Design of 7MW Energy Storage System

Chapter 1 Project Background
The Project
Metro Manila experience an insufficient supply of electricity due to number of illegal settlers presiding in
the banks of the outskirts of Tondo, Navotas, Quezon City and many more. Given also that Metro
Manila is the Center of economy, the demand for electricity is really a necessity. According to NGCP
(National Grid Corporation) Transmission Development Plan (TDP), Volume 1 Final report, Defines
Metro Manila, As the center of commerce and trade, it is inevitable that the demand within Metro
Manila will continue to grow, thus necessitating the expansion and/or building of new substation. The
National Capital Region accounts for about 70% of the total load Luzon load but only relies on the
import of power coming from the north and south areas. One geographical feature of Metro Manila is
its narrow land area between Manila Bay and Laguna Lake, which is only about 10 km wide. Known
that there must be a building or expansion of substation to enhance the power source, a power utility
can deliver much power that can be efficiently utilize if a smart grid with storage system will be design.
Thus a Smart Storage System was designed to sufficiently supply the peaking demand of Metro Manila
and to provide a smart transferring of energy between the substation and the storage system that
provide distribution of power to areas that has deficient power during peaking hours and to store if
there is an excess in supply to be use if needed. Different design will be the option in designing the
storage system, and the following designs are:
Solid State Battery Storage
Solid State Battery is made up of many cells that produce enough voltage if combine the
power. Each cell is made in a cylindrical period and enclosed by a steel that protected by
chromium or molybdenum.
Since 1983, Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) / NGK Insulators Ltd. (NGK) have
become the primary drivers behind the development of the NaS battery because all of its
componentssodium sulphur and ceramics can be abundantly found in Japan. First large-scale
prototype field testing took place from 19931996 using 3 x 2 MW, 6.6 kV battery banks.
Based on this trial, improved battery modules were made commercially available in 2000. The
performance was as follows:
Capacity of 25250 kW per bank
Efficiency of 87%
Lifetime of 2,500 cycles at 100% depth of discharge (DOD), or 4,500 cycles at 80% DOD
As of 2008, NaS batteries are only manufactured by one group, the NGK/TEPCO consortium,
which is producing 90 MW of storage capacity each year. The General Electric Company (GE)
announced plans to establish a NaS battery manufacturing facility in Schenectady, NY in 2009.
There is currently a demonstration project using the NGK NaS battery at the Japan Wind
1
Development Company Miura Wind Park in Japan. Japan Wind Development opened a 51
MW wind farm that incorporates a 34 MW NaS battery system at Futamata in Aomori
Prefecture in May 2008. There are already 165 MW of installed capacity base in Japan alone
as of 2007, and NGK has just announced plans to expand its NaS factory output from 90 MW a
year to 150 MW a year. Xcel Energy has announced that it will be testing a wind farm energy
storage battery based on 2050 kW NaS batteries from NGK. The 80 ton, double-semitrailersized battery is expected to have 7.2 MW hours of capacity at a charge and discharge rate of 1
MW. NaS batteries can be deployed to support the electric grid. Under some market
conditions, NaS batteries provide value via energy arbitrage (charging battery when electricity
is abundant/cheap and discharging into the grid when electricity is more valuable) and voltage
regulation. NaS batteries are a possible energy storage technology to support renewable
energy generation, specifically wind farms and solar generation plants. In the case of a wind
farm, the battery would store energy during times of high wind but low power demand. This
stored energy could then be discharged from the batteries during peak load periods. In addition
to this power shifting, it is likely that NaS batteries could be used throughout the day to assist
in stabilizing the power output of wind farms during wind fluctuations. These types of batteries
present an option for energy storage in locations where other storage options are not feasible
due to location or terrain constraints.
Air Energy Storage (LAES)
Air can turn into liquid if the temperature can be lowered into an average of -200 C. Liquid Air
Energy Storage can be used as a source of power because it can store liquid air into storage
vessels and can be used in supplying the grid if the liquid air will be reheated. Large scale
energy storage such as this can be used in peaking hours of demand. 700 liters of ambient air
can be turned into 1 liter of liquid air thus it can be used in bulk storage of liquid air. In the first
step of liquid storage, ambient air will be suck in by a large industrial scale compressor in order
to have a mass and volume of ambient air. Next is the condensation of ambient air turning it
into liquid form. Then, liquid air will be then store into Dewar to be readily used if needed. Then
if electricity is needed liquid air in Dewar will be heated to make a steam that can produce
electricity that will supply the grid.
The High View Power Storage is a privately owned, award winning technology company
located in Central London England, founded in 2005 has develop and owns the intellectual
property to a novel, large scale long duration Liquid Air Energy Storage. The company can
design a storage plant with a rating of 5MW output and 15MWh of storage capacity to
significantly more than 50MW output with 200MWh of capacity and 52GW and 185GWh.
According to Lux Research, the potential storage energy capacity by 2017 is expected to be
113.5 Billion Dollars, accounting for 185GWh of capacity. As the only new large scale, long
duration energy storage solution for increasing demand for electricity. Philippines need this
type of storage system to supply the growing demand for power especially during peaking
hours.
Flywheel Energy Storage
In the United States, electric companies deliver power at a frequency of 60 hertz to comply
with federal reliability standards. The supply of and demand for electricity fluctuate constantly,
which causes fluctuations in the frequency. A safe, reliable, and energy-efficient electricity grid
must closely balance power supply with power demand on a second-to-second basis to
maintain a constant frequency. Grid operators accomplish this frequency regulation by
requiring about 1 percent of their generating capacity to increase or decrease output in
response to frequency changes. At present, the electric power for frequency regulation comes
primarily from coal or natural gas power plants. Beacon Powers flywheel system would
provide additional electric power to the grid very quickly and, unlike fossil fuel plants, would
also draw power from the grid when the supply exceeded demand. The plant would not
generate electricity directly; rather, electricity from the grid would drive the flywheels at high
speeds when electricity supply on the grid exceeded demand. At times when demand
exceeded supply, the system would convert energy from the spinning flywheels back to
electricity and supply it to the grid. A flywheel system stores energy from the grid at times when
supply exceeds demand and thus alleviates the need to burn fuel to generate additional
electric power at times when demand exceeds supply. The plant would absorb power from the
grid when there is too much energy on the grid (which causes grid frequency to rise above 60
hertz) and reinject power back to the grid when there is not enough energy to meet load (which
causes grid frequency to drop below 60 hertz). Because the plant absorbs only slightly more
than it injects, its daily net energy use would be small. A flywheel energy storage system is the
basic unit of the proposed Chicago Heights frequency regulation plant. The basic idea of the
technology is similar to that of a hybrid car but on a scale electric utilities can use to their
advantage. A flywheel is a mechanical device that consists of a large, heavy cylinder that spins
inside a vacuum-sealed housing. The flywheel is a kinetic energy storage device that rotates at
high speeds. The flywheel rotor is completely enclosed in a cylindrical vessel about 7 feet high
and 4 feet in diameter; it is nearly frictionless and does not require maintenance.
Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)
Compressed air energy storage (CAES) is a type of energy storage facility that uses
compressed air to generate power. The storage facility is used for high demand period when
there is limited amount of source of power to be delivered to the customers. The facility is
being energized during low demand wherein it uses any excess power generated by the grid to
energize its compressor and motor in order to produce air. The produced air is then
compressed and stored in a storage tank or cavern, waiting to be released when energy is
needed.
A simple CAES requires four (4) important modules such as the motor and compressor,
storage tank/ cavern, pressure turbines, and generator. The motor and compressor accepts the
energy from grid and is responsible for the production of air. The air produced is then
compressed and stored in the cavern. Once needed for peak demand, the compressed air is
expanded through the pressure turbines which would act as external source that would
energize the generator in order to provide energy to the grid.
Two of the well-known CAES plants are located at Huntorf, Germany and at McIntosh,
Alabama, USA. The CAES plant located in Huntorf, Germany has started its operation since
1978 with an output power of 290MW in duration of 2 hours. According to its specification, it
3
can obtain its 100% capacity for only 4 hours with a roundtrip efficiency of 42%. On the other
hand, CAES plant located in McIntosh was commissioned on 1991 with an output power of
110MW in duration of 26 hours. Both plants are considered Diabatic CAES plant, which means
that they use natural gas and compressed air to generate electricity. For the Huntorf plant, the
facility requires 0.8kWh of excess electricity and 1.6kWh of gas in order to generate a 1 kWh of
electricity to the grid while the McIntosh plant uses 0.69kWh of excess electricity and 1.17kWh
of gas to generate the same amount of electricity. The difference between the two plants is that
the McIntosh uses recuperator while the Huntorf plant does not. A recuperator is equipment
that allows recovering wasted heat generated through the process of the system.
With the continuous innovation, plant engineers and designers have come up with other types
of compressed air energy storage. The most promising type is the Advanced Adiabatic
Compressed Air Energy Storage (AA-CAES). Unlike in the previous CAES, AA-CAES stores
the unused heat generated in the system and uses it in the expansion stage that would help to
generate power.
Project Objectives
To design a Smart Storage System that will supply electricity in the area of Manila, if certain area were
lack or in short supply of electricity during peak hours. The design project will automatically give off
power if there is an excess of electricity coming in the grid.
The objectives of the study are:
To supply electricity in the area of Manila during peaking hours, if the storage is fully
charge
To design a smart storage that will automatically supply if there is insufficient in power
To design a smart storage that will store automatically if there is an excess in power
To provide constraints that can identify the best design option provided.
The Client
The client of this project is Manila Electric Railroad and Light Company (Meralco)
Project Scope and Limitations

