocontrolthetemperatureoftheplatenumber20
columnC2,maintainingat358.9K,accordingtothe
slopecriteria[1]throughmanipulation
amountofheatthatentersthereboilerofcolumnC2.
orTCD:manipulatesheatoutputcapacitorHX,for
controlthetemperatureofthestreamcalled"S2"

55

Page76
Chapter3
Ethanoldehydrationsequence:Dynamics.

keepingat313Ksothatseparationmayoccur
phasesinthedecanter.
orpressurecontrols:
orPC1:maintainstheinternalpressureofcolumnC1tobe
2atm,manipulatingthevalveV12.
orPC2:maintainstheinternalpressureofcolumnC2tobe
1.1atm,throughmanipulationofvalveV2.
orFlowControls:
orFC:controlstheflowofthefeedstreamtothecolumn
C1tobemaintainedat0.06kmol/s,byhandling
valveV3.
orFCreflux:controlstheflowofcurrent"reflux",receivesits
referenceratiocontrollerthatreadsflow
feedstreamofcolumnC1andresponse
TC1controlled,yourreferencepointisvariable.
orlevelcontrols:
orLC11:controlsthelevelofreboilerofcolumnC1,in
approximately2.2m,throughmanipulation
ValveV11.
orLC21:controlsthelevelofreboilerofcolumnC2,
keeping1.06mthroughmanipulation
ValveV21.
orLC22:controlsthelevelofcapacitorC2column,
0.23mkeeping,throughmanipulation
ValveV2.
orLCDaq:controlstheleveloftheaqueousphaseinthedecanter,
keeping1.38m,withmanipulationofthevalve
VD1.
orLCDorg:controlstheleveloftheaqueousphaseinthedecanter,
keeping1.38m,withmanipulationofthevalve
VD1.
Thereferencepoints(setpoints)areinitiallysetbya
simulationcalledinitializationthatisnecessarywheneverthe
flowdiagramismodified,otherwiseyouwillhaveconvergenceerrors,
subsequentlyadjustedbytrialanderror.

56

Page77
Chapter3
Ethanoldehydrationsequence:Dynamics.
3.4FinalDynamicconfigurationandperformance.
Dynamicsimulationoftheprocessissuccessfullycompleted,wereimplementedthe
controlsprovidedbytheliteratureandmissingdriversaretuned,
obtainingapurityof99.56%ethanolmol.ThefinalsequenceisshowninFigure
26.
Tuningparameterssupplieddriversliterature
wereadequate,thedriversthatweretunedforfineadjustmentshad
Forbestresults,primarilyinthepurityofethanol,aproductoftheprocess.
Thereisanegligibleoscillationinproductpuritybetweenpurityvalues
99.5653%ethanoland99.5677mol%mol,butwithoutanytendency,negativeor
positive.ThereforeschemesareimplementedoperationControl
appropriate,thebehaviorofthepurityofethanolobtainedisshowninFigure27.

57

Page78
Chapter3
Ethanoldehydrationsequence:Dynamics.

Figure26:Sequencecompletedehydrationofethanolusingbenzeneas
releaseagentobtainedfromthefinalsimulationinAspen.

58

Page79
Chapter3
Ethanoldehydrationsequence:Dynamics.
Thesystemstabilizesat2.5hrsafterstartofthesteadystateobtainedin
byAspenPlus(baseline).

Figure27:Dynamicbehavioroftheethanolconcentrationsequenceobtained
SimulationinAspen.
Waterpurityof98.45%isobtainedmol.

Figure28:Dynamicbehaviorofpurewater,obtainedfromthesimulation
Aspen..

59

Page80

Chapter3
Ethanoldehydrationsequence:Dynamics.
Graphicssimulationpresentedwithadurationof25hrs.,But
simulationsperformedupto300hrs.tocheckthestabilityofthesystem.
InFigure29itcanbeseenthedetaileddiagramwithmoreinformation
importantofallstreamsthatmakeuptheflowdiagram.
temperatureprofilesandconcentrationsarealsopresentedforeachofthe
columnsintables16and17AndTable18presentsparameters
finalequipmentconfiguration.
Table15:Propertiesofthefeedstreamofethanolproductionprocess
anhydrousbenzeneusingasaseparator.
Feedstream
characteristics
Feed
Benzene
0%mol
Ethanol
84mol%
Water
16mol%
Flow
0.06kmol/s
Temperature
350K
Pressure
2,195atm
Table16:TemperatureprofilesandstableconcentrationsofthecolumnC2after50
hrsdynamicsimulation.
columnC2
Liquidcomposition
Vaporcomposition
temperatureBENZENE
ETHANOL WATER BENZENE
ETHANOL
WATER
Stage
K
mol
mol
mol
mol
mol
mol
1
342.18727 0.15611150.61405751
0.453427290.229831
0.376709090.16986362
2
350.808650.022138630.661333890.316527480.15609749
0.61406710.22983541
3
0.642182560.01673984351.64742
0.34107760.13237575
0.622437560.24518669
4
351.86357 0.01610080.633768160.350131050.13146576
0.619036850.24949739
5
0.353484260.630593080.01592266352.0346
1.31E01
6.18E010.25106883
6
352.193520.015884030.629490390.35462558
1.31E01
6.17E01
2.52E01
7
0.354903190.629198280.01589853352.3474
1.31E01
6.17E01
2.52E01
8
352.498860.015933650.629221970.35484438
1.31E01
0.61672794
2.52E01
9
352.64894 0.01597670.62936749
0.35465580.13143762
0.616728770.25183361
10
352.798060.016022730.629558850.354418420.13146256
0.616750880.25178657
eleven 352.946360.016069770.629766320.354163910.13148784
0.61678086 0.2517313
12
355.812460.001932320.641196070.356871610.01810284
0.707359830.27453733
13
356.32903
0 0.64214460.357627180.00217541
0.71978070.27804389
14
356.52818
00.641350820.35862233
0
0.720758140.27898496
fifteen 356.69411
0.3606371100.63935974
0
0.719832040.28013774
16
356.86743
0 0.63510560.36489404
0
0.717571290.28242517
17
357.06773
0.3740417300.62595823
0
0.712777840.28722175
18
357.33467
0.3942663400.60573366
0
0.70250740.29749255
19
357.78541
0.4418288700.55817113
0
0.679839960.32016003
twenty 358.90462
00.429303290.57069671
0
0.626582960.37341704
twentyone
363.65075
00.134091470.86590853
0
0.482274610.51772539
22
375.1353
0.9845611900.01543882
0
0.149680110.85031989

60

Page81
Chapter3
Ethanoldehydrationsequence:Dynamics.
Table17:TemperatureprofilesandstableconcentrationsofthecolumnC1after50
hrsdynamicsimulation.
columnC1
Liquidcomposition
Vaporcomposition
temperatureBENZENE
ETHANOL WATER BENZENE ETHANOL WATER
Stage
K
mol
mol
mol
mol
mol
mol
1
0.203194520.77490719358.2618
0.0218983
0.511750.327170940.16107906
2
358.655950.774198670.205633260.020168070.515317990.33499671
0.1496853
3
358.778120.773064770.206831650.020103580.515108780.336336940.14855428
4
358.869390.771926380.207872360.020201260.514432870.337054660.14851247
5
358.957010.770724110.208952940.020322960.513698780.337721950.14857928
6
359.0417 0.7688636
0.2106021
0.02053430.512879140.338453930.14866694
7
359.1128
0.76471420.214242230.02104356
0.5116150.339563110.14882189
8
359.141970.753931360.223651680.022416960.508915880.341897090.14918703
9
359.064920.720389490.252656220.026954290.502107940.34773826
0.1501538
10
358.863650.513010750.421709990.065279260.481095770.365533710.15337052

eleven 359.794920.514603530.439060930.046335530.484372550.400286660.11534079
12
360.281540.514335340.447467710.038196950.485921680.416824590.09725373
13
0.485659370.035447950.508832480.45571957360.54730.424857690.08948294
14
360.715470.477263410.484687360.038049230.480388270.432696020.08691571
fifteen 361.06866.35027728
0.59268190.057040820.450255290.459943790.08980092
16
361.543210.348641230.606395140.044963630.447524670.480079550.07239578
17
0.618019060.34731843361.96727
0.03466250.44530737
0.49779320.05689943
18
362.337610.346179870.627625350.026194770.443509890.512806930.04368318
19
0.635566450.34498525362.65708
0.01944830.441973480.525206440.03282008
twenty 362.933660.343178130.642602560.014219310.440400110.535434030.02416586
twentyone
363.181770.339331290.650388460.010280250.438099430.544441650.01745892
22
363.430330.329851060.662722030.007426910.433299310.554293420.01240727
2.3 363.750360.306884410.687616880.005498710.421524030.569727180.00874879
24
364.33026.25902635
0.392924570.600798530.006276910.004355650.736618
25
365.54401 0.18484820.811347020.00380478
0.33290830.662280820.00481088
26
367.565920.107763730.888657480.003578790.238799670.757097540.00410279
27
369.737670.053170280.943373550.003456170.139712370.856477370.00381026
28
371.29391.02366912
0.97299440.003336490.068879280.92747151
0.0036492
29
0.030440470.003191990.009952180.98685583372.16590.966068360.00349117
30
372.616690.004013330.992970950.00301572
0.01254220.984156660.00330114
31
372.862730.001519570.995677110.002803320.004788910.992140680.00307041

61

Page82
Chapter3
Ethanoldehydrationsequence:Dynamics.
Table18:Listofequipmentoftheproductionsequenceofanhydrousethanolanditsconfiguration
endusedforsimulationinAspensuite.
Equipment
Parameter
Value
cometary
columnC1
stages
31
Thiscolumnisnot
Ithas
condenser
Flowrateat
0.0504kmol/s
thebottom
flows
REFLUX2 step=1.
feeding
recycle2
stage=10.
Feed2 step=15.
Pressure
2Atm.
generally
firststage
pressureis
issettoAspen
thecondenser.
Pressuredrop
0.0068Atm.
bystep
Dynamic:
dimensions
Type=Elliptic.
reboiler
Height=3.52m.
Diameter=1.76m.
Powerof
Diameter=1.76m.
stages
Spacebetweenstages
=0.6096m.
Heightofoverflow
=0.05m.
Activearea=90%.
columnC2
stages
22
Itincludesreboilerand
condenser.
Condenser
Total
Refluxratio
0.2molar
Flowrateat
0.0095kmol/s
thebottom
Flowof
F2 stage=11.
feeding

pressure
condenser
Pressuredrop
bystep
temperature
supercooling
Dynamic:
Refluxtank

tank
reboiler

1.1Atm.
0.0068Atm.
316.8981K

Verticalellipticaltype.
Length=0.05m.
Diameter=0.855m.
EllipticType.
Height=1.71m.
Diameter=0.855m.

62

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Chapter3
Ethanoldehydrationsequence:Dynamics.
Equipment

Parameter
Powerof
stages

exchanger
heatHX

temperature
departure

decanter

pumps

Pressuredrop
Pressure
Capacity
heat
Dynamic:
TankType
length
Diameter
Increaseof
Pressure

valves

adiabatic
Pressuredrop

mixerM1

Pressure

Value
Diameter=0.855m.
Spacebetweenstages
=0.6096m.
Heightofoverflow
=0.05m.
Activearea=90%.
313K

cometary

Atthistemperature
Itpresentsseparation
phase.

0.1Atm.
1Atm.
0watts.

Verticalelliptical.
4m.
2m.
P11andP22=1Atm.
P21=0.1Atm.
PD1=0.26799999Atm.
PD2=1.1Atm.
All
V12=0.9Atm.
TherestAtm=0.1.
2.1Atm.

63

Page84
Chapter3
Ethanoldehydrationsequence:Dynamics.

Figure29:Simulationresultsofheterogeneousazeotropicdistillationprocess
ofethanolwaterbenzene,obtainedfromthefinalsimulationAspensystem.

64

Page85
Chapter3
Ethanoldehydrationsequence:Dynamics.
ThedynamicbehavioroftheprocesscontrollersseeninFigure
30to41.

Figure30:DynamicbehavioroftemperaturecontroloftheC1,TC1column.

Figure31:DynamicbehavioroftemperaturecontroloftheC2,TC2column.

65

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Chapter3
Ethanoldehydrationsequence:Dynamics.

Figure32:DynamicbehaviorcontrolcondensertemperatureHX,TCD.

Figure33:DynamicbehaviorcontrolpressureC1,PC1column.

66

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Chapter3
Ethanoldehydrationsequence:Dynamics.

Figure34:DynamicbehaviorcontrolpressureC2,PC2column.

Figure35:DynamicbehaviorofpowerflowcontroltoC1,FCcolumn.

67

Page88
Chapter3
Ethanoldehydrationsequence:Dynamics.

Figure36:DynamicbehaviorcontrolrefluxC1,FCrefluxcolumn.

Figure37:Dynamicbehaviorofthelevelcontroltankboilercolumn
C1,LC11.

68

Page89
Chapter3
Ethanoldehydrationsequence:Dynamics.

Figure38:Dynamicbehaviorofthelevelcontroltankboilercolumn
C2,LC21.

Figure39:Dynamicbehaviorofthelevelcontroltankcapacitor
columnC2,LC22.

69

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Chapter3
Ethanoldehydrationsequence:Dynamics.

Figure40:Dynamicbehaviorofthelevelcontroloftheaqueousphaseinthedecanter,
LCDaq.

Figure41:Dynamicbehaviorofthelevelcontroloftheorganicphaseofthedecanter,
LCDorg.

70

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Chapter3
Ethanoldehydrationsequence:Dynamics.
3.5Discussionofresults.
WiththeinformationprovidedLuybenin[1],itispossibletoreproducethesequence
toproduceanhydrousethanolheterogeneousazeotropingproposal.
Thepurityofethanolobtainedfromthedehydrationprocessissimulated99.56%mol,
whichishigherthanthatreportedbyLuybenin[1]of99.25mol%ethanol.
Thetuningcontrollersforacomplexprocessisadifficulttask,the
methodthatwasusedforitgivesverygoodresults,althoughgiventhe
characteristicsoftheprocessisnotasimplemethodologytoapply.
Forgoodresultsintheoverallplantcontrol,controlofreflux
(FCreflux)oftheazeotropiccolumn(C1)isessential,giventheimportanceof
theamountofbenzeneinthefirstcolumntoachieveseparation.Forthesame
reasonisalsoofgreatimportancecontrollingfeedingtopurebenzene
plant(LCDorg),whichmonitorstheleveloftheorganicphaseinthedecanter,richin
benzene,toestimatetheamountofnewbenzeneitmustbefedto
Itreplacelostintheprocess.Thesecontrolstakeonevenmoreimportance
ifthisplantisimplementedasarealprocess,thehightoxicityofbenzene,
toavoidwaste.
AscanbeseeninFigures30through41,althoughthedrivershad
fineadjustmentsevenhaveoscillationsarenegligibleforpracticalpurposes,without
Butthisshowsthecontrolproblemthatthissystemrepresents.
IngeneralwecanseetheimportanceoftemperaturecontrolTC1,shown
inFigure30,becausetheirbehaviorisalmostthesameaspresents
dynamicbehavioroftheconcentrationofethanolproduced.
Theleveloftheaqueousandorganicphasesinthedecanterdespitebeingslow,
Itpresentsanimportantlevelofdifficulty,mainlybecauseitdependson
performingtheaboveprocesses,soitwouldbeimportanttoperforma
controlstructurewithafocusonmultivariablecontrol.

71

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Chapter3
Ethanoldehydrationsequence:Dynamics.

72

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Chapter4

Implementationofacontroller
AspendiffuseandEvaluation
Itsperformance
.

Thischapterdescribestheimplementationof
twocontrollers,theirmathematicalmodelsand
codingmodelingsoftwareAspen
CustomModeler.
Italsoincludesfullimplementationof
idealbinarycolumndistillationinAspen
CustomModeler,inordertodocumentthe
modelingthissoftwaretooland
testtheperformanceofthefuzzycontrollers
inawellknownmodel.
Inadditionweanalyzetheperformanceof
installedinthesequencecontroller
heterogeneousazeotropicdistillationtoproduce
anhydrousethanolanditsresponsetodisturbance
thefeedstream.

Page94
Chapter4
ImplementationofafuzzycontrolinAspenandevaluationoftheirperformance.

74

Page95
Chapter4
ImplementationofafuzzycontrolinAspenandevaluationoftheirperformance.
4.1AspenmodelingsoftwareModelerCustom.
ThesimulationsuiteAspenisverylimitedwithrespecttoinstruments
control,becauseitonlyhasPIDcontrollersandsimpleelementssuchasdelays,
multipliers,amongothers,soitwasdecidedtotesttheflexibilityofthesoftware
AspenCustomModelerModelingandimplementintelligentcontrol,
specifically,afuzzycontroller.
4.1.1OverviewofAspenCustomModeler.
Itisaneasytousetoolforcreating,editingandreuse
modelsofprocessingunits.Modelscanuseinheritanceis
Theycanbeuseddirectlyorcanbeconstructedwithinalibraryfor
distributionanduse.Thedynamicandsteadystatesimulation,theestimationof
parametersandoptimizationcanbesolvedinaorientedmanner
equationswhichprovidesflexibilityandpower.
4.1.2ProgrammingParadigm.
GenerallyitcanbesaidthatAspenCustomModelerisalanguage
orientedequationsassourcecodeitgeneratesaseriesofequations
describingtheitembeingmodeledandthesearebeingresolvedonebyonein
theordertheyweredefined.
Theintegrationmethodisalreadyincludedinthesimulatorandexecuted
AspenCustomModelerautomatically,soitisonlynecessary
defineandspecifyequationswhicharedifferential.Inshort,it
mustdefinethevariablesinthemodel,theinputcurrentsandoutput
equipmentmaterialandtheequationsthatgoverntheirbehavior.
FordetailsofcodinginAspenCustomModeler,seeAnnexC.
4.2Descriptionofthestandardmodelofafuzzycontroller.
AnimportantpartofthisworkistoknowthecapabilitiesofthesuiteofAspen,
andAspenCustomespeciallyModelerthereforeforfuzzycontrollerischosen
forbeingtheeasiestcontrollertoimplementthemostadvancedcontrollers
existing.
4.2.1fuzzyControl.
Thefuzzycontrolistheanalysisanddesignofcontrolsystemsbasedonsystem
fuzzyinference,whichcantransformthehumanknowledge
ontheoperationofaplantinasetofrulesthatmay
efficientlycontrol[36].
Afuzzyinferencesystemisasystemthatemulatesthemechanisms
humanreasoningtodrawvalidconclusionsusingaset
rulesofprocedureifthen[37],seeFigure42.

75

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Chapter4
ImplementationofafuzzycontrolinAspenandevaluationoftheirperformance.

Figure42:Generalstructureofafuzzycontroller[36].
4.2.2Overviewmodel.
afuzzycontrollerstandard[36]isproposed.Itisnecessarytoemphasize
theneedforafuzzycontrolsysteminwhichitisnotnecessarytomodify
theknowledgebasewhenappliedtodifferentsystems,sincethis
wouldmodifythemodelforeachspecificapplicationthereforeis
necessarytohandleastandardizedsystemtocontrolrules
throughconstantinferencethatscaletheinputsandthecontrolleroutput.
Asinputstothecontrollerhavetheerror(E),whichisthedifferencebetween
valueofthemonitoredvariableandareferencevalue,andthederivativeoftheerror
( E),whichgivesusreferencethatchangessofastthaterrorthedetailsof
thiscontrollerseeninFigure43.
and(k)

E(k)

z 1

E(k)

System
diffuse

or(k)+

or(k)
+
z 1

Figure43:Blockdiagramofthefuzzycontroller[36].
4.2.3Inferencerules.
Thefuzzycontrollerisabletoreaderrors(Eand
fuzzy,butitmustmakedecisionsregardingthatinformation.

E)andassignavalue

Forwhichitmusthavethenecessaryknowledgetobuildrules
thesystemwillcontinueaccordingtothestateoftheprocess(inputs).
Assuminganunderdampedsecondordersystem,likeFigure44,
wecanseehowdeterminedtheserules.

76

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Chapter4
ImplementationofafuzzycontrolinAspenandevaluationoftheirperformance.

Figure44:Responseofasecondordersystemunderdamped[36].
SupportedinFigure44,whichshowstheerrorresponse(Figure45),is
detectedfourimportantpoints.

Figure45:Errorofadampedsecondordersystem[36].
WeanalyzethestateoftheinputvariablesEand
r4:

Eatpointsr1to

orPointr1:
orE:negative.
or E:positive(ittendstomakepositiveerror).
oAction:issubjecttothediscretionofthedesigner,becausealthoughnoerror,
thisbecorrectedanditisonlyamatteroftime,wecan
increasecontrolsignalisregularizedorletalone.
orpointr2:
orE:positive.
or E:positive(ittendstomakemorepositiveerror).
oAction:whatwewantisthattheerroriszero,therefore
wemustreducethecontrolsignal.
orpointr3:
orE:negative.
or E:negative(morenegativetheerror).
oAction:increasethecontrolsignaltomakemorepositive
Errorandbringittozero.

77

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Chapter4
ImplementationofafuzzycontrolinAspenandevaluationoftheirperformance.

orPointr4:
orE:positive.
or E:negative(becomesnegativeerror).
oAction:alsoisuptothedesigner,sincetheerror
Itisreducingandwillcomewhenitreacheszeroorcan
increasecontrolsignalandmakethecontrollerfaster.
Ingeneralarethemostimportantrules,buttherearestillothersituations,
forexample,whentheerroriszeroandthederivativeoftheerroriszero,inthiscase
dependsonthecontrolledsystem,thenperhapsasmallconstanterroris
toleratedbecausewhenourderivativeiszeromeansthatoursystemand
Itisstable.
Ourparticularsystemconsistsoftwoinputvariablesandthreevalues
language(seeAnnexD),thismeansthateachoftheinputvariables
cantakethreevaluesandcanbeanycombinationofthese,thismeans
wemustdetermineninerules.
4.2.4fuzzysystem.
TheproposedfuzzysystemisMamdaniproduct,withthefollowing
characteristics:
Fusificador:singleton.
Rules:Mamdani.
Implication:producttype.

Standardt(intersection):Algebraicproduct.
Standards(binding):max.
Inference:individualrules.
defuzzification:Weightedaverage.
Whichmeansthattheresultsoftheclassificationofthetwovariables
inputwillbemultipliedtoobtainafuzzyoutput.
Forexample,forasystemoftworuleswithtwoinputssingleton,suchas
oursystem,wefuzzysystemwhoseoverallperformancecan
seeninFigure46.

78

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Chapter4
ImplementationofafuzzycontrolinAspenandevaluationoftheirperformance.

Figure46:Machinetypeinferenceproduct[36].
Inthefigurewecanobservethegeneraloperationofthefuzzysystem:
Thestateofthesystemistakenfromthefloor(x
B').

0,Y0)AndfusificadotoSingletones(A'and

TheSingletonesareevaluatedonalltherules,inthiscaseonlytwo(A1,B1and
A2,B2).
theweightsofeachruleareobtainedthroughamultiplication(w1,w2).
Weights(heights)areevaluatedontheactionsindicatedforeachrule(C1,
C2),where Z Itisthecenterofthemodifiedrules(C'1andC'2),butthiscenteris
thesameastheoriginalrulesthereforedonotneedtocalculatethem.
Finallythesearedefusificadaswiththeweightedaverageformula,
obtainingz 0Whichistherealactionontheground.
(4.1)

79

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Chapter4
ImplementationofafuzzycontrolinAspenandevaluationoftheirperformance.
Itmustberememberedthatinternalandoutputvaluesareintherange1to1,
inotherwords,theyarenormalized.
4.2.5Scalingofthesignals.
Asmentionedintheabove,astandardizedfuzzysystemdevelopmentand
workswithvaluesfrom1to1,thusadjustingthemagnituderequiredof
inputsandoutputstothefuzzysystemasneeded.Itisrecommended
dowhentheinputquantitiesaregreaterthanone.
Tonormalize,entriesmustbescaledsoastofitthe
fuzzysystem:
(4.2)
(4.3)
whereK and
andKarethescalingfactors.Thesearechosensothat

complywiththefollowingrules:
(4.4)
(4.5)
(4.6)
(4.7)
Where:
and=Itisthemaximumerror.
m
and
m=Itisthemaximumchangeoftheerror.
So:
(4.8)

(4.9)

80

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Chapter4
ImplementationofafuzzycontrolinAspenandevaluationoftheirperformance.
4.3fuzzycontrollersinthesequenceethanoldehydration.
OncethefuzzycontrollerimplementedinAspenCustomModeler,thiswas
testedinasimulateddistillationcolumnidealbinarymixtures,the

developmentofthismodelisinAnnexCandexperiments
thefuzzycontrollers,afterobtainingsatisfactoryresults,areinstalled2
fuzzycontrollersintheoriginalsequenceofanhydrousethanolproductionin
substitutionofPIcontrollers.Thefuzzycontrollerswereconfigured,
andfinallytheysimulatedtheperformancesofbothcontrolstructureswerecompared.
4.3.1Newcontrolstructure.
twofuzzycontrollersareinstalledinthesequenceimplemented
dehydrationofethanol,thefirstsubstitutionoftheflowcontrollerFC,
whichcontrolstheflowoftheethanolwatermixtureisfedtothesystem,
manipulatingthe"V3"valve,thesecondisthetemperaturecontrolTCD,which
controlsthetemperatureoftheliquidproducedbysteamcondensation
outputcolumn1,manipulatingtheoutputofheatexchanger
HXheat.SeeFigure47.
ThefuzzycontrollersarecalledFCDiffordiffuseflowcontrollerand
TC1Difforthefuzzytemperaturecontroller.
Parameters4.3.2drivers.
Themostimportantpartofthefuzzycontrolleraretherulesofinference
determinethebehaviorofthedriver,thesearespecifiedbythedesignerin
thevariables"SETVAL(x)",wherexisthenumberofrule.
Therulesaredistributedasfollows:
Table19:Baserulescontrollers.
AND
P
Z
N
PSETVAL(3)SETVAL(6)SETVAL(9)
ANDZSETVAL(2)SETVAL(5)SETVAL(8)
NSETVAL(1)SETVAL(4)SETVAL(7)
Thesevaluesrulescantakethreedifferentvalues:
oIncreasethecontrolsignal=1.
ornotchangethecontrolsignal=0.
orDecreasecontrolsignal=1.
Theparticularconfigurationofeachofthecontrollersispresentedinthe
Table20.

81

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Chapter4
ImplementationofafuzzycontrolinAspenandevaluationoftheirperformance.
Table20:Configurationparametersoffuzzycontrolintheproductionsequence
anhydrousethanol.
ParameterValueTeam
cometary
TC1Dif KDE
1.0
KE
1.0
KO
18.0
SETVAL(1) 1
1=increasecontrolsignal.
SETVAL(2) 1
SETVAL(3) 1
SETVAL(4) 0
0=maintaincontrolsignal.
SETVAL(5) 0
SETVAL(6) 0
SETVAL(7) 1
1=Reducethecontrolsignal
SETVAL(8) 1
SETVAL(9) 1
retardation
0.01
Inseconds.
SetPoint
39.85C
313K,AspenCustomModeler,
workingwithmetricunits.
FCDif
KDE
1.0
KE
1.0
KO
1.0
SETVAL(1) 1
1=increasecontrolsignal.

SETVAL(2)
SETVAL(3)
SETVAL(4)
SETVAL(5)
SETVAL(6)
SETVAL(7)
SETVAL(8)
SETVAL(9)
retardation
SetPoint

1
0
0=maintaincontrolsignal.
0
0
1
1=Reducethecontrolsignal
1
1
0.01
Inseconds.
216.0kmol/hr.0.06kmol/s,AspenCustomModeler,
workingwithmetricunits.

82

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Chapter4
ImplementationofafuzzycontrolinAspenandevaluationoftheirperformance.

Figure47:Sequenceheterogeneousazeotropicdistillationofethanolwaterbenzenesystem
withfuzzycontrollersinstalled,theseareindicatedbyanarrow.

83

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Chapter4
ImplementationofafuzzycontrolinAspenandevaluationoftheirperformance.
Therulesforbothcontrollersarethesameandcanbesummarizedas
followingtable:
Table21:Rulesofinferenceofbothfuzzycontrollers.
AND
P Z N
P1
0 1
E Z1
0 1
N1
0 1
4.3.3Performancecomparisonoffuzzycontrollersvs.PI.
Withrespecttothepurityofethanolobtained,fuzzycontrollershavea
similarperformancewithrespecttotheoriginalsequence,withaslightimprovement
5%.
average1.76x10
Inthesimulationpresentedtheywerenotapplied
transientoscillationsarecausedbyunstablebehavior
owninitialplant.
Thensimulationresultsarepresented:
Fortheflowcontrollerimprovementisobserved.Thecontrolledvariableoscillates
leastasitisseeninthegraphs,althoughthedifferenceissmall.

Figure48:ResponseofPIcontrolflowundernormalconditions,simulationinAspen
25hrs.

84

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Chapter4
ImplementationofafuzzycontrolinAspenandevaluationoftheirperformance.

Figure49:Responsefuzzycontrolflowundernormalconditions,simulation
Aspen25hrs.

Figure50:DetailofthedynamicbehaviorofPIcontrolflowsimulationinAspen
to4hrs.

85

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Chapter4
ImplementationofafuzzycontrolinAspenandevaluationoftheirperformance.

Figure51:Detailofthedynamicbehavioroffuzzycontrolflowsimulation
Aspen2hrs.
Inanalyzingthedata,aRMSEerrorPIcontroller3.78103E07isobserved,
RMSEerrorandfuzzycontrolof6.8262E10.
Fortemperaturecontrolwehave:

Figure52:ResponsePItemperaturecontrolsimulationinAspen.

86

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Chapter4
ImplementationofafuzzycontrolinAspenandevaluationoftheirperformance.

Figure53:Responsetemperaturefuzzycontrol,simulationinAspen25hrs.

Figure54:Detailoftheresponseoffuzzycontrol,simulationAspen2
hrs.

87

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Chapter4
ImplementationofafuzzycontrolinAspenandevaluationoftheirperformance.
ThedataindicatethattheRMSEerrorisPIcontrol
IthasaRMSE4.16E03error

8.60E04 ,Fuzzycontrol

Overalltheperformanceoftheplantisthesamewithboth
controlstructures.
4.3.4Responsetodisturbances.
Toverifytheproperoperationoftheplantwiththecontrolstructure
diffuse,thesystemwassimulatedwithvaryingconcentrationsofethanolinthe
feedstream.
Originallysimulationwasconfiguredwithaconcentrationof
feeding84%molofethanoland16mol%water.Theazeotropeis
toabout89.9mol%ethanol,accordingtotheequilibriummodel
UNIQUAC.
threesimulationsareperformedbychangingtheconcentrationofethanolinthe
feedstreamsequencetothefollowingvalues:
or83%ethanoland17molmol%water.
or82mol%ethanoland18mol%water.
or86%ethanoland14molmol%water.
Thesechangesareappliedto2.5hrs.simulationtimeinwhichthesystem
Itisstable.
Todothis,createa"Task",ataskthatisrunbycallorevent,the
whichissetforexecutionuponcompletionof2.5hrs.simulation,this
timethesystemisalreadystable,andchangesthefeedconcentrations
thesequencetothedesiredvalues,thecodeofthistaskisasfollows:
Table22:SourceofAspenCustomModelertosimulatedisturbancesCode,
increasedto86mol%ethanol.
WHENTIMERUNSdisturbanceTask==2.5
STREAMS("FEED")ZR("ETHANOL"):0.86.
STREAMS("FEED")ZR("water"):0.14.
End

88

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Chapter4
ImplementationofafuzzycontrolinAspenandevaluationoftheirperformance.

0.9964
0.9962
0.996
0.9958

0.84norm
0.832.5hrs

0.9956

0.822.5hrs
0.862.5hrs

0.9954
0.9952
0.995
0.9948

.4
2

1
.0
3

2
.6
3

3
.2
4

4
.8
4

5
.4
5

6
.0
6

7
.6
6

8
.2
7

9
.8
7

.5
8

1
.1
9

2
.7
9

Figure55:Responsetodisturbances,simulation10Hrs.
theresponsetodisturbancesseeninFigure55intheconcentrationof
ethanolfeed84mol%to83mol%,84mol%to82mol%and84%
mol%molto86.
Simulatingtheethanoldehydrationsequencedoesnotwork
correctlyforlowerfeedconcentrationsethanol81.9%
mol,itpresentsconvergenceerrorsindynamicsimulationinAspen
CustomModeler.
Table23:Resultsofperturbationexperimentsto25hrs.simulation.
Ethanolconcentration
concentration
concentration
infeed
ethanolproduced
waterproduced
86mol%
99.62mol%
98.5mol%
84mol%
99567mol%
98.48mol%
83mol%
99561mol%
98.42mol%
82mol%
99.55mol%
98.3mol%
Athigherconcentrationstheprocessnotonlymaintainsproductpurity,
ifthisincreases,thenpresentedsequencediagrams
basicvaluesobtainedwithasimulationof25hrs.perturbation
withhighestpurity(Figure56)andlower(Figure57).

89

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Chapter4
ImplementationofafuzzycontrolinAspenandevaluationoftheirperformance.

Figure56:Ethanol82%molinthefeed,25hrsAspensimulation.

Figure57:86mol%Ethanolinfood,25hrsAspensimulation.

90

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Chapter4
ImplementationofafuzzycontrolinAspenandevaluationoftheirperformance.
4.4Discussionofresults.
Ingeneraltermsthesequencehasthesameperformanceaswiththestructure
originalcontrol,atleastinregardtoproductpurity.
Anoverallimprovementofthesystemcouldbeachievediffuzzycontrollersareinstalledin
alllasoscontrol,sincetheconfigurationofthePIcontrollerswas
madeexclusivelyforthespecificsituationofthesystemandfineadjustments.
Inthecaseofdistillationcolumns,installeddriverstocontrol
refluxandforcontrollingtheheatinputtothereboilertheyaffecteachother,
sotuningonemustconsidertheotherandviceversa,this
featurecausesproblemswithfuzzycontrollerstendtohave
oscillationsatthebeginningofitsoperation,especiallywithsuchasensitivesystem
smallperturbations.
Thisalsocausesacontrollerthattendtooscillatecannotbe
easilyinstalledasasubstituteforPIDcontrolhasafinetuning
forsystemswithhighsensitivity.
Inthecaseofmodelingsoftware,AspenCustomcapacityisconfirmed
Modelerfordevelopmentandsimulationmodelsofcomplexcontrollers
usedtocontrolmodelsalreadyincludedinthesuiteofengineeringAspen.

91

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Chapter4
ImplementationofafuzzycontrolinAspenandevaluationoftheirperformance.

92

Page113

chapter5

Conclusions.

Thischapterpresentstheconclusions
generalofthisthesis.Theydescribe
inputinthesequencehas
reproducedandadvancedcontrol
sequence.
Additionally
HE
propose
recommendationsaccordingtotheresults
obtainedforsimilarworkorprojects
usethissimulation.

some

Page114
Chapter5
Conclusions.

94

Page115
Chapter5
Conclusions.
5.1Generalconclusions.
thedistillationsequenceissuccessfullyreproducedtoproduceanhydrousethanol
WilliamLuybenproposedin[1]asimulationlevel,asensitivityanalysiswasperformed
sequenceanddocumentedtheexistenceofthemultiplicityofstatesinthis
system,advancedcontroltechniqueswereincludedwithafocusonintelligence
artificialsuchasfuzzycontrol,analyzingitscomparativeperformanceandresponse
advancedtoexternalshockstothesystemcontrol,asisachangeinthe
concentrationinthefeedstreamsequence.
Sincecompletionofthiswork,ithasasuitesimulablemodelinengineering
Aspenwillbepartofthedepartment'sresourcesinMechatronics
researchlineenergyconversion,andfaculty
interdisciplinarydesignandautomaticprocesscontrolCENIDET.
AdditionallyinAnnexEsimulationandvalidationofpresents
correspondingtothepilotplantCENIDETconfiguration,validationis
comparingtheresultsofasimulationofabatch(batch)for
concentratedethanolwiththeexperimentaldataobtainedinimplementingthe
sameprocessinthepilotplant.Inordertousetheknowledge
acquiredandpresentthefirstmodelofthispilotplantinthepackageCENIDET
Aspensimulation,resultinginthepilotplantCENIDET
Itisabletofunctionasapreconcentrationstepfortheprocess
ethanoldehydrationpresentedinthisthesis.
5.1.1Sequenceimplemented.
Thesequencedevelopedinthisthesishasimprovementsoverthe
proposedin[1]sequence,themostimportantamongthemistheincreasein
purityoftheproduct,sincetheoriginalsequencehadapurityof
99.25%ethanolandthisdevelopmentmolpureethanolisobtained
99.56%mol.
Itisdocumentedindetailtheexistenceofasecondstablestate,leaving
clearthemultiplicityofstatesinthissystem,includingadetailedreport
howtoreducerefluxofcolumnC1withanethanolconcentrationof
98.95mol%,ispassedtoasecondstablestatethatproducespure
55.5mol%ethanol,thentosettheinitialvalueofreflux,theproduct

obtainedremainslowerthanpreviouslyobtainedwithaconcentrationof
55.46mol%ethanol(hysteresisphenomenon).
Thereisalsoprovidedasensitivityanalysisofthesequence,usingtheformula
parametricsensitivityin[33],showingveryhighratesofsensitivity,
thatreachthe6415units.
oftheuseofengineeringsuiteAspeniswelldocumented,
andallnecessaryconfigurationparametersaresettocreate
fromthebeginningtothissequenceofanhydrousethanolproduction,suchas:
numberplatesofthecolumns,operatingpressures,temperatures,flows
materials,concentrations,etc.

95

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Chapter5
Conclusions.
5.1.2IntelligentcontrolinAspenEngineeringSuite.
thedevelopmentofanintelligentcontrolmodelpresentsafuzzycontroller
standard,withallthenecessaryfeaturestobe
implementedinthecontrolordevelopedmodelsincludedinthesuite
Aspenengineering,highlightingtheabilityofAspenCustom
Modelertomodeladvancedcontrolsystemsthatcanbeusedin
togetherwithmodelscreatedinthesuite.
Fuzzycontrolinstalledinthesequencearrivesfasterthesetestablished,but
hasrateshigheratthebeginningofthesimulationerrordue
mainlyinitialoscillations.Theyalsopresentagoodperformance
respondingtosystemdisturbances,supportingreductionsin
ethanolconcentrationfedupto82%mol.
Youcangenerateacontrolsequencebasedonfuzzycontrolsto
thisisabletoovercometheperformanceachievedbytheconventionalPIcontrol,
butitisnecessarytoperformasetofrulesmostappropriateinferenceand
afineofadjustmentscalingconstants,whichcouldbethesubjectofa
newstudy.
5.2Recommendations.
ThesequenceisamodeldevelopedleadingtoengineeringsuitetoAspen
itslimits,first,becauseitisamixturewithahighlynonbehavior
ideal,second,byinstallingahostcomputerandthird,byapplying
advancedcontroltechniques,itisadvisabletouseacomputerequipment
adequate,especiallyifprolongedsimulationsarerequiredtime
morethan300hrssimulation.
Forinstallationintheflowdiagramofastructuredifferentcontrol,itis
torestartdynamicsimulations,whetherimplementednew
controllermodels,ornewcontrolloopswithconventionalcontrollers.
Thisisbecausethecurrentcontrolstructurehasveryfineadjustmentsappliedtoa
highlynonidealmultiplicityofstatesandprocess,thusreplacing
asinglecontrollerwithoutadaptingtootherswillbeverycomplicated.Thisisthereason
mainwhyfuzzycontrollersareinstalledonlyinsimplecontrolloops,
suchascontroloftemperatureandflow.
Ifyouwanttoreplacearesubstancessuchasseparatingagent,itwillbenecessary
restartsimulationsfromsteadystateimplementationinAspenPlus,
forAspenDynamicsdoesnotallowchangingsubstances.
5.3Futurework.
Themodeloftheproductionsequenceofanhydrousethanolthathasbeendevelopedmay
providesupportforthedevelopmentoffuturethesisworkbothinthedepartment
mechatronicstotheelectronicsdepartment.
Amongtheworksthatcanbedevelopedfromthismodelare:
orseparatingagentssearchintheethanolwatermixture,replacingthe
benzene.

96

Page117
Chapter5
Conclusions.

Separationornonidealmixtureswithsimilarbehaviormixture
ethanolwater.
oDevelopmentofcontrolstructuresandprocesstoimproveproduction
usinganhydrousethanolasentrainerbenzene,eitherinquestion
purityethanolobtainedorenergyconsumption.
oDevelopmentofadvancedcontrolmodels(robust,artificialintelligence,etc.)
inengineeringsuiteAspen.
orProcessDevelopmentinAspenEngineeringSuiteinrelationtothe
researchlineenergyconversion,notdirectlyrelatedtothe
ethanoldehydration,suchas:thedevelopmentofamodelofa
fuelcell.
orOther.

97

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Chapter5
Conclusions.

98

Page119

References

Page120
References

100

Page121
References

[1]Luyben,W."DistillationDesingandControlUsingAspenSimulation",Edit.Wiley,2006.
[2]GrassiII,V."Practicaldistillationcontrol",EditedbyWilliamL.Luyben,Edit.VanNostrand
Reinhold,1992,
[3]Holman,JP,"Thermodynamics,"McGrawHillBookCompany,1988.
[4]K.Schmitz(1999),"ModelingandsimulationofadistillationtowerMulticomponent"
IPN.
[5]K.Laidler&MeiserJ.,(2003),"PhysicalChemistry",Edit.CECSA,firstedition,fifth
reprint.
[6]M.Doherty,etal,"ConceptualDesingofDistillationSystems",Edit.McGrawHill,first
edition,2001.
[7]http://usuarios.lycos.es/biodieseltr/hobbies9.html,Lastseen:16/10/2008
[8]CerpaM.:"Productionofanhydrousethanolasagasolineadditivefromcane
sugarHuallagaregion",UniversityofValladolid,Valladolid,Spain.
[9]http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etanol_(combustible)lastvisit:16/10/2008
[10]CardonaC.:"Simulationoftheprocessofobtainingethanolfromsugarcane
sugarandcorn",NationalUniversityofColombiainManizales,Colombia.
[11]Quintero,Quelbis(2006):"Thefodderbeetasanenergycropandviable
BioethanolfuelproductioninthesavannahofBogotaColombia".college
Colombiaautonomous.
[12]C.Vazquez(2007):"Productionofabsoluteethanolbyextractivedistillationcombined
withsalteffect",UniversityofAntioquia.
[13]UyaznA.(2006):"Productionoffuelethanolbyextractivedistillation:
simulationofprocesswithglycerol",NationalUniversityofColombia,Colombia.
[14]Gomis,V.,etal,"IsobaricVaporliquidandsteamliquidliquidequilibriumdataforthe
systernwater+ethanol+cyclohexan",DepartmentofChemicalEngineeringUniversity
Alicante,Spain,2005.
[15]MeirellesA.(1992):"Ethanoldehydrationbyextractivedistillation"Stateuniv.Campinas,
Campinas,Brazil.Publishedin:Journalofchemicaltechnologyandbiotechnology,ISSN
02682575,1992,vol.53,NO2,pp.181188.
[16]MllerD.(1998):"HeterogeneousAzeotropicDistillation"doctoralthesisinPrague
InstituteofChemicalTechnology,CzechRepublic.
[17]D.MllerandW.Marquardt,(1997)"ExperimentalVerificationofMultipleSteadyStatesin
AzeotropicDistillationheterogeneous"LehrstuhlfrProzesstechnik,Aachen,Germany,
Industrial&EngineeringChemistryResearch,Vol.36,No.12,1997,54105418.
[18]Beckley,V.,etal,"Comparisonofsequencesbyethanoldehydration
benzeneextractive"distillation,InformationTechnologyVol.16,no.5,p.:3542,
2005.
[19]L.ZhiFangetal,(1993)"Phaseequilibriaandsimulationmethodforheterogeneous
azeotropicdistillation"[,NagoyaInst.technology,dep.AppliedChemistry,Nagoya,Japan.
Publishedin:JournalofChemicalEngineeringofJapan,1993,vol.26,no1,pp.4147.
[20]I.Chienetal,(2000)"ExperimentalinvestigationofconventionalstrategiesforaControl
heterogeneousazeotropicdistillationcolumn",DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,National
TaiwanUniversityofScienceandTechnology.Publishedin:JournalofProcessControl,
Volume10,Issue4,August2000,Pages333340.Taipei,Taiwan.
[21]GilI.,(2006):"Selectingthecontrolstrategyforadistillationcolumn
extractive",NationalUniversityofColombia,Bogota,Colombia.IACChEXXII(CIIQ)2006.
[22]RovaglioM.(1993),"Thekeyroleofentrainerinventoryforoperationandmonitoringof
heterogeneousazeotropicdistillationtowers",Politec.Milano,dip.IndustrialeChimicaing.
ChimiaG.Natta,Milano,ITALIE.Publishedin:Computers&ChemicalEngineering1993,vol.

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17,no6/5,pp.535547.andCongress:ESCAPE:Europeansymposiumoncomputer
aidedprocessengineering.
[23]ShinskeyF.,(1982)"ControlofAlcoholdistillation",USpatent#4358346
[24]CristeaS.(1999)"nonlinearpredictivecontrolappliedtodistillationcolumns
ethanol,"UniversityofValladolid.Valladolid.Spain.
[25]RovaglioM.(1992)"PreciseControlofheterogeneouscompositionazeotropicdistillation
towers",Politec.Milano,dip.IndustrialeChimicaing.ChimiaG.Natta,Milano,ITALIE.
Publishedin:Computers&ChemicalEngineering,1992,vol.16(1p.),Pp.S181S188.Andinthe
Congress:ESCAPE:Europeansymposiumoncomputeraidedprocessengineering.
[26]Esbjerg,K.,etal,"MultipleSteadyStatesinHeterogeneousAzeotropicDistillation

Sequences",DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,TechnicalUniversityofDenmark,1998.
[27]UserGuideAspenPlus,AspenTechInc.,September2001.
[28]Lee,etal.,"AlcoholdehydratationofextractivedistillationWith",USpatent4,559,109.,
December1985.
[29]Kurihara,etal.,"IsothermalsteamLiquidequilibriumformethanol+ethanol+water,
methanol+water,ethanol+water",JournalofChemicalEngeniering,p.679684,1995.
[30]Brandani,V.,etal,"TernaryliquidliquidEquillibriumdataforthewaterethanolbenzene
system",instituteofappliedandindustrialchemistry,UniversityofL'Aquila,journalof
chemicalandengineering,num.30,pp.:2729,1985.
[31]Gttinger,T.,"MultipleSteadyStatesinDistillation:InteractionsofDesignandControl"
AutomaticControlLaboratory,ETHZurich,Switzerland,1998.
[32]Cairns,B.,etal,"MulticomponentthreephaseazeotropicDistillation,moderm
termodynamicmodelsandmultiplesolutions",DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,
UniversityofSydney,Australia,Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.1990,29,13831395.
[33]Dorf,R."moderncontrolsystems",PrenticeHall,TenthEdition,2005.
[34]DynamicsUserGuideAspen,AspenTechInc.,September2001.
[35]Stephanopoulos,G."ChemicalProcessControl.AnIntroductiontoTheoryandPractice"
PrenticeHall,1984.
[36]R.Garduo.ControlCoursenotesandComputationalIntelligence.CENIDET.2007.
[37]D.Driankov,H.HellendoornandM.Reinfrank.AnIntroductiontoFuzzyControl.2nded.
SpringerVerlag.nineteenninetysix.
[38]Wang,LXACourseinFuzzySystemsandControl.PrenticeHall.1997.
[39]Ronay,F."CharacterizationandvalidationDynamicsofaPilotPlantDistillation"
Master'sthesis,CENIDET,2008.
[40]"automatedandcomputerizedcontinuousdistillationpilotplant",ElettronicaVeneta
INEL&spa,Italy.Manual#171electronicslaboratory.
[41]Aguilera,A.,"continuousdiscreteobserverforestimatingconcentrations
adistillationcolumnfortheethanolwater"mixture,Thesis,CENIDET,
2008.
[42]Luyben,W.,"Processmodeling,simulationandmonitoringforchemicalengineers",Ed.
McGrawHill,1990,2ndedition.

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Annexes

Page124
Annexes

104

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Annexes

ANNEXA:Multiplicityofstates.
Duringtheconsecutiverunsinsteadystatesimulationperformed
toimprovetheethanolconcentrationobtainedbehaviorislocated
Hysteresisintheprocess,whichissubsequentlyidentifiedasa
multiplicityofstates.
Increasedethanolconcentrationisachievedbyreducingtheflowofmaterial
inthecurrentcalledreflux,thisstreamhasaninitialvalueof0.12
kmol/s,inordertomanipulatetheamountofbenzeneincolumn1.
Thisbehaviorisdescribedbelow:
Takingaflowof0.085kmol/sintherefluxstreamobtainaproduct
withapurityof98.95mol%ethanolatthebottomofthecolumn.Itapplies
areductionof0.084kmolflow/slowpurityobtainedethanolto
55.5mol%.
DatastreamsbeforereductionisshowninTables24and
25.
Table24:Propertiesofthefeedstreamspriortoreduction.
FEED
Recycle
Flow
0.06kmol/s
0.06kmol/s
Pressure
2.229E5N/m2
2.127E5N/m2
Temp.
350K
K317
Water
0.16%mol
0.463%mol
Benzene
0%mol
0.0711%mol
Ethanol
0.84mol%
0.4657%mol

Reflux
0085kmol/s
2.127E5N/m2
K317
0.01676%mol
0.8346%mol
0.1485%mol

Table25:ProductsofthecolumnC1beforereduction.
Vap
B1
Flow
0154kmol/s
0.05kmol/s
Pressure
E52.026N/m2
2.026E5N/m2
Temp.
355.9K
369.5K
Water
25mol%
0.105%mol
Benzene
48.3mol%
0.94mol%
Ethanol
26.5mol%
98.95mol%
Thepropertiesoftheresultingcurrentafterreductionto0084
kmol/sareshowninTables26and27.
Table26:Currentpowerafterreduction.
FEED
Recycle
Flow
0.06kmol/s
0.06kmol/s
Pressure 2.229E5N/m2 2.127E5N/m2
Temp.
350K
K317
Water
0.16%mol
0.463%mol
Benzene0%mol
0.0711%mol
Ethanol
0.84mol%
0.4657%mol

Reflux
0084kmol/s
2.127E5N/m2
K317
0.01676%mol
0.8346%mol
0.1485%mol

105

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Annexes

Table27:ProductsofthecolumnC1afterreduction.
Vap
B1
Flow
0153kmol/s
0.05kmol/s
Pressure
2.026E5N/m2 2.026E5N/m2
Temp.
358.9K
371.4K
Water
10.6mol%
44.4%mol
Benzene
48.4%mol
0%mol
Ethanol
40.9mol%
55.5mol%

Thiscanbeclassifiedasnormal,giventhehighnonidealityofthemixture,
butbyincreasingtheflowto0085kmol/sagain,itisobtainedasaresult
apurityof55.46%ethanolmol.
Table28:Productstoreturntotheinitialflowvalue.
Vap
B1
Flow
0154kmol/s
0.05kmol/s
Pressure
2.026E5N/m2 2.026E5N/m2
Temp.
358.9K
371.4K
Water
10.58mol%
44.5mol%
Benzene
48.6mol%
0%mol
Ethanol
40.7mol%
55.4mol%
Itisprogressivelyincreasedflowseekingahighconcentrationofethanol,
Thisappearsuntilwereachaflowof0.12kmol/s,ourinitialvalue,
wheretheethanolconcentrationreached85.89%puritymol.
Table29:ProductsofthecolumnC1to0.12kmol/s,inasecondstablestate.
Vap
B1
Flow
0189kmol/s 0.05kmol/s
Pressure 2.026E5N/m2 2.026E5N/m2
Temp.
359.5K
370.5K
Water
17mol%
14.1mol%
Benzene
55mol%
0%mol
Ethanol
27.89mol%
85.89mol%
Thisbehaviorcomplicatesthedevelopmentofasteadystatesimulation
thatpresenthighconcentrationsofethanolintheirproduct,astheiterations
withreducedsignificantlyincreasereflux.
Additionally,thisbehaviorpreventsloopsprocess,andreflux
recycling,cannotbeclosed,becausethecorrespondencemustbethesameorelse
otherwisethesystementersitssecondstablestate.

106

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Annexes

AnnexB:PIcontrollerstuningsequencebythemethodof
reactioncurve(CohenCoon).
ECohenCoonmethod,involvesinjectingacontrolleddisturbance,
usuallyastepintheprocessandthroughagraphicanalysisobtained
Youcanobtaintheparametersnecessarytoestablishconstatesof
ConfiguringaP,PIorPIDcontroller.

Figure58:GettingCohenCoonparameters.
InFigure58isobservedasthecurveparametersareobtainedreaction,the
otherparametersarecalculatedusingthefollowingequations.
(B.1)
(B.2)
Where:
S=slopeofthetangenttotheinflectionpoint.

Bor=Valueoftheheightreachedbythecurve.
=Responsetimepointwherethetangentintersectstheabscissa.
d
A=heightofthestepappliedtotheplant.
Alookobtainedtheseparameters,theformulasareusedtoobtaintheconstants
Configurationofthedrivers.
Table30:FormulastoconfigurecontrollersCohenCoon.
kc
Ti

Td

PI

1 T
1+ d
K
3T
d

1 T
9
+ d
K
10 12 T
d
3
30 + d
T

twenty
d
+
9
T

PID
1 T 4
+ d
K
3 4T
d
6
32 + d
T

d
8
d
+
13
T
4
d
2
d
+
eleven
T

107

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Annexes

Firsttheanswerinopenloopelementistheexampleoflooking,wewill
PowerflowcontrolFC,whichcontrolstheinflowtothesequence.
Forthis,wechangethevalveopeningcalledV1,howeverthere
somecurrentswhenparametersarechangedorsimply
disconnectedandcausethesimulationcannotbeexecutedandthereforeitisnotpossible
extractdata,resultinginselectingaflowpermits.
Wemakeasmallchange,openingthevalveto5%moreandgetyour
behavioruntilitstabilizes.

Figure59:Stepresponse5%oftheV1valve.
Fromthisgraphweobtainthefollowingparameters:
Table31:ParametersobtainedbyCohenCoon.
S=
0.6005
Td=0.01hrs.36sec.
B=
0.06605
A=
0.55
theformulasapplyfortuningPIcontrolandgetaKc=0.716and
t i=5.557.
Experimentscurveanalysisreaction.
Nowsequencesusedarepresentedforexperimentstostep
actuators,toconfigureeachsequencecontrollers
ethanoldehydrationandreactioncurvesproduced.Allthe
stepsareappliedafterthesystemhasstabilized.

108

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Annexes

TCDdriver
ControllerheatexchangerHX.
10%increaseintheheatoutputoftheheatexchanger.

Figure60:Pointopeningsequence.

Figure61:CurvereactiontemperatureafterHX.

109

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Annexes

controllerLC21
LevelcontrollerreboilerofcolumnC2.
V21ismanipulatedvalveopeningincreaseby10%.

Figure62:CurvereactiontotheopeninglevelofthevalveV21.
controllerLC22
ControlsthelevelofcapacitorC2column.
increasingvalveV2opening10%ishandled.

Figure63:ResponsecapacitorC2levelopeningV2.

110

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Annexes

LCDaqcontroller.
Controlstheleveloftheaqueousphaseofthedecanter.
VD1openingthevalveisincreasedby50%,thatforthechangetobe
perceptible.

Figure64:Curveaqueousreactionlevelinthedecanter.
LCDorgcontroller.

Controlstheleveloftheorganicphaseofthedecanter.
Thisvalveisclosed,accordingtotheinitialvaluesgeneratedfromthe
steadystatesimulation,asothatweincreasedfrom0%opento
17%openforthechangeisperceived.

Figure65:Responsedecanterorganiclevel.

111

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Annexes

FCrefluxcontroller.
Controlstheflowofrefluxstreamsystem.
TC1controlisdisconnected,andisappliedtoincreasethevalveopening
V15%.

Figure66:Responseflowstream"reflux".
PressurecontrollersarecreatedandconfiguredbyAspenDynamics,
sincethesimulationisexported.
ThelevelcontrollerreboilerofcolumnC1hasthesame
behaviorreboilerofcolumnC2,sonotshownits
responsegraph.
Table32:Parametersobtainedfromthegraphsofresponse.
Element
S
Td(Hrs)
B
TO
Td(sec)
TCD
0.7
0.00001
0.008
35.8292
0.036
LC11
0.0015
0.010.00001966
0.05
36
LCDaq
0.018
0.001 0.0008617
0.05
3.6
LC21
0.0137
0.00001 0.0001518
0.05
0.036
LC22
0.6005
0.010.0060046
0.05
36
FC
0.0003
27.7365 0.035227
0.17
99851.4
LCDOrg
0.0661
0.00082
0.00065
2.608055
2,952
FCReflux
0.7
0.00001
0.008
35.8292
0.036
InTable33thefinalconfigurationofallinstalleddriversshown

intheproductionprocessofanhydrousethanol.

112

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Annexes

Table33:FinalConfigurationdriverssequence.
PIControl
Control
Description
kc
t
i
FC
0.716808
5.557349
Flowcontrolsupplytothesystem.
FCreflux 10.061728
1.986312
Controlflowofrefluxstreamtothedecanter
column1.
LC11
6.317587
3.096604
Levelcontrolreboilerofcolumn1.
LC21
6.317587
3.096604
Levelcontrolreboilerofcolumn2.
LC22
1001.40169
0.001
Levelcontrolcapacitorcolumn2.
LCDaq
29.928931
0.034265
Levelcontroloftheaqueousphaseinthedecanter.
LCDorg
3.3
173.850389levelcontroloftheorganicphaseinthedecanter.
PC1
twenty
12
Controlpressureinthecondensercolumn1.
PC2
twenty
12
Controlpressureinthecolumncondenser2.
TC1
1.15
44
Controltemperatureincolumn1.
TC2
0.707
9.2
Controltemperatureincolumn2.
TCD
14075.6586
0.120019
TemperaturecontrolintheheatexchangerHX.

113

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Annexes

ANNEXC:ExampleofcodinginAspenCustomModeler,
applicationtoabinarydistillationcolumnideal.

Forthisexamplefirstdevelopedthemodelofadistillationcolumn
binarysubsequentlyexposedgenerallyimplementingthis
MatlabmodelandfinallytheimplementationinAspenCustomModeler.
Modelbinarydistillationcolumn.
Thismodelisdiscussedinmoredetailin[42],thecharacteristicsofthemodelandits
developmentisasfollows:
one(twocomponents)binarysystemisassumed,witharelativevolatility
constantthroughoutthecolumn,thetheoreticalstageswithanefficiencyof100%,the
vaporexitingeachstageisinequilibriumwiththeliquidandisthereforea
youcanuseasimpleequilibriumratio,(C.3).
Theequilibriumequationtobeusedistheequationoftherelativevolatility:
x
n
Y =
n 1 + ( 1) x
n

(C.3)

Where:
x = CompositionoftheliquidintheNthstage(molarfractionofcomponent
n
lessvolatile).
Y = VaporcompositionintheNthstage(molarfractionofcomponentmore
n
volatile).
= Relativevolatility.
Thereisasinglefeedstreamwithsaturatedliquid(wherepoint
bubble),whichentersthecolumnatstageN
FWithanFflowandcompositionZ.
Thesteamobtainedisfullycondensedinacondenserandflows
refluxtankwhoseliquidcontentisM
D(Moles).
Itisconsideredthatthetankcontentsrefluxisperfectlymixed.
Theliquidinthetankrefluxisatitsbubblepoint,refluxispumped
backtothecolumninitshigheststage(N
T),AtarateofR.
ThedistillateisextractedataratioofDanddespisesanydelay
(timeout).
Atthebaseofthecolumn,thebottomliquidisextractedatarateofB,witha
compositionx B.SteamisgeneratedinathermosiphonatarateofV,is
consideredthattheliquidinthereboilerandinthecolumnbaseare
thoroughlymixed,theyhavethesamecompositionx
B andtheyhavethesame
contentM
(Moles).
B
Thecompositionofthevaporleavingthebaseofthespineandentersstage1is
Y andisinequilibriumwiththeliquidcompositionx
.
B
B

114

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Annexes

ThecolumnhasatotalofN
T stages,eachstagecontainingliquidis
Mn andisperfectlyblendedwiththecompositionx
n.Itisconsideredadynamic
veryfast.
oneequimolarflowisassumed.Heatlosscolumnwiththeenvironmentandthe
interstageheattransferareconsiderednegligible,isin
steadystate.
ThemodeldiagramcanbeseeninFigure67.

Figure67:Diagramofamodelbinarydistillationcolumnideally[42].

115

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Annexes

Thevaporflowinthecolumnisthesamesothat:
(C.4)

V =V =V =V =K =V
1
2
3
NT
Theliquidflowwithinthecolumnisnotthesamedynamically,
willdependonfluidmechanicsateverystage,itisusedforthisone
simplelinearrelationship:
L = Ln+
n

M M n
n

(C.5)

Where:
M = Liquidstoredinstepn.
n
L = Liquidleavingthestage.
n
= hydraulictimeconstant,usually3to6secondsperstep.
Finallythedynamiccondenserandreboilerbeneglected.taking
alltheseassumptionsaccountbeginswiththedefinitionofequations.
Tothecondenserandrefluxtank
Totalcontinuity:
dM
dt

(C.6)

D =V R D

Continuityofcomponent(morevolatilecomponent):
dM

higherstage(n=N
Totalcontinuity:

x
D D = Vy
(+R
NT
dt

D)x

(C.7)

T)
dM
dt

NT = R L

NT

(C.8)

Continuityofcomponent
dM

x
NT NT = Rx L x + Vy
Vy
D
NT NT
NT1
NT
dt

Underthehigheststage(n=N T1)
Totalcontinuity:

(C.9)

dM NT 1 = L L
NT
NT1
dt

(C.10)

116

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Annexes

ContinuityComponent:
)
d (M
x
NT1 NT1 = L x L
+ Vy
Vy
x
NT NT
NT1 NT 1
NT 2
NT 1
dt

(C.11)

nthstage
Totalcontinuity:
dM
dt

n=L

L
n+1
n

ContinuityComponent:
d (M x )
n n =L x
L x + Vy
Vy
n+1 n+1
n n
n1
n
dt

(C.12)

(C.13)

Feedingstep
Totalcontinuity:
dM

NF = L
L +F
NF+1
NF
dt

ContinuityComponent:
d (M x )
NF NF = L
L x + Vy
Vy
+ Fz
x
NF+1 NF+1
NF NF
NF1
NF
dt

(C.14)

(C.15)

Firststage
Totalcontinuity:
dM
dt

1=L L
2
1

(C.16)

ContinuityComponent:
d (M x )
1 1 = L x L x + Vy Vy
2 2
11
B
1
dt

(C.17)

Reboilerandcolumnbase
Totalcontinuity:
dM
dt

B=L V B
1

(C.18)

ContinuityComponent:
d (M x )
B B = L x Vy Bx
1 1
B
B
dt

(C.19)

Eachstageandthebaseofthecolumnhaveequilibriumequations[eq.(C.3)],
besideshydraulicequations[eq.(C.5)].

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twoequationsrepresentingthelevelcontrollersarealsoneeded
atthebaseofthecolumnandtherefluxtankseeninFigure67.
Checkingthedegreesoffreedomobtainatotalof4N
T+9Variablesand4N T+7
equations,thismeansthatthereareonlytwodegreesoffreedomandcanbe
twocontrollers,thisforvariables:reflux(R)andheatenteringthe
reboiler(V).
MatLabimplementationmodel.
ItisimplementedinMatLabthemodeldevelopedpreviouslyto
observethedynamicbehavior,thesourcecodemodelis
facilitatedbyDr.EnriqueQuinteroMarble,inthecourseofcontrol
2007processes.
Table34:MatLabcodemodelabinarydistillationcolumnideal.
Program5.7%,Luyben,p..130.(EQM)18November98.
%"Binarydistillationcolumndynamics"
%
%Assumptions:constantrelativevolatility,equimolal
%Overflow,theoreticaltrays,simpleliquidtray
hydraulics%
%FeedbackcontrollerstomanipulateRandVControlXD
%AndXB,feedcompositiondisturbanceisachangefrom
0.50to0.55%attimeequalzero
clear
formatshorte
%Initialconditionsandparametervalues
nt=20nf=10mdo=100mbo=100mo=10ro=128.01
vo=178.01f=100beta=0.1alpha=2
xb=0.02xd=0.98
x=[.035,05719,08885,1318,18622,24951,31618,...
37,948,43,391,47,688,51,526,56,295,61,896,68,052,...
74345,80319,85603,89995,93458,96079]
KCD=1000kcb=1000Taud=5taub=1.25delta=0.005
time=0TPRINT=0erintd=0erintb=0
%disturbance
z=0.55
%initialconditions
forn=1:nt
m(n)=m
x(n)=m(n)*x(n)
I(n)=r+f
if(n>nf)I(n)=rend
end
while(time<=50)
%LiquidtrayhydraulicsandVLE
forn=1:nt
and(n)=alpha*x(n)/(1+(alpha1)*x(n))
l(n)=I(n)+(m(n)m)/beta
end
b=alpha*xb/(1+(alpha1)*xb)

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%TwoPIcontrollersfeedback
ERRbxb=0.02
errdxd=0.98
v=vokcb*(ERRb+erintb/taub)
r=r+KCD*(errd+erintd/Taud)
%Perfectlevelcontrollersinrefluxdrumandcolumnbasis
d=vr
b=l(1)v
if(r<0|v<0|d<0|b<0)
error('leveltooloworunrealcomposition')
end
%Evaluatederivatives
xbdot=(l(1)*x(1)v**xbybb)/mbo
mdot(1)=l(2)l(1)
mxdot(1)=v*(by(1))+l(2)*x(2)l(1)*x(1)
forn=2:nf1
mdot(n)=l(n+1)l(n)
mxdot(n)=v*(y(n1)y(n))+l(n+1)*x(n+1)l(n)*x(n)
end
%Feedplate
MDOT(nf)=l(nf+1)l(nf)+f
mxdot(nf)=v*(y(nf1)y(nf))+l(nf+1)*x(nf+1)l(nf)*x(nf)+f*z
forn=nf+1:nt1
mdot(n)=l(n+1)l(n)

mxdot(n)=v*(y(n1)y(n))+l(n+1)*x(n+1)l(n)*x(n)
end
MDOT(nt)=rl(nt)
mxdot(nt)=v*(y(nt1)y(nt))+r*xdl(nt)*x(nt)
xddot=v*(y(nt)xd)/MDO
if(time>=TPRINT)
xx=[xxtime,xb,x(10),xd,r,v]
TPRINT=TPRINT+0.5
end
%Eulerintegration
time=time+delta
xbxb+delta*xbdot
forn=1:nt
m(n)=m(n)+MDOT(n)*delta
x(n)=x(n)+mxdot(n)*delta
x(n)=x(n)/m(n)
if(x(n)<0|x(n)>1)
error('leveltooloworunrealcomposition')
end
end
xd=xd+xddot*delta
erintd=erintd+errd*delta
erintb=erintb+ERRb*delta
end
subplot(2,1,1)plot(xx(:,1),xx(:,2)),ylabel('XB'),grid
subplot(2,1,2)plot(xx(:,1),xx(:,4)),ylabel('XD'),gray
Inthisimplementationcanbeseenvariousdetails,oneistheimplementation
inthemethodcodeintegration,Eulerfixedpitch.
InadditiontotheimplementationoftwoPIcontrollers,aflowcontrollerfor
therefluxstreamandanothertocontroltheheatinputtothereboiler.

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Amongthemostimportantparametersofthecolumntheyare:
orColumn20dishes,plusreboilerandcondenser.
orPowerStep10.
orrelativevolatility2.
Thecontrollerconfigurationisasfollows:
orreflowController:KpandKi=1000=5.
Controllerorheatinputtothereboiler:Kp=1000andK=1.25.
Itsgoalistomaintainthepurityofthedistillateat98%andtheconcentrationinthe
backgroundof2%.
InFigure68wecanseethemodelresponsetoachangeinthe
concentrationoflightercomponentsinthefeedstreamto50%
55%,withtwoPIcontrollersrunning.

Figure68:ResponsemodelimplementedinMatLab.
CodingmodelinAspenCustomModeler
Thesourcecodeisdividedintotwoparts:first,thedeclarationofvariables,

theymaybeinteger,floating,logic,etc.Andsecondinaseriesofequations
(Whichmaybedifferential)describingthemodelitself.
ThegeneralstructureofasourcecodeofamodelisshowninTable35.

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Table35:GeneralformatofthesourcecodeinAspenCustomModeler.
Model[model_name]
//[Comment]
//Definitionofports
[Portname]as[Input/Output][Tipo_de_Puerto]
//Definitionofvariables
[Var_name]as[Tipo_de_variable]Variable([initial_value])
//Definitionofparameters
[Nombre_de_parametro]as[Tipo_de_parametro]Parameter([initial_value])
//Definitionofarrangements
[Nombre_de_indice]as[Tipo_de_indice]Set([[initial_value]:[ending_value]])
//Assignaconstantvalue
[Var_name/parameter]:[Valor_Constante]
//Definitionofequations
[Var_name]=[Conjunto_de_operaciones]
//Definitionofderivative
$[Var_name]=[Conjunto_de_operaciones]
//Loop.
For[counter]IN[[initialvalue]:[endvalue]]DO
[Equations]
EndFor
End
Forcyclesaremainlyusedtoperformrepetitiveequations,as
forexample,theequationofcontinuityoftheplatesofthecolumn,asis
Itrequiresforeachdish.
Asshown,thestructureissimple,yetdisconcertingto
oneusedtoworkingwithMatLabcodeprogrammerorsomelanguage
structured.
Thisstructurehoweverfacilitatestheimplementationofmathematicalmodels,and
Sometimesthedefinitionofvariablesandparametersusedmorespaceinthecode.
Table36showsthesourcecodeinAspenCustomModelermodel
columnidealbinarydistillation.

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Table36:ModelCodecolumnidealbinarydistillationAspen
CustomModeler.
ModelColumn1
//****************************************************************************************
//*
Distillationcolumnmodel(CP3.4)
*
//*Besupposedto:
*
//*Constantrelativevolatility(basedonthevaluesofCP3.4) *
//*Feedingassaturatedliquid
*
//*Tankliquidrefluxinitsbubblepoint
*
//*Noretasointhesteamflow
*
//*Thedynamicsofthecondenserandreboilerdespises
*
//*Thecolumnisalreadyfilled
*
//****************************************************************************************
//PortsSystem
FeedasINPUTMaterial
DestasOUTPUTMaterial
BottasOUTPUTMaterial
//Columnparameters
NTasIntegerParameter(20)
NFasIntegerParameter(10)
m0asRealParameter(10)
mdoasRealParameter(100)
mboasRealParameter(100)
r0asRealParameter(128.01)
v0asRealParameter(178.01)
RealParameterasbeta(0.1)
//Parametersmix
RealParameterasalpha(2)
//Variablesofthecolumn
dishesasIntegerSet([1:NT])
x(dishes)asRealVariable
and(dishes)asRealVariable
m(dishes)asRealVariable
mx(dishes)asRealVariable
l0(dishes)asRealVariable
l(dishes)asRealVariable
vasRealVariable(0)
Inputv2asControl_Signal
rasRealVariable(0)
Inputr2asControl_Signal
dasRealVariable(0)
basRealVariable(0)
//Variablesdynamics
xdasRealVariable(0.98)
xbasRealVariable(0.02)
dasRealVariable(0)
basRealVariable(0)
//Initialvaluesl0
l0([1:NF]):r0+Feed.Flowl0([NF+1:NT]):r0
//Equations
FornIN[1:NT]OJ
and(n)=alpha*x(n)/(1+(alpha1)*x(n))//vaporliquid
l(n)=L0(n)+(m(n)M0)/beta//theliquidhidraulica
x(n)=x(n)/m(n)
ENDFOR
b=alpha*xb/(1+(alpha1)*xb)

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//Effectofcontrols
v=v0v2
r=r0+r2
//Perfectlevelcontrols!!!
d=vr
b=l(1)v
Evaluatingderived//
$Xb(l(1)*x(1)v*bb*xb)/mbo
$M(1)=l(2)l(1)
$X(1)=v*(by(1))+l(2)*x(2)l(1)*x(1)
FORnIN[2:NF1]OJ
$M(n)=l(n+1)l(n)
$X(n)=v*(y(n1)y(n))+l(n+1)*x(n+1)l(n)*x(n)
ENDFOR
//Feedplate
$M(NF)=l(NF+1)l(NF)+Feed.Flow
$Mx(NF)=v*(y(NF1)y(NF))+l(NF+1)*x(NF+1)l(NF)*x(NF)+Feed.Flow*Feed.z
FORnIN[NF+1:NT1]OJ
$M(n)=l(n+1)l(n)
$X(n)=v*(y(n1)y(n))+l(n+1)*x(n+1)l(n)*x(n)

ENDFOR
$M(NT)=rl(NT)
$Mx(NT)=v*(y(NT1)y(NT))+r*xdl(NT)*x(NT)
$Xd=v*(y(NT)xd)/MDO
//Generatingoutputs
Dest.z=xd
Dest.x=xd
Dest.Flow=d
Bott.z=xb
Bott.x=xb
Bott.Flow=b
End
Ifyoulookcloselyatthecodeitmaybenotedthatthestatementdoesnotexist
initialconcentrationvaluesshownintheimplementationin
MatLab,thesevaluesareinternallycalculatedbyAspenCustomModelerto
makearuncalledinitialization.Inadditionitisalsothe
implementationofPIcontrolsflowofrefluxstreaminputand
heattothereboiler.Thesedriversareimplementedinadifferentmodelfor
isolatemodelthedistillationcolumn,thecodecanbeseeninTable
37.
Table37:CodeofaPIcontrollerinAspenCustomModeler.
ModelCICP
//PerfectmodelofaPIDcontroller
//Controllerparameters
SetPointasRealParameter(1)
KPasRealParameter(1)
KiasRealParameter(0)
KdasRealParameter(0)
//varaibles
errasRealVariable(0)
errintasRealVariable(0)

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//Inputandoutputports
PvasINPUTControl_Signal
CoasOUTPUTControl_Signal
//Equations
err=SetPointPv
$Errint=err
IF(Ki>0ANDKd>0)THEN//PIDControl
Co=KP*(err+errint/Ki+$errint*Kd)
ELSEIF(Ki>0ANDKd<=0)THEN//PIControl
Co=KP*(err+errint/Ki)
ELSEIF(Ki<=0ANDKd>0)THEN//PDControl
Co=KP*(err+$errint*Kd)
ELSE//ControlP
Co=KP*err
ENDIF
End
Thesemodelsareusedtocreateaflowchartthatwillhelpustosimulate
thisidealseparationprocess.

Figure69:SequenceofabinarydistillationcolumnidealCustomAspen
Modeler.
theimplementationofthismodelisvalidatedbyobtainingtheresponsecurves
samedisturbancetowhichitissubjectedthemodelinMatLab,thesecan
seeninFigures70and71.

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Figure70:Behavioroftheconcentrationinthebaseofthespine.

Figure71:Behaviorpuritycolumndistillate.
Itcanbeobservedthatthebehaviorisverysimilar,sothat
Heconsidersthatthemodelwasimplementedcorrectly.

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Annexes

ANNEXD:ModelofastandardizedfuzzycontrollerinAspen
CustomModeler.
amodelofafuzzycontrollerwiththefollowingstandardisdeveloped
characteristics:
Fusificador:singleton.
Rules:Mamdani.
Implication:producttype.
Standardt(intersection):Algebraicproduct.
Standards(binding):max.
Inference:individualrules.
defuzzification:Weightedaverage.
Thedetailofthecalculationsareexplained:
Fuzzification.
Thefuzzificationistheconversionofrealvaluetoafuzzyvalue,whichyoucannow
Itismanipulatedbyafuzzysystem.Asfusificadorthesingletonisused,withthe
Inordertosimplifythenecessarycalculations,thedegreesofmembershiparegivenby
thefollowingequations:
(D.20)
(D.21)
ObtainingdegreespartenciatheformshowninFigure17.

Figure72:Degreesofsingletonmembershipofentries[36].
ThismeansthatthehighestdegreeoffairmembershipwillhaveonthevalueofEand
E,andothervalueswillbe0.
linguisticinputvalues.
Linguisticvaluesaredifferentfuzzysetsthatwerehandled
withinafuzzysystem,forexample:cold,warmandhot.Forthis
implementationthreelinguisticvaluesaredefined:
Eisgreaterthan0.
orPositive(P):WhenEor
Eisthesame(orveryclose)to0.
orZero(Z):WhenEor

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orNegative(N):WhenEor

Eislessthan0.

Eforvariableinterpretationofthesevaluesisintuitive,butinthecaseof
thevariable And,itwantstotellussomethingalittlemorecomplicated,forexampleif
Eispositive(iegreaterthanzero)meansthatthevalueofthevariable
monitoredawayfromthereferencepointpositively,inotherwordsthe
errorhasincreasedoverthepreviousvalueandthispositiveerror.
Thisgivesusabetterideaofsystembehaviorifonly
weconsideredtheerrorwithrespecttoareference.
Degreesofmembership
Thedegreesofmembershipistheprobability(0to1)havingavalueof
belongingtoaparticularfuzzyset(linguisticvariable),accordingtoa
presortingorgenerallyaccordingtoanexpert.Forexample:20C

isatemperature:cold,warmorhot?
Tocalculatethedegreesofmembershipoftheinputvaluesaredefinedthe
followinglinguisticvariablesintheformoftriangularandtrapezoidalsets.

Figure73:linguisticvaluesoftheinputdefined[36].
Membershipgradesarecalculatedaccordingtotheshapeoffuzzyset
defined,thedegreeofmembershipofthetriangularfuzzysetZ(zero)isgiven
by:

Figure74:Degreeoftriangularmembership,zero(Z)[36].
Thismembershipfunctioniscalculatedusingequation(D.22).
(D.22)

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Positiveforfuzzysetdefinedasanopenrighttrapezius,the
formulatogetyourdegreeofmembershipistheequation(D.23).
(D.23)
Andforthenegativefuzzyset,thedegreeofmembershipiscalculatedusingthe
Equation(D.24)
(D.24)
linguisticoutputvalues.
Theoutputlinguisticvaluesaredefinedinthesamewaythatthe
linguisticinput,positive,negativeandzerovalues,buttheseareType
singleton,givenbythefollowingequations:

(D.25)

Graphicformcanberepresentedasfollows:

Figure75:PossibleSingletonessystemoutput[36].
Sothattheresultofthe"reasoning"istranslatedintothreepossible
Answers:increasecontrolsignal(positive),keepingunchanged(zero)or
reducethecontrolsignal.

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Defuzzification.
Thedefuzzificationistheprocessofconvertingafuzzyoutputvaluetoavalue
numeric,inourcaseacontrolsignal,thereareseveralwaysto
dothis.Inthiscase,amethodisproposedaveragedefuzzification
weighted,ie,thesumoftheevaluationresultsofeachrule
(Partialresponses)betweenthesumoftheheightsobtainedineachrule.This
inordertosimplifyimplementation.
Forourexamplerules2and2ticketsget:
(D.26)
Generallyyoucanbewrittenasfollows:

(D.27)

Where:
R=numberofrules.
w=heightobtainedfromeachrule.
z =Valueoftherule.
z * =Defusificadaoutput.
ImplementationofthemodelinAspenCustomModeler.
Thefirstistodefinetheinferencemachine,thisconsistsofthreevalues
Language:Positive(P),Zero(Z)andnegative(N)andwehavetwovariables
input(Eand E),eachofwhichcantakeanyofthreepossible
values(P,ZorN),thereforetheinferenceengineconsistofninerulesin
total.
Table38:Distributionoftherules
AND
P
Z
N
PRule3Rule6Rule9
ANDZRule2Rule5Rule8
NRule1Rule4Rule7
Rulesmustbedefinedaccordingtotheneedsoftheplantor
knowledgeofanexpert,usedthetechniquedescribedinthechapter4for
definetherulesusedforourimplementation,thesearedefinedinthe
Table39.

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Table39:Rulesfordefinedoursystem.
AND
PZN
P101
ANDZ101
N101
Where:
1=increasecontrolsignal.
0=maintaincurrentcontrolsignal.
1=Decreasethecontrolsignal.
EachofthevaluesP,ZandNarelinguisticvaluesandbelongtoa
fuzzyset:
orP:correspondseventrapezoidalopensetontheright,whoseequation
Itisrelevant(D.23).
orZ:correspondstoatriangularfuzzysetcenteredon0,theequation
Itisrelevant(D.22).
orN:correspondstoatrapezoidalfuzzysetopenontheleft,whose
equationis(D.24)
ToconstructtheinferencemachinedefinePasTraad(),toZastri()
andNastraai()inordertobuildthefirstpseudocodemachine
inference,alsosupportedbythetable39.
Table40:InitialPseudocode.
Rule1:E:P,.DELTA.E:N>z=1
Traad(E)*traai(.DELTA.E)*1
Rule2:E:P,.DELTA.E:Z>z=1
Traad(E)*tri(.DELTA.E)*1
Rule3:E:P,.DELTA.E:P>z=1
Traad(E)*Traad(.DELTA.E)*1
Rule4:E:Z,.DELTA.E:N>z=1
tri(E)*traai(.DELTA.E)*1
Rule5:E:Z,.DELTA.E:Z>z=0
tri(E)*traai(.DELTA.E)*0
Rule6:E:Z,.DELTA.E:P>z=1
tri(E)*Traad(.DELTA.E)*(1)
Rule7:E:N,.DELTA.E:N>z=1
traai(E)*traai(.DELTA.E)*(1)
Rule8:E:N,.DELTA.E:Z>z=1
traai(E)*Traad(.DELTA.E)*(1)
Rule9:E:N,.DELTA.E:P>z=1
traai(E)*Traad(.DELTA.E)*(1)
Finallywereplacethefunctionsequations,addthelinestothe
defuzzificationandthenecessaryvariables.

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Table41:CodeofafuzzycontrollerstandardinAspenCustomModeler.
ModelPIDif//fuzzycontroller
//Controllerinputsandoutputs
xfasINPUTControl_Signal//variableinput
COasControl_SignalOUTPUT//controlleroutput
//SystemVariables
EasRealVariable(0)//SystemError
E2ashiddenRealVariable(0)//(hidden)ishiddentablevariables,temporarytoloadvariable.
xf2ashiddenRealVariable(0)//(Hidden)ishiddentablevariables,temporaryvariabletoload.
ASRealVariable(0)
SetPointasRealParameter(1)
zfasRealVariable(0)//Outputdefusificada
CO2ashiddenRealVariable(0)//(Hidden)ishidden,temporaryvariableforcalculations.
delayasRealParameter(0.01)

//Controllervalues
KEasRealParameter(1)
KDEasRealParameter(1)
KOasRealParameter(1)
//Storagemembershipdegree
rulesashiddenIntegerSet([1:9])//numberofrules
SETVAL(rules)asIntegerParameter//Rulesvalues(1,0,1)
num(rules)ashiddenRealVariable//(Hidden)ishidden,temporaryvariabletoload.
NUMTashiddenRealVariable(0)//(Hidden)ishidden,temporaryvariabletoload.
den(rules)ashiddenRealVariable//(Hidden)ishidden,temporaryvariabletoload.
DENTashiddenRealVariable(1)//(Hidden)ishidden,temporaryvariabletoload.
//Errorcalculation*constantKE
E=xfSetPoint
xf2=Delayxfbydelay
E2=xf2SetPoint
DE=EE2
//Evaluationofinferencerules
//Rule1:E:P,.DELTA.E:N>z:P
num(1)=(max(0,min((KE*E0)/(10),1)))*(max(0,min(1,(0KDE*DE)/(0+1))))*SETVAL(1)
den(1)=(max(0,min((KE*E0)/(10),1)))*(max(0,min(1,(0KDE*DE)/(0+1))))
//Rule2:E:P,.DELTA.E:Z>z:P
num(2)=(max(0,min((KE*E0)/(10),1)))*(max(0,min((KDE*DE+1)/(0+1),(1KDE*DE)/(10))))*SETVAL(2)
den(2)=(max(0,min((KE*E0)/(10),1)))*(max(0,min((KDE*DE+1)/(0+1),(1KDE*DE)/(10))))
//Rule3:E:P,.DELTA.E:P>z:P
num(3)=(max(0,min((KE*E0)/(10),1)))*(max(0,min((KDE*DE0)/(10),1)))*SETVAL(3)
den(3)=(max(0,min((KE*E0)/(10),1)))*(max(0,min((KDE*DE0)/(10),1)))
//Rule4:E:Z,.DELTA.E:N>z:P
num(4)=(max(0,min((KE*E+1)/(0+1),(1KE*E)/(10))))*(max(0,min(1(0KDE*DE)/(0+1))))*SETVAL(4)
den(4)=(max(0,min((KE*E+1)/(0+1),(1KE*E)/(10))))*(max(0,min(1(0KDE*DE)/(0+1))))
//Rule5:E:Z,.DELTA.E:Z>z:Z
num(5)=(max(0,min((KE*E+1)/(0+1),(1KE*E)/(10))))*(max(0,min((KDE*DE+1)/(0+1),(1KDE*DE)/(1
0))))*SETVAL(5)
den(5)=(max(0,min((KE*E+1)/(0+1),(1KE*E)/(10))))*(max(0,min((KDE*DE+1)/(0+1),(1KDE*DE)/(10))))
//Rule6:E:Z,.DELTA.E:P>z:N
num(6)=(max(0,min((KE*E+1)/(0+1),(1KE*E)/(10))))*(max(0,min((KDE*DE0)/(10),1)))*SETVAL(6)
den(6)=(max(0,min((KE*E+1)/(0+1),(1KE*E)/(10))))*(max(0,min((KDE*DE0)/(10),1)))
//Rule7:E:N,.DELTA.E:N>z:N
num(7)=(max(0,min(1,(0KE*E)/(0+1))))*(max(0,min(1,(0KDE*DE)/(0+1))))*SETVAL(7)
den(7)=(max(0,min(1,(0KE*E)/(0+1))))*(max(0,min(1,(0KDE*DE)/(0+1))))
//Rule8:E:N,.DELTA.E:Z>z:N
num(8)=(max(0,min(1,(0KE*E)/(0+1))))*(max(0,min((KDE*DE+1)/(0+1),(1KDE*DE)/(10))))*SETVAL(8)
den(8)=(max(0,min(1,(0KE*E)/(0+1))))*(max(0,min((KDE*DE+1)/(0+1),(1KDE*DE)/(10))))
//Rule9:E:N,.DELTA.E:P>z:N
num(9)=(max(0,min(1,(0KE*E)/(0+1))))*(max(0,min((KDE*DE0)/(10),1)))*SETVAL(9)
den(9)=(max(0,min(1,(0KE*E)/(0+1))))*(max(0,min((KDE*DE0)/(10),1)))

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//Accumulatingresults
NUMT=num(1)No.(2)No.(3)+num(4)+num(5)+num(6)+num(7)+num(8)+num(9)
DENT=den(1)den(2)den(3)+den(4)+den(5)+den(6)+den(7)+den(8)+den(9)
//defuzzification
zf=NUMT/DENT
//Setoutputstandardcontroller
DelayCO2=CObydelay
CO=KO*zf+CO2
End
Thiscodeincludeshardwarenecessarytoachievedeployment
Aspen,suchas:
Delays:the"delay"functiontocalculatethe
AND.
Arrangements:foraccumulationcorrectly,itdoesnotaccept
Repeatedassignmentsasinourpseudocode.
Scalingconstants:KE,KDEandKO,partoftheimplementation
endofthecontroller.
Andsomeotherintermediatevariablestoperformcorrectly
process.
Modelconfiguration.
Tomanipulatethecontrollerisnecessarytoproperlylearnto
setinFigure76mainvariablesareobservedworkingwiththe
model.
Therearevariablesthatcanbemanipulatedandothersnotonlyfulfillthefunction
reportinginrealtimethevalueofavariableorreadmodel.

Figure76:Mainvariablesnormalizedmodelfuzzycontroller.

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BelowinTable42thefunctionofeachofthesevariablesisillustrated.
Table42:Breakdownofvariablesnormalizedmodelfuzzycontroller.
Variable
Rankof
manipulable
Description
values
CO
to
DONOT Controlleroutputisthevaluethataffects
directlytotheplant.
ComponentList
Doesnotapply
DONOT internalvariableAspensuite.
FROM
to
DONOT Itderivativeoftheerror,iscalculatedateach
iteration.
AND
to
DONOT Errorcalculatedateachiterationwiththe
formula:E=xfSetPoint.
KDE
to
YES
Constantdeterminedbytheuser
normalizevariable.
KE
to
YES
Constantdeterminedbytheuser
normalizethevariableE.
KO
to
YES
Constantdeterminedbytheuser
zfadaptthenormalizedoutputvalues
actualplant.Equivalenttoacontrol
proportional.
SETVAL(19)
1,0and1
YES
Constantssetbytheuser
whichdeterminetherulesofinference
shallgovernthecontroller.
retardation

0to

YES

SetPoint

Itdepends
ofthekind

YES

xf

Itdepends
ofthekind
1To1

DONOT

zf

DONOT

Constantdeterminingthetimedelay
insecondsitisappliedtothevariable
Errorcalculatingthederivativeofthis(DE).
Referencevalueusedbythedriver
todeterminetheerror,itisthevalueatwhich
Itwantsthiscontrolledvariable.
Itisthecurrentvalueofthecontrolledvariable.
normalizedoutputofthefuzzycontroller,to
ThisvariableismultipliedbyKO
determiningtheincreaseordecreaseofthe
COoutputsignal.

Thedefinitionofinfinityislimitedtothecapacityofcomputerequipmentand
definitionofthetypesofvariablesoftheimplementationofAspenCustom
Modeler.
Knowingthesevariablestheadvantagesofstandardizedsystemsareappreciated,
becauseifnot,itwouldbenecessarytomodifythesourcecodedriver
itcanbeappliedtodifferentsystems,whichisonlynecessaryifrequired
agreaternumberofrulestodescribevariables.

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Tosetthevaluesforthegroupof"SETVAL(n)"variables,
needtoknowthatindexrepresentsthatcombinationofvalues
variablesEandthisexplainedaboveinTables38and39.
Performancecomparisonoffuzzycontrolvs.PI.
Followingthedevelopmentofthestandardmodelfuzzycontroller
Heconductedthefirstperformanceteststhereofinasimplemodeland
wellknown,themodelidealbinarydistillationcolumn(CDBI)isselected,
byhavingonlytwofreevariablesandbecauseitisasimplemodel
studiedinanimplementationinMatLab.
thesamesimulationisperformedat50Hrs.CDBImodel,installingdrivers
DiffuseinsubstitutionoftheoriginalPIcontrollers,thissimulationappliesa
stepfrom50%to55%intheconcentrationofthelightercomponentinthemixture
powered,fixedpitchasEulerintegrationmethodisused,withastep
of0.01seconds.
Theoriginalplantperformance,PIcontrol,inthecaseoftheconcentrationinthe
bottomcanbeseeninFigure77.

Figure77:PerformanceCDBIwithPIcontrolofthelowerconcentration.
4 of3.856x10 2InFigure78
PIcontrolgetsgetanerrorRMSE
observestheperformanceoffuzzycontrolincontrollingtheconcentration
bottomofthecolumn.
4 RootMeanSquaredError:rootmeansquareerror.

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Figure78:PerformanceCDBIwithDiffuseconcentrationcontrolinpart
low.
2Ingeneralnot
ThefuzzycontrolobtainsaRMSEerror24.115x10
Itoffersbetterperformanceofthisvariable,howeverthetwovariables
manipulatedinthissequenceaffecteachother.
PIcontrolperformancedistillateconcentrationshownin
3.
Figure79andyougetanerrorRMSE6.717x10

Figure79:PerformanceofPIcontrolindistillatepurity.

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Annexes

Figure80:Performanceoffuzzycontrolinthepurityofthedistillate.
FuzzycontrolofthepurityofthedistillateobtainsamistakeRMSE44.592x10

3.

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ANNEXE:ModelCENIDETpilotplantapplicationstage
ethanolpreconcentration.
Inadditiontotheobjectivesofthisthesis,amodelofthecolumnisperformed
CENIDETdistillation,inordertolaythefoundationforsimulationofthis
columninthesuiteofengineeringAspen.
Supportedinpreviousworkregardingthemodelingofthecolumn[39],for
knowtheirphysicalcharacteristics,alsomanualisalsoused
operationthereof[40]todeterminetheinterconnectionofitselementsand
Finallythesedatawerevalidatedwithexperimentalresults[41].
Featurescolumn
Thedistillationcolumnhas10dishes,plusreboilerand
condenser,workingatatmosphericpressure.
Accordingto[39]thegeometricpropertiesofthecolumnareobservedinthe
Table43.
Table43:PropertiesCENIDETcolumn.
Property
Value
Numberofdishes
10(Perf)
Feedingdish
6
Volumereboiler
6Lt.
Transferarea
0.5m 2
condenserheat.
Diameterdishes
0.1m
Capacitance
1.09Lt.
Areaplates
0.0079m 2
TwomodelsweredevelopedinAspenPlusdistillationcolumn
CENIDET,asimulationtypeBatch,tocoincidewiththeresults
Experimentalpresentedby[41]andthusvalidateourmodel,andasimulation
Continuousprocesswiththesamecharacteristics,todeterminetheperformanceof
columninacontinuousprocess.
Simulationbatch(Batch).
Batchexperimentin[41]raisesinitialconditionsinstate
stable,wewillmakeabatchsimulationwithAspenPlusparameters
thecolumnaresetto[41],thesecanbeseeninTable44.
Table44:Factscolumn[41].
Parameter
Value
Numberofdishes
10
Totalareaoftheplate
68.07cm 2
Dishholdingarea
59cm 2
Heightretentionplate1cm
OperatingPressure
0.8386842Atm.

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Supportedby[40],thefollowingflowcharttakesplaceinAspenPlus.

Figure81:SequenceofCENIDETBatchcolumn.
ThesequencehastheconfigurationshowninTable46,resultof
combinationofthefeaturesoftheCENIDET[40]column,conditions
initialsetforthin[41].
Table45thesimulationresultsandcomparisonwiththoseshown
experimentaldatapresentedin[41],andascanbeseenthe
Temperaturesareverysimilar,thereforeitcanbeconcludedthatthemodel
AspenPlusdevelopedadequatelyreproducesthebehaviorofthe
distillationcolumnandalsochecksCENIDETlevelsimulationbatch
youcangetacloseconcentrationofethanolazeotropeinthis
column.
Table45:ComparisonofsimulationresultsinAspen.
SteadyState[42]
SimulationAspen
Stage
x(mol%)and(mol%)T(C)Ethanol(mol%)Water(mol%)T(C)
Condenser
87.14
12.86
73.76
87,381
12,618
Stage1
86.72
13.28
73.78
86,951
13,048
Stage2
86.14
13.86
73.8
86,429
13,570
step3
85.33
14.67
73.84
85,789
14,210
step4
84.17
15.83
73.88
84,991
15,008
step5
82.53
17.47
73.95
83,978
16,021
step6
80.17
19.83
74.03
82,657
17,342
step7
76.77
23.23
74.14
80,875
19,124
step8
71.8
28.2
74.26
78,361
21,638
stage9
63.86
36.14
74.47
74,569
25,430
step10
45.42
54.58
75.77
68,222
31,777
Kettle
11.15
88.85
81.25
55,426
44,573

73,775
73,782
73,791
73,803
73,820
73,845
73,884
73,949
74,071
74,333
75,045
78,075

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Element
current
feed(FEED)

Table46:ParametersofthebatchsequenceinAspen.
Parameter
Value
cometary
Temperature
300K
Temp.Environment
approximate.
Pressure
1.0386842Atm.
Flow
14L/Hr
MaximumpumpG1.
concentrations
37925mol%
HalfAlcohol96%vol.
ethanol/62075% (75%moleapprox.)Andhalf

resistance
preheating
(J1)
valveV11
ColumnC1(Batch)

Pressure
power

molwater
1Atm.
500Watts.

Pressuredrop
stages

0.095Atm.
12

Initialcharge

0.2857142sec.
(4Lapprox.)
0.8386842Atm.

Pressure
Pressuredrop
bystep
storage
capacitor
storage
stage

0.001Atm.

Typeofoperation

totalreflux.

distilled[41]water.
MaximumpowerJ1
[40].
Itincludesreboilerand
condenser.
2litersethanol96%vol.
+2litersofwater[41].
reportedinpressure
[41].

1.09Liters.

Accordingto[39].

0.059liters.

Accordingto
dimensionstakenin
account[41].
Accordingto[41].

Simulationofthecontinuousprocess.
Alsodevelopsasequencethatsimulatesthisprocessbutso
continuous,alltheoperatingconditionsarethesameasinthesimulation
batch,exceptthatthecolumnisfedonstage6,seeFigure82,the
loweststagewhereyoucanfeedtheprocess[40].
TheparametersofthecolumnincontinuousprocessarelistedinTable45.

Figure82:CENIDETdistillationcolumn,continuousprocess.

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Element
columnC1
(keepgoing)

Table47:Parametersofthecolumnincontinuoussimulation.
Parameter
Value
cometary
stages
12
Itincludesreboilerand
condenser.
Condenser
Total
Reasondistillate
10,681L/hr
Refluxratio
1
StageFood
6
Pressure
0.8386842
reportedinpressure
Atm.
[41].
Pressuredropperstage
0.001Atm.
Heattransfer
constant
condenser
TankCapacity
1.09Liters.
Accordingto[39].
reflux(condenser)
Capacityreboiler
6liters.
Accordingto[39].
Diameterstages
10.5
Accordingto[39].
Typeofoperation
totalreflux.
Accordingto[41].

ThesimulationresultsareshowninTable48.
Table48:ResultsofcontinuoussimulationinAspenPlus.
continuoussimulationinAspen(vapor)
Stage
Ethanol(mol%)
Water(mol%)
T(C)
capacitor73201
26,798
74,429
Stage1
65,713
34,286
75,452
Stage2
57,630
42,369
77,414

step3
step4
step5
step6
step7
step8
stage9
step10
Kettle

47,173
39,496
37,247
8.7702
1.0877
0.1198
0.0130
1.4e03
1.4e04

52,826
60.503
62,752
91,229
98,912
99,880
99,986
99.998
99,999

80,982
83,689
84,481
93,079
95,110
95,386
95,445
95.480
95,512

Conclusion.
ItcanbeconcludedthatthedistillationcolumnrunningCENIDET
Itcanworkcontinuouslyasapreconcentrationstepofethanol
theethanoldehydrationprocesswithbenzene,providedthatfeed
anethanolwatermixtureataconcentrationofatleast75.85mol%
ethanolandarefluxratioof0.9,whichproducesanethanolconcentrationof
82%mol.

140