Chapter 18: Calculating Entropy Changes for Chemical Reactions

Chapter 18 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium
1. What is defined as a process that occurs under a specific set of conditions?

A) conditional process
D) spontaneous process
B) nonspontaneous process
E) conditionality law
C) specified process
Ans: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Difficulty: easy
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2. Which of the following is an example of a nonspontaneous process?

A) ice melting at room temperature
B) sodium metal reacting violently with water
C) rusting of iron at room temperature
D) a ball rolling downhill
E) water freezing at room temperature
Ans: E Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Difficulty: moderate
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3. A spontaneous endothermic reaction always

A) causes the surroundings to get colder. C) requires a spark to initiate it.
B) bursts into flame.
D) releases heat to the surroundings.
Ans: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Difficulty: moderate
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4. The reaction rates of many spontaneous reactions are actually very slow. Which of
these statements is the best explanation for this observation?
A) Kp for the reaction is less than one.
B) The activation energy of the reaction is large.
C) G for the reaction is positive.
D) Such reactions are endothermic.
E) The entropy change is negative.
Ans: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Difficulty: moderate
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5. When a sky diver freefalls through the air, the process is

A) nonspontaneous because he is accelerating due to the force applied by gravity.
B) nonspontaneous because he is losing potential energy.
C) nonspontaneous because he had planned the jump for two weeks.
D) spontaneous.
E) in equilibrium.
Ans: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Difficulty: moderate
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6. Which, if any, of the following processes is spontaneous under the specified conditions?
A) H2O(l) H2O(s) at 25C
B) CO2(s) CO2(g) at 0C
C) 2H2O(g) 2H2(g) + O2(g)
D) C(graphite) C(diamond) at 25C and 1 atm pressure
E) None of these choices is spontaneous.
Ans: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Difficulty: difficult
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7. What is defined as a measure of the randomness or disorder of a system?

A) Gibbs free energy
D) nonspontaneous process
B) entropy
E) enthalpy
C) spontaneous process
Ans: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Difficulty: easy
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8. What is defined as the absolute disorder of a substance at 1 atm?

A) atmospheric disorder
D) specific pressure
B) atmospheric pressure
E) standard entropy
C) atmospheric entropy
Ans: E Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Difficulty: easy
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9. Which statement is correct?

A) The standard entropy of a gas phase substance is less than the standard entropy of
the same substance in the solid phase.
B) For two different substances in the same phase, the substance with the more
complex structure has the lower entropy.
C) When there are allotropic forms of an element, the more highly ordered form has
a higher entropy.
D) Entropy of elements and compounds are always positive.
E) For monatomic species, the lighter substance has the greater entropy.
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A) Heating always decreases the entropy of a system.
B) The reaction that results in an increase in the number of moles of gas always
decreases the entropy of a system.
C) The greater number of particles leads to a smaller number of microstates.
D) An increase in the temperature decreases all types of molecular motions.
E) The solution process usually leads to an increase in entropy.
Ans: E Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Difficulty: difficult
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11. The Second Law of Thermodynamics is:

A) the energy of the universe is constant.
B) the entropy of the universe is constant.
C) the enthalpy of the universe is constant.
D) the energy of the universe is decreasing.
E) the entropy of the universe is increasing.
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12. What term is given to the fact that the entropy of the universe increases in spontaneous
processes and is unchanged in an equilibrium process?
A) Second law of Thermodynamics
D) Second Law of Thermodynamics
B) First Law of Entropy
E) Third Law of Thermodynamics
C) First Universal Law
Ans: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Difficulty: easy
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13. Which of these species has the highest entropy (S) at 25C?
A) CH3OH(l) B) CO(g) C) MgCO3(s) D) H2O(l) E) Ni(s)
Ans: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Difficulty: easy
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14. Which of the following species has the largest entropy?

A) diamond B) C (graphite) C) H2O(l) D) Br2(l)
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E) O2 (g)
15. Which species will have the greatest absolute entropy at 25C?
A) Ne(g) B) C2H2(g) C) H2O(l) D) C2H5OH(l) E) C4H10(g)
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16. Which species will have the lowest absolute entropy at 25C?
A) C2H5OH(l) B) C2H2(g) C) C3H8(g) D) C3H7OH(l) E) C2H6(g)
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17. Which response includes all of the following processes that are accompanied by an
increase in entropy?
1. I2(s) I2(g)
2. 2I(g) I2(g)
3. 2NH3(g) N2(g) + 3H2(g)
4. Mg2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) Mg(OH)2(s)
A) 1, 2 B) 1, 3 C) 3, 4 D) 3 E) 2, 4
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18. A certain process has Suniv > 0 at 25C. What does one know about the process?
A) It is exothermic.
B) It is endothermic.
C) It is spontaneous at 25C.
D) It will move rapidly toward equilibrium.
E) none of the above
Ans: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Difficulty: easy
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19. Which of the following is necessary for a process to be spontaneous?