The focus of the study is about the automatic transfer of power if there is an insufficient power
occurring. It focuses on the smart storage of the system were excess power coming from the grid will
be store if there is enough power to be supplied around the region on Metro Manila. The design of
storage system is one of the important factors in this project, the study focused in the following:
Design of storage system

schedule of stored data
schedule of power to be transferred
4
The limitations of design are the following:

The design will not cover the components used in substation and generation
part.
The design will cover only the transferring and storing of power to load
specifically in Manila area
Monitoring system will be presented by Matlab software only.
Designing of storage system will be the main focus of the design.
Project Development
Start
End
Identify the problem and

classify possible solution
Final Design
Gather data in designing

a possible solution
Yes
Is the design applicable to
the system?
No
Design different alternative

solutions to make a best
resolution
Plan the applicable

design referring to design
constraints
Formulate the best design

Is the design valid in the
constraints?
No
Yes
Figure 1-2. Project Development of the Project
The project development shows the step by step solution on how to implement the project. It starts in
identifying the problem that was enduring in Metro Manila following the gathering of possible solution to
the problem. The next process was the designing of alternative solution to best set off the constraints
and come up to best design. If the design was valid for the constraints it will be formulate further.
Chapter 2 Design Inputs
Single Line Diagram
Figure 2-1 Single Line Diagram of some Parts in Metro Manila

The diagram shows the Single Line Diagram of Metro Manila wherein some substation in Manila were
shown. The entire yellow colored substation represents 115kV line, in which the design project will be
connected, and red colored substation had rated 230kV.
Project Site
Figure 2-2 Location of map of Metro Manila
Figure 2-3 Site Development Plan

In figure 2-2 it is shown the franchise area of Meralco. It has a 31 cities and 80 Municipality with an
area of 9,337 square km wherein it is the 3% of the Philippines. Meralco also supplies customer of
almost about 30 manufacturing economic zones. It is also estimated that 60% of Philippine
manufacturing output is from Meralcos service area. In Figure 2-3 it is shown the location of the project
to be implemented, located at Tutuban Center Mall near Tutuban Substation. The project location is the
best choice due to its advantage in distance, a project design near a substation can be economic
because of short wires to be used.
Load Forecast
Transmission Development Plan (TDP) Forecast 2012

50,000
45,000
40,000
35,000
2019
30,000
2018
25,000
2017
20,000
Total MVA
2016
15,000
2015
10,000
2014
5,000
2013
Metro Manila Loading
Figure 2-4 Transmission Development Plan Forecasts of 2012

In Figure 2-4 the total load consumption of the area of Manila in the year 2013 to the year 2020. It was
stated that in 2013 there were 5,908 MVA of load consumption were forecasted in Total loadings by
Meralco. And in 2020, the total MVA load will expand significantly by 7,574 totals loading of Meralco for
only 7 years. The total load of Metro Manila was also stated in the graph having information of 4,316
MVA load in 2013 and a 5,313 MVA by the year 2020.
Metro Manila Population Growth Rate
Figure 2-5 Metro Manila: 2020 Growth Rate

According to May Antoinette Ajero of Manila Observatory report about Future Emission of Metro Manila,
it is shown in Figure 2-5 the rapid growth of Metro Manila. It can be seen that in 1970 the population of
Filipinos are only 5.93 millions growing from 7.95 in 1990 and to 19.43 million in 2030. Growing
population means growing demand for electricity. Peaking hour demand for electricity must be double
the size of its total demand in the succeeding year.
10
Luzon Grid Supply Demand outlook by Department of Energy (DOE) and Metro Manila Energy
Consumption
Figure 2-6 Metro Manila Energy Consumption in mega watt hour (MW-hr)
11
Figure 2-7 Luzon Grid Supply Demand outlook by Department of Energy (DOE)
In the figure above it is shown the large amount of supply (MW) is needed in the year of 2030 in the
area of Luzon. Required additional capacity is needed to be able to supply the growing demand of the
masses. In 2030, only 9.4GW will be produce and will be insufficient to 20GW of power required. There
are still 900 MW needed in order to supply the whole area and to continue its operation. In Metro
Manila it is shown in Figure 2-6 the growth demand for energy, the electricity demand includes
residential, commercial, industrial, and streetlights.
12
Chapter 3: Design Project

Proposed Design
SMART STORAGE
SYSTEM
DESIGN OF
STORAGE
SYSTEM
Stage 1
DESIGN 1
SOLID STATE
BATTERY
DESIGN 2
LIQUID AIR
ENERGY STORAGE
OPTION 1:
Liquid Nitrogen
OPTION 1:
Lead Acid
Battery
OPTION 2:
NickelCadmium
OPTION 1:
Disc Type
DESIGN 4
COMPRESSED AIR
ENERGY STORAGE
OPTION 1:
Liquid
Sodium
OPTION 3:
Liquid Argon
OPTION 2:
Liquid Oxygen
OPTION 3:
Lithium-ion
DESIGN 3
Flywheels
OPTION 2:
Modified constant
Stress type
OPTION 2:
Styrene
OPTION 3:
Conical disc
Stage 2
Smart
Communication
System using Matlab
Simulink
Figure 3-1. Proposed Design of Smart Storage System, Metro Manila
The proposed design of the Smart Storage System is composed of different types of storage to be
used in the system in order to create a smart system in storing and supplying of electricity. It is shown
in Figure 3-1 the type of storage that can be design but will be chosen carefully using design
constraints.
13
OPTION 3:
Ethylene
Glycol
Design 1: Solid State Batteries
GRID
TRANSFORMER
GRID
RECTIFIER
BATTERY
TRANSFORMER
INVERTER
Figure 3-2 Solid State Battery Energy Storage System Process and System
Option 1: Design of a 7MW Energy Storage System using Lead-Acid Battery
Transformer Sizing
P
S = pf
S = VA rating of Transformer
P = 7MW
Pf = 0.8
7MW
S = 0.8
S = 8.85 MVA
USE: 10MVA, 13.8/220V, 3, 60Hz. Power Transformer
IEC-60071-1 - Power Transformers.

