Wireless Communication

Bluetooth
1

Bluetooth
Bluetooth
Bluetooth is a WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network)
communications protocol designed by the Bluetooth SIG (Special
Interest Group)
Replaces cables connecting many different types of devices
Mobile Phones & Headsets
Heart Monitors & Medical Equipment

Bluetooth
A2DP (Advanced Audio Distribution Profile)
A2DP enables wireless transmission of stereo audio from
an A2DP smartphone (or computer) to A2DP headphones
(or stereo system)

Bluetooth
aptX
Supports wireless real-time streaming of high quality stereo
audio over the Bluetooth A2DP
Includes proprietary audio codec compression algorithms
Used in various consumer and automotive wireless audio
applications

Bluetooth
Enhanced Data Rate (EDR)
Introduced in Bluetooth v2.0 to support faster data transfer
Supports a data rate up to 3 Mbps
Using reduced duty cycle control, EDR can provide lower
power consumption

Bluetooth
Bluetooth High Speed (HS)
Bluetooth high speed technology was released in April 2009
(in Bluetooth version 3.0+HS)
Bluetooth 3.0+HS provides data transfer speeds of up to 24
Mbps, though not over the Bluetooth link itself
Bluetooth link is used for negotiation and establishment,
and the high data rate traffic is carried over a colocated
802.11 link
6

Bluetooth
Bluetooth High Speed (HS)
+HS part of the specification is not mandatory in
Bluetooth version 3.0
Only devices that display the "+HS" logo actually support
Bluetooth over 802.11 high-speed data transfer

Bluetooth
Bluetooth Spec. Evolution
2.0
2.1
+ EDR + EDR

3.0
+HS

4.0

2007
3
Mbps

2009
24
Mbps

2010
25
Mbps

10 m

10 m

50 m

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Specifications

1.1

1.2

Adopted

2002
723.1
kbps

2005
723.1
kbps

2004
2.1
Mbps

10 m

10 m

10 m

Transmission
Rate
Standard
PAN Range
Improved Pairing
(without a PIN)
Improved
Security

Yes

NFC Support

Bluetooth
Bluetooth Feature Evolution
2.0
2.1
+ EDR + EDR

3.0
+ HS

4.0

Yes
Yes

Yes
Yes

Yes
Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Specifications

1.1

1.2

Voice Dialing

Yes
Yes

Yes
Yes

Yes
Yes

Yes

Yes

Call Mute
Last-Number
Redial
Fast
Transmission
Speeds
Lower Power
Consumption
Bluetooth
Low Energy

Yes

Bluetooth
Bluetooth 4.0
Bluetooth Specification 4.0 (called Bluetooth Smart) was
adopted in June 2010
Bluetooth 4.0 includes
Former Bluetooth standards
BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy)

10

Bluetooth
BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy)
Defines several profiles (specifications) on how a device
can consume very low energy consumption while servicing
a particular application
Provide reduced power consumption and cost while
maintaining a similar communication range

11

Bluetooth
BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy)
A manufacturer can implement customize specifications
for their product
A device can have multiple BLE profiles
Health Care Profiles
Sports and fitness profiles
IPSP (Internet Protocol Support Profile)
ESP (Environmental Sensing Profile)
etc.
12

Bluetooth
Bluetooth Beacons
Bluetooth beacon devices transmit a unique ID number that
can be read by a Bluetooth receiver, which can be used by
an Application on ones smartphone
Bluetooth beacons are now commonly deployed as small
devices (many are battery-powered) that broadcasts
signals through BLE technology using a Bluetooth low
energy antenna

13

Bluetooth
Bluetooth Beacons
Smartphone Apps identify the location of the Beacon device
and activate location specific information on the
smartphone
Beacons are used in many location based applications
Advertisement & Coupon distribution
Home Automation Systems
Transportation Systems
Sport Stadiums, Stores, etc.
14

Bluetooth
Bluetooth 4.1
Bluetooth Specification 4.1 was adopted in December 2013
Incremental software update to Bluetooth Specification v4.0
(no hardware updates)
Increased co-existence support for LTE
Bulk data exchange rate support
Device multiple role simultaneous support