A) Hsys < 0 B) Ssys > 0 C) Ssurr < 0 D) Suniv > 0 E) Gsys = 0
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20. Which of the following results in a decrease in the entropy of the system?
A) O2(g), 300 K O2(g), 400 K
B) H2O(s), 0C H2O(l), 0C
C) N2(g), 25C N2(aq), 25C
D) NH3(l), 34.5C NH3(g), 34.5C
E) 2H2O2(g) 2H2O(g) + O2(g)
Ans: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Difficulty: moderate
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21. Which reaction has the largest So?

A) 2N2H4(g) 2NH3(g) + H2(g)
D) N2(g) +3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
B) O2(g) + 2H2(g) 2H2O(l)
E) 2NO(g) N2O2(g)
C) O2(g) + 2H2(g) 2H2O(g)
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22. Which of the following is true for a system at equilibrium?

A) Ssys = Ssurr
B) Ssys = Ssurr
C) Ssys = Ssurr = 0
D) Suniv > 0
E) None of these is a sufficient condition.
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23. Which of the following is always true for an exothermic process?

A) qsys > 0, Ssurr < 0
D) qsys > 0, Ssurr > 0
B) qsys < 0, Ssurr > 0
E) w < 0
C) qsys < 0, Ssurr < 0
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24. The Third Law of Thermodynamics is:

A) the entropy of the universe is increasing.
B) the entropy of the universe is constant.
C) the entropy at T = 0 K is zero.
D) the energy of the universe is constant.
E) the entropy of all elements is zero.
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25. What term is given to the fact that the entropy of a perfect crystalline solid is zero at
absolute zero?
A) First Law of Thermodynamics
D) crystalline lattice theory
B) Second Law of Thermodynamics
E) absolute crystallinity
C) Third Law of Thermodynamics
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26. Determine S for the reaction SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(l).

S(J/Kmol)
SO3
256.2
H2 O
69.9
H2SO4
156.9
A) 169.2 J/Kmol
D) 29.4 J/Kmol
B) 1343.2 J/Kmol
E) 29.4 J/Kmol
C) 169.2 J/Kmol
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27. Calculate S for the reaction SO2(s) + NO2(g) SO3(g) + NO(g).

S(J/Kmol)
SO2(g)
248.5
SO3(g)
256.2
NO(g)
210.6
NO2(g)
240.5
A) 53.6 J/Kmol
D) 474.8 J/Kmol
B) 53.6 J/Kmol
E) 474.8 J/Kmol
C) 22.2 J/Kmol
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28. Calculate S at 25C for the reduction of PbO(s), 2PbO(s) + C(s) 2Pb(s) + CO2(g)
given these absolute entropies:
S(J/Kmol)
PbO(s)
69.45
C(s)
5.7
Pb(s)
64.89
CO2(g)
213.6
A) +198.8 J/Kmol
D) 203.3 J/Kmol
B) +488.0 J/Kmol
E) +203.3 J/Kmol
C) +353.6 J/Kmol
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29. Calculate S for the reaction

SiCl4(g) + 2Mg(s) 2MgCl2(s) + Si(s).
Substance:
SiCl4(g)
Mg(s) MgCl2(s)
S(J/Kmol):
330.73
32.68
89.62
A) 254.96 J/K
D) 254.96 J/K
B) 198.02 J/K
E) 471.86 J/K
C) 198.02 J/K
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Si(s)
18.83

4Cr(s) + 3O2(g) 2Cr2O3(s).
Substance:
Cr(s)
O2(g)
Cr2O3(s)
S(J/Kmol):
23.77
205.138
81.2
A) 548.1 J/K B) 147.7 J/K C) 147.7 J/K D) 310.1 J/K E) 548.1 J/K
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31. Calculate So for the reaction

Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) = 3CO2(g) + 2Fe(s)
using the data below, T = 298.15 K.
Gfo (kJ/mole)
H fo (kJ/mole)
Fe2O3(s)
742.2
824.2
CO(g)
137.2
110.5
CO2(g)
394.4
393.5
Ans: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 3 Difficulty: difficult
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2Cl2(g) + SO2(g) SOCl2(g) + Cl2O(g).
Substance:
Cl2(g)
SO2(g)
SOCl2(g) Cl2O(g)
S(J/Kmol):
223.0
248.1
309.77
266.1
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33. Calculate S for the combustion of propane.

C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
Substance:
C3H8(g)
O2(g)
CO2(g)
H2O(g)
S(J/Kmol):
269.9
205.138
213.74
188.825
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34. Calculate the entropy change for vaporization of 18 g of H2O. The molar enthalpy of
vaporization for water is 44 kJ/mol and the boiling point is 100oC.
A) 44 kJ/mol B) 440 J/K C) 117.9 J/K D) 41 kJ/K E) 440 kJ/K
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35. Elemental boron can be formed by reaction of boron trichloride with hydrogen.
BCl3(g) + 1.5H2(g) B(s) + 3HCl(g)
Substance:
BCl3(g)
H2(g)
B(s)
HCl(g)
S(J/Kmol):
?
130.6
5.87
186.8
If S = 80.3 J/K, what is S for BCl3(g)?
A) 18.2 J/Kmol
D) 355.4 J/Kmol
B) 18.2 J/Kmol
E) 450.6 J/Kmol
C) 290.1 J/Kmol
Ans: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 3 Difficulty: difficult
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36. The formula for G is

A) G = H TS.
B) G = H + TS.
C) G = E TS
Ans: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1
D)
E)
G = TS.
G = q/T.
Difficulty: easy
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37. A negative sign for G indicates that, at constant T and P,

A) the reaction is exothermic.
D) the reaction is spontaneous.
B) the reaction is endothermic.
E) S must be > 0.
C) the reaction is fast.
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38. The themodynamical condition for a spontaneous process at constant T and P is

A) S > 0. B) S < 0. C) G < 0. D) G > 0. E) G = 0.
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39. Ozone (O3) in the atmosphere can reaction with nitric oxide (NO):
O3(g) + NO(g) NO2(g) + O2(g).
Calculate the G for this reaction at 25C. (H = 199 kJ/mol, S = 4.1 J/Kmol).
A) 1020 kJ/mol
D) 1.42 103 kJ/mol
3
B) 1.22 10 kJ/mol
E) 198 kJ/mol
C) 2.00 103 kJ/mol
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40. Sodium carbonate can be made by heating sodium bicarbonate:

2NaHCO3(s) Na2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(g).
Given that H = 128.9 kJ/mol and G = 33.1 kJ/mol at 25C, above what minimum
temperature will the reaction become spontaneous under standard state conditions?
A) 0.4 K B) 3.9 K C) 321 K D) 401 K E) 525 K
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41. For a chemical reaction to be spontaneous only at high temperatures, which of the
following conditions must be met?
A) S > 0, H > 0
D) S < 0, H > 0
B) S > 0, H < 0
E) G > 0
C) S < 0, H < 0
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42. For a chemical reaction to be spontaneous at all temperatures, which of the following
conditions must be met?
A) S > 0, H > 0
B) S > 0, H < 0
C) S < 0, H < 0
D) S < 0, H > 0
E) It is not possible for a reaction to be spontaneous at all temperatures.
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43. Choose the right combination.

A) G < 0; Q > K
B) G < 0; Q < K
C) G <0; Q = K
Ans: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 2
D)
E)
Go < 0; Q = K
Go < 0; Q < K
Difficulty: difficult
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44. Calculate Go for the reaction

2NO(g) +Cl2(g) 2NOCl(g)
using the following Gfo (in kJ/mol): NOCl(g) 66.35, NO(g) 86.55.
A) 40.4 kJ/mol
D) 20.2 kJ/mol
B) 40.4 kJ/mol
E) 152.9 kJ/mol
C) 20.2 kJ/mol
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45. Use the given data at 298 K to calculate G for the reaction
2Cl2(g) + SO2(g) SOCl2(g) + Cl2O(g).
Substance:
Cl2(g)
SO2(g)
SOCl2(g)
Cl2O(g)
o (kJ/mol):
0
296.8
212.5
80.3
H f
S(J/Kmol):
223.0
248.1
309.77
266.1
A) 129.3 kJ B) 133.6 kJ C) 196.0 kJ D) 199.8 kJ E) 229.6 kJ
Ans: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 3 Difficulty: difficult
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46. Hydrogen sulfide decomposes according to the following reaction

2H2S(g) 2H2(g) + S2(g).
For this reaction at 298 K, S = 78.1 J/K, H = 169.4 kJ, and G = 146.1 kJ. What is
the value of G at 900 K?
A) 69,881 kJ B) 48.4 kJ C) 99.1 kJ D) 240 kJ E) 441 kJ
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47. Which of the following has G o = 0 at 25oC?

f
A) H2O(l) B) H2O(g) C) Na(s) D) O3(g) E) O(g)
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48. Nitric oxide reacts with chlorine to form NOCl. The data refer to 298 K.
2NO(g) + Cl2(g) 2NOCl(g)
Substance:
NO(g)
Cl2(g)
NOCl(g)
90.29
0
51.71
H fo (kJ/mol):
86.60
0
66.07
G o (kJ/mol):
f
S(J/Kmol):
210.65
223.0
261.6
What is the value of G for this reaction at 550 K?

A) 143.76 kJ B) 78.78 kJ C) 22.24 kJ D) 10.56 kJ
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E) 66,600 kJ
49. Sulfuryl dichloride is formed when sulfur dioxide reacts with chlorine. The data refer to
298 K.
SO2(g) + Cl2(g) SO2Cl2(g)
Substance:
SO2(g)
Cl2(g)
o (kJ/mol):
296.8
0
H f
300.1
0
G o (kJ/mol):
f
S(J/Kmol):
248.2
223.0
SO2Cl2(g)
364.0
320.0
311.9
What is the value of G for this reaction at 600 K?

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50. Calculate G for the reaction

SiCl4(g) + 2Mg(s) 2MgCl2(s) + Si(s).
Substance:
SiCl4(g)
Mg(s)
MgCl2(s)
Si(s)
o (kJ/mol):
16.98
0
591.79
0
Gf
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51. Calculate G for the reaction 3NO2(g) + H2O(l) 2HNO3(l) + NO(g).

Gfo (kJ/mol)
H2O(l)
237.2
HNO3(l)
79.9
NO(g)
86.7
NO2(g)
51.8
A) 8.7 kJ/mol
D) 192 kJ/mol
B) 192 kJ/mol
E) 155 kJ/mol
C) 414 kJ/mol
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52. Calculate G for the combustion of propane.

C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
Substance:
C3H8(g)
O2(g)
CO2(g)
H2O(g)
o (kJ/mol):
24.5
0
394.4
228.6
Gf
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53. Elemental boron can be formed by reaction of boron trichloride with hydrogen.
BCl3(g) + 1.5H2(g) B(s) + 3HCl(g)
Calculate G for the reaction.
Substance:
BCI3(g)
H2(g)
B(s)
HCl(g)
388.7
0
0
95.3
Gfo (kJ/mol):
A) 293.4 kJ
D) 102.8 kJ
B) 293.4 kJ
E) None of these choices is correct.
C) 102.8 kJ
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54. Calculate G for the combustion of ethanol vapor, C2H5OH(g), at 750C in oxygen to
form carbon dioxide and water vapor. The following data is valid at 25C:
Gfo (kJ/mol)
H fo (kJ/mol)
C2H5OH(g)
234.8
167.9
O2(g)
0
0
H2O(g)
241.8
228.6
CO2(g)
393.5
394.4
A) 1407 kJ/mol
D) 4486 kJ/mol
B) 2151 kJ/mol
E) 1377 kJ/mol
C) 1307 kJ/mol
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55. Calculate G for the reaction of ammonia with fluorine.
A)
B)
C)
Ans:
2NH3(g) + 5F2(g) N2F4(g) + 6HF(g)

Substance:
NH3(g)
F2(g)
N2F4(g)
HF(g)
o (kJ/mol):
16.4
0
79.9
275.4
Gf
D) 1539.7 kJ
E) None of these choices is correct.
179.1 kJ
179.1 kJ
1539.7 kJ
D Bloom's Taxonomy: 3
Difficulty: moderate
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56. Consider the reaction: 2A(g) + B(g) = 2C(g). If Go = 50kJ/mol at T = 25oC and PA =
PB = 1 atm and PC = 2 atm, G is
A) 50 kJ/mol.
D) 53.5 kJ/mol.
B) 49.7 kJ/mol.
E) 49.7 kJ/mol.
C) 46.5 kJ/mol.
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57. The temperature at which the following process reaches equilibrium at 1.0 atm is the
normal boiling point of hydrogen peroxide. (R = 8.314 JK-1mol-1)
H2O2(l)
H2O2(g)
Use the following thermodynamic information at 298 K to determine this temperature.

Substance:
H2O2(l)
H2O2(g)
o (kJ/mol):
187.7
136.3
H f
120.4
105.6
G o (kJ/mol):
f
S(J/Kmol):
109.6
232.7
A) 120C B) 144C C) 196C D) 418C E) 585C
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58. The temperature at which the following process reaches equilibrium at 1.0 atm is the
normal melting point for phosphoric acid.
H3PO4(s)
H3PO4(l)
Use the following thermodynamic data at 298 K to determine this temperature.

Substance:
H fo (kJ/mol):
H3PO4(s)
1284.4
H3PO4(l)
1271.7
1124.3
1123.6
Gfo (kJ/mol):
S(J/Kmol):
110.5
150.8
A) 286 K B) 305 K C) 315 K D) 347 K E) 3170 K
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59. HI has a normal boiling point of 35.4C, and its Hvap is 21.16 kJ/mol. Calculate the
molar entropy of vaporization (Svap).
A) 598 J/Kmol
D) 0.068 J/Kmol
B) 68.6 J/Kmol
E) 89.0 J/Kmol
C) 75.2 J/Kmol
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60. The element oxygen was prepared by Joseph Priestley in 1774 by heating mercury (II)
oxide: HgO(s) Hg(l) + (1/2)O2(g), H = 90.84 kJ/mol. Estimate the temperature at
which this reaction will become spontaneous under standard state conditions.
S(Hg) = 76.02 J/Kmol
S(O2) = 205.0 J/Kmol
S(HgO) = 70.29 J/Kmol
A) 108 K B) 430 K C) 620 K D) 775 K E) 840 K
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61. The reaction of methane with water to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen is
nonspontaneous at 298 K. At what temperature will this system make the transition from
nonspontaneous to spontaneous? The data refer to 298 K.
CH4(g) + 2H2O(g)
Substance:
H fo (kJ/mol):
CH4(g)
74.87
CO2(g) + 4H2(g)
H2O(g)
241.8
CO2(g)
393.5
50.81
228.6
394.4
Gfo (kJ/mol):
S(J/Kmol):
186.1
188.8
213.7
A) 658 K B) 683 K C) 955 K D) 1047 K E) 1229 K
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H2(g)
0
0
130.7
62. Consider the figure below which shows G for a chemical process plotted against
absolute temperature. Which one of the following is an incorrect conclusion, based on
the information in the diagram?
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Ans:
H > 0
S > 0
The reaction is spontaneous at high temperatures.
S increases with temperature while H remains constant.
There exists a certain temperature at which H = TS.
D Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Difficulty: difficult
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absolute temperature. From this plot, it is reasonable to conclude that
A)
B)
C)
Ans:
H > 0, S > 0.
H > 0, S < 0.
H < 0, S > 0.
A Bloom's Taxonomy: 2
D)
E)
H < 0, S < 0.
None of these choices is correct.
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absolute temperature. From this plot, it is reasonable to conclude that
A)
B)
C)
Ans:
H > 0, S > 0.
H > 0, S < 0.
H < 0, S > 0.
B Bloom's Taxonomy: 2
D)
E)
H < 0, S < 0.
None of these choices is correct.
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65. Choose the correct equation.

A) G = RTlnK
B) G = RTlnK
C) Go = RTlnK
Ans: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1
D)
E)
Go = RTlnQ
Go = RTlnQ
Difficulty: easy
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66. Which equation is correct?

A) G = Go RTlogKeq
B) G = Go + RTlnQ
C) G = RTlnQ
D)
E)
G = RTlogQ
G = RTlogKeq
Difficulty: easy
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67. Which equation is correct?

A) G = Go RTlogKeq
B) Go = RTlnK
C) G = RTlnQ
D)
E)
G = RTlogQ
Go = RTlogKeq
Difficulty: easy
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A) If K < 1, lnK is negative, and Go is negative then the reaction is product favored.
B) If K > 1, lnK is negative, and Go is positive then the reaction is product favored.
C) If K > 1, lnK is positive, and Go is negative then the reaction is product favored.
D) If K > 1, lnK is negative, and Go is negative then the reaction is reactant favored.
E) If K < 1, lnK is positive, and Go is positive then the reaction is reactant favored.
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A) when Q < K then G = 1
B) when Q < K then G = S
C) when Q = K then G = 0
Ans: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1
D)
E)
when Q > K then G = 1

when Q > K then G = RT
Difficulty: easy
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70. What is the free energy change, G, for the equilibrium between hydrogen iodide,
hydrogen, and iodine at 453C? Kc = 0.020
2HI(g) H2(g) + I2(g)
A) 6.4 kJ B) 8.8 kJ C) 15 kJ D) 19 kJ E) 24 kJ
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71. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) decomposes according to the equation:

H2O2(l) H2O(l) + (1/2)O2(g).
Calculate Kp for this reaction at 25C. (H = 98.2 kJ/mol, S = 70.1 J/Kmol, R =
8.314 JK-1mol-1)
A) 1.3 1021 B) 20.9 C) 3.46 1017 D) 7.4 1020 E) 8.6 104
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72. At 1500C the equilibrium constant for the reaction CO(g) + 2H2(g)
the value Kp = 1.4 107. Calculate G for this reaction at 1500C.
A) 105 kJ/mol
D) 105 kJ/mol
B) 1.07 kJ/mol
E) 233 kJ/mol
C) 233 kJ/mol
Page 395
CH3OH(g) has
73. Calculate Kp at 298 K for the reaction SO2(g) + NO2(g) SO3(g) + NO(g). (R = 8.314
JK-1mol-1)
Gfo
SO2(g)
300.4 kJ/mol
SO3(g)
370.4 kJ/mol
NO(g)
86.7 kJ/mol
NO2(g)
51.8 kJ/mol
A) 6.99 107 B) 5.71 108 C) 14.2 D) 475 E) 1.42 106
Page 396
74. The equilibrium constant at 427C for the reaction N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) is Kp =
9.4 105. Calculate the value of G for the reaction under these conditions.
A) 33 kJ/mol
B) 54 kJ/mol
C) 54 kJ/mol
D) 33 kJ/mol
E) 1.3 J/mol
Page 397
75. Nitrosyl chloride (NOCl) decomposes at elevated temperatures according to the

equation 2NOCl(g) 2NO(g) + Cl2(g). Calculate Kp for this reaction at 227C. (For
this reaction H = 81.2 kJ/mol, S = 128 J/Kmol.)
A) 1.59 102 B) 2.10 107 C) 62.8 D) 4.90 106 E) 3.20 109
Page 398
76. The equilibrium constant for the reaction AgBr(s) Ag+(aq) + Br(aq) is the
solubility product constant, Ksp = 7.7 1013 at 25C. Calculate G for the reaction
when [Ag+] = 1.0 102 M and [Br] = 1.0 103 M. Is the reaction spontaneous or
nonspontaneous at these concentrations (R = 8.314 JK-1mol-1)?
A) G = 69.1 kJ/mol, nonspontaneous
B) G = 69.1 kJ/mol, spontaneous
C) G = 97.5 kJ/mol, spontaneous
D) G = 40.6 kJ/mol, nonspontaneous
E) G = 97.5 kJ/mol, nonspontaneous
Page 399
77. The solubility product constant at 25C for AgI(s) in water has the value 8.3 1017.
Calculate Grxn at 25C for the process AgI(s) Ag+(aq) + I(aq) where [Ag+] = 9.1
109 and [I] = 9.1 109.
A) +4.4 kJ/mol
D) 91.7 kJ/mol
B) +91.7 kJ/mol
E) 4.4 kJ/mol
C) 0.0 kJ/mol
Page 400
78. A sample of solid naphthalene is introduced into an evacuated flask. Use the data below
to calculate the equilibrium vapor pressure of naphthalene (C10H8) in the flask at 35C.
H fo (25C)
Gfo (25C)
C10H8(s)
78.5 kJ/mol
201.6 kJ/mol
C10H8(g)
150.6 kJ/mol
224.1 kJ/mol
A) 890. mmHg
D) 0.086 mmHg
B) 0.22 mmHg
E) 833 mmHg
C) 696 mmHg
Page 401
79. The standard free energy of formation of gaseous hydrogen iodide is 1.30 kJ/mol at
25C. Find Kp for the reaction H2(g) + I2(s) 2HI(g) at this temperature.
A) 7.0 B) 7100 C) 1.0 D) 2.4 E) 0.35
Page 402
80. Find the temperature at which Kp = 4.00 for the reaction N2O4(g) 2NO2(g). [Given:
at 25C, for NO2(g), H fo = 33.85 kJ/mol, S = 240.46 J/molK; for N2O4(g), H fo =
9.66 kJ/mol, S = 304.3 J/molK; assume that H and S are independent of
temperature.]
A) 197C B) 56C C) 36C D) 79C E) 476C
Page 403
81. Find the temperature at which Kp = 42.0 for the reaction H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g).
[Given: at 25C, for H2(g), H fo = 0, S = 131.0 J/molK; for I2(g), H fo = 62.26 kJ/mol,
S = 260.6 J/molK; for HI(g), H fo = 25.9 kJ/mol, S = 206.3 J/molK; assume that
H and S are independent of temperature.]
A) 1040 K B) 168 K C) 539 K D) 1400 K E) 34,200 K
Page 404
82. For the reaction HCONH2(g) NH3(g) + CO(g), Kc = 4.84 at 400 K. If H for this
reaction is 29 kJ/mol, find Kc at 500 K.
A) 5.8 B) 0.17 C) 27.5 D) 0.88 E) 10.3
Page 405
83. In the gas phase, formic acid forms a dimer, 2HCOOH(g) (HCOOH)2(g). For this
reaction, H = 60.1 kJ/mol and G = 13.9 kJ/mol at 25C. Find the equilibrium
constant (Kp) for this reaction at 75C.
A) 8960 B) 273 C) 0.120 D) 8.33 E) 1.12 104
Page 406
84. In the gas phase, methyl isocyanate (CH3NC) isomerizes to acetonitrile (CH3CN),
H3CNC(g) H3CCN(g)
with H = 89.5 kJ/mol and G = 73.8 kJ/mol at 25C. Find the equilibrium
constant for this reaction at 100C.
A) 1.68 1010
D) 4.63 1011
9
B) 5.96 10
E) 8.64 1012
C) 2.16 1010
Page 407
85. Iron (III) oxide can be reduced by carbon monoxide.

Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g)
2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)
Use the following thermodynamic data at 298 K to determine the equilibrium constant
at this temperature.
Substance:
Fe2O3(s)
CO(g)
Fe(s)
CO2(g)
o (kJ/mol):
824.2
110.5
0
393.5
H f
742.2
137.2
0
394.4
G o (kJ/mol):
f
S(J/Kmol):
87.4
197.7
6
3
4
A) 7.0 10
B) 1.3 10
C) 2.2 10 D) 1.4 105
Page 408
27.78
213.7
E) > 2.0 105
86. Calculate the equilibrium constant at 25C for the reaction of methane with water to
form carbon dioxide and hydrogen. The data refer to 25C.
CH4(g) + 2H2O(g)
Substance:
H fo (kJ/mol):
CH4(g)
74.87
CO2(g) + 4H2(g)
H2O(g)
241.8
CO2(g)
393.5
50.81
228.6
394.4
Gfo (kJ/mol):
S(J/Kmol):
186.1
188.8
213.7
A) 8.2 1019 B) 0.96 C) 0.58 D) 1.2 1020 E) 1.4 1046
Page 409
H2(g)
0
0
130.7
87. Use the thermodynamic data at 298 K below to determine the Ksp for barium carbonate,
BaCO3 at this temperature.
Substance:
Ba2+(aq)
CO32 (aq)
676.26
BaCO3(s)
538.36
1219
H fo (kJ/mol):
560.7
528.1
1139
Gfo (kJ/mol):
S(J/Kmol):
13
-53.1
112
A) 5.86 B) 6.30 108 C) 1.59 10-9 D) 5.47 10-21 E) 2.18 10-27
Page 410
88. The formation constant for the reaction

Ag+(aq) + 2NH3(aq)
Ag(NH3) +2 (aq)
is Kf = 1.7 107 at 25C. What is G at this temperature?

A) 1.5 kJ B) 3.5 kJ C) 18 kJ D) 23 kJ E) 41 kJ
Page 411

A) Oxygen is formed during the metabolism of food.
B) The metabolism process results in a positive Go.
C) ADP is hydrolyzed to ATP and phosphoric acid in the body.
D) A protein is a polymer made of carbohydrate units.
E) ATP functions to store energy until it is needed by the body.
Page 412

A) Reaction of ADP and alanine results in ATP in the body.
B) A positive Go value means that the reaction is not product favored.
C) CO2 is released when ADP reacts with an amino acid.
D) Phosphoric acid is one of the products of the reaction of ADP with alanine.
E) Hydrolysis of ATP requires NaOH.
Page 413
91. True or False: The following reaction is spontaneous under standard state conditions
at 25C:
AgCl(s) Ag+(aq) + Cl(aq) (G = 55 kJ/mol)
Ans: False Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Difficulty: easy
Page 414
92. True or False: Suniv = 1 for a spontaneous reaction.

Page 415
93. True or False: The higher the pressure of a gas sample, the greater is its entropy.
Ans: False Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Difficulty: moderate
Page 416
94. True or False: In a spontaneous process, the entropy of the system always increases.
Ans: False Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Difficulty: moderate
Page 417
95. True or False: The entropy of vaporization of a compound is always positive.

Ans: True Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Difficulty: moderate
Page 418
96. True or False: The entropy change S for the reaction NH4Cl(s) NH3(g) + HCl(g)
will be negative.
Page 419
97. True or False: All elements in their standard state have standard entropies of formation
equal to zero.
Page 420
98. True or False: For a given reaction, a change in the temperature may result in a change
in the sign of G.
Page 421
99. True or False: For any reaction, if G > 0, then K < 1.

Page 422
100. True or False: At equilibrium Go = 0.

Page 423
101. True or False: As a chemical reaction proceeds toward equilibrium, the free energy of
the system decreases at constant temperature and constant pressure.
Page 424
102. What is the general condition for a spontaneous process?

Ans: Suniverse > 0
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Difficulty: easy
Page 425
103. Which thermodynamical property is a measure of the disorder in the system?

Ans: entropy
Page 426
104. Predict the sign of S for the reaction O2(g) 2O(g).

Ans: positive
Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Difficulty: moderate
Page 427
105. Is the reaction SiO2(s) + Pb(s) PbO2(s) + Si(s) spontaneous?

Gfo (PbO2) = 217 kJ/mol
Ans: no
Bloom's Taxonomy: 3
Gfo (SiO2) = 856 kJ/mol

Page 428
106. Predict the sign of S for the reaction 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(g) C6H12O6(g) + 6O2(g).
Ans: negative
Page 429
107. How does the entropy change when a solid is melted?

Ans: increases
Page 430
108. How does the entropy change when a gas is liquefied?

Ans: decreases
Page 431
109. What is the Third Law of Thermodynamics?

Ans: At 0 K, all perfectly crystalline compounds have S = 0.
Page 432
110. What is the relationship between G and Go?