Part1 - General. Clause 4 Rating, p.31
Transformer Primary and Secondary Protection

S
I=
3 VL
I =incoming current
S = transformer MVA rating
VL = voltage line
(10MVA)
I incoming = 3 (13.8KV)
Philippine Electrical Code Part1
Volume1 (2009) Table 4.50.1.3(a)
Maximum Rating or Setting of
Overcurrent Protection for Transformers
Over 600 Volts, p. 758
I incoming = 418.37 A
Transformer Primary Protection = IFL x 400%
Transformer Primary Protection = 418.37 x 4
14
Transformer Primary Protection = 1673.48 A

Use 1600AT, 2000AF, 3P, Power Circuit Breaker
Feeder Sizing
IFEEDER = 1.25 x IFL
IFEEDER = 1.25 x 418.36A
IFEEDER = 522.95 A
Use 3 sets-250 mm2 Type MV-105 at 105C

Volume1 (2009) Table 3.10.1.67,
p.363
Transformer Secondary Protection = I FL x 250%

Transformer Secondary Protection = 418.36 A x 2.5
Transformer Secondary Protection = 1045.9 A
NFPA-NEC 2014 Article 215. Feeders

Minimum Rating and Size, Feeders
Over 600 Volts, p.64
Rectifier / Charging Sizing

It should be sized to supply the inverter at full load and also to charge batteries.
S
I L,DC =
Vdc
Where
I L,DC
= design DC load current (full load)
S = selected rectifier kVA rating

Vdc = nominal dc voltage
I L,DC =
S
Vdc
I L,DC =
15KVA
48V
I L,DC
= 312.5 A.
IEC-62477-1 - Safety Requirements for

Power Electronic Converter Systems
and Equipment.
Feeder Sizing
IFeeder,DC = IL,DC x 1.25
IFeeder,DC = 312.5A x 1.25
IFeeder,DC = 390.625 A
Philippine Electrical Code 3.10.1.16,

p.350
15
Use 2-sets of 125mm2 TW conductor

Overcurrent Protection Sizing
Overcurrent Protection = IL,DC x 1.25
Overcurrent Protection = 312.5 x 1.25
Overcurrent Protection = 390.625 A

p.169
Use 400AT Circuit Breaker

Maximum Battery Charging Current
IC
C x Kt
= Tc
Where
Ic = maximum DC charge current (A)
C = selected battery capacity (Ah)
Kt = recharge efficiency/loss factor (typically 1.1)
Tc = minimum battery recharge time (hours)
C x Kt
Ic = Tc
35Ah x 1.1
Ic = 1 hour

and Equipment.
Ic = 38.5A.
Total minimum DC rectifier/charger current
I DC = I L,DC + I C
I DC = 312.5 A+38.5 A
IEC-62477-1 - Safety Requirements
for Power Electronic Converter
Systems and Equipment.
I DC = 351 A
Fully de-rated minimum charge controller (A)
= IDC x 1.25 (additional protecting factor)
= 351A x 1.25 = 438.75A

Use 450A Charge Controller

16
Battery Sizing: Using Lead-Acid Battery

Step by step processes computation of the battery capacity (Ampere-hour).
Step 1: Calculate the Capacity of Storage System.
Given an average load of 7MW-hr using 4000 batteries in an hour are going to be used as desired
energy storage for Manila in 1 hour.
Desired Energy Storage = 7MW-hr.
7MW-hr
4000 Batteries
IEEE-446 - IEEE Recommended

Practice for Emergency and Standby
Power Systems for Industrial and
Commercial Applications
Desired Energy/Battery = 1,750 W-hr. / Battery
Step 2: Calculate the number of cells in series.

Vmax
Maximum number of cells = Cell recharge voltage
Where
Vmax = Maximum allowable voltage of the system = 52V
Cell recharge voltage = 2.3V / cell
IEEE Std. 485 (1997, R2003)
52V
Recommended Practice for Sizing LeadMaximum number of cells = 2.3V/cell
Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications
Maximum number of cells = 22 cells
Step 3: Calculate the End-of-Discharge Voltage (EOD).
If the manufacturer did not specify the end-of-discharge voltage of the battery, use the formula below to
determine the rate of end-of-discharge voltage of the battery.
IEEE Std. 485 (1997, R2003)
Vmin
Practice for Sizing LeadCalculated EOD cell voltage = maximum number ofRecommended
cells
Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications
Where
Vmin = minimum system voltage
EOD = 1.75 to 1.8 V/cell when discharging over longer than 1 hour
EOD = 1.67V/cell when discharging for short duration (<15 minutes)
Step 4: Determine the battery capacity (Ah).
17
Ed ( Ka x Kt x Kc)
C min = Vdc x Kdod
Where
C min = minimum battery capacity (Ah)
Ed = desired energy over the autonomy time (V-Ah or W-hr.)
Vdc = nominal battery voltage
Ka =battery ageing factor (1.25)
Kt =temperature correction factor @ 25 Degrees Celsius
Kc = capacity rating factor
Kdod = maximum depth of discharge (100%)
IEEE-485
Table
1-Temperature
Ed = 1750 V-Ah.
correction factors for lead-acid batteries
Kt = 0.69 @ 25 degrees Celsius
Ka = 1.25
Vdc = 48V
Kdod = 100%
Kc = 1.1
Ed ( Ka x Kt x Kc)
C min = Vdc x Kdod
(1750VA-h)( 1.25 x 0.69 x 1.1)
C min = 48V x 1

C min = 35 Ampere-hour
Power Losses
P losses/battery = (I2) (R)
Where
I = battery current
R = internal resistance of the battery
Internal Resistance of a Lead-Acid Battery = 50m (According to Battery University)
P losses/battery = (352) (50m)
P losses/battery = 61.25W
Total P losses = (61.5W per battery) (4000 batteries)
Total P losses = 245KW
Battery Poutput = Pstored Plosses
Battery Poutput = 6.72MW 245KW
Battery Poutput = 6.475MW
Inverter Sizing
18
Inverter P rating =
x (no. of batteries per inverter)

( KW
battery )
KW load = (1.75KW/battery)
No. of batteries to be used per inverter = 500 batteries
Inverter Prating = (1.75KW/battery) x (500 batteries/inverter)
Inverter Prating = 875 KW inverter

and Equipment.
ABB Central Inverters PVS 800 (100-1000KW), Euro-eta (efficiency = 98.5%) is available in market
Since the station has 4000 batteries, in order to get the number of inverters to be used, multiply the
number of inverters per battery used to total numbers of batteries used in a station.
Number of inverters = (inverter/batteries used) x (total numbers of batteries in a station)
Number of inverters = (inverter/500 batteries) x (4000 batteries)
Number of inverters =8 inverters
Power Output of the System
Power Output = (Pinput) (Inverter efficiency)
Power Output = (809.375KW)(8)(0.985)
Power Output = 6.38MW
Carbon Emission
CO2 = Energy Consumed (KWh) x Emission Factor (kg CO 2/KWh)
CO2 = 6,380 KWh x 0.07 kg CO2/KWh
CO2 = 446.6 kg CO2
Pout
x 100%
Total Efficiency of the System = Pin
6.38MW
x 100%
Total Efficiency of the System = 7MW
Total Efficiency of the System = 91.14%
Transformer Sizing
P
S = pf
P = 6.38 MW
Pf = 0.8
19
6.38MW
S = 0.8
S = 7.975 MVA
USE: 10MVA, 220/13.8V, 3, 60Hz. Power Transformer

Transformer Protection
S
I = 3 VL
I =incoming current
VL = voltage line
I incoming =
(10MVA)
3 (13.8KV)

Volume1 (2009) Table 4.50.1.3(a)
Transformer High Voltage Protection = IFL x 400%

Transformer High Voltage Protection = 418.37 x 4
Transformer High Voltage Protection = 1673.48 A
Feeder Sizing
IFEEDER = 1.25 x 418.36A
Volume1 (2009) Table 3.10.1.67,
p.363
IFEEDER = 522.95 A
Option 2: Design of a 7MW Energy Storage System using Nickel-Cadmium Battery

Transformer Sizing
20
P
S = pf
P = 7MW
Pf = 0.8
7MW
S = 0.8
S = 8.85 MVA

Part1 - General. Clause 4 -Rating.