15

Bluetooth

REFERENCES
16

References
C. Bisdikian, An Overview of the Bluetooth Wireless Technology, IEEE
Communication Magazine, vol. 39, no. 12, pp. 86-94, Dec. 2001.
E. Ferro and F. Potorti, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi wireless protocols: a survey and a
comparison, IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 12-26, Feb. 2005.
Bluetooth SIG, http://www.bluetooth.org
Wikipedia, http://www.wikipedia.org

Image sources
Bluetooth Logo, By Bluetooth Special Interest Group. (SVG rendering drawn by me,
=Nichalp Talk=) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

17

Wireless Communication

Wi-Fi Part 1
18

Wi-Fi
WLAN
WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) is a wireless
networking technology that links two or more computing
devices using a wireless distribution method within
a limited local area
Applications Areas: Home, School, Computer Laboratory,
Office Building, etc.

19

Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi (or WiFi) is a WLAN technology that allows electronic
devices to network mainly using the ISM radio bands
2.4 GHz UHF (Ultra High Frequency)
5 GHz SHF (Super High Frequency)

20

Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi Transmission
5 GHz offers higher throughput at shorter distances
2.4 GHz provides increased coverage and improved solid
object penetration
Beamforming and other multiple antenna technologies like
MIMO are used to increase the date rate and QoS

21

Wi-Fi
Wireless AP (Access Point)
A device that allows Wi-Fi devices to connect to a wired
network
AP usually connects to a router or may have built in router
capabilities

22

Wi-Fi
Example of an AP network

23

Wi-Fi
Infrastructure Mode
In infrastructure mode, Wi-Fi devices can
communicate with each other and
communicate with a wired network
BSS (Basic Service Set)
In infrastructure mode, commonly one AP is connected
by wire to the Internet, and a set of Wi-Fi devices
connect to the AP

24

Wi-Fi
Example of Infrastructure mode

25

Wi-Fi
Ad-Hoc Mode
Wi-Fi devices or stations communicate directly with each
other, without help from an AP (Access Point) Used
where Infrastructure Mode network setup is not needed or
not possible
Also referred to as peer-to-peer mode
IBSS (Independent Basic Service Set)
Ad-hoc mode network is referred to as an IBSS

26

Wi-Fi
Example of Ad-Hoc mode

27

Wi-Fi
BSS & ESS
BSS (Basic Service Set) is the basic building block of an
802.11 WLAN
In infrastructure mode, a BSS is formed by a single AP
(Access Point) and all associated STAs (stations)
AP acts as a Master and controls all STAs within the BSS

ESS (Extended Service Set) is a set of two or more BSSs

that form a single network
Extends the range of Wi-Fi STA mobility

28

Wi-Fi
Example of ESS

29

Smartphones

REFERENCES
30

References
M. Gast, 802.11 wireless networks: the definitive guide. O'Reilly Media, 2005.
B. P. Crow, I. Widjaja, J. G. Kim, and P.T. Sakai, IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area
Networks, IEEE Communication Magazine, vol. 35, no. 9, pp. 116-126, Sep. 1997.
E. Ferro and F. Potorti, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi wireless protocols: a survey and a
comparison, IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 12-26, Feb. 2005.
Webopedia, Extended Service Set,
http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/Extended_Service_Set.html [Accessed June 1,
2015]
Speedguide, Wi-Fi 5 GHz vs 2.4 GHz, http://www.speedguide.net/faq/is-5ghzwireless-better-than-24ghz-340 [Accessed June 1, 2015]
Wi-Fi Alliance, http://www.wi-fi.org
Wikipedia, http://www.wikipedia.org
William Stallings, Data and Computer Communications, 10th Ed. Prentice Hall,
2014.

31

References
Image sources
Wi-Fi Icon, By Canopus49 (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
USB, By TEL0000 (Own work) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
PCI, By Evan-Amos (Own work) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Laptop PC Icon, By Everaldo Coelho (YellowIcon) [LGPL
(http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.html)], via Wikimedia Commons

32

Wireless Communication

Wi-Fi Part 2
33

Wi-Fi
IEEE 802.11 Network PHY Standards (1/2)
802.11 Protocol

Release Date

Frequency

Bandwidth

Stream Data Rate

802.11-1997

Jun. 1997

2.4 GHz

22 MHz

1, 2 Mbps

20 MHz

6 ~ 54 Mbps

5 GHz

802.11a

Sep. 1999

802.11b

Sep. 1999

2.4 GHz

22 MHz

1 ~ 11 Mbps

802.11g

Jun. 2003

2.4 GHz

20 MHz

6 ~ 54 Mbps

802.11n

Oct. 2009

2.4/5 GHz

20 MHz

7.2 ~ 72.2 Mbps

40 MHz

15 ~ 150 Mbps

3.7 GHz

34

Wi-Fi
IEEE 802.11 Network PHY Standards (2/2)
802.11 Protocol

802.11ac

802.11ad

Release Date

Dec. 2013

Coming in 2016

Frequency

5 GHz

60 GHz

35

Bandwidth

Stream Data Rate

20 MHz

7.2 ~ 96.3 Mbps

40 MHz

15 ~ 200 Mbps

80 MHz

32.5 ~ 433.3 Mbps

160 MHz

65 ~ 866.7 Mbps

2.16 GHz

Up to 7 Gbps

Wi-Fi
IEEE 802.11 Network PHY Standards (1/2)
802.11 protocol

Frequency

Modulation

802.11-1997

2.4 GHz

DSSS,
FHSS

802.11a

5 GHz
3.7 GHz

OFDM

Approximate Range
Indoor (m)

Outdoor (m)

20

100

35

120

5000

802.11b

2.4 GHz

DSSS

35

140

802.11g

2.4 GHz

OFDM,
DSSS

38

140

36

Wi-Fi
IEEE 802.11 Network PHY Standards (2/2)
802.11 protocol

Frequency

Modulation

802.11n

2.4/5 GHz

802.11ac
802.11ad

Approximate Range
Indoor (m)

Outdoor (m)

OFDM
(MIMO-4)*

70

250

5 GHz

OFDM
(MIMO-8)*

35

60 GHz

OFDM
(> 10 X 10
MIMO)

10

10

*MIMO-4 and MIMO-8 represent that the allowable MIMO streams are 4 and 8, respectively.

37

Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi uses the ISM Band
ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) bands are radio
frequency bands reserved internationally for the use
of industrial, scientific, and medical purposes
Devices using ISM bands will experience interference from
other products operating in the same frequency band

38

Wi-Fi
ISM Band
Frequency range

Bandwidth

Center
Frequency

Availability

6.765 MHz

6.795 MHz

30 kHz

6.780 MHz

Subject to
local acceptance

13.553 MHz

13.567 MHz

14 kHz

13.560 MHz

Worldwide

26.957 MHz

27.283 MHz

326 kHz

27.120 MHz

Worldwide

40.660 MHz

40.700 MHz

40 kHz

40.680 MHz

Worldwide

433.050 MHz 434.790 MHz

1.74 MHz

433.920 MHz

local acceptance

902.000 MHz 928.000 MHz

26 MHz

915.000 MHz

local
acceptance

100 MHz

2.450 GHz

Worldwide

2.400 GHz

2.500 GHz

39

Wi-Fi
ISM Band
Frequency range

Bandwidth

Center
Frequency

Availability

5.725 GHz

5.875 GHz

150 MHz

5.800 GHz

Worldwide

24.000 GHz

24.250 GHz

250 MHz

24.125 GHz

Worldwide

61.000 GHz

61.500 GHz

500 MHz

61.250 GHz

Subject to
local acceptance

122.000 GHz

123.000 GHz

1 GHz

122.500 GHz

Subject to
local acceptance

244.000 GHz

246.000 GHz

2 GHz

245.000 GHz

Subject to
local acceptance

40

Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi Interference
Devices operating in the 2.4 GHz range include
IEEE802.15.4 devices: ZigBee, 6LoWPAN
Microwave ovens
Bluetooth
Baby monitors
Cordless telephones
Amateur radio equipment
etc.

41

Wi-Fi
Dual Band
Unlike ordinary Wi-Fi equipment that only supports one
signal band, dual band is the capability to transmit on the
5 GHz band of 802.11a, 802.11n, and 802.11ac and also the
2.4 GHz band used by 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11n

42

Wi-Fi
Example of Dual Band

43

Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi Direct
Wi-Fi Direct devices can connect directly to one another
without access to a traditional network
Devices can make a one-to-one connection, or a group of
several devices can connect simultaneously

44

Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi Direct
With optional services, users can send files, print
documents, play media, and display screens between and
among devices

45

Wi-Fi
Tethering (Hotspot)
Tethering refers to connecting one device to another
In the context of mobile phones or Internet tablets,
tethering allows sharing the Internet connection of the
phone or tablet with other devices such as laptops

46

Wi-Fi
Tethering (Hotspot)
A Wi-Fi STA can make connection to the Internet by
connecting to a smartphone using Wi-Fi

47

Smartphones

REFERENCES
48

References
M. Gast, 802.11 wireless networks: the definitive guide. O'Reilly Media, 2005.
B. P. Crow, I. Widjaja, J. G. Kim, and P.T. Sakai, IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area
Networks, IEEE Communication Magazine, vol. 35, no. 9, pp. 116-126, Sep. 1997.
E. Ferro and F. Potorti, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi wireless protocols: a survey and a
comparison, IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 12-26, Feb. 2005.
Webopedia, Extended Service Set,
http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/Extended_Service_Set.html [Accessed June 1,
2015]
Speedguide, Wi-Fi 5 GHz vs 2.4 GHz, http://www.speedguide.net/faq/is-5ghzwireless-better-than-24ghz-340 [Accessed June 1, 2015]
Wi-Fi Alliance, http://www.wi-fi.org
Wikipedia, http://www.wikipedia.org
William Stallings, Data and Computer Communications, 10th Ed. Prentice Hall,
2014.

49

References
Image sources
Wi-Fi Icon, By Canopus49 (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
USB, By TEL0000 (Own work) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
PCI, By Evan-Amos (Own work) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Laptop PC Icon, By Everaldo Coelho (YellowIcon) [LGPL
(http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.html)], via Wikimedia Commons

50

Mobile Communication

Mobile
Communications
Handover
51

Mobile Communications
Mobile Phone Evolution
1st Generation (1G)
AMPS

2nd Generation (2G)

GSM, IS-95 (cdmaOne)

3rd Generation (3G)

UMTS (WCDMA), CDMA2000
4th Generation (4G)
LTE-A
52

Mobile Communications
Downlink & Uplink

53

Mobile Communications
Handover

54

Mobile Communications
Handover

55

Mobile Communications
Handover

56

Mobile Communications
Handover

57

Mobile Communications
Handover

58

Mobile Communications
Handover

59

Mobile Communications

REFERENCES
60

References
H. Holma and A. Toskala, HSDPA/HSUPA for UMTS: High Speed Radio Access for
Mobile Communications. John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
A. R. Mishra, Advanced Cellular Network Planning and Optimisation:
2G/2.5G/3G...Evolution to 4G. John Wiley & Sons, 2006.
A. R. Mishra, Fundamentals of Cellular Network Planning and Optimisation:
2G/2.5G/3G...Evolution to 4G. John Wiley & Sons, 2004.
R. Steele, P. Gould, and C. Lee, GSM, cdmaOne and 3G Systems. John Wiley &
Sons, 2000.
J. Korhonen, Introduction to 3G Mobile Communications. Artech House, 2003.
H. Holma and A. Toskala, WCDMA for UMTS: Radio Access for Third Generation
Mobile Communications. John Wiley & Sons, 2000.
HSPA Evolution brings Mobile Broadband to Consumer Mass Markets, Nokia,
White Paper, 2008.

61

Mobile Communications

Mobile
Communications
Evolution
62

AMPS
Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)
1st Generation (1G) mobile cellular phone
Analog standard using FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple
Access)
Developed by Bell Labs
Introduced in North America in Oct. 1983

63

GSM
Global System for Mobile Communications
(GSM)
2nd Generation (2G) mobile cellular phone:
Digital system
Introduced in Finland in 1991
Dominant global standard
Over 90% market share
Operated in over 219 countries & territories
64

GSM
Global System for Mobile Communications
(GSM)
GSM uses TDMA & FDMA combined
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)

65

GSM
Global System for Mobile Communications
(GSM)
GSM supports voice calls and data transfer
speeds up to 9.6 kbps, and SMS (Short
Message Service)

66

GSM
SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)
SIM is a detachable smart card
SIM contains user subscription information and phone
book

67

GSM
SIM Advantages
SIM enables a user to maintain user information even after
switching cellular phones
Or, by changing ones SIM a user can change cellular
phone operators while using the same the mobile phone

68

IS-95: cdmaOne
IS-95
IS-95 (Interim Standard 95) is the first CDMA
based 2G digital cellular standard
Why CDMA?
CDMA performs well against (narrow band)
interference and (multipath) signal fading

cdmaOne is the brand name for IS-95 that

was developed by Qualcomm

69

IS-95: cdmaOne
IS-95
Hutchison launched the first commercial cdmaOne
network in Hong Kong in September 1995
IS-95 traffic channels support voice or data at bit rates of
up to 14.4 kbps

70

UMTS
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
(UMTS)
3rd Generation (3G) mobile cellular system
Evolution of GSM
UTRA (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access)
supports several different terrestrial air
interfaces

71

UMTS
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
(UMTS)
Multiuser Access in UTRA can be
supported by UTRA-FDD or UTRA-TDD
FDD (Frequency Division Duplex)
TDD (Time Division Duplex)

72

UMTS: WCDMA
WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access)
3rd Generation (3G) mobile cellular system
that uses the UTRA-FDD mode
3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project)
Release 99
Up to 2 Mbps data rate

73

UMTS: WCDMA
WCDMA
First commercial network opened in Japan is 2001
Seamless mobility for voice and packet data applications
QoS (Quality of Service) differentiation for high efficiency
of service delivery
Simultaneous voice and data support
Interworks with existing GSM networks

74

CDMA2000
CDMA2000
3G mobile cellular system
Standardized by 3GPP2
Evolution of IS-95 cdmaOne standards
Uses CDMA & TDMA
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)

75

CDMA2000
CDMA2000
Initially used in North America and
South Korea (Republic of Korea)

76

CDMA2000
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (Evolution-Data Optimized)
enables 2.4 Mbps data rate
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO network launched in South
Korea on January 2002

77

CDMA2000
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
Regarded as the first 3G system based on ITU
standards
ITU (International Telecommunication Union) is
the specialized agency for information and
communication technology of the UN (United
Nations)

78

HSDPA
High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
Enhanced 3G mobile communications
protocol
Evolution of UMTS for higher data speeds
and capacity
Belongs to the HSPA (High-Speed Packet
Access) family of protocols

79

HSDPA
High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
HSDPA commercial networks became
available in 2005
Peak Data Rate
Downlink: 14 Mbps (Release 5)

80

EV-DO Rev. A
EV-DO Rev. A (Revision A)
Peak Data Rate
Downlink: 3.1 Mbps
Uplink: 1.8 Mbps
Launched in the USA on October 2006
VoIP support based on low latency and low
bit rate communications

81

EV-DO Rev. A
EV-DO Rev. A
Enhanced Access Channel MAC
Decreased connection establishment time
Multi-User Packet technology enables the ability
for more than one user to share the same timeslot
QoS (Quality of Service) flags included
for QoS control

82

HSPA+
Evolved High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA+)
HSPA+ all IP network first launched in
Hong Kong in 2009
WCDMA (UMTS) based 3G
enhancement
HSPA+ is a HSPA evolution

83

HSPA+
Evolved High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA+)
Peak Data Rate
Downlink: 168 Mbps
Uplink: 22 Mbps
MIMO (Multiple-Input & Multiple-Output) multiple-antenna
technique applied
Why MIMO? MIMO uses uncorrelated multiple antennas both
at the transmitter and receiver to increase the data rate while
using the same signal bandwidth as a single antenna system.

84

HSPA+
Evolved High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA+)
Higher Date Rate Accomplished by
MIMO multiple-antenna technique
Higher order modulation (64QAM)
Dual-Cell HSDPA is used to combine multiple cells into
one

85

EV-DO Rev B
EV-DO Rev. B (Revision B)
EV-DO Rev. B was first deployed in Indonesia on
January 2010
Multi-Carrier evolution of Rev. A
Higher data rates per carrier
Downlink Peak
4.9 Mbps per carrier
Uplink Peak
1.8 Mbps per carrier
86

EV-DO Rev B
EV-DO Rev. B
Reduced latency from statistical multiplexing across channels
Reduced delay Improved QoS
Longer talk-time & standby time
Hybrid frequency re-use & Reduced interference at Cell Edges
and Adjacent Sectors Improved QoS at the Cell Edge

87

EV-DO Rev B
EV-DO Rev. B
More Efficient Asymmetric Data Rate Support
Downlink Uplink Data Rates
Asymmetric Service Examples
File transfer
Web browsing
Multimedia content delivery
etc.

88

LTE
Long-Term Evolution (LTE)
LTE launched in North American on September 2010 with
the Samsung SCH-R900
Deployed on both GSM and the CDMA mobile operators

89

LTE
Long-Term Evolution (LTE)
Peak Data Rate (Release 8)
Downlink: 300 Mbps
Uplink: 75 Mbps

90

LTE-A
LTE-A (LTE-Advanced)
Considered as a 4G technology based on
the ITU-R IMT-Advanced process
Peak Data Rate (Release 10)
Downlink: 3 Gbps
Uplink: 1.5 Gbps

91

LTE-A
LTE-A (LTE-Advanced)
LTE-A incorporates higher order MIMO
(44 and beyond) and allows multiple
carriers to be bonded into a single stream

92

Mobile Communications

REFERENCES
93

References
H. Holma and A. Toskala, HSDPA/HSUPA for UMTS: High Speed Radio Access for
Mobile Communications. John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
A. R. Mishra, Advanced Cellular Network Planning and Optimisation:
2G/2.5G/3G...Evolution to 4G. John Wiley & Sons, 2006.
A. R. Mishra, Fundamentals of Cellular Network Planning and Optimisation:
2G/2.5G/3G...Evolution to 4G. John Wiley & Sons, 2004.
R. Steele, P. Gould, and C. Lee, GSM, cdmaOne and 3G Systems. John Wiley &
Sons, 2000.
J. Korhonen, Introduction to 3G Mobile Communications. Artech House, 2003.
H. Holma and A. Toskala, WCDMA for UMTS: Radio Access for Third Generation
Mobile Communications. John Wiley & Sons, 2000.
HSPA Evolution brings Mobile Broadband to Consumer Mass Markets, Nokia,
White Paper, 2008.

94

LTE (Long Term Evolution)

LTE Introduction
95

LTE Introduction
Table of Contents
LTE and LTE-Advanced Requirements
3GPP Specification
LTE Architecture
EPC Elements

96

LTE Introduction
LTE Requirements
High data rates:
Downlink 100 Mbps
Uplink 50 Mbps
Low latency:
Less than 5 ms
High spectral efficiency
Spectrum flexibility
97

LTE Introduction
LTE-Advanced Requirements
Higher data rates
Downlink 3 Gbps
Uplink 1.5 Gbps
Higher spectral efficiency
16 bps/Hz in Release 8
30 bps/Hz in Release 10
Increased number of simultaneously active subscribers
Improved performance at cell edges
At least 2.40 bps/Hz/cell

98

LTE Introduction
3GPP Specifications
LTE
(Rel-8)

LTE-Advanced
(Rel-10 and beyond)

Downlink Data Rate

300 Mbps

3 Gbps

Uplink Data Rate

75 Mbps

1.5 Gbps

Downlink
Spectral Efficiency

16 bps/Hz

30 bps/Hz

Uplink
Spectral Efficiency

4.32 bps/Hz

15 bps/Hz

Bandwidth

1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15,

20 MHz

Continuous
Spectrum

99

LTE Introduction
LTE Architecture
EPS network is comprised of the EPC
and the E-UTRAN
EPC takes the overall control of the
UE (User Equipment)
E-UTRAN controls radio functions

EPS: Evolved Packet System

EPC: Evolved Packet Core
E-UTRAN: Evolved Universal Terrestrial
Radio Access Network

100

User Data Flow

Control Data Flow

LTE Introduction
EPC Elements
P-GW (Packet Data Network Gateway)
- IP address allocation for the UE
- Mobility anchor for non-3GPP handover
- Policy enforcement and QoS enforcement
- Packet filtering
S-GW (Serving Gateway)
- Packet routing and forwarding
- Mobility anchor for inter-eNB handover
- Collect information for charging
101

evolved Node B
= eNodeB = eNB

LTE Introduction
EPC Elements
MME (Mobility Management Entity)
- User authentication
- Roaming
- Control and Process the signaling between the UE and the EPC
HSS (Home Subscriber Server)
- Database containing the users subscription
PCRF (Policy Control & Charging Rules Function)
- QoS and charging policy control

102

LTE

REFERENCES
103

References
3GPP TS 36.300 v12.5.0, Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA)
and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Overall
description; Stage 2, Mar. 2015.
3GPP TS 36.331 v12.5.0, Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA);
Radio Resource Control (RRC); Protocol specification, Mar. 2015.
3GPP TR 36.814 v9.0.0, Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA);
Further advancements for E-UTRA physical layer aspects, Mar. 2010.
3GPP TR 36.913 v12.0.0, Requirements for further advancements for Evolved
Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) (LTE-Advanced), Sep. 2014.

104

LTE (Long Term Evolution)

LTE Components
105

LTE Components
Table of Contents
OFDM
OFDMA
MIMO & Precoding
Handover & Packet Forwarding
MBMS
106

LTE Components
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
Carry data using closely spaced orthogonal subcarrier signals
OFDM is strong against severe channel conditions such as
narrowband interference and frequency selective fading
High spectral efficiency and simple channel
equalization
Subcarriers

Frequency

LTE Components
OFDMA
(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)
Assign subsets of subcarriers to multiple users
OFDMA enables adaptive carrier
allocation, high spectral efficiency, and
little interference between subcarriers
User 1
User 2
User 3

LTE Components
MIMO & Precoding
MIMO enables reliable operation, large spectral efficiency, and
increased data rate by utilizing multipath signal propagation based
on multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver
Precoding is used to map the
modulation symbols to different
antennas

LTE Components
Handover & Packet Forwarding
Source eNB decides handover by sending a
Handover Command message when the
signal of the neighboring eNB is stronger
than the current signal
During handover, data loss is prevented by
the packet forwarding process that buffers
and transfers undelivered data

evolved Node B
= eNodeB = eNB

Handover
Command
Forward
packets
to target
eNodeB

Transfer
buffered
packets
after
handover

LTE Components
MBMS (Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service)
MBMS utilizes the efficient point-to-multipoint
distribution feature of LTE for broadcast

Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service

= Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service

LTE

REFERENCES

References
3GPP TS 36.211 v12.5.0, Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA);
Physical channels and modulation, Mar. 2015.
3GPP TS 36.212 v12.4.0, Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA);
Multiplexing and channel coding, Mar. 2015.
3GPP TS 36.321 v 12.5.0, Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA);
Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol specification, Mar. 2015.

LTE (Long Term Evolution)

LTE-Advanced Part 1

LTE-Advanced
Table of Contents
ICIC and FFR
DSA
CoMP
Carrier Aggregation
HetNet & Small Cells
SON

LTE-Advanced
ICIC (Inter-Cell Interference Coordination)
& FFR (Fractional Frequency Reuse)
ICIC alleviates data rate degradation at cell edges due to inter-cell
interference by FFR
FFR separates the frequency bands
and allocates the band efficiently to
prevent signal interference from
adjacent eNBs

LTE-Advanced
DSA (Dynamic Subcarrier Assignment)
DSA is an improved resource allocation scheme upon static
allocation that dynamically allocate subcarriers considering
channel state conditions
Channel Gain
Channel Gain of User 2

Due to frequency selective fading,

subcarriers have different effect on users,
thus DSA can improve QoS (Quality of

of User 1

Service)
Assign
subcarriers
for User 2
Assign subcarriers for User 1

Frequency

LTE-Advanced
CoMP (Coordinated Multi Point)
CoMP improves the coverage of high data rate, cell-edge
throughput, and system throughput
CoMP coordinates multiple eNBs to communicate with an UE
Increases throughput by reducing inter-cell interference
CoMP Technologies

CS (Coordinated Scheduling)
CB (Coordinated Beamforming)
JT (Joint Transmission)
DPS (Dynamic Point Selection)

evolved Node B = eNodeB = eNB

Coordinated Multi-Point = Coordinated Multi Point

LTE-Advanced
CoMP (Coordinated Multi Point)
CS allocates different subcarriers to
UEs at cell edge to avoid inter-cell
interference

Frequency 1 Frequency 2

Frequency 3
CS (Coordinated Scheduling)

CB allocates different beam patterns to

UEs at cell edge to avoid interference
and improves reception performance
Coordinated Multi-Point
= Coordinated Multi Point

Beam
pattern 1
Nulling

Beam
pattern 2
X

CB (Coordinated Beamforming)

LTE-Advanced
CoMP (Coordinated Multi-Point)
JT improves the reception performance
by receiving data concurrently
Coordinated Multi-Point
= Coordinated Multi Point

DPS selects the TP (Transmission Point)

with better channel quality to improve the
reception performance
TP (Transmission Point)
= TX-point (Transmit Point)

Joint Transmission

JT (Joint Transmission)
Dynamic Point Selection

DPS (Dynamic Point Selection)

LTE-Advanced
CoMP (Coordinated Multi Point)
CS
Resources

CB

JT

Frequency, Frequency,
Frequency
Spatial
Spatial

DPS
Frequency,
Time,
Spatial

Number of
TPs

Single

Single

Multiple

Multiple

Decreases
Interference

Reception
Performance

Coordinated Multi-Point = Coordinated Multi Point

LTE-Advanced

REFERENCES

References
3GPP TR 36.815 v9.1.0, Further Advancements for E-UTRA; LTE-Advanced
feasibility studies in RAN WG4, Jun. 2010.
3GPP TR 36.819 v11.2.0, Coordinated multi-point operation for LTE physical layer
aspects, Sep. 2013.
3GPP TR 36.912 v12.0.0, Feasibility study for Further Advancements for E-UTRA
(LTE-Advanced), Sep. 2014.
3GPP TR 36.808 v10.1.0, Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA);
Carrier Aggregation; Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception, Jul. 2013.
3GPP TR 36.823 v11.0.1, Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA);
Carrier Aggregation Enhancements; UE and BS radio transmission and reception,
Nov. 2013.
3GPP TR 36.902 v9.3.1, Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (EUTRAN); Self-Configuring and Self-Optimizing Network (SON) Use Cases and
Solutions, Apr. 2011.

LTE (Long Term Evolution)

LTE-Advanced Part 2

LTE-Advanced
Table of Contents
ICIC and FFR
DSA
CoMP
Carrier Aggregation
HetNet & Small Cells
SON

LTE-Advanced
CA (Carrier Aggregation)
CA combines individual component carriers to increase data rate
and capacity of the networks
3 modes of CA in LTE-A

Intra-band noncontiguous CA
and inter-band CA
requires an UE to
use separate
transceivers for
each carrier

LTE-Advanced
HetNet (Heterogeneous Network) & Small Cells
Solution to increasing traffic demands
Expands network capacity
Small Cell technology is effective

Small Cell technology can use a small

cellular BS (Base Station), which can be
installed inside buildings for CRE (Cell
Range Extension) and capacity
improvement

Coverage
Extension

Increase
Capacity

LTE-Advanced
HetNet (Heterogeneous Network) & Small Cells
Macro Cell provides a few miles of wide area coverage, and Small
Cells can be categorized by their coverage, into Microcell, Picocell,
Femtocell, etc.
Various techniques to manage
heterogeneous networks with the different
sizes of cells are required (ICIC, CA, CoMP,
SON, etc.)

Small Cell (Femtocell, Picocell, etc.)

Macro Cell

LTE-Advanced
SON (Self-Organizing Network)
Manages complex and diverse cellular technology (e.g., Small
Cells and HetNet)
Automated network set up and maintenance
SON aims to configure and optimize the network automatically
by providing support for:
Expanding number of BSs (base stations)
Diverse network parameter optimization
New evolving wireless technologies

LTE-Advanced
SON Functionality
Self Configuration
Newly deployed BSs are automatically installed and configured
Self Optimization
Network entities adapt to network conditions and optimize the
network parameters for resource management, interference
control, etc.
Self Healing
Network entities automatically detect system failures and apply
solutions for the problems

LTE-Advanced

REFERENCES

References
3GPP TR 36.815 v9.1.0, Further Advancements for E-UTRA; LTE-Advanced
feasibility studies in RAN WG4, Jun. 2010.
3GPP TR 36.819 v11.2.0, Coordinated multi-point operation for LTE physical layer
aspects, Sep. 2013.
3GPP TR 36.912 v12.0.0, Feasibility study for Further Advancements for E-UTRA
(LTE-Advanced), Sep. 2014.
3GPP TR 36.808 v10.1.0, Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA);
Carrier Aggregation; Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception, Jul. 2013.
3GPP TR 36.823 v11.0.1, Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA);
Carrier Aggregation Enhancements; UE and BS radio transmission and reception,
Nov. 2013.
3GPP TR 36.902 v9.3.1, Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (EUTRAN); Self-Configuring and Self-Optimizing Network (SON) Use Cases and
Solutions, Apr. 2011.