Introduction

The Finite Element Method (FEM) is a numerical technique to find approximate

solutions of partial differential equations. It was originated from the need of solving complex
elasticity and structural analysis problems in different engineering fields. In a structural
simulation, FEM helps in producing stiffness and strength visualizations. FEM allows for
detailed visualization and indicates the distribution of stresses and strains inside the body of a
structure. In the FEM, the structural system is modeled by a set of appropriate finite
elements interconnected at points called nodes. Elements may have physical properties such as
thickness, coefficient

of

thermal

expansion, density, Young's

modulus, shear

modulus and Poisson's ratio. Many of FE software are powerful yet complex tool meant for
professional engineers with the training and education necessary to properly interpret the results.

Background and Context

STAAD stands for Structural Analysis and Design. It was designed to automate lengthy
calculation. STAAD Pro is a comprehensive structural engineering software that addresses all
aspects of structural engineering including model development, verification, analysis, design and
review of results. STAAD.pro features state of the art user interface, visualization tools, powerful
analysis and design engines with advanced finite element (FEM) and dynamic analysis
capabilities. STAAD.pro was developed by practicing engineers around the globe. It has evolved
over 20 years and meets the requirements of ISO 9001 certification.
STAAD-III, the worlds most powerful and popular structural analysis and design software was
in use across the globe since 1980. The updated STAAD.Pro is a comprehensive, general purpose
software for integrated structural analysis and design. STAAD.Pro may be utilized for analyzing
and designing practically all types of structures buildings, bridges, towers, transportation,
industrial and utility structures.

Theory
The entire process can be broken down into the following steps
1
2
3
4

Discretization
Element Characterization and Shape Function Generation
Developing Stress and Strain Matrices
Solving by Stiffness Method

Discretization
Discretization refers to the process of translating the material domain of an object-based model
into an analytical model suitable for analysis. In structural analysis, discretization may involve
either of two basic analytical-model types, including:
1. Node Element Model
2. Finite Element Model
However Staad Pro utilizes Node Element Model, in which structural elements are represented
by individual lines connected by nodes. The geometric and material properties of structural
elements are then characterized by line elements which simulate their physical behavior by
following mathematical relationships. Through application of the direct stiffness method, loading
at node locations translates into displacement and stress fields which indicate structural
performance.

Figure 1: Discretization of a Structure

Element Characterization and Shape Function Generation

Figure 2: Characterization of Elements

Characterization of an element involves defines the degrees of freedoms and other relevant
characteristics in preperation for the generation of shape function.
The shape of the body between discretized nodes is approximated by functions. These functions
are known as shape functions, and allow us to relate the coordinates of every point of a finite
element with the positions of its nodes.

Shape Function a 4-node System

Developing Stress and Strain Matrices

The Stiffness Matrix can be developed after the shape function is found, along with the strain
vector matrix. The stiffness matrix gives a relationship between the forces at the nodes and their
displacements

Results

Stress Contours

Discussion
The use of shear wall structures has gained popularity in high-rise building construction,
especially in the construction of service apartments or office/commercial towers. It has been
proven that this system provides efficient structural systems for multi-storey buildings in the
range of 30-35 storeys (Marsono and Subedi, 2000). There are two primary functions of shear
walls, these are strength and stiffness.
Shear walls must provide the necessary lateral strength to resist horizontal earthquake and
other lateral forces. When shear walls are of adequate strength, they will transfer these horizontal
forces to the next element in the load path, such as other shear walls, floors and foundation walls,
slabs or footings. Similarly shear walls also provide lateral stiffness to prevent against excessive
side-sway. Shear walls that possess adequate stiffness will prevent floor and roofing frame
member from moving off their supports. Also, buildings that are sufficiently stiff will usually
suffer less non-structural damage.
In this particular model, an analysis was performed on a 6m x 10 m high shear wall with
nine 20mm thick mild steel plates. A 4m x 6m internal opening was included to accommodate an
architectural feature. Close attention was given to the nodes at the top left and top right corners
of the shear wall (node 7 and node 15 respectively).
This analysis of the shear wall was carried out under a lateral and dead load combination. The
Resultant displacement under the loading combination at node 7 was found to be 0.026 mm and
found to be 0.018 mm at node 15.
Generally, the displacements at the nodes decreased towards the base of the wall which was
expected from general knowledge of structural nodal displacement. The Node Displacement
Summary table, the maximum resultant displacement occurred at node 9 and was found to be
0.033mm.