S
I=
3 VL
I =incoming current
VL = voltage line
(10MVA)

Volume1 (2009) Table 4.50.1.3(a)
Feeder Sizing
IFEEDER = 1.25 x 418.36A
IFEEDER = 522.95 A

Volume1 (2009) Table 3.10.1.67,
p.363


21
I L,DC =
S
Vdc
Where
I L,DC

I L,DC =
S
Vdc
I L,DC =
15KVA
48V
I L,DC
= 312.5 A.

and Equipment.
Feeder Sizing

p.350


p.169

IC
C x Kt
= Tc
Where
22

C x Kt
Ic = Tc

and Equipment.
35Ah x 1.1
Ic = 1 hour
Ic = 38.5A.
I DC = I L,DC + I C

and Equipment.
I DC = 312.5 A+38.5 A
I DC = 351 A
= 351A x 1.25 =438.75A

and Equipment.

Battery Sizing: Using Nickel-Cadmium Battery

Step 1: Collect the battery loads and calculate the design energy.
7MW-hr
4000 Batteries


23

Vmax
Vmax = 52 Volts DC
Cell recharge voltage = 1.46 Volts/Cell
52V
Maximum number of cells = 1.46V/cell


Step 3: End-of-Discharge Voltage for Nickel-Cadmium Battery
IEEE Std. 1115-1992 - IEEE
Recommended Practice for Sizing
Nickel-Cadmium Batteries for Stationary
Applications
EOD = 1.0 to 1.14 V/cell.

Step 4: Determine the battery capacity (Ah)
Ed ( Ka x Kt x Kc)
C min = Vdc x Kdod
Where
Ed = design energy over the autonomy time (V-Ah)
Ed = 1750 Wh.
Ka = 1.25
Vdc = 48 V
Kdod = 100%
Kc = 1.1
(1750Wh)( 1.25 x 0.7 x 1.1)
C min = 48V x 1
Power Losses
24

Where
I = battery current
Internal Resistance of a Nickel Cadmium Battery = 155m (According to Battery University)
Total P losses = 759.5KW
Battery Poutput = 6.72MW 759.5KW
Battery Poutput = 5.9605 MW
Inverter Sizing
Inverter P rating =

( KW
battery )
Power Output = (745.0625KW)(8)(0.985)
Power Output = 5.87 MW
Carbon Emission
CO2 =5,870 KWh x 0.21 kg CO2/KWh
CO2 = 1232.7 CO2
25
Pout
x 100%
5.87MW
x 100%
Total Efficiency of the System = 83.86 %
Transformer Sizing
P
S = pf
P = 5.87 MW
Pf = 0.8
5.87MW
S = 0.8

S = 7.34 MVA
USE: 7.5 MVA, 220/13.8V, 3, 60Hz. Power Transformer
S
I=
3 VL
I =incoming current
VL = voltage line
I incoming =
(7.5MVA)
3 (13.8KV)
Transformer High Voltage Protection = 313.78 A x 4
Transformer High Voltage Protection = 1255 A
Feeder Sizing
26

Volume1 (2009) Table 4.50.1.3(a)
IFEEDER = 1.25 x 313.78A

IFEEDER = 392.225 A

Volume1 (2009) Table 3.10.1.67,
p.363
Option 3: Design of a 7MW Energy Storage System using Lithium-Ion Battery
Transformer Sizing
P
S = pf
P = 7MW
Pf = 0.8
7MW
S = 0.8

S = 8.85 MVA

S
I=
3 VL
I =incoming current
VL = voltage line
(10MVA)

Volume1 (2009) Table 4.50.1.3(a)

27

Feeder Sizing
IFEEDER = 1.25 x 418.37A
IFEEDER = 522.96 A

Volume1 (2009) Table 3.10.1.67,
p.363



S
I L,DC =
Vdc
Where
I L,DC

I L,DC =
S
Vdc
I L,DC =
15KVA
48V
I L,DC
= 312.5 A

and Equipment.
Feeder Sizing

p.350

28

p.169

IC
C x Kt
= Tc
Where
C x Kt
Ic = Tc
35Ah x 1.1
Ic = 1 hour

and Equipment.
Ic = 38.5A.

I DC = I L,DC + I C
and Equipment.
I DC = 312.5 A+38.5 A
I DC = 351 A

and Equipment.
= 351 x 1.25 =438.75A

29
Battery Sizing: Using Lithium-Ion Batteries

Step 1: Collect the battery loads and calculate the design energy.
7MW-hr
= 4000 Batteries
IEEE-446 - IEEE Recommended Practice for Emergency

and Standby Power Systems for Industrial and

Vmax
Vmax = 52 Volts DC
Cell recharge voltage = 2 Volts/Cell
Maximum number of cells =
52V
2V/cell
IEEE-446 - IEEE Recommended Practice for Emergency


Step 3: End-of-Discharge Voltage for Lithium-Ion Battery
Vmin
Calculated EOD cell voltage = maximum number of cells
Where
EOD = (48V / 26 cells)
EOD = 1.85 V/cell
IEEE-446-IEEE Recommended Practice for

Emergency and Standby Power Systems for
Industrial and Commercial Applications
30
Step 4: Determine the battery capacity (Ah)

Ed ( Ka x Kt x Kc)
C min = Vdc x Kdod
Where
Ed = design energy over the autonomy time (W hr.)
Ed = 1750 W hr.
Ka = 1.25
Vdc =48 V
Kdod = 100%
Kc = 1.1
IEEE-446-IEEE
Recommended Practice for Emergency
(1750Wh)( 0.6102 x 1.43x
1.1)
C min = 48V x 1
Power Losses
Where
I = battery current
31
Internal Resistance of a Lithium-Ion Battery = 160m (According to Battery University)

P losses/battery = 196W
Total P losses = (196W per battery) (4000 batteries)
Total P losses = 784 KW

Battery Poutput = 5.936 MW
Inverter Sizing
Inverter P rating =

( KW
battery )
IEC-62477-1 - Safety Requirements for Power

Electronic Converter Systems and Equipment.

32
Power Output = (742KW)(8)(0.985)

Power Output = 5.85 MW
Carbon Emission
CO2 = 5,850 KWh x 1.23 kg CO2/KWh
CO2 = 7,195.5 kg CO2
Pout
x 100%
5.85MW
x 100%
Total Efficiency of the System = 83.57 %
Transformer Sizing
P
S = pf
P = 5.87 MW
Pf = 0.8
4.54MW
S = 0.8
S = 5.675 MVA
USE: 7 MVA, 220/13.8V, 3, 60Hz. Power Transformer
33

S
I=
3 VL
I =incoming current
VL = voltage line
I incoming =
(7MVA)
3 (13.8KV)

Transformer High Voltage Protection = 292.86 A x 4
Philippine Electrical Code Part1 Volume1 (2009) Table
4.50.1.3(a) Maximum Rating or Setting of Overcurrent
Protection for Transformers Over 600 Volts, p.758

Feeder Sizing
IFEEDER = 1.25 x 292.86A
IFEEDER = 366.075 A
2
Use 3 sets-125 mm Type MV-105 at 105C
Philippine Electrical Code Part1 Volume1 (2009)

Table 3.10.1.67, p.363
34
Design 2: Liquid Air Energy Storage

Grid
Compressor
Condenser
Steam
turbine/
Generator
Liquid air
Storage
Grid
Figure 3-3. Liquid Air Energy Storage process

Liquid Air energy Storage is a process when ambient air turns into liquid to be stored and to be used if
power is insufficient to a grid. In Figure 3-2, it shows the process and stages on how power will be
stored and be used as extra energy if shortage in supply occurs during peaking hours.
A) Selection of high voltage equipment on the incoming side of the storage system
a) Transformer design
I incoming
P
= ( 3) ( VL )(Pf)
P
S = Pf
35
Where;
I incoming
= current coming from the grid (kA)
P=Power of the grid (MW)

VL
= Line voltage (kV)
S= Apparent power of the line

Pf= assumed power factor (80%)
I incoming
266
= ( 3)(115)(0.80)
I incoming
= 1669.30 A 1.7 kA
P
S = Pf
S=
266
0.8
International Standards IEC 60076-1

Power transformer, Part 1 General,
Clause 4: Ratings, p.31
S = 332.5 MVA
Use 3 phase, 115 kV/13.2 kV, 60 Hz Power Transformer to supply the motor of the compressor.
Where the motor compressor needs to be power up by 13.2 kV and 310 kW.
b) HV circuit Breakers
I incoming
3 V
Where:
I incoming
= Current coming from the Grid
S = Apparent Power
V= Voltage
36
I incoming
332.5x 106
= 3 13.2x 103
I incoming
= 14.54 k
Therefore Used 15kAT, 15kAF, 3P, 60Hz, Molded Case Circuit Breaker
c) Wire sizing
S
I incoming
I FL
I incoming
=(
3 V
) (1.25)
Where:
I incoming
S = Apparent Power
V= Voltage
I incoming
332.5x 106
= 3 13.2x 103
I incoming
= 14.54 kA
I FL
= (14.54 kA) (1.25)
I FL
=18.125 kAIC
Philippine Electrical Code 2009 Article

2.15.1.2 feeders Minimum and Size
ratings
18KAIC
Minimum Feeder-circuit conductor size, shall have an allowable ampacity equal to or greater than the
non continuous load plus 125% of the continuous load.
2
Use 3 sets 26 each AWG 000 wire, 260A, 107 mm , copper wire at storage side.
B) Charging System
a) Selection of Industrial Compressor and Condenser for charging system
37
To determine the proper motor size of the compressor and the motor compressor, some parameters
was computed to give proper size and rating for the equipment.
Compute for standard volume flow rate of ambient air
V SCFM
C v P x Po
Sg
Where;
V SCFM
Cv
= Standard Volume flow rate
= Flow coefficient of air
P = change in pressure ( Po - Pi )
Po
Pi
= outlet pressure (psia)

= inlet pressure (psia)
Sg
= Specific gravity of air

(0.8) ( 100.00352-36.20505 ) x (100.00352)
1.00
V SCFM
V SCFM
= 63.9003 CFM (cubic feet per minute)
3
1.8095 m / min
Average air temperature in the Philippines is 26.6C or 79.88F

32F is to 1 bar then 26.6C = 79.88F is to 2.49625 bar
STP - Standard Temperature and

Pressure - defined by IUPAC
(International Union of Pure and
Applied Chemistry) as air at 0oC
(273.15 K, 32 oF) and 105 pascals
When pressure is low, temperature is low and when temperature is high, pressure is high. An
assumed output pressure of 6.895 bar is used.
Calculating mass flow and density of the free air delivered.

=
V SCFM
38
Pfree
= R Tfree
Where;
= mass flow rate (kg / min)
= density (kg/ m
Pfree
= Free air pressure standard condition (pa)
T free
= Free air temperature standard condition (K)
R = gas constant
5
1.0135x 10
= 287x (273+20)
3
= 1.2052 kg/ m
= (1.2052) (1.8095)
= 2.1808 kg / min
Calculate compressed air temperature
To
Po n-1
Ti (
)n
Pi
Where;
To
Ti
= Compressed temperature (K)

= Intake temperature (K)
n= Polytropic index (isentropic)

To
To
1.4-1
6.895
1.4
(273+26.6)(
)
=
2.49625
= 400.4965 K
39
Power absorbed by the free air

n
W = n-1
1.4
W = 1.4-1
R(
To
Ti
(2.1808) (287) (400.4965- 299.6 )
W = 221.0252 kW
Motor Powered Required;
W
= N c Nd
Wm
Where;
Wm
= Motor power required
Nc
= Compressor Mechanical efficiency
Nd
= Motor and transmission efficiency
Wm
221.0252
= ( 0.85x0.85 )
Wm
= 305.9173 kW = 410 Hp
NEMA
MG-1:
Motors
and
Generators.
20.5.6
Preferred
Machine Power and voltage rating,
part 20, p.3
Use ASHH - NEMA PREMIUM 450 Hp, 13.2 kV, 60 Hz, 3600 RPM, totally enclosed and fan cooled
induction motor for compressor to operate at given work of the equipment.
For proper approximation based on Compressed Air Energy Efficiency by A.Bathia, overview section
stated that 1 CFM = 1Hp. It was stated that a good approximation of compressor must have a 1 to 1
ration between CFM and horsepower to have an economical design.
410 CFM delivered per 410 Hp
Compressed Air Energy Efficiency

Course No: M06-013, Credit: 6 PDH,
By: A. Bhatia, overview section
Compressor indicated power

40
Wc
n
= n-1 R
Wc
1.4
= 1.4-1
Wc
Ti
p 2 n-1
n
[ (p )
1
1.4-1
6.895
1.4
(
)
(2.1808) (287) (299.6) [ 2.49625
221.0252 kW
Compressor power was indicated as 221 kW

Option 1: Liquid Nitrogen
b) Condenser thermal design
Determining the Logarithmic Mean Difference Temperature (LMDT) for temperature heat transfer using
a Counter flow heat exchanger method of cooling.
T LNo - TLNi
T
T = ln sat- T
T sat- T
LNi
LNo
Where:
T sat
= saturated vapor of the fluid (liquid Nitrogen)
T LNi
= coolant inlet temperature (liquid oxygen)
T LNo
= coolant outlet temperature (Liquid oxygen)
-23-(-182.96)
-196 -(182.96)
T = ln
-196-(-23)
T = -61.8736 C
The LMDT was a negative value meaning there is no heat transfer in the system and shows only
cryogenic method of condensation where air liquefies due to extreme low temperature.
41
Determine the quantity of condensate (liquid nitrogen)

Where;
Carbon dioxide Molecular Weight = 44.01
Nitrogen Molecular Weight = 28.014
PN
= 453.786 mmHg @ -200 C
= 5171.67 mmHg @ 127.3465 C

TN
2,in
TN
2,out
Psys
= 127.3465 C
= -200 C
= 6000 mmHg
( mmHg ) ( ft3 )
R = 998.9 (lb-mole)(K)
ECO
= quantity of carbon dioxide
Assume large percent of carbon dioxide exits the vent as emission due to extreme lower temperature
of the output needed in order to achieve liquefaction of nitrogen, Carbon dioxide cannot liquefy in
-200C and completely exits as vapor.
n CO
(PCO )(CFM)
= RT
n CO
(6000)(410)
= ( 998.9)(400.4965 )
n CO
= 6.1491 lb-moles
ECO
= (44.01) (6.1491)
ECO
= 270.62 lb
42
The inlet temperature of the vent have a 127.3465 C, the percent level of nitrogen in an ambient air
coming out in the compressor is 78.09 %. Calculate initial pressure of nitrogen in the system at
127.3465 C and partial pressure of Carbon Dioxide.
PN
=(
PN
= (0.7809) (5171.67)
PN
= 4038.56 mmHg
N2 %
) (
PCO
PCO
= (6000) (4038.56)
PCO
= 1961.4394 mmHg
Psys
PN
PN @127.
Calculate the mass of Nitrogen entering the condenser

nN
n CO
PN
= PCO
nN
( PN ) ( n CO )
2
nN
nN
= PCO
( 4038.56 ) (6.1491)
= 1916.4394
=12.66 lb-moles
EN ,in
=(
EN ,in
= (12.66) (28.014)
FN ,in
= 354.65724 lb
nN
) (MWt)
43
Calculate partial pressure of Carbon Dioxide at condenser exit having the temperature of -200 C to
calculate the quantity of nitrogen that exits as emission.
PCO @-200
=(
PCO @-200
= (6000) (453.786)
PCO @-200
= 5546.214 mmHg
Psys
PN @-200
)(
Calculate Nitrogen emission at the exit vent and quantity of nitrogen as liquid form (Condensate)
n N ,exit
( P N @-200)
= PCO @-200 C
n CO
2
n N ,exit
2
( PN @-200 ) ( n CO )
2
= PCO @-200
2
n N ,exit
( 453.786 ) (6.1491)
= 5546.214
n N ,exit
= 0.50311 lb-moles
EN ,exit
=(
EN ,exit
= (0.50311) (28.014)
EN ,exit
= 14.09 lb
EN ,exit
=(
EN ,exit
= (354.65724) - ( 14.09 )
EN ,exit
= 340.57 lb
n N ,exit
2
FN ,in
2
) (MWt)
)-(
EN ,exit
2
44
EN ,exit
= FN ,in
E% Nitrogen
x 100
E% Nitrogen
14.09
= 354.65724 x 100
E% Nitrogen
= 3.97
Condensate%Nitrogen
= 100% -3.97% = 96.03%
Table 3-1. Summary of Result for Liquid Nitrogen (LIN)
Liquid Nitrogen (
N2
)
Carbon dioxide (
CO2
)
Condenser Inlet
354.66 lb
Condenser Condensate Condenser Exit Vapor

340.57 lb, 96.03%
14.09 lb, 3.97%
270.62 lb
0 lb, 0%
270.62 lb, 100%
The Nitrogen turns into liquid phase where 96.03% of the inlet amount turns into Condensate.
Carbon dioxide exits the vent as a gas because it doesnt achieve the liquid phase temperature.
A small amount of Nitrogen also exits as a vapor due to large volume of ambient air in the inlet,
where not all Nitrogen can completely turn into its liquid phase 100%.
C) Energy Storage
For energy storage, an insulated low pressure tank was used to store liquid Nitrogen.
N
3
= 808 kg/ m @ -200 C, 453.786 mmHg
LN ,exit
2
LN , exit
= VN
VN
= 340.57 lb 154.48 kg
LN ,exit
= N
2
45
VN
VN
154.48
808
= 0.1911881 m
CryoExtra
High-Efficiency
Cryogenic Storage Systems tank
for air gasses, CE8140, LIN, LOX,
LAR
191.1881 liters
Used CE8140, with gross capacity of 797 Liters. With insulating powder made of Perlite mineral.
Inner vessel of low temperature low temperature resistant austenitic steel and outer vessel of
carbon steel. Overall diameter of 11 m and overall height of 17 m.
D) Power Recovery
Calculate for evaporation rate or the mass flow of the Liquid nitrogen given the overall diameter of the
storage tank used as 11.25 m or 36.92 ft. The liquid nitrogen was heated to 25 C.
Ki
Mo 1/3
K
(
= o M )
i
d
A= 4
sat
(M i )(K i )(A )(P i )

=
( R ) ( TL )
En-1
Where;
Ki
= Mass transfer coefficient
Ko
= Mass transfer coefficient of water (base reference)
Mo
= Molecular weight of water (base reference)
Mi
= Molecular weight of the volatile substance
En-1
= Evaporation rate/mass flow
46
sat
Pi
= saturated vapor pressure
Ki
18.02 1/3
= (0.83)( 28.014 )
Ki
3600 s ft
= (0.7165 cm/s) ( 30.48 hr cm )
Ki
= 84.62 ft/hr
Psat
i
=23.7290 mmHg
(36.92)2
A= 4
2
A =1070.57 ft
En-1
( 28.014 ) ( 84.62 )( 1070.57 ) (23.7290)

=
( 998.9 ) (298.15)
En-1
= 202.2 lb/hr 91.72 kg/hr
Calculate the power output of the steam turbine to be used back in the grid.
PT
=(
nt
)(
En-1
)(
CP
)(
T in
) 10
Where;
PT
= Power generated
nt
= Turbine efficiency
En-1
= mass flow
CP
= Gas constant
47
T in
= Temperature input
PT
= (0.90) (91.72) (1.04) (298.15) 10
PT
= 255.96kW 256kW
Power output of 256 kW was used by heating liquid Nitrogen at 25 C. 256 kW can be used back
in the grid if needed and can be supply immediately. To bring power of 7 MW to the grid, a
multiple stage of 27 single unit of Liquid Nitrogen System will be design to produce the desired
power output and having power input of 8.262MW. A 7 MW will be supplying back to the grid
during peaking hours.
Option 2: Liquid Oxygen
Determine the quantity of condensate (liquid oxygen)
Where;
Oxygen Molecular Weight = 31.993
PO
= 455.999 mmHg @ -200 C
= 5171.67 mmHg @ 127.3465 C

TO
2,in
TO
2,out
Psys
= 127.3465 C
= -200 C
= 6000 mmHg
( mmHg ) ( ft3 )
R = 998.9 (lb-mole)(K)
ECO
48
of the output needed in order to achieve liquefaction of Oxygen, Carbon dioxide cannot liquefy in
-200C and completely exits as vapor.
n CO
(Psys )(CFM)
= RT
n CO
n CO
= 6.1491 lb-moles
(6000)(410)
( 998.9)(400.4965 )
ECO
= (44.01) (6.1491)
ECO
= 270.62 lb
The inlet temperature of the vent have a 127.3465 C, the percent level of Oxygen in an ambient air
coming out in the compressor is 20.95 %. Calculate initial pressure of Oxygen in the system at
127.3465 C and partial pressure of Carbon Dioxide.
PO
=(
PO
= (0.2095) (5171.67)
PO
= 1083.46 mmHg
O2 %
) (
PO @127.
PCO
PCO
= (6000) (1083.46)
PCO
= 4916.54 mmHg
Psys
PO
Calculate the mass of Oxygen entering the condenser

nO
PO
n CO
= PCO
49
( PO ) ( nCO )
nO
= PCO
nO
nO
( 1083.46 ) (6.1491)
= 4916.54
=1.3551 lb-moles
EO ,in
=(
EO ,in
= (1.3551) (31.993)
FO ,in
= 43.3537 lb
nO
) (MWt)
calculate the quantity of Oxygen that exits as emission.
PCO @-200
2
=(
PCO @-200
2
= (6000) (455.999)
PCO @-200
= 5544.001 mmHg
Psys
)(
PO @-200 C
2
Calculate Oxygen emission at the exit vent and quantity of Oxygen as liquid form (Condensate)
n O ,exit
( PO @-200 )
= PCO @-200 C
n CO
2
n O ,exit
2
( PO @-200 ) ( n CO )
2
= PCO @-200
2
n O ,exit
2
( 455.999 ) (6.1491)
= 5544.001
50
n O ,exit
= 0.5057 lb-moles
EO ,exit
=(
EO ,exit
= (0.5057) (31.993)
EO ,exit
= 16.18 lb
LO ,exit
=(
LO ,exit
= (43.3537) - (16.18)
LO ,exit
=27.17 lb
E% Oxygen
n O , exit
) (MWt)
FO , in
2
)-(
EO , exit
2
EO ,exit
2
= FO ,in
x 100
E% Oxygen
16.18
= 43.3537 x 100
E% Oxygen
= 37.32%
Condensate%Oxygen
= 100% -37.32% = 62.68%
Table 3-2. Summary of Result for Liquid Oxygen (LOX)
Liquid Oxygen (
O2
Carbon dioxide (
CO2
)
Condenser Inlet
43.3537 lb
Condenser Condensate
27.17 lb, 62.68%
Condenser Exit Vapor

16.18 lb, 37.32%
270.62 lb
0 lb, 0%
270.62 lb, 100%
The Oxygen has a 62.68% of liquid form on the outlet of the condenser and Carbon dioxide
simply exits the vent as vapor due to its low boiling point of -78.5 C
51
C) Energy Storage
For energy storage, an insulated low pressure tank was used to store liquid Oxygen.
O
3
= 1141 kg/ m @ -200 C, 453.786 mmHg
LO ,exit
2
= 27.17 lb 12.315033 kg
LO ,exit
= VO
2
VO
LO ,exit
2
VO
VO
= O
CryoExtra High-Efficiency
LAR
12.315033
= 1141
3
= 0.010793 m 10.7932 liters
D) Power Recovery
Calculate for evaporation rate of the Liquid Oxygen by heating given the overall diameter of the storage
tank used as 1,600 m or 5249.344 ft. The liquid nitrogen was heated to 25 C.
Ki
Mo 1 /3
K
(
= o M )
i
d2
A= 4
En-1
(M i )(K i )(A )(P sat

i )
=
( R ) ( TL )
Where;
52
Ki
Ko
Mo
Mi
En-1
= Evaporation rate
Psat
i
Ki
18.02 1/3
(0.83)(
)
=
31.993
Ki
3600 s ft
= (0.6855 cm/s) ( 30.48 hr cm )
Ki
= 80.48 ft/hr
Psat
i
=25.8308 mmHg
(36.92)2
A= 4
2
A =1070.57 ft
En-1
( 31.993 )( 84.62 ) ( 1070.57 ) (25.8308)

=
( 998.9 ) (298.15)
En-1
= 251.4 lb/hr 114 kg/hr
PT
=(
nt
) () (
CP
)(
T in
) 10
53
Where;
PT
= Power generated
nt
= mass flow
CP
= Gas constant
T in
= Temperature input
PT
= (0.90) (114) (0.919) (298.15) 10
PT
= 281.12 kW
281 kW
A power output of 281 kW was produced by heating 11 liters of Liquid Oxygen at 25 C. The 281
kW power output can be used back in the grid if needed especially during peaking hours. To
bring power of 7 MW to the grid, a multiple stage of 25 single unit of Liquid Oxygen System will
be design to produce the desired power output and having power input of 7.65 MW.
Option 3: Liquid Argon
Determine the quantity of condensate (liquid Argon)
Where;
Argon Molecular Weight = 39.948
P Ar
= 379.99997 mmHg @ -188 C
= 5171.67 mmHg @ 127.3465 C

T Ar
,in
T Ar
,out
= 127.3465 C
= --188 C
54
Psys
= 6000 mmHg
( mmHg ) ( ft3 )
R = 998.9 (lb-mole)(K)
ECO
of the output needed in order to achieve liquefaction of Argon, Carbon dioxide cannot liquefy in -188 C
and completely exits as vapor.
n CO
(PCO )(CFM)
= RT
n CO
n CO
= 6.1491 lb-moles
(6000)(410)
( 998.9)(400.4965 )
ECO
= (44.01) (6.1491)
ECO
= 270.62 lb
The inlet temperature of the vent have a 127.3465 C, the percent level of nitrogen in an ambient air
coming out in the compressor is 0.93 %. Calculate initial pressure of nitrogen in the system at 127.3465
C and partial pressure of Carbon Dioxide.
P Ar
= ( Ar
P Ar
= (0.93) (5171.67)
P Ar
= 4809.65 mmHg
PCO
Psys
)(
P Ar@127. C
P Ar
55
PCO
= (6000) (4809.650)
PCO
= 1190.3469 mmHg
Calculate the mass of Argon entering the condenser

n Ar
n CO
P Ar
= PCO
( PAr ) ( n CO )
= PCO
n Ar
n Ar
( 4809.65 ) (6.1491)
= 1190.3469
n Ar
=24.85 lb-moles
EAr,in
=(
n Ar
EAr,in
= (24.85) (39.948)
F Ar,in
= 992.708 lb
) (MWt)
calculate the quantity of Argon that exits as emission.
PCO @-188
2
=(
PCO @-188
2
= (6000) (379.99997)
PCO @-188
= 5620 mmHg
Psys
)(
P Ar@-188 C
Calculate Nitrogen emission at the exit vent and quantity of nitrogen as liquid form (Condensate)
56
n Ar,exit
( PAr@-188 C )
= PCO @-188 C
n CO
2
n Ar,exit
( PAr@-188 C) ( nCO )
= PCO @-188
2
n Ar,exit
( 379.99997 ) (6.1491)
= 5620
n Ar,exit
= 0.4158 lb-moles
EAr,exit
=(
EAr,exit
= (0.4158) (39.948)
EAr,exit
= 16.61 lb
LAr,exit
=(
LAr,exit
= (992.708) - (16.61)
LAr,exit
= 976.098 lb
n Ar,exit
F Ar,in
) (MWt)
)-(
E% Argon
EAr,exit
= F Ar,in
E% Argon
16.61
= 992.708
E% Argon
= 1.67%
Condensate%Argon
EAr,exit
x 100
x 100
= 100% -1.67% = 98.33%
Table 3-3. Summary of Result for Liquid Argon (LAR)

Condenser Inlet
Condenser Condensate
57
Condenser Exit Vapor
Argon (Ar)
Carbon dioxide (
CO2
)
992.708 lb
270.62 lb
976.098 lb, 98.33%

0 lb, 0%
16.61 lb, 1.67%

270.62 lb, 100%
The Argon produces a 98.33% of condensate and exits 1.67% of its vapor. Eventually, liquid
Argon can evaporate quickly due to its boiling temperature of 182.96 C
C) Energy Storage
For energy storage, an insulated low pressure tank was used to store liquid Argon.
Ar
3
= 1400 kg/ m @ -188 C, 379.99997 mmHg
LAr,exit
= 976.098 lb 442.75 kg
Ar
LAr,exit
= V Ar
V Ar
LAr,exit
= Ar
V Ar
442.75
= 1400
V Ar
3
= 0.31625 m 316.25 liters
CryoExtra High-Efficiency
LAR
D) Power Recovery
Calculate for evaporation rate of the Liquid Argon given the overall diameter of the storage tank used
as 1,600 m or 5249.344 ft. The liquid nitrogen was heated to 25 C.
Mo 1/3
Ki
= Ko ( M )
i
58
d
A= 4
sat
(M i )(K i )(A )(P i )

=
( R ) ( TL )
En-1
Where;
Ki
Ko
Mo
Mi
En-1
= Evaporation rate
Psat
i
1/3
Ki
18.02
= (0.83)(39.948 )
Ki
3600 s ft
= (0.6365 cm/s) ( 30.48 hr cm )
Ki
= 75.18 ft/hr
sat
Pi
=19.4394 mmHg
(36.92)2
A= 4
2
A =1070.57 ft
En-1
( 39.948 )( 84.62 ) ( 1070.57 ) (19.4394)

=
( 998.9 ) (298.15)
59
En-1
= 236.22 lb/hr 107.15 kg/hr
PT
=(
nt
) () (
CP
)(
T in
) 10
Where;
PT
= Power generated
nt
= mass flow
CP
= Gas constant
T in
= Temperature input
PT
= (0.90) (107.15) ( 0.520 ) (298.15) 10
PT
= 149.51 kW 150 kW
150 kW was produced if Liquid Argon is the choice in backing up power. Given the components
and mass flow of the system 150kW was produce to back up power shortage if peaking hours
occur. To bring power of 7 MW to the grid, a multiple stage of 47 single unit of Liquid Argon
System will be design to produce the desired power output and having power input of 14.382
MW.
Design 3: Flywheel Energy Storage System

Grid
Motor
60
Flywheel
Generator
Inverter
Transformer
Grid
Figure 3-4. Flywheel Energy Storage Process
Option 1: Disc Type Flywheel Energy Storage System Using Aluminum 7050
Design Requirements
For the Aluminum 7050 Flywheel the desired power output is 7MW with an operating speed of 3500rpm
with an efficiency of 90%. For determining the flywheel geometric parameters the following inputs is
assumed
Inputs
=0.33 (Poissons Ratio of Aluminum 7050-T7451 (7050-T73651) as per ASM Aerospace
Specification Metals)
= 2830 Kg/m3 (Material Density Aluminum 7050-T7451 (7050-T73651) as per ASM Aerospace
Specification Metals)
K= 1 (if flywheel geometry is disc)
R= 100mm (Assumed)
r=20mm (Assumed)
= 3000 radians/s
Rotor Stress Analysis

61
Maximum Outer Radius

The location of the maximum radial stress is at;
ri
R.r
ri
100mm x 20mm
ri
=44.72mm
Flywheel Energy and Power Storage

Systems, B. Bolund et al. / Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Reviews 11
(2007) 235258.Flywheel Basics.p238
44.72mm from the center
The location of the maximum tangential stress is at;

r i=r
r i=
20mm
20mm from the center

The maximum radial stress will be;
rm =
rm
3+
2 ( R-r )2
8
= Maximum Radial Stress
= Poissons Ratio
= Material Density
= Angular Velocity
R = Outer Radius
r = Inner Radius
The maximum radial stress for the Aluminum 7050 Disc Type Flywheel,
62

rm =
3+
2 ( R-r )2
8
rm =
3+0.33
( 2830 ) ( 30002 ) (100-200 )2
8
rm
=67.85MPa
67.85MPa is the Maximum Radial Stress that is experienced by the Flywheel. It is below the standard
Ultimate Strength of the Aluminum 7050 which is 524MPa
The maximum tangential stress will be;
m =
3+
1- 2
2 R 2 +
r
4
3+
= Maximum Tangential Stress
= Poissons Ratio
= Material Density
= Angular Velocity
R = Outer Radius
r = Inner Radius
The Maximum Tangential Stress (Hoop Stress) for the Aluminum 7050 Disc Type Flywheel
m =
3+
1- 2
2 R 2 +
r
4
3+
m =
3+0.33
1-0.33
( 2830 ) ( 30002 ) 100mm 2 +
20mm 2
4
3+0.33
=212.04MPa
)
(
63

212.04MPa is the maximum Tangential Stress that experienced by the Flywheel. It is below the
standard Yield Strength of Aluminum 7050 which is 469MPa.
(2007) 235258.Maximum Energy
Density. p239
The Maximum Energy Density

e v = K
e v =1(524MPa)
ev =
524,000,000/m3
The Maximum Kinetic Energy per Unit Volume is 524,000,000 J/m 3
Maximum Outer Radius for Kinetic Energy Storage

R=
R=
4 ()
1
- ( 1- r 2 )
2
3+

Density. p239
4 ( 524MPa )
1
- ( 1-0.33 ) (20)2
3+0.33 2830x 30002
R =156.35mm
156.35mm should be used to calculate the energy stored in the Flywheel
Moment of Inertia
The Moment of inertia is of any materials are a function of its geometrical shape and its mass;
1 2
1 4
I = r m= r a
2
2

1 4
I= r a
2
1
4
I= ( 156.35 ) ( 2 ) (2830)
2
64
I =5.31Kg-m2
The computed Moment inertia should be used to find the Kinetic Energy Stored in the flywheel
Kinetic Energy Stored in Flywheels;

1
EK = I 2
2
1
EK = 5.31Kg-m2) (3000)2
2
EK
=2.1895x1010 Joules
The Stored Energy per Flywheel is 2.1895x1010 Joules. Therefore Convert the Rated Energy in
KW-Hr to determine the Motor and Generator to be coupled in the Flywheel.
Motor/Generator Sizing
The Requirements for the Flywheel Energy System was Permanent Magnet Machines to accommodate
the slowing of the flywheel when discharging.
Basis of Rating
Direct Current generator shall be rated on a continuous-duty basis. And the rating will be expressed in
Kilowatts at rated Speed and Voltage. Must be used Active Magnetic Bearings and Vacuum
Containment. The Size of the Induction Motor Supplied by the 13.8KV bus is rated in accordance to the
continuous duty basis and shall be express in HP available at the shaft at the specified speed,
frequency and Voltage.
Nema Motor Generators-2009. Large
Machines-DC Generators
Rating of Induction Motor
The Required Speed of the Flywheel to produce its required Kinetic Energy is 3500rpm. The Standard
Rpm of NEMA-Large Machines-Induction Machines is 3600 Rpm. The Voltage Rating for three phases
AC Machine intended to connect in the distribution system shall be base from the table given by the
NEMA-MG-1 Part 20 page 3.
65

Machines-Induction Motors
Therefore use 13.8KV, 3Phase, 60Hz, 2500Hp, Constant Power with a Service Factor of 1.15
when operated at Temperature Rise of ambient 40 Degrees Celsius and the method of
temperature determination is Embedded Detector.
Feeder Sizing for the Induction Motor

I L=
3 VL cos
IL =
2500(746)
3 x13.8KVx0.85
IL
=91.80A
For Sizing the Feeder

PEC part 1 Volume 1. Chapter 3
Conductos for General Wiring. Table
3.10.1.68 Ampacities of Insulated Single
Copper Conductor
I F =1.25 IL
I F =1.25x91.80A
IF
=114.74A
Therefore Use 3-22mm2 Insulated Single Copper Conductor Cable Type MV-90 Triplexed in Air
Based on Conductor Temperatures of 90 Degree Celsius with an Ambient Temperature of 40
Degree Celsius with a Rated Voltage of (5001V-35000V)
Induction Motor Protection
Short Circuit and Ground Fault Protection of the Induction Motor using Inverse Time Delay Circuit
Breaker
I ITCB =2.5 I L
ANSI-IIEE C37.96-1988. Guide for AC

Motor Protection. Motor Protection
Requirements.p15
I ITCB =2.5x114.74A
I ITCB
=286.85A
66
Therefore Used 300AT, 300AF, 3P, HECPS-3/5S High Voltage ABB Inverse time Vacuum Circuit
Breakers with a Rated Maximum Voltage of 25.3KV, Rated Frequency of 60 Hertz, Rated Power
Frequency Withstand Voltage up to 80KV, and Rated Short circuit breaking current of 130KA.
Generator Sizing
The Rating of Direct Current Generator shall be expressed in kilowatts available at the terminals at
rated speed and voltage. Since the Speed of the Induction motor is 3600Rpm, therefore the Rpm of the
Direct Current Generator must be the same with the induction motor that being coupled to it.
Use 6000KW, 700V, 900RpmNEMA Open type DC Generators. Temperature Rise of Open Type
DC Generator must be lower than 40 Degree Celsius but not lower than 0 Degree Celsius.
Generator Feeder Sizing
The Ampacity of the conductors from the generator terminals to the first distribution devices containing
overcurrent protection shall not be less than 115% of the nameplate rating of the generator.
I=
P
V
Where;
I= Full Load Current
P=Output Power
V= Nominal Voltage
I=
6400KW
700V
I= 9142.86A
Therefore the feeder size will be
NFPA-NEC
2014.Article
215Feeders.Minimum Rating and Size.
Feeder over 600V.p64
I F =115% ( 9142.86A )
IF
=10514.28A
67
IEC-62477-1. Safety Requirements
Systems and Equipments.
Use 10 Sets of 2-500mm2 Insulated Single Copper Conductor Cables Type MV-105 Isolated in Air
Base on conductor temperature of 105 degree Celsius and Ambient temperature of 40 Degree
Celsius with a Rated Voