Foundation Enotes

ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION
TERIZAGHIS THEORY FOR SHALLOW FOUNDATION ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY OF A

CONTINUOUS OR STRIP FOOTING
= + + 0.5
WHERE:
C COHESION OF THE SOIL

ANGLE OF INTERNAL FRICTION OF THE SOIL
UNIT WEIGHT OF SOIL
Q = SURCHARGE AT THE FOUNDATION BASE LEVEL
DEPTH OF FOUNDATION
, , NON DIMENSIONAL BEARING CAPACITY FACTORS WHICH ARE

FUNCTION OF
= COT [
= [
3
2( )TAN
4 2
2 2 (45 + )
2
3
2( )TAN
4 2
22 (45+ )
2
] = COT (NQ 1)
= 2 (2 1) TAN
= PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURE COEFFICIENT
FOUNDATION DESIGN - eNOTES
SQUARE FOOTING
= 1.3 + + 0.4 =
CIRCULAR FOOTING
= 1.3 + + 0.3 =
MODIFIED BEARING CAPACITY (WHEN TABLE IS NOT AVAILABLE)
= ( 1) COT ; = 2 (45 + 2 )E TAN ; = 2( + 1) TAN

FACTOR OF SAFETY
THE ALLOWABLE BEARING CAPACITY FOR PURPOSE OF FOUNDATION DESIGN IS
OBTAINED AS,
=
= 3.0
GENERAL BEARING CAPACITY SOLUTIONS

= + + 0.5
WHERE:

C
, ,
= SHAPE, DEPTH, INCLINATION FACTOR

= COHESION OF SOIL
= BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL
MEYERNOFS FACTOR FOR RECTANGULAR FOOTING (B-WIDTH; L-LENGTH)

SHAPE FACTOR
FOR = 0
= 1 +
DEPTH FACTOR
FOR 10
0.2
= 1 + 0.2 2 (45 + 2)
= = 1.0
= = 1 + 0.1
FOR = 0
FOR 10
= 1 +
0.2
= = 1.0
= 1 + 0.2
2 (45 + 2)
2 (45 + )
= = 1 + 0.1
2 (45 + 2)
INCLINATION FACTORS
= (1 + 90)
WHERE: IS THE ANGLE
BETWEEN THE
INCLINED
= (1 + 90)
LOAD
AND
VERTICAL
2
DIRECTION.
= (1 + )
BEARING CAPACITY
EFFECTS OF GROUNDWATER TABLE ON BEARING CAPACITY

CASE I
IF GROUNDWATER TABLE IS BETWEEN 0 AND DF SURCHARGE TERM Q HAS TO

BE COMPUTED AS
= ( ) +
WHERE: = +
CASE II
WHEN THE GROUNDWATER TABLE COINCIDES WITH THE BOTTOM OF THE

FOUNDATION, THE MAGNITUDE OF Q IS EQUAL TO D HOWEVER, THE UNIT
WEIGHT IN THE THIRD TERM OF THE BEARING CAPACITY EQUATION SHALL BE
REPLACED WITH SUB.
CASE III
THE GWT IS AT DEPTH D BELOW THE BOTTOM OF FOOTING.

=
= = [ + ( )] >
BEARING CAPACITY OF DEEP FOUNDATION

= + +
WHERE:
, , = MEYERHOFS BEARING CAPACITY FACTORS FOR DEEP

FOUNDATION
= NORMAL SHEAR STRESS ON AN EQUIVALENT FREE SURFACE
= COHESION
= UNIT WEIGHT OF SOIL
= DEPTH OF FOUNDATION BELOW GROUND LEVEL
= WIDTH OF FOOTING
FOUNDATION TYPES
TYPE
SHALLOW FOUNDATION
1. SPREAD FOOTING
OR WALL FOOTING
USES
1. ISOLATED/INDIVIDUAL
COLUMN AND
CONTINUOUS WALLS
2. COMBINED FOOTING
3. RAFT/MAT FOOTING
2. TWO TO FOUR
COLUMNS ON FOOTING
AND/OR SPACE IS
LIMITED
3. SEVERAL ROWS OF
PARALLEL COLUMNS;
HEAVY COLUMN
LOADS; USED TO
REDUCE DIFFERENTIAL
SETTLEMENTS
4. GRILLAGE
FOUNDATION
4. VERY LARGE COLUMN
LOADS FROM SUPER
STRUCTURE
DEEP FOUNDATION
1. FLOATING PILE
1. IN GROUPS OF TWO
SUPPORTING A CAP
WHICH IS CONNECTED
TO A COLUMN
2. BEARING PILE
2. SAME AS ABOVE
3. DRILLED PLIERS OR
CAISSONS
3. FOR LARGE COLUMN

LOADS
CONDITION OF SOIL AT SITE

1. BEARING CAPACITY IS
REASONABLE,
ADEQUATE FOR
APPLIED LOAD
2. COMPRESSIBILITY OF
SOIL IS ACCEPTABLE
3. SOIL BEARING
CAPACITY IS
GENERALLY LESS
THAN FOR SPREAD
FOOTING AND OVER
HALF THE PLAN AREA
WOULD BE COVERED
IF SPREAD FOOTING
ARE USED
SETTLEMENT HAS TO
BE ACCEPTABLE
4. REASONABLE
BEARING CAPACITY,
NECESSARY TO
RESTRICT THE DEPTH
OF FOUNDATION TO
ENABLE IT TO BE
ABOVE THE
GROUNDWATER
TABLE
1. SURFACE OR NEAR
SURFACE SOILS HAVE
LOW BEARING
CAPACITY AND GOOD
SOIL IS REASONABLY
DEPTH
2. SURFACE AND NEAR
SURFACE SOILS ARE
VERY WEAK. GOOD
SOIL IS AT
REASONABLE DEPTH
AS FOR PILES
3. SAME AS FOR PILES
EARTH RETAINING
STRUCTURES
1. RETAINING WALL,
BRIDGE ABUTMENT
1. PERMANENT SOIL
RETENTION
2. SHEETING
STRUCTURES
(SHEET PILES,
WOOD SHEETING,
ETC.)
1. ANY TYPE OF SOIL

BUT A SPECIFIED
ZONE IN BACKFILL IS
USUALLY
CONTROLLED FILL
2. RETAIN ANY TYPE OF
SOIL OR WATER
2. TEMPORARY OR
PERMANENT FOR
EXCAVATION; MARINE
STRUCTURE,
COFFERDAM FOR
UNDERWATER
CONSTRUCTION
COLUMN FOOTING MUST BE DESIGNED FOR SIX STRENGTH CONDITION

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
BEARING (COMPRESSION) FROM COLUMN ON TOP FOOTING.

DOWEL INTO FOOTING.
STRENGTH OF SOIL BENEATH THE FOOTING.
SHEAR STRENGTH.
REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED.
DEVELOPMENT REQUIRED.
PERMISSIBLE SOIL PRESSURE

THE ALLOWABLE SOIL PRESSURE TO BE USED IN THE DESIGN OF FOOTING CAN BE
OBTAINED BY THE PRINCIPLES OF SOIL MECHANICS THROUGH THE SERVICE OF SOIL ENGINEER.
THIS CAN BE DERIVED ON THE BASIS OF TESTING BORING, LOAD TEST, AND OTHER
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS.
LOAD AND REACTION IN FOOTING

THE BASIC AREA OF FOOTING AND THE NUMBER OF PILES MAY BE DETERMINED FROM
UNFACTORED FORCES AND MOMENT TRANSMITTED BY FOOTING TO SOIL OR PILES AND
PERMISSIBLE SOIL PRESSURE OR PERMISSIBLE SOIL CAPACITY.
=
WHERE:
(+)
,
. =
(+)

= EFFECTIVE SOIL BEARING CAPACITY

=
= UNIT WEIGHT OF CONCRETE (23.5 KN/M 3)
= TOTAL DEPTH OF FOOTING
= UNIT WEIGHT OF SOIL ABOVE THE FOOTING
= HEIGHT OF SOIL ABOVE THE FOOTING
COLUMN FOOTING MUST BE DESIGNED FOR SIX STRENGTH CONDITION

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
BEARING (COMPRESSION) FROM COLUMN ON TOP FOOTING.

DOWEL INTO FOOTING.
STRENGTH OF SOIL BENEATH THE FOOTING.
SHEAR STRENGTH.
REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED.
DEVELOPMENT REQUIRED.
PERMISSIBLE SOIL PRESSURE

THE ALLOWABLE SOIL PRESSURE TO BE USED IN THE DESIGN OF FOOTING CAN BE
OBTAINED BY THE PRINCIPLES OF SOIL MECHANICS THROUGH THE SERVICE OF SOIL ENGINEER.
THIS CAN BE DERIVED ON THE BASIS OF TESTING BORING, LOAD TEST, AND OTHER
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS.
LOAD AND REACTION IN FOOTING

THE BASIC AREA OF FOOTING AND THE NUMBER OF PILES MAY BE DETERMINED FROM
UNFACTORED FORCES AND MOMENT TRANSMITTED BY FOOTING TO SOIL OR PILES AND
PERMISSIBLE SOIL PRESSURE OR PERMISSIBLE SOIL CAPACITY.
=
WHERE:
(+)
,
. =
(+)

= EFFECTIVE SOIL BEARING CAPACITY

=
= UNIT WEIGHT OF CONCRETE (23.5 KN/M 3)
= TOTAL DEPTH OF FOOTING
= UNIT WEIGHT OF SOIL ABOVE THE FOOTING
= HEIGHT OF SOIL ABOVE THE FOOTING
CRITICAL SECTION IN FOOTINGS

THE CRITICAL SECTION FOR MOMENT, SHEAR AND DEVELOPMENT REINFORCEMENT IN
FOOTING SUPPORTING A RECTANGULAR OR SQUARE COLUMNS OR PEDESTALS ARE MEASURED
AT THE FACE OF THE COLUMN OR PEDESTAL. THE CODE PERMITS TO CHANGE CIRCULAR OR
REGULAR POLYGON TO SECTION AS SQUARE MEMBER WITH SAME AREA.
FOUNDATION DESIGN
STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTORS
STRENGTH CONDITION
- TENSION CONTROLLED DESIGN

- COMPRESSION CONTROLLED SECTION MEMBERS
MIN. SPIRAL REINFORCEMENT
OTHER REINFORCED MEMBERS
- SHEAR AND TORSION
- BEARING ON CONCRETE
- POST-TENSIONED ANCHORAGE CONE
- STRUT-AND-THE-MODELS
0.90
0.70
0.65
0.75
0.65
0.35
0.75
STEPS IN SQUARE OR RECTANGULAR SPREAD FOOTING DESIGN WITH A CENTRICALLY LOADED COLUMN
AND NO MOMENT
1. COMPUTE THE FOOTING DIMENSION B X L OR B USING THE ALLOWABLE SOIL PRESSURE
SQUARE:
RECTANGULAR: BL =
2. CONVERT THE ALLOWABLE SOIL PRESSURE q TO AN ULTIMATE VALUE q ult = q FOR FOOTING DEPTH
==
3. OBTAIN THE ALLOWABLE TWO-WAY ACTION SHEAR STRESS VC AND COMPUTE THE FOOTING DEPTH d.
4. IF THE FOOTING IS RECTANGULAR, IMMEDIATELY CHECK WIDE-BEAM SHEAR. USE THE LARGER d IN
TWO-WAY ACTION (STEP 3) OR WIDE BEAM.
5. COMPUTE THE REQUIRED STEEL FOR BENDING AND USE THE SAME AMOUNT EACH WAY FOR SQUARE
FOOTINGS. USE THE EFFECTIVE d TO THE INTERSECTION OF THE TWO BAR LAYERS FOR SQUARE
FOOTINGS AND IF d > 305 mm (12 in.) FOR d LESS THAN THIS AND FOR RECTANGULAR FOOTINGS, USE THE
ACTUAL d FOR THE TWO DIRECTIONS. THE BENDING MOMENT IS COMPUTED AT THE CRITICAL SECTION.
6. COMPUTE THE BEARINGS AND USE DOWELS FOR BEARING IF THE ALLOWABLE BEARING STRESS IS
EXCEEDED, IN THAT CASE, COMPUTE THE REQUIRED DOWELS BASED ON THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
ACTUAL AND ALLOWABLE STRESSES TIMES COLUMN AREA. THIS FORCE DIVIDED BY f y IS THE REQUIRED
AREA OF DOWELS FOR BEARING.
USE MINIMUM OF 0.005 ACOL. OF DOWEL STEEL REGARDLESS OF THE BEARING STRESS.
IF DOWELS ARE REQUIRED TO TRANSFER ANY COLUMN LOAD, THE LENGTH MUST BE ADEQUATE FOR
COMPRESSION BOND.
IF THE FOOTING DOES NOT HAVE SUFFICIENT d, YOU CAN PUT THEM IN SPIRAL ENCASEMENT AND
REDUCE THE REQUIRED LENGTH BY 25%. IF THAT IS NOT ADEQUATE, YOU WILL HAVE TO INCREASE THE
EFFECTIVE DEPTH d OF FOOTING. THE USE OF 90 DEGREE BEND IS COMMONLY USED AD IT ALLOWS EASY
ATTACHMENT OF THE COLUMN DOWELS TO THE FOOTING REINFORCEMENT BY WIRING.
7. DETAIL THE DESIGN.
10
REINFORCEMENT DISTRIBUTION FOR TWO WAY RECTANGULAR FOOTINGS
MINIMUM DEPTH OF FOOTING
150mm FOOTING PER SOIL

300mm FOOTING ON PILE
CRITICAL SECTIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF REINFORCEMENT IN FOOTINGS

THE CRITICAL SECTIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF REINFORCEMENT MAY BE ASSUMED AT
THE SAME LOCATION AS THOSE OF CRITICAL MOMENT.
LOAD TRANSDER FROM COLUMNS TO FOOTINGS

ALL FORCES ACTING AT THE BASE OF A COLUMN MUST BE TRANSFERRED INTO THE FOOTING
COMPRESSIVE FORCES MAY BE TRANSFERRED DIRECTLY BY BEARING WHILE UPLIFT OR TENSILE
FORCES MUST BE TRANSFERRED BY DEVELOPMENT REINFORCING SUCH A DOWELS AND MECHANICSL
CONNECTIONS AT THE BASE OF THE COLUMN. THE PERMISSIBLE BEARING STRENGTH OF EITHER
SURFACE IS (0.85 fc A1), WHERE = 0.65 BUT IT MAY BE MULTIPLIED BY
2
1
2 FOR BEARING IN THE
FOOTING WHERE A, IS THE COLUMN AREA AND 2 IS THE AREA OF THE PORTION OF THE SUPPORTING
FOOTING IS GEOMTETRICALLY SIMILAR AND CONCENTRIC WITH THE COLUMNS.
11
DOWELS
IF THE COMPUTED BEARING FORCE IS HIGHER THAN THE VVALUE ALLOWABLE, IT IS NECESSARY TO
PROVIDE DOWELS TO CARRY THE EXCESS FORCE. THIS CAN BE ALSO BE DONE BY EXTENDING THE
COLUMN BARS INTO THE FOOTING. IF THE COMPUTED BEARING FORCE IS LESS THAN THE ALLOWABLE,
NO DOWELS ARE NEEDED. USE MINIMUM REQUIRED BY CODE.
= 0.005
12
2. PUNCHING SHEAR (TWO-WAY)
VC = [ 1 + 2/C ] /6 bod
= /3 bod
WHERE: C =
TRIBUTARY AREA OF PUNCHING SHEAR
; bo = 4 (c+d) (critical section)
13
DISTRIBUTION OF FLEXURAL REINFORCEMENT

FOOTINGS MAY BE CLASSIFIED AS A ONE-WAY OR TWO-WAY, ONE WAY FOOTINGS ARE
THOSEWHICH ARE REINFORCED IN ONE DIRECTION ONLY, WHILE TWO WAY FOOTINGS ARE REINFORCED
IN TWO DIRECTIONS.
REINFORCEMENT IN BOTH TYPE MAY BE DISTRIBUTED UNIFORMLY ACROSS THE ENTIRE WIDTH OF
FOOTING.
IN TWO-WAY RECTANGULAR FOOTINGS, REINFORCEMENT MAY BE DISTRIBUTED AS FOLLOWS:

A. REINFORCEMENT IN LONG DIRECTIONS MAY BE DISTRIBUTED UNIFORMLY ACROSS THE
ENTIRE WIDTH OF THE FOOTING.
B. FOR THE REINFORCEMENT IN SHORT DIRECTIONS A PORTION OF THE TOTAL REINFORCEMENT
MAY BE DISTRIBUTED UNIFORMLY OVER A BANDWIDTH (W/ CENTER ON CENTERLINE OF COLUMN) EQUAL
TO THE LENGTH OF THE SHORT SIDE OF FOOTINGS. THE REST OF THE REINFORCEMENT MAY BE
DISTRIBUTED UNIFORMLY OUTSIDE THE CENTER BOND WIDTH OF FOOTING. THE AREA OF THE
REINFORCEMENT IN THE CENTER BAND IS GIVEN BY:

WHERE:
2
+1
14
CRITICAL SECTION PER MOMENT

FOR ISOLATED FOOTINGS THE CRITICAL SECTIONS FOR MOMENTS ARE LOCATED AS FOLLOWING:
A. AT THE FACE OF THE COLUMN, PEDESTAL OR WALL FOR FOOTING SUPPORTING A CONCRETE
COLUMN PEDESTAL OR WALL.
B. HALFWWAY BETWEEN NIDDLE AND EDGE OF THE WALL FOR FOOTING SUPPORTING A
MASONRY.
15
C. HALFWAT BETWEEN FACE OF COLUMN AND EDGE OF STEEL BASE PLATE FOR FOOTING
SUPPORTING A COLUMN WITH STEEL BASE PLATE.
SHEAR FOOTING
1. BEAM ACTION (ONE WAY)
1

6
16
TERZAGHIS BEARING CAPACITY

EXAMPLE 1:
COMPUTE THE BEARING CAPACITY PER UNIT AREA OF THE FOLLOWING FOOTINGS ON A
SOIL FOR WHICH c = 12 Kn/m2, = 20, = 17 Kn/m3 AND SUBMERGED UNIT WEIGHT SUB = 10.5
Kn/m3, THE DEPTH OF FOUNDATION IS 2.0 m AND THE WATER TABLE IS AT DEPTH OF 4.5 m
BELOW THE GROUND LEVEL (NGL)
NC = 17.69
Nq = 7.44
N = 3.64
1. STRIP FOOTING, 4 m WIDE

2. SQUARE FOOTING, 4 X 4 m
3. CIRCULAR FOOTING, 4 m DIAMETER
SOLN:
1
ave.= [ + ( )]
17
= 4 [17(2.5) + 10( 4 2.5 )]

ave = 14.38 Kn/m3
q = df
q = 17 (2) = 34 Kn/m3
1. FOR STRIP FOOTING

qu = cNc + qNq + 0.5 ave B N
= 12(17.69) + 34(7.44) + 0.5(14.38)(4)(3.64)
qu = 569.93 kPa
qallow = 189.98 kPa or 180 kPa
2. SQUARE FOOTING
qu = 1.3cNc + qNq + 0.4 ave B N
= 1.3(12)(17.69) + 34(7.44) + 0.4(34)(4)(3.64)
qu = 726.94 kPa
qallow = 242.13 or 240 kPa
3. CIRCULAR FOOTING
qu = 1.3cNc + qNq + 0.3 ave B N
= 1.3(12)(17.69) + 34(7.44) + 0.3(34)(4)(3.64)
qu = 677.44 kPa
qallow = 225.81 or 220 kPa
18
EXAMPLE 2:
A CIRCULAR FOOTING WITH A 2 m DIAMETER IS TO BE CONSTRUCTED 1.3 m BELOW THE
GROUND SURFACE. THE SUBSOIL CONSISTS OF A UNIFORM DEPOSIT OF DENSE SOIL HAVING
THE FOLLOWING PARAMETERS. ANGLE OF INTERNAL FRICTION = 25 UNCONFINED
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH = 90 Kn/m2, UNIT WEIGHT OF SOIL = 20 Kn/m3 THE GROUNDWATER
TABLE IS AT GREAT DEPTH AND ITS EFFECT CAN BE IGNORED.
1. COMPUTE THE ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL
2. COMPUTE THE GROSS ALLOWABLE BEARING CAPACITY OF THE SOIL USING A FACTOR OF
SAFETY OF 3.
3. COMPUTE THE TOTAL ALLOWABLE LOAD INCLUDING COLUMN LOAD, WEIGHT OF FOOTING
AND WEIGHT OF SOIL SURCHARGE THAT THE FOOTING CAN CARRY.
FOR = 25
Nc = 24.1, Nq = 13.1, N = 9.1
1. q = 20(1.3)
q = 26 Kn/m2
1
c = 2 =
1
2
= 45 Kn/m2
qult = 1.3(45)(24.1) + 26(13.1) + 0.3(20.3)(2)(9.1)

qult = 1861.29 Kn/m2
2. qallow =
qult
FS = 3
19
1861
3
qallow = 620.33 OR 620 kPa
3. TOTAL ALLOWABLE LOAD

Q = qallow X AREA
= 620 X 4 (22 )
Q = 1947.79 KN
20
WALL FOOTING
EXAMPLE 1
A WALL FOOTING IS TO SUPPORT A 250 mm REINFORCED CONCRETE WALL WITH A DEAD
LOAD OF 300 Kn/m AND A LIVE LOAD OF 200 KN/m. THE BOTTOM OF THE FOOTING IS 1.50 m
BELOW THE FINAL GRADE. ASSUME THE SOIL WEIGHS 15.74 KN/m 3 AND THE ALLOWABLE SOIL
PRESSURE IS 190 kPa. fc = 20.7 MPa, fy = 414 MPa. USE 75 mm as STEEL COVERING. CONCRETE
WEIGHS 25.5 KN/m3
1.
COMPUTE
AND DEPTH OF FOOTING
THE WIDTH
2. COMPUTE THE SPACING OF 25 mm MAIN BARS AND 12 mm LONGITUDINAL TEMPERATURE

AND SHRINKAGE BAR.
3. COMPUTE THE DEVELOPMENT LENGTH IF:
BAR LOCATION FACTOR =1.0
COATING FACTOR B = 1.0
SIZE FACTOR = 1.0
NORMAL WEIGHT CONCRETE = 1.0
1. TRY 500 mm THICK
qe = 190 0.5(23.5) 15.74(1.0)
qe = 162.66 kPa
21
WIDTH OF FOOTING =
300+200
162.66
= 3.07 OR 3.1m
qu =
1.2DL+1.6LL
1.2(300)+1.6(200)
3.1(1)
qu = 219.35 kPa
CHECK BEAM SHEAR

d = 500 75 25/2 = 412.5 mm
x=
3.10.25
2
0.412
x = 1.013 m
Vu = qu (x)(1.0)
= 219.35(1.013)(1)
Vu = 222.20 kn
SHEAR CAPACITY:
Vu = 0.75(1/6)20.7
(1000)(412.5)
1000
Vu = 234.60 kn > 222.20 kn SAFE!

USE TRIAL THICKNESS OF FOOTING = 500 mm WIDTH OF FOOTING = 3.1 m
2. SPACING OF 25 mm MAIN BARS

X=
(3.10.25)
2
= 1.425
Mu = qu x2 (1.0)(0.5)
= 219.35 (1.425)2 (1.0)(0.5)
= 222.71 kn-m
Mu = Rbd2
222.71(106 )
=
(1000)(4122 )
R = 1.312 MPa
22
0.85
2
[1 1
]
0.85
0.85(20.7)
2(1.312)
[1 1
]
414
0.85(20.7)
= 0.0033
min =
1.4
1.4
= 0.0034 USE
414
SPACING OF 25 mm BARS
Ab = 491 mm2
As = ;
S =
Ab =
491
0.0034 (412.5)
S = 350.09 mm
USE 25 mm BARS @ 350 mm o.c.
TEMP. BARS
As = 0.00186t
FOR 12 BARS; Ab = 113 mm2
113
S = 0.0018(500)
S = 125.56 mm SAY 125 mm
USE 12 mm TEMP. BARS @ 125 mm o.c.
3. DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
AVAILABLE Ld =
3.1
2
- 0.075
0.25
2
= 1.35 m
REQD DEVT LENGTH
C = 75 (SIDE COVER)
ktr = 0 (NO STIRRUPS)
+
75 + 0
=
= 3 > 2.5
25
23
USE 2.5
9
=
+
10
9(414)(1.0)(1.0(1.0)(1.0)
=
25
1020.7 (2.5)
Ld = 818.95 mm
Ld = 819 < 1350 mm
EXAMPLE 2
1. FOR THE WALL FOOTING SHOWN IN THE FIGURE, WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING MUST NEARLY
GIVES THE EFFECTIVE SOIL PRESSURE IF ALLOWABLE SOIL PRESSURE IS 230 kPa.
= Kn/m3
=
fc = 28 mPa
fy = 280 mPa
24
qallow = 230 kPa
USE 2010 NSCP
2. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING MOSTLY GIVES THE MINIMUM WIDTH OF FOOTING ROUNDED TO
NEAREST 0.10 m SUCH THAT THE EFFECTIVE SOIL WILL PRESSURE NOT BE EXCEEDED.
3. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING MOST NEARLY GIVES THE ULTIMATE SHEAR DUE TO FACTORED
LOADS ACTING ON THE CRITICAL SECTION.
SOLN:
1. qe = 230 24(0.5) 16(0.8)
qe = 205.2 kPa
2. CONSIDER 1 m. STRIP OF WALL
M = (25+25) (1.3+0.25)
M = 77.5 KN-m
max =
max =
6
+
2
205.2 =
(180 + 160) 6(77.5)

+
(1)
(1)2
205.2L2 = 340L + 465

205.2L2 - 340L 465 = 0
L = 2.55 m SAY 2.6 m
3. Pu = 1.2 (180) + 1.6 (160)
Pu = 472 KN
H = 1.2 (25) + 1.6 (25)
H = 70 KN
Mu = 70 (1.55) = 108.5 KN-m
max =
max =
6
+
(1) (1)2
472 6(108.5)
+
2.6
2.62
max = 277.84
25
min =
min =
6
+ 2
472 6(108.5)
+
2.6
2.62
min = 85.24
CHECK RIGHT SIDE OF FOOTING
L = 2.6
X=
2.60.25
2
d = 0.5 0.075 25/2

d = 412.5
X=
2.60.25
2
412.5
X = 0.7625
q1
192.86
=
1.8375
2.6
q1 = 136.3 kPa
1
V = 2(221.54+277.84)(0.7625)(1)
V = 190.39 KN
26
27
DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED SQUARE FOOTING

EXAMPLE 1.
A SQUARE FOOTING IS TO SUPPORT A 300mm SQUARE TIED COLUMN THAT CARRIES A DEAD
LOAD OF 800KN AND A LIVE LOAD OF 600 KN. THE COLUMN IS REINFORCED WITH BARS. THE
BASE OF FOOTING IS 2.0m FROM NGL WHERE THE ALLOWABLE SOIL PRESSURE IS 220KPa. THE SOIL
ABOVE THE FOOTING HAS A WEIGHT OF 15.6KN/m 3. ASSUME fy = 275 Mpa, fc = 27.5 Mpa AND A UNIT
WEIGHT OF CONCRETE OF 22.5 KN/m3.
DESIGN THE FOOTING BY:
A. CHECKING BEAM SHEAR
B. CHECKING PUNCHING SHEAR
C. REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED
28
SOLUTION:
= 800 + 600 = 1400
220 =
1400
2
= 2.52 ~ 2.6
= 0.2 +
= 75 0.60
= 100 > 0.60
0.2 (2.6) = 0.52
= 0.52 + 0.075 = 0.595 600
= 220 23.5 (0.6) 15.6 (2 0.6)
= 184.06
184.06 =
1400
2
= 2.75 ~ 2.8
0.6 2.8 2.8
CHECK BEAM SHEAR
= 1.2 (800) + 1.6 (600) = 1920
= 600 75 25 = 500
=
1920
2.82
= 244.90
=
2.8 0.3
0.5
2
= 0.75
= 244.90 (0.75) (2.8)

= 514.29
CHECK CAPACITY
1
1
= (0.75) ( ) (27.5)(2800)(500)(
)
6
1000
= 917.71 > 514.29
SAFE!
29
CHECK PUNCHING SHEAR
= (2 ( + )2 )
= 244.90 (2.82 (0.3 + 0.5)2 )
= 1763.2
CHECK CAPACITY
1
1
= (0.75) ( ) (27.5)(4)(300 + 500)(500)(
)
3
1000
= 2097.62 > 1763.28
SAFE!
USE 600 x 2800 x 2800 mm SQUARE FOOTING
REINFORCEMENT
=
=
2.8 0.3
2
30
= 1.25
= ()( )
2
= 249.90(1.25)(2.8)(
1.25
)
2
= 535.65 .
=
=
535.65 (10)6
0.90(2800)(500)2
= 0.85
0.85
2
[1 1
]
. 85( )
0.85 (27.5)
2(0.85)
[1 1
]
275
. 85(27.5)
= 0.0031
=
1.4
275
= 0.0051
USE
=
= 0.0051(2800)(500)
= 7140 2
=
7140
=
491
= 14.54 ~ 15 .
USE
31
EXAMPLE 2.
DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED SQUARE FOOTING
REFER TO THE FIGURE SHOWN:

= 21 /3
= 16 /3
= 34.5
= 414
= 900
= 700
32
DETERMINE THE FOLLOWING:

A. DIMENSION OF SQUARE FOOTING
B. REINFORCEMENT
C. DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
SOLUTION:
=
180 =
900 + 700
2
= 2.98 ~ 3.0
= 0.2 (3) = 600
= 600 + 75 = 675 700
= 180 24 (0.7) 16 (1.5 0.7)
= 150.4
2 =
900 + 700
150.4
= 3.26 ~ 3.3
0.7 3.3 3.3
CHECK BEAM SHEAR
= 1.2 (900) + 1.6 (700) = 2200
= 25 = 600
=
2200
3.32
= 202.02
=
3.3 0.45
0.5
2
= 0.925
= 202.02 (0.925) (3.3)

= 616.67
CHECK CAPACITY
1
1
= (0.75) ( ) (34.5)(3300)(500)(
)
6
1000
33
= 1211.44 > 616

SAFE!
= (2 ( + )2 )
= 202.02 (3.32 (0.45 + 0.6)2 )
= 1977.27
CHECK CAPACITY
1
1
= (0.75) ( ) (34.5)(4)(450 + 600)(600)(
)
3
1000
= 3700.41 > 1977.27
SAFE!
USE 700 x 3300 x 3300 mm SQUARE FOOTING
REINFORCEMENT
=
34
3.3 0.45
2
= 1.425
= ()( )
2
1
= 202.02(3.3)(1.425)2 ( )
2
= 676.87 .
=
=
676.87 (10)6
0.90(3300)(600)2
= 0.63
0.85
2
[1 1
]
. 85( )
0.85 (34.5)
2(0.63)
[1 1
]
414
. 85(34.5)
= 0.0015
=
34.5
4(414)
= 0.0035
USE
=
= 0.0035(3300)(600)
= 6930 2
=
6930
=
491
= 14.11 ~ 15 .
USE
35
REQUIRED DEVELOPMENT LENGTH

= 0.02
414
= 0.02(491) (
)
34.5
= 692.15 693
= 0.06( )()
= 0.06(25)(414)
= 621
=
3300 45
75
2
= 1350
>
OKAY!
USE =
36
DESIGN OF SQUARE FOOTING

SUBJECTED TO BENDING
EXAMPLE 1.
DESIGN OF SQUARE FOOTING SUPPORTS A 400x400mm SQUARE COLUMN CARRYING A DEAD LOAD OF
400 KN AND A LIVE LOAD OF 600 KN. THE FOOTING IS SUBJECTED TO AXIAL MOMENT PRODUCED BY
DEAD AND LIVE LOAD LISTED BELOW.
MDX = 60 KN-m
MlX = 70 KN-m
ASSUME:
fy = 276 Mpa,
fc = 27.6 Mpa
DEPTH OF FOOTING FROM NGL = 1.40m

= 15.7 /3
= 23.5 /3
= 280
37
DETERMINE THE FOLOOWING:

A. DIMENSION OF SPREAD FOOTING
B. REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED
C. DOWEL REQUIREMENTS
SOLUTION:
=
=
60 + 70
400 + 600
= 0.13 ~ 130
280 =
1000
6 (0.13)
[1 +
]
2
= 2.10 ~ 2.2
0.2 (2.2) = 0.44
= 0.44 + 0.075 = 0.515 ~ 600
= 280 23.5 (0.6) 15.7 (1.4 0.6)
= 253.34
253.34 =
1000
6 (0.13)
[1 +
]
2
= 2.299 ~ 2.3
600 2300 2300
= 1.2 (400) + 1.6 (600) = 1440
= 1.2 (60) + 1.6 (70) = 184
=
=
184
= 0.128
1440
1440
6 (0.128)
[1
]
2
2.3
2.3
= 363.11
= 181.32
38
CHECK BEAM SHEAR

= 600 75 25 = 500
=
2.3 0.4
0.5
2
= 0.45
= 1.85
1
=
1.85
2.3
1 = 327.54
1
1 = ( ) (363.11 + 327.54) (2.3) (0.45)
2
1 = 357.41
CHECK CAPACITY
1
1
= (0.75) ( ) (27.6)(2300)(500)(
)
6
1000
39
= 755.20 > 357.41

SAFE!

= 79.039
2.3
2
=
0.70
= 307.78 .
1
2 = 1440 ( ) (307.78 + 236.05)(0.92 )
2
2 = 1219.75
CHECK CAPACITY
1
1
= (0.75) ( ) (27.6)(4)(900)(500)(
)
3
1000
= 2364.11 > 1219.75
SAFE!
USE 600 x 2300 x 2300 mm
40
REINFORCEMENT
2.3 0.40
= 0.95
2
4
=
1.35
4 = 288.02 .
= 288.02 (2.3)(0.952 )(0.5) +
1
2
(363.11 288.02)(2.3)(0.952 ) ( )
2
3
= 350.88 .
=
41
350.88 (10)6
(2300)(500)2
= 0.61
=
0.85
2
[1 1
]
. 85( )
0.85 (27.6)
2(0.61)
[1 1
]
276
. 85(27.6)
= 0.0022
=
1.4
276
= 0.0051
USE
=
= 0.0051(2300)(500)
= 5865 2
=
5865
=
491
= 11.95 ~ 12 .
USE
REQUIRED DEVELOPMENT LENGTH

= 0.02
276
= 0.02(491) (
)
27.6
= 516
= 0.06( )()
= 0.06(25)(276)
= 414
42
2.3 0.4
0.075
2
= 0.875
>
OKAY!
USE =
DESIGN OF SQUARE FOOTING SUBJECTED TO BENDING

EXAMPLE 2.
DESIGN A SQUARE FOOTING SUPPORTS A 450x450mm SQUARE COLUMN CARRYING A DEAD LOAD OF
450 KN AND A LIVE LOAD OF 700 KN. THE FOOTING IS SUBJECTED TO AXIAL MOMENT PRODUCED BY
LOAD LISTED BELOW.
MDX = 70 KN-m
MlX = 80 KN-m
ASSUME:
fy = 276 Mpa,
fc = 27.6 Mpa
DEPTH OF FOOTING FROM NGL = 1.50m
43
= 15.7 /3
= 24 /3
= 320
DETERMINE THE FOLOOWING:
A. DIMENSION OF FOOTING
B. AREA OF STEEL REQUIRED
C. NO. OF REINFORCEMENT
SOLUTION:
=
=
70 + 80
450 + 700
= 0.13 ~ 130
320 =
1150
6 (0.13)
[1 +
]
2
= 2.21 ~ 2.3
0.2 (2.3) = 0.46
= 0.46 + 0.075 = 0.535 ~ 600
= 320 24 (0.6) 15.7 (1.5 0.6)
= 291.47
291.47 =
1150
6 (0.13)
[1 +
]
2
= 2.299 ~ 2.3
600 2300 2300
= 1.2 (450) + 1.6 (700) = 1660
= 1.2 (70) + 1.6 (80) = 212
=
=
212
= 0.128
1660
1660
6 (0.128)
[1
]
2
2.3
2.3
= 418.58
= 209.018
44
CHECK BEAM SHEAR
= 600 75 25 = 500
=
2.3 0.45
0.5
2
= 0.425
= 1.875
1
=
1.875
2.3
1 = 380.01
1
1 = ( ) (418.58 + 380.01) (2.3) (0.425)
2
1 = 390.31
CHECK CAPACITY
1
1
= (0.75) ( ) (27.6)(2300)(500)(
)
6
1000
= 755.20 > 390.31
SAFE!
45

= 91.114
2.3
2
=
0.675
2 = 270.52 .
3
=
0.675 + 0.95
3 = 357.08 .
1
2 = 1660 ( ) (357.08 + 270.52)(0.9252 )
2
2 = 1391.50
CHECK CAPACITY
1
1
= (0.75) ( ) (27.6)(4)(925)(500)(
)
3
1000
= 2429.78 > 1391.50
SAFE!
USE 600 x 2300 x 2300 mm
46
REINFORCEMENT
2.3 0.45
= 0.925
2
4
=
1.375
4 = 334.3 .
= 334.3 (2.3)(0.9252 )(0.5) +
1
2
(418.58 334.3)(2.3)(0.9252 ) ( )
2
3
= 384.23 .
=
=
384.23 (10)6
(2300)(500)2
= 0.668
=
0.85
2
[1 1
]
. 85( )
47
0.85 (27.6)
2(0.668)
[1 1
]
276
. 85(27.6)
= 0.0025
=
1.4
276
= 0.0051
USE
=
= 0.0051(2300)(500)
=
=
5865
=
491
= 11.95 ~ 12 .
USE
48
DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR FOOTING AXIAL

EXAMPLE 1:
A RECTANGULAR SPREAD FOOTING IS TO SUPPORT A 400 X 400 mm COLUMN CARRYING
A DEAD LOAD OF 600 KN AND A LIVE LOAD OF 450 KN. IF THE FOOTING SHOULD HAVE A LIMITED
WIDTH OF 2 m ON ONE SIDE. DESIGN THE FOOTING WHOSE BOTTOM 1.8 m BELOW THE GROUND
SURFACE AND THE ALLOWABLE SOIL BEARING CAPACITY AT THE BASE OF THE FOOTING IS 200
KPA. ASSUME UNIT WEIGHT OF SOIL ABOVE THE FOOTING IS 17 , = Kn/m3, fc = 21 MPa
AND fy = 345 MPa
SOLUTION:
TRIAL H
H = 0.2 LEAST DIMENSION + 0.075
= 0.575 SAY 600 mm
= ( )
= 200 24(0.6) 17(1.8-0.6)
= 165.2 kpa
49
TRIAL L
=
6
[1
]
165.2 =
600+450
2
L = 3.18 m, SAY 3.2 m

TRY 0.6 X 2 X 3.2 m
CHECK BEAM SHEAR
ALONG X-AXIS
q4 =
1.2(600)+1.6(450)
2(3.2)
z=
20.4
= 225
= 0.8
= 0
Vu = 225(3.2)(0.8-d)
= 720 (0.8 d)
1
= 0.75 ( ) (1.0)21(3200)
6
= 1833.03d
=
50
1833.03d = 720(0.8-d)
d = 0.226 m
ALONG Z-AXIS
X=
3.20.4
2
= 1.4
= 0
V4 = 225(2)(1.4-d)
= 450(1.4-d)
1
= 0.75 ( ) (1.0)21(2200)
6
=1145.6d
=
1145.64d = 450(1.4-d)
d = 0.395 m
51
Vu = quattrib
Vu = 225 [2(3.2)=(0.4+d)2]
1
= 0.75 ( ) (1.0)21(4)(0.4 + )(1000)
3
= 4582.58d(0.4+d)
=
225[2(3.2)-(0.4+d)2] = 4582.58d (0.4+d)
d = 0.370 m
REQD d FOR SHEAR STRESS IS 395 mm
395 mm < 487 mm OK!
USE 0.6 X 2 X 3.2 m RECTANGULAR FOOTING
REINFORCEMENT:
X=
3.20.4
2
Z=
= 1.4
20.4
= 0.8 m
Mux = quattrib
= 225 (3.2) (0.8/2)2
= 230.4 kn-m
Muz = quattrib
= 225 (2) (1.4/2)2
= 441 kN-m
52
Muz; d1
Mux; d2
DIRECTIONS
ALONG X
ALONG Z
b
2000
3200
d
512
487
Mu
441
230.4
min =
R
0.93
0.34
USE
0.0041
0.0041
0.0028
0.001
As
419.84
6389.4
n
9
14
1.4
1.4
=
= 0.0051
345
As = bd
n = As/Ab
(106 )
=
2
=
0.85
2
[1 1
]
0.85
FOR CENTER BAND:
=
3.2
=
= 1.6
2
=
; = 11
14
1.6 + 1
=
14 11
= 1.5; 2
2
53
EXAMPLE 2:
A LIVE LOAD OF 1100 KN AND A TOTAL DEAD LOAD OF 1600 KN IS TO BE CARRIED BY A 500
X 500 mm COLUMN. IF THE COLUMN IS TO BE SUPPORTED BY A RECTANGULAR FOOTING WHOSE
WIDTH IS LIMITED TO 3.2 m AND WHOSE BOTTOM IS 1.8 m BELOW THE GROUND SURFACE.
Kn
ALLOWABLE SOIL BEARING CAPACITY AT THE BASE OF THE FOOTING IS 240 KPa, =17 , =
23.5
Kn/m3,
fc = 27.6 MPa AND fy = 276 MPa. DESIGN THE FOOTING.
m3
TRIAL H:
H = 0.2 LEAST DIMENSION + 0.100
= 0.2 (3.5) + 0.1
= 0.8 m
=
= 240 23.5 (0.8) 16 (1.8 0.8)
= 205.2 KPA
TRIAL L:
205.2 kpa =
1100+1600
3.2
L = 4.16 m, SAY 4.2 m

TRY 0.8 X 3.2 X 4.2 m
54
CHECK BEAM SHEAR
ALONG LONG DIMESION
d = 800 75 1.5 (25) = 687.5 mm, SAY 687 mm

=
1.2 (1600) + 1.6 (1100)

=
3.2 (4.2)
= 273.8
= 0
Vu = quattrib
= 273.8 (4.2) (x)
X=
3.20.5
2
= 1.35
Vu = 273.8 (4.2) (1.35-d)

= 1149.96 (1.35-d)
=
1

6
1
= ( ) (1.0)27.6(4200)
6
Vc = 3677.5 d
= ; = 0.25
55
=
1149.96 (1.35 d) = 0.75 (3677.5d)
d = 0.3977 m
ALONG TRANSVERSE DIRECTION:
Vu = 273.8 (3.2) [
4.20.5
2
Vu = 273.8 (3.2) [ 1.85 ]

= 876.16 (1.85 d)
1
= ( ) (1.0)27.6(3200)
6
= 2801.9d
=
876.16 (1.85 d) = 2801.9d
d = 0.441 m
Vu = quattrib
= 273.8 [ 3.2(4.2) (0.5 + d)2]
1
= ( ) (1.0)27.6( )
3
56
1
= ( ) (10)27.6 [4(0.5 + )]
3
= 7004.76(0.5 + )
=
273.8 [3.2(4.2) (0.5 + )2 ] = 0.75 [7004.76 (0.5 + )]
d = 0.587 m
REQUIRED d = 0.587 m
687 > 587 mm OK!
USE 0.8 X 3.2 X 4.2 RECTANGULAR FOOTING
CHECK:
PTOTAL = 1100+1600+0.8(3.2)(4.2)(23.5-16)
= 2780.64 KN
57
qactual = 2780.64/(3.2x4.2) = 206.89 kpa < qallowable SAFE!

REINFORCEMENT:
4.2 0.5
= 1.85
2
3.2 0.5
= 1.35
2
Mux = quattrib
= 273.8 (1.35/2)2 (4.2)
= 1047.9 kn-m
Muz = 273.8 (1.85/2)2 (3.2)

= 1499.33 kn-m
Muz; d1
Mux; d2
DIRECTIONS
ALONG X
ALONG Z
b
3200
4200
d
712
687
Mu
1499.33
1047.9
min =
R
1.03
0.59
0.0038
0.0022
USE
0.0051
0.0051
As
11619.84
14715.54
n
24
30
1.4
1.4
=
= 0.0051
345
As = bd
n = As/Ab
(106 )
2
58
0.85
2
[1 1
]
0.85
FOR CENTER BAND:
=
4.2
=
= 1.31
3.2
2
=
; = 20.8
24
1.31 + 1
=
30 21
= 4.5; 5
2
59
DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR FOOTING

BENDING
EXAMPLE 1
A 500 X 500 COLUMN, 2.1 m FROM PROPERTY LINE, CARRIES A TOTAL LIVE LOAD OF 1300
KN AND A TOTAL DEAD LOAD OF 1700 KN. THE COLUMN IS TO BE SUPPORTED BY RECTANGULAR
SPREAD FOOTING WHOSE BOTTOM IS 1.8 m BELOW THE GROUND SURFACE. ALLOWABLE SOIL
BEARING CAPACITY AT THE BASE OF FOOTING IS 240 KPA. UNIT WEIGHT OF SOIL ABOVE
FOOTING IS 16 Kn/m3 AND UNIT WEIGHT OF CONCRETE IS 24 Kn/m 3 . ASSUME fc = 20.7 MPa AND
fy = 275 MPa AND Mdlx = 290 KN-m
Mllx = 135 KN-m
DESIGN THE FOOTING:
A) CHECK BEAM SHEAR
B) CHECK PUNCHING SHEAR
C) MOMENTS ALONG TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL
60
SOLN:
= ( )
= 0.2(4.2) + 0.1 = 0.94 1
= 240 24(1) 16(1.8 1) = 203.2
=
= 290 + 135 = 425

= 1700 + 1300 = 3000
=
203.2 =
425
= 0.142
3000
3000
6(0.142)
[1 +
]
4.2
L = 4.224 m SAY 4.3 m

TRY 1 X 4.2 X 4.3 m
61
CHECK BEAM SHEAR
= 1.2(1700) + 1.6(1300)
= 4120 KN
= 1.2(290) + 1.6(135)
= 564 KN-m
=
564
= 0.137
4120
=
=
6
[1 ]
4120
6(0.137)
[1
]
4.2(4.3)
4.3
= 271.74
= 184.52
62
USING d2
2 = 1.5
= 1000 75 1.5 (25)
= 887.5 mm SAY 887
ALONG LONG DIRECTION:
=
4.2 0.5
0.887 = 0.963
2
1
= (184.52 + 271.74)(4.3)(0.963)
2
= 944.66
CHECK CAPACITY:
(4300)887.5
1
= 0.75 ( ) (1.0)28
6
1000
= 2524.21 KN > 944.66 KN
ALONG SHORT DIRECTION
=
4.3 0.5
0.887 = 1.013 1.01
2
1 184.52 271.74 184.52
=
4.3 1.01
4.3
1 = 251.25
1
= (251.25 + 271.74)(1.01)(4200)
2
= 1109.26
CHECK CAPACITY:
(4200)887.5
1
= 0.75 ( ) (1.0)28
6
1000
= 2465.51 > 1109.26 !
A) SAFE! AGAINST BEAM SHEAR
63
c + d = 0.5 + 0.8875 = 1.3875

=
1
(271.74 + 184.52) = 228.03
2
=
= 4120 228.03 (1.3875)2
= 3681.006
CHECK CAPACITY:
(4 1387.5)(887.5)
1
= 0.75 ( ) (1.0)28 (
)
3
1000
64
= 6515.989 > 3681.006 !

B. SAFE AGAINST PUNCHING SHEAR
USE 1000 X 4200 X 4300 mm RECT. FOOTING
REINFORCEMENT
=
=
4.3 0.5
= 1.9
2
4.2 0.5
= 1.85
2
4 184.52 271.74 184.52

=
4.3 1.9
4.3
4 = 233.2
MOMENT ALONG TRANSVERSE
1
2
= 233.2(1.92 )(0.5) + (271.74 233.2)(1.92 )(1.0) ( )
2
3
= 467.30
MOMENT ALONG LONGITUDINAL

1
= (271.74 + 184.52)(1.72 )(1.0)(0.5)
= 329.65
65
EXAMPLE 2
A 400 X 400 COLUMN, 1.8 m FROM PROPERTY LINE, CARRIES A TOTAL LIVE LOAD OF 1500
KN AND A TOTAL DEAD LOAD OF 2000 KN. THE COLUMN IS TO BE SUPPORTED BY RECTANGULAR
SPREAD FOOTING WHOSE BOTTOM IS 2.0 m BELOW THE GROUND SURFACE. ALLOWABLE SOIL
BEARING CAPACITY AT THE BASE OF FOOTING IS 280 KPA. UNIT WEIGHT OF SOIL ABOVE
FOOTING IS 15.7 Kn/m3 AND UNIT WEIGHT OF CONCRETE IS 23.5 Kn/m3 . ASSUME fc = 28 MPa AND
fy = 275 MPa AND Mdlx = 350 KN-m
Mllx = 150 KN-m
DESIGN THE FOOTING:
A) CHECK BEAM SHEAR
B) CHECK PUNCHING SHEAR
C) MOMENTS ALONG TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL
SOLN:
= 0.2(3.6) + 0.1 = 0.82 = 0.9
= ( )
= 280 23.5(0.9) 15.7(2 0.9)
= 241.58
=
350 + 150
=
= 0.143
2000 + 1500
66
241.58 =
3500
6(0.143)
[1 +
]
3.6
L = 4.571 m SAY 4.8 m

TRY 900 X 3600 X 4300 mm
CHECK BEAM SHEAR
= 1.2(2000) + 1.6(1500)
= 4800 KN
= 1.2(350) + 1.6(150)
= 660 KN-m
=
660
= 0.138
4800
6
[1 ]
67
4800
6(0.138)
[1
]
3.6(4.8)
4.8
= 325.69
= 229.86
USING d2
2 = 1.5
= 900 75 1.5 (25)
= 787.5 mm SAY 887
ALONG LONG DIRECTION:
3.6 0.4
0.787 = 0.813
2
1
= (325.697 + 229.86)(4.8)(0.813)
2
= 1083.99
68
CHECK CAPACITY:
(4800)787
1
= 0.75 ( ) (1.0)28
6
1000
= 2498.65 KN > 1083.99 KN
ALONG SHORT DIRECTION
4.8 0.4
0.787 = 1.413 1.4
2
1 229.86 325.69 229.86
=
4.8 1.413
4.8
1 = 297.48
1
= (325.69 + 297.48)(1.413)(3.6)
2
= 1584.97
CHECK CAPACITY:
(3600)787
1
= 0.75 ( ) (1.0)28
6
1000
= 1873.99 > 1584.97 !
A) SAFE! AGAINST BEAM SHEAR
69
c + d = 0.4 + 0.7875 = 1.1875

=
1
(325.69 + 229.86) = 277.78
2
=
= 4800 277.78(1.1875)2
= 4408.29
CHECK CAPACITY:
(4 1187.5)(787)
1
= 0.75 ( ) (1.0)28 (
)
3
1000
= 4945.24 > 4408.29 !
B. SAFE AGAINST PUNCHING SHEAR
70
REINFORCEMENT
=
4.8 0.5
= 2.15
2
3.6 0.5
= 1.55
2
4 229.86 325.69 229.86

=
4.8 2.15
4.8
4 = 282.77
MOMENT ALONG TRANSVERSE
1
2
= 282.77(2.152 )(0.5) + (325.69 282.77)(2.152 )(1.0) ( )
2
3
= 719.68
MOMENT ALONG LONGITUDINAL

1
= (325.69 + 229.86)(1.552 )(1.0)(0.5)
= 333.68
71
COMBINED FOOTING AXIAL

EXAMPLE 1
THE COMBINED FOOTING SHOWN CARRIES AN EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR COLUMN 500 X
500 mm WHICH IS SUBJECTED TO A TOTAL SERVICE LOAD P1 = 800 KN AND P2 = 1600 KN. THE
TOTAL LIVE LOAD OF P1 = 500 KN AND P2 = 700 KN.
= 15.1 Kn/m3, = 24 Kn/m3, fc= 21 MPa, fy = 414 MPa, D = 2.1 m qallow = 190 kpa
A) DIMENSION OF FOOTING
B) NO. OF 25 mm BAR @ MAX REINFORCEMENT
72
C1
C2
DL
800
1600
LL
500
700
TOTAL
1300
2300
3600
= ( )
= 190 0.8 ( 24 ) ( 2.1 0.8 )( 15.1 )
= 151.17 kPa
=
3600
= 23.814 2
151.17
( 0.25 )( 1300 ) + (0.25 + 6) (2300) = L/2 (3600)

L = 8.167 m
A = 23.814
BL = 23.814 ; B = 2.915 SAY 3 m
1.2DL + 1.6LL
C1
C2
DL
960
1920
LL
800
1120
TOTAL
1760
3040
73
4800
4800
=
= 195.91
3(8.167)
CHECK FOR BEAM SHEAR

1
= 0.75 ( ) (1.0)21(3)(800)
6
= 1374.77 KN
d = 875 -75
= 800
V1 = 1760 195.91 (3) (0.5+0.8)
= 995.95 KN < 1374.77 OK!
V2 = 1760 195.91 (3) (6-0.8)
= 1296.196 < 1374.77 OK!
V3 = 1760 + 3040 195.91 (6+0.5+0.8) (3)
= 509.571 KN < 1374.77 OK!
2 ( 0.5 + d/2 ) + 0.5 + d
1.5 + 2d
1
= 0.75 ( ) (1.0)21(1.5 + 2(0.8))800
3
= 2841.19 KN
Vu1 = 195.91 ( 0.5 + 0.8 ) ( 0.5 + 0.4 ) 17.60
=1530.78 KN OK!
1
= 0.75 ( ) (1.0)21(4(0.5 + 0.8))800
3
= 4765.9 KN
Vu2 = 3040 195.91 ( 0.5 + 0.8 )2
= 2708.9 KN OK!
74
THEN, USE 3 X 8.167 X 0.875 m
MAX MOMENT @ ZERO SHEAR

195.91 (3) (X) = 1760
X = 3m
Mmax =
1
(195.91)(3)(32 ) 1760(3 0.25)
2
= 2195.215 KN.m
(106 )
=
2
2195.215 (106 )
=
0.9(3000)(800)2
= 1.2703
0.85(21)
2(1.2703)
[1 1
]
414
0.85(21)
= 0.00319
min =
1.4
= 0.00338
NO. OF 25 mm
N=
800 (3000)(0.00338)
(252 )
4
n = 16.52 SAY 14 25 mm
75
EXAMPLE 2
Pdl1 = 360 KN
Pdl2 = 355 KN
Pll1 = 325 KN
Pll2 = 400 KN
= 15.1 Kn/m3, = 24 Kn/m3, fc= 21 MPa, fy = 414 MPa, B = 4 m qallow = 95 kpa

A) DIMENSION OF FOOTING
B) NO. OF 25 mm BAR @ MAX MOMENT
SOLN:
C1
C2
DL
360
350
LL
325
400
TOTAL
685
750
1435 KN
76
= 95 (1.55)(15.1) 24(0.5)
= 58.395 Kn/m2
=
1435
= 24.574 2
53.395
= 24.574 2
=
24.574 2
4
= 6.1435
CENTER OF PRESSURE
1435 (X) = 685 (0) + 750 (3)
X = 1.5679 m
d = 550 40 - 1.5 (25)
d = 472.5 mm
TRY 4 X 6.1435 X 0.55
BEAM SHEAR
1
= 0.75 ( ) (1.0)21(4000)472.5
6
= 1082.63 KN
PUNCHING SHEAR
1
= 0.75 ( ) (1.0)21(300 + 472.5)(4)472.5
3
= 1672.67 KN
C1
C2
DL
432
420
LL
520
640
TOTAL
952
1060
2012 KN
2012
= 81.87
4 (6.1435)
77
FOR BEAM SHEAR

V1 = (81.87) (4) (0.8816)
= 288.71 KN OK!
V2 = (952) 81.87 (4) (1.295 + 0.8816)
= 255.88 KN OK!
V3 = (1060) 81.87 (4) (1.295 + 1.0175)
= 319.0765 KN OK!
V4 = 81.87 (4) (1.0175)
= 333.2109 KN OK!
FOR PUNCHING SHEAR

V1 = (81.87) (0.3+0.4725)2 - 972
= 923.14 KN OK!
V2 = 81.87 (0.3+0.4725)2 - 1060
= 1011.14 KN OK!
USE 4 X 6.1435 X 0.55 m
78
MAX. MOMENT @ ZERO SHEAR

952 34.5 (X) = 0
X = 2.907 m
M = (327.5 (2.907)2 952 (1.6829 (3.072-2.907))
= - 61.24 KN.m @ MID
@ C1
327.5 (X) = 3173.33 (X 0.882)
X = 0.984 m
M1 = (327.5) (0.984)2 0.5 (3173.33) (0.984 0.882)
= 142.04 KN.m
@ C2
327.5 (X) = 3537.33 (X 1.02)
X = 1.124 m
79
M = (327.5) (1.124)2 3533.33 (0.5) (1.124 1.02)2

= 187.76 KN.m
187.76 (106 )
=
0.9(4000)(472.5)2
= 0.2336
=
0.85(21)
2(0.2336)
[1 1
]
414
0.85(21)
= 0.0005679
1.4
= 0.00338
NO. OF 25 mm
min =
N=
472.5 (4000)(0.00338)
(252 )
4
n = 13.016 SAY 14 25 mm
80
COMBINED FOOTING BENDING

EXAMPLE 1
THE TOTAL DEPTH OF THE FOOTING IS 460 mm WITH AN EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF 376 mm.
THE BOTTOM OF THE FOOTING IS 1.8 m BELOW THE FINAL GRADE. ALLOWABLE SOIL PRESSURE
IS 110 KPa. UNIT WIEGHT OF SOIL IS 15.7 Kn/m3 AND THAT CONCRETE IS 24 Kn/m 3. fc= 20.7 MPa,
fy = 414.7 MPa. THE FACE OF THE EXTERIOR COLUMN IS LOCATED ON THE PROPERTY LINE. THE
DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO COLUMN IS 4.6 m.
1. WHICH OF THE FF. GIVES THE DIMENSION OF THE RECTANGLE FOOTING
2. THE NUMBER OF 25 mm REINFORCEMENT NEEDED ALONG LONGITUDINAL SECTION @ MAX
MOMENT
GIVEN:
Pdl1 = 270 KN
Pdl2 = 225 KN
Pll1 = 250 KN
Pll2 = 300 KN
Mdl1 = 30 KN.m
Mdl2 = 25 KN.m
Mll1 = 20 KN.m
Mll2 = 27 KN.m
81
SOLN:
=
= 110 15.7 (1.34) 24 (0.46)
= 77.92 kPa
C1
C2
Pdl
270
225
PLL
250
300
TOTAL
520
525
1045
Mdl
30
25
MLL
20
27
TOTAL
50
52
102
0.15 (520) + 4.75 (525) + 102 = 1045X

X = 2.5586 m
X = L/2
L = 5.117 m
82
=
=
1045
=
77.92
BL = 13.411 m2
B = 2.62 m
SAY B = 2.7 m
TRY 2.7 X 5.117 X 0.46
LOAD COMINATION 1.2DL + 1.6LL
C1
C2
Pdl
324
270
PLL
400
480
TOTAL
724
750
1474
Mdl
36
30
MLL
32
43.2
TOTAL
68
73.2
141.2
1474
5.117 (2.7)

VU1 = 288.06 (0.3+0.46) - 724
= 505.07 KN
VU2 = 288.06 (0.3+4.2625-0.46) 724
= 457.77 KN
1
= 0.75 ( ) (1.0)20.7(2700)376
6
= 577.36 > 505.07 OK!
FOR C1:
VU1 = 106.7 (0.3+0.376)(0.3 + 0.376/2) 729
= 688.8 KN
1
= 0.75 ( ) (1.0)20.7(3(0.3 + 2 )(376)
3
83
= 706.517 KN OK!
FOR C2:
VU2 = 106.7 (0.1795+0.375+0.376/2)(0.375+0.376) 750
= 690.5 KN
1
= 0.75 ( ) (1.0)20.7(0.375(3) + 2 + 0.1795(2))376
3
= 956.3 KN OK!
84
2413.7 (0.3) 288.06 (X) = 0

X = 2.5134 m
MAX. MOMENT IS @ X = 2.5139
85
M = (288.06) (2.5134)2 724 (2.5134 0.15) + 50 = -751.23 KN.m

M = RBD2
751.06X106 = 0.9R(2700)(376)2
R = 2.186
=
0.85(20.7)
2(2.2186)
[1 1
]
414.7
0.85(20.7)
= 0.00564
min =
1.4
= 0.00337
414.7
As = (2700)(376)
= 5732.92 mm2
NO. OF 25 mm
N=
5732.92
(252 )
4
n = 11.679 SAY 12 25 mm
ANSWER: A) 2.7 X 5.117 X 0.46
B) 12 25 mm
86
EXAMPLE 2:
GIVEN:
Pdl1 = 360 KN
Pdl2 = 355 KN
Pll1 = 325 KN
Pll2 = 400 KN
Mdl1 = 30 KN.m
Mdl2 = 60 KN.m
Mll1 = 25 KN.m
Mll2 = 50 KN.m
= 15.1 Kn/m3, = 24 Kn/m3, fc= 20.7 MPa, fy = 414 MPa, B = 4 m

C1 = 300 X 300
C2 = 300 X 300
87
C1
C2
Pdl
360
350
PLL
325
400
TOTAL
685
750
1435 KN
Mdl
30
60
MLL
25
50
TOTAL
55
110
165 KN.m
= 95 (1.55)(15.1) 24(0.55)
= 58.395 Kn/m2
1435
A = 58.395 = 24.574 2
L = 24.574/4
L = 6.1435 m
CENTER OF PRESSURE
R = 1435 KN
P1 = 685 KN, M1 = 55 KN.m
P2 = 750 KN, M2 = 110 KN.m
1435 (x) = 685 (0) +750 (3) + 55 + 110
X = 1.6829 m
d = 550 40 1.5 (25)
= 472.5 mm
BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY

1
= 0.75 ( ) (1.0)20.7(4000)(472.5)
6
= 1074.87 KN
PUNCHING SHEAR CAPACITY
1
= 0.75 ( ) (0.75)20.7(300 + 472.5)(4)(472.5)
3
= 1660.7 KN
88

C1
C2
Pdl
432
420
PLL
520
640
TOTAL
952
1060
2012 KN
Mdl
36
72
MLL
40
80
TOTAL
76
152
228 KN.m
2012
= 4 (6.1435) = 81.87 kPa

w = 327.5 KN/m
w1 = 3173.33 KN/m
w2 = 3533.33 KN/m
V1 = (327.5)(0.7666) = 251.06 KN OK!

V2 = 327.5 ( 0.7666 + 1.245 ) 952 = 293.2 OK!
V3 = 327.5( 0.7666 + 1.245 + 1.755) 952 = 281.56 KN OK!
V4 = 327.5 ( 1.1325 ) = 370.9 KN OK!
V1 = 81.87 ( 0.3 + 0.4725 )2 972
= 923.14 KN OK!
V2 = 81.87 ( 0.3 + 0.4725 )2 1060
= 1011.14 KN OK!
THEN USE 4 X 6.1435 X 0.55
MAX. MOMENT IS @ ZERO SHEAR
89
952 327.5 (X) = 0

X = 2.907 m
@MID
M = (327.5)(2.907)2 + 76 952 [1.6829 (3.072 2.907)]
= 14.7529 KN.m
@C1
327.5 (X) = 3173.33 (X-1.2391)
X = 1.3817 m
M1 = (327.5)(1.3817)2 (3173.33)(1.3817 1.2391)2
= 280.35 KN.m
90
@C2
327.5 (X) = 3533.33 (X-1.605)
X = 1.769 m
M = (327.5)(1.769)2 (3533.33)(1.769-1.605)2
= 464.92 KN.m
M = RBD2
464.92X106 = 0.9R(4000)(472.5)2
R = 0.5789
=
0.85(20.7)
2(0.5789)
[1 1
]
414
0.85(20.7)
= 0.00142
min =
1.4
= 0.00338
414
NO. OF 25 mm
N=
4000 (472.5)(0.00338)
(252 )
4
n = 13.016 SAY 14 25 mm
91
TRAPEZOIDAL FOOTING
EXAMPLE 1
DESIGN THE TRAPEZOIDAL FOOTING:
C1
C2
PL
1200
1600
LL
950
1400
ASSUME H = 900 mm d = 783 mm

= 280.8
COL. SIZE = 0.6 X 0.6 m, fc = 27.6 MPa, fy = 276 MPa
92
SOLN:
P
2150
3000
C1
C2
1 =
Pu
2960
4160
2150
= 2.77 2.8
280.8
2 =
3000
= 3.27 3.3
280.8
5150X = 3000 (3.2)

X = 1.86 m
=
=
5150
= 18.34 2
280.8
1
(2.8 + 3.3)() = 18.34
2
= 6.01 6.1
1
= (2.8 + 3.3) ( ) (6.1) = 18.61 2 > 18.34 2
2
A
1
2
AREA
2.8 (6.1) = 17.08
(0.5) (6.1) = 1.525
A
52.094
6.207
3.05
4.07
AT = 18.605
=
58.301
18.605
= 3.13 m
TRY 2.8/3.3 X 6.1 X 0.9 m TRAP. FOOTING
93
0.5 1 2.8 2 2.8 3 2.8 4 2.8

=
=
=
=
6.1
0.187
2.353
3.387
5.553
1 = 2.82
2 = 2.99
3 = 3.08
4 = 3.26
SECTION 1 :
=
7120
=
18.605
= 382.69
94
1
= 382.69 (2.8 + 2.82)(0.187)
2
= 201.09
CHECK CAPACITY:
1
1
= 0.75 ( ) (1.0)27.6(2800)(783)
6
1000
= 1450.02 > !
SECTION 2 :
1
= 2960 (2.8 + 2.99)(382.69)(2.353)
2
= 333.14
CHECK CAPACITY:
1
1
= 0.75 ( ) (1.0)27.6(2990)(783)
6
1000
95
= 1537.44 > !
SECTION 3 :
1
= 2960 (2.8)(382.69)(3.387)(3.08)
2
= 686.26
CHECK CAPACITY:
1
1
= 0.75 ( ) (1.0)27.6(3080)(783)
6
1000
= 1583.72 > !
SECTION 4 :
=
1
(382.69)(3.26 + 3.3)(0.547)
2
= 686.61
CHECK CAPACITY:
1
1
= 0.75 ( ) (1.0)27.6(3260)(783)
6
1000
= 1676.27 > !
96
LONG DIRECTION:
1
(382.69)(0.567 + 0.317)(6.1)
2
= 1031.81
CHECK CAPACITY:
1
1
= 0.75 ( ) (1.0)27.6(6100)(783)
6
1000
= 3136.58 > !
97
CHECK PUNCHING SHEAR:
CONSIDER BIGGER Pu
= 4160 (382.69)(1.3832 )
= 3428.03
CHECK CAPACITY:
1
1
= 0.75 ( ) (1.0)27.6(41.383)(783)
3
1000
= 5689.03 > !
USE 2.8/3.3 X 6.1 X 0.9
98
EXAMPLE 2
DESIGN THE TRAPEZOIDAL FOOTING:
C1
C2
PL
1300
1500
LL
1000
1300
ASSUME H = 900 mm d = 783 mm

= 2260.5
COL. SIZE = 0.6 X 0.6 m, fc = 27.6 MPa, fy = 276 MPa
99
SOLN:
P
2300
3880
C1
2800
1 =
Pu
3160
4160
3160
= 3.48 3.5
260.5
2 =
3880
= 3.86 3.9
260.5
100
5150X = 2800 (2.8)

X = 1.54 m
=
=
5100
= 19.578 2
260.5
1
(3.5 + 3.9)() = 19.578
2
= 5.29 5.3
1
= (3.5 + 3.9) ( ) (5.3) = 19.61 2 > 19.578 2
2
A
1
2
AREA
3.5 (5.3) = 18.55
(0.4) (5.3) = 1.06
A
49.16
3.74
2.65
3.53
AT = 19.61
=
52.9
19.61
= 2.70 m
TRY 3.5/3.9 X 5.3 X 0.9 m TRAP. FOOTING
0.4 1 3.5 2 3.5 3 3.5 4 3.5

=
=
=
=
5.3
0.077
2.243
2.877
5.043
1 = 3.51
2 = 3.67
3 = 3.72
4 = 3.88
SECTION 1 :
=
3160 + 3880
=
19.61
= 359
1
= 359 (3.5 + 3.51)(0.077)
2
101
= 96.89
CHECK CAPACITY:
1
1
= 0.75 ( ) (1.0)27.6(3510)(783)
6
1000
= 1804.82 > !
SECTION 2 :
1
= 3160 359 (3.5 + 3.67)(2.243)
2
= 273.23
CHECK CAPACITY:
1
1
= 0.75 ( ) (1.0)27.6(3670)(783)
6
1000
= 1887.09 > !
SECTION 3 :
1
= 3160 (3.5 + 3.72)(2.873)(359)
2
= 563.38
CHECK CAPACITY:
1
1
= 0.75 ( ) (1.0)27.6(3720)(783)
6
1000
= 1912.8 > !
SECTION 4 :
1
= 359 (3.88 + 3.9)(0.257)
2
= 388.89
CHECK CAPACITY:
1
1
= 0.75 ( ) (1.0)27.6(3880)(783)
6
1000
= 1995.07 > !
102
LONG DIRECTION:
1
(359)(0.667 + 0.867)(5.3)
2
= 1459.37
CHECK CAPACITY:
1
1
= 0.75 ( ) (1.0)27.6(5300)(783)
6
1000
= 2725.22 > !
103
CHECK PUNCHING SHEAR:

CONSIDER BIGGER Pu
= 3880 (359)(1.3832 )
= 3193.34
CHECK CAPACITY:
1
1
= 0.75 ( ) (1.0)27.6(41383)(783)
3
1000
= 5689.03 > !
USE 3.5/3.9 X 5.3 X 0.9
104
DESIGN OF MAT FOUNDATION

EXAMPLE 1
THE PLAN OF A MAT FOUNDATION IS SHOWN IN FIGURE. CALCULATE THE SOIL
PRESSURE AT POINTS A, B, C, D, E, & F ( NOTE: ALL COLUMNS ARE PLANNED TO BE 0.5 X 0.5 m
SOLN:
=
=
=
=
3
12
3
=
12
P = Pi = A1 + A2 + A3
=
105
=
=
1200
= 0.109 0.11
11000
3 (18.5)(24.5)3
=
= 22671.94 4
12
12
3 (24.5)(18.5)3
=
=
= 12927.08 4
12
12
=
11000
1200() 5400( )
(24.5)(18.5) 22671.94 12927.08
Mx
COLUMN
A1
A2
A3
B1
B2
B3
C1
C2
C3
D1
D2
D3
TOTAL
Pi
400
500
450
1500
1500
1200
1500
1500
1200
400
500
350
11000
y
12.25
12.25
12.25
4
4
4
-4
-4
-4
-12.25
-12.25
-12.25
x
-9.25
0
9.25
-9.25
0
9.25
-9.25
0
9.25
-9.25
0
9.25
yi
12
12
12
4
4
4
-4
-4
-4
-12
-12
-12
My
pyi
4800
6000
5400
6000
6000
4800
-6000
-6000
-4800
-4800
-6000
-4200
1200
Xi
-9
0
9
-9
0
9
-9
0
9
-9
0
9
Pxi
-3600
0
4050
-13500
0
10800
-13500
0
10800
-3600
0
3150
-5400
Q
28.78
24.92
21.05
28.34
24.48
20.61
27.92
24.06
20.19
27.48
23.62
19.76
106
EXAMPLE 2
THE PLAN OF A MAT FOUNDATION IS SHOWN IN THE FIGURE. CALCULATE THE SOIL
PRESSURE @ POINTS (TAKE NOTE: ALL COLUMNS ARE PLANNED TO BE 0.5 X 0.5 m)
SOLN:
PAXIAL
C1 = 350 KN
C4 = 350 KN
C7 = 400 KN
C2 = 400 KN
C5 = 500 KN
C8 = 250 KN
C3 = 400 KN
C6 = 450 KN
C9 = 300 KN
107
=
=
3
=
12
=
3
12
P = Pi = A1 + A2 + A3
=
=
1200
= 0.109 0.11
11000
3 (20.5)(10.5)3
=
=
= 1977.609 4
12
12
=
3 (10.5)(20.5)3
=
= 7538.234 4
12
12
3400
1000()
500( )
(20.5)(10.5) 1977.609 7538.234
Mx
COLUMN
A1
A2
A3
B1
B2
B3
C1
C2
C3
TOTAL
Pi
350
400
400
350
500
450
400
250
300
3400
y
5.25
5.25
5.25
0
0
0
-5.25
-5.25
-5.25
x
-10.25
0
10.25
-10.25
0
10.25
-10.25
0
10.25
yi
5
5
5
0
0
0
-5
-5
-5
My
pyi
1750
2000
2000
0
0
0
-2000
-1250
-1500
1000
Xi
-10
0
10
-10
0
10
-10
0
10
Pxi
-3500
0
4000
-3500
0
4500
-4000
0
3000
500
Q
17.77
18.45
19.13
15.11
15.79
16.47
12.46
13.14
13.82
108
LOADS ON PILE
EXAMPLE 1
A PILE TRESTLE SHOWN CONSIST OF FOUR VERTICAL PILES SURROUNDED BY A 1.4 m.
THICK PILE CAP. IT CARRIES A HORIZONTAL APPLIED LOAD TO THE SURFACE OF THE CAP OF
500 KN. THE ONLY VERTICAL LOAD EXERTED ON THE PILE GROUP IS THE WEIGHT OF THE PILE
CAP. DETERMINE THE LOADS ON THE PILE.

]
[
+
2 2
=
=
109
Q = (5.0)2 (1.4) (24)

= 840 KN
n=4
BY SIMILAR
1.4
=
500
= 0.8333
=
= 840 (0.8333)
= 700
= 210
= 700
PILE
1
2
3
4
210
210
210
210
1.7
-1.7
-1.7
1.7
2.89
2.89
2.89
2.89
= 11.56

102.94
-102.94
-102.94
102.94
312.94
107.06
107.06
312.94
110
EXAMPLE 2
= 0.18
= 0.14
Q = 3000 KN
n = 12
SOLN:
= = 3000(0.14) = 420
= = 3000(0.18) = 540
3000
=
= 250
12
= 540 , = 420
111
PILE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
-1.2
0
1.2
-1.2
0
1.2
-1.2
0
1.2
-1.2
0
1.2
1.44
0
1.44
1.44
0
1.44
1.44
0
1.44
1.44
0
1.44

-43.75
0
43.75
-43.75
0
43.75
-43.75
0
43.75
-43.75
0
43.75
1.8
1.8
1.8
0.6
0.6
0.6
-0.6
-0.6
-0.6
-1.8
-1.8
-1.8
3.24
3.24
3.24
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
3.24
3.24
3.24
45
45
45
15
15
15
-15
-15
-15
-45
-45
-45
251.25
295
338.75
221.25
265
308.75
191.25
235
278.75
161.25
205
248.75
112
EFFICIENCY OF PILE GROUP

EXAMPLE 1
A PILE GROUP CONSISTS OF 12 FRICTION PILES IN COHESIVE SOIL. EACH PILE DIAMETER
IS 0.4 m AND CENTER-TO-CENTER SPACING IS 1.4 m. THE ULTIMATE CAPACITY OF EACH PILE IS
320 KN.
1. COMPUTE THE DESIGN CAPACITY OF THE PILE GROUP USING A FACTOR OF SAFETY OF 2.5 IF
SOIL IS COHESIONLESS.
2. COMPUTE THE PILE GROUP EFFICIENCY USING CONVERSE-LABARRE EQUATION.
3. COMPUTE THE DESIGN CAPACITY AS SUGGESTED BY COYLE & SULAIMAN.
m=4
n=3
SOLN:
1. DESIGN CAPACITY OF THE PILE GROUP OF THE SOIL IS COHESIONLESS.
=
= 12(320) = 3840
For FS = 2.5
=
3840
= 1536
2.5
2. PILE GROUP EFFICIENCY USING CONVERSE-LABARRE

( 1) + ( 1)
]
= 1 1 ( ) [
90
= 1 1 (
0.4 (3 1)4 + (4 1)3

)[
]
1.4
90(4)(3)
n = 0.749 (74.9%)
3. DESIGN CAPACITY AS SUGGESTED BY COYLE & SULAIMAN
S > 3D
1.4 > 3 (0.40)
1.4 > 1.2
113
USE =
= 0.749 (12) (320)
= 2876.16 KN
FOR FS = 2.5
=
2876.16
= 1150.46
2.5
EXAMPLE 2
A PILE GROUP CONSISTS OF 16 FRICTION PILES IN COHESIVE SOIL. EACH PILE DIAMETER
IS 0.3 m AND CENTER-TO-CENTER SPACING IS 1.3 m. THE ULTIMATE CAPACITY OF EACH PILE IS
400 KN.
1. COMPUTE THE DESIGN CAPACITY OF THE PILE GROUP USING A FACTOR OF SAFETY OF 2 IF
SOIL IS COHESIONLESS.
2. COMPUTE THE PILE GROUP EFFICIENCY USING CONVERSE-LABARRE EQUATION.
3. COMPUTE THE DESIGN CAPACITY AS SUGGESTED BY COYLE & SULAIMAN.
m=4
n=4
SOLN:
1. DESIGN CAPACITY OF THE PILE GROUP OF THE SOIL IS COHESIONLESS.
=
= 16(400) = 6400
For FS = 2
=
6400
= 3200
2
2. PILE GROUP EFFICIENCY USING CONVERSE-LABARRE

( 1) + ( 1)
]
= 1 1 ( ) [
90
= 1 1 (
0.3 (4 1)4 + (4 1)4

)[
]
1.3
90(4)(4)
n = 0.783 (78.3 %)
114
3. DESIGN CAPACITY AS SUGGESTED BY COYLE & SULAIMAN

S > 3D
1.3 > 3 (0.3)
1.3 > 0.9
USE =
= 0.783 (16) (400)
= 5011.2KN
FOR FS = 2
=
5011.2
= 2505.6
2
115

Foundation Enotes

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Foundation Enotes

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION

TERIZAGHIS THEORY FOR SHALLOW FOUNDATION ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY OF A

C COHESION OF THE SOIL

, , NON DIMENSIONAL BEARING CAPACITY FACTORS WHICH ARE

= PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURE COEFFICIENT

FOUNDATION DESIGN - eNOTES

= ( 1) COT ; = 2 (45 + 2 )E TAN ; = 2( + 1) TAN

GENERAL BEARING CAPACITY SOLUTIONS

= SHAPE, DEPTH, INCLINATION FACTOR

MEYERNOFS FACTOR FOR RECTANGULAR FOOTING (B-WIDTH; L-LENGTH)

FOUNDATION DESIGN - eNOTES

WHERE: IS THE ANGLE

EFFECTS OF GROUNDWATER TABLE ON BEARING CAPACITY

IF GROUNDWATER TABLE IS BETWEEN 0 AND DF SURCHARGE TERM Q HAS TO

FOUNDATION DESIGN - eNOTES

WHEN THE GROUNDWATER TABLE COINCIDES WITH THE BOTTOM OF THE

THE GWT IS AT DEPTH D BELOW THE BOTTOM OF FOOTING.

BEARING CAPACITY OF DEEP FOUNDATION

, , = MEYERHOFS BEARING CAPACITY FACTORS FOR DEEP

= NORMAL SHEAR STRESS ON AN EQUIVALENT FREE SURFACE

= UNIT WEIGHT OF SOIL

= DEPTH OF FOUNDATION BELOW GROUND LEVEL

FOUNDATION DESIGN - eNOTES

3. FOR LARGE COLUMN

CONDITION OF SOIL AT SITE

FOUNDATION DESIGN - eNOTES

1. ANY TYPE OF SOIL

COLUMN FOOTING MUST BE DESIGNED FOR SIX STRENGTH CONDITION

BEARING (COMPRESSION) FROM COLUMN ON TOP FOOTING.

PERMISSIBLE SOIL PRESSURE

LOAD AND REACTION IN FOOTING

= EFFECTIVE SOIL BEARING CAPACITY

= UNIT WEIGHT OF CONCRETE (23.5 KN/M 3)

FOUNDATION DESIGN - eNOTES

= TOTAL DEPTH OF FOOTING

= UNIT WEIGHT OF SOIL ABOVE THE FOOTING

= HEIGHT OF SOIL ABOVE THE FOOTING

COLUMN FOOTING MUST BE DESIGNED FOR SIX STRENGTH CONDITION

BEARING (COMPRESSION) FROM COLUMN ON TOP FOOTING.

PERMISSIBLE SOIL PRESSURE

LOAD AND REACTION IN FOOTING

= EFFECTIVE SOIL BEARING CAPACITY

= UNIT WEIGHT OF CONCRETE (23.5 KN/M 3)

FOUNDATION DESIGN - eNOTES

= TOTAL DEPTH OF FOOTING

= UNIT WEIGHT OF SOIL ABOVE THE FOOTING

= HEIGHT OF SOIL ABOVE THE FOOTING

CRITICAL SECTION IN FOOTINGS

FOUNDATION DESIGN - eNOTES

- TENSION CONTROLLED DESIGN

FOUNDATION DESIGN - eNOTES

FOUNDATION DESIGN - eNOTES

REINFORCEMENT DISTRIBUTION FOR TWO WAY RECTANGULAR FOOTINGS

MINIMUM DEPTH OF FOOTING

150mm FOOTING PER SOIL

CRITICAL SECTIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF REINFORCEMENT IN FOOTINGS

LOAD TRANSDER FROM COLUMNS TO FOOTINGS

2 FOR BEARING IN THE

FOUNDATION DESIGN - eNOTES

FOUNDATION DESIGN - eNOTES

2. PUNCHING SHEAR (TWO-WAY)

TRIBUTARY AREA OF PUNCHING SHEAR

; bo = 4 (c+d) (critical section)

FOUNDATION DESIGN - eNOTES