Ans: G = Go RTlnQ
Page 433
111. For a process that is spontaneous when TS > H then S is _________.

Ans: less than zero or negative or, < 0
Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Difficulty: difficult
Page 434
112. ______ is the sign of H for a spontaneous process at high temperatures but not at low
temperatures.
Ans: Positive or H > 0
Page 435
113. For a process where a gas condenses to a liquid then the entropy ________.
Ans: decreases
Page 436
114. _________ is the pressure required for standard entropy conditions.

Ans: 1 atm
Page 437
115. The _________ Law of Thermodynamics states that the entropy of the universe in a
spontaneous process increases and is constant in equilibrium processes.
Ans: Second
Page 438
116. a. Explain what is meant by a spontaneous process.

b. Is a spontaneous process necessarily a rapid one? Explain, and provide a real reaction
as an example to illustrate your answer.
Ans: a. A spontaneous process is one which will occur naturally, given enough time.
b. No, a spontaneous process may be immeasurably slow. An example is the
conversion of diamond to graphite at room temperature and one atmosphere.
Page 439
117. State the Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics.

Ans: All spontaneous processes are accompanied by an increase in the total entropy of
the universe. The entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero, is zero.
Page 440
118. For the reaction of xenon and fluorine gases to form solid XeF4, H = 251 kJ and G
= 121 kJ at 25C. Calculate S for the reaction.
Ans: S = 436 J/K
Page 441
119. Consider the reaction CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(l) at 25C.

Gfo (CO) = 137.3 kJ/mol
Gfo (CH3OH) = 166.3 kJ/mol

H fo (CO) = 110.5 kJ/mol
H fo (CH3OH) = 238.7 kJ/mol
S (CO = 197.9 J/Kmol
S (CH3OH) = 126.8 J/Kmol
Calculate value of the equilibrium constant (Kp) for this reaction at 25C.
Ans: 1.20 10 5
Page 442
120. The complete combustion of liquid benzene is represented by the equation:

C6H6(l) + 7 1 2 O2(g) 6CO2(g) + 3H2O(l).
Using the data below, calculate, for this reaction
a. H
b. S
c. G at 25C
Substance:
C6H6(l)
O2(g)
o (kJ/mol):
49
0
H f
S(J/molK):
173
205
Ans: a. H = 3271 kJ
b. S = 217 J/K
c. G = 3206 kJ
Page 443
CO2(g)
394
H2O(l)
286
214
70

Chapter 18: Calculating Entropy Changes for Chemical Reactions

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Chapter 18: Calculating Entropy Changes for Chemical Reactions

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Chapter 18 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium

1. What is defined as a process that occurs under a specific set of conditions?

Chapter 18 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium

2. Which of the following is an example of a nonspontaneous process?

Chapter 18 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium

3. A spontaneous endothermic reaction always

Chapter 18 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium

Chapter 18 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium

5. When a sky diver freefalls through the air, the process is

Chapter 18 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium

Chapter 18 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium

7. What is defined as a measure of the randomness or disorder of a system?

Chapter 18 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium

8. What is defined as the absolute disorder of a substance at 1 atm?

Chapter 18 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium

9. Which statement is correct?

Chapter 18 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium

10. Which statement is correct?

Chapter 18 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium

11. The Second Law of Thermodynamics is:

Chapter 18 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium

Chapter 18 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium

Chapter 18 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium

14. Which of the following species has the largest entropy?

Chapter 18 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium

Chapter 18 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium

Chapter 18 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium

Chapter 18 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium

Chapter 18 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium

19. Which of the following is necessary for a process to be spontaneous?

Chapter 18 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium

Chapter 18 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium

21. Which reaction has the largest So?

Chapter 18 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium

22. Which of the following is true for a system at equilibrium?

Chapter 18 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium

23. Which of the following is always true for an exothermic process?

Chapter 18 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium

24. The Third Law of Thermodynamics is:

Chapter 18 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium

Chapter 18 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium

26. Determine S for the reaction SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(l).

Chapter 18 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium

27. Calculate S for the reaction SO2(s) + NO2(g) SO3(g) + NO(g).

Chapter 18 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium

Chapter 18 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium

29. Calculate S for the reaction

Chapter 18 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium

30. Calculate S for the reaction

Chapter 18 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium

31. Calculate So for the reaction

Chapter 18 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium

32. Calculate S for the reaction

Chapter 18 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium

33. Calculate S for the combustion of propane.

Chapter 18 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium

Chapter 18 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium

Chapter 18 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium

36. The formula for G is

Chapter 18 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium

37. A negative sign for G indicates that, at constant T and P,

Chapter 18 Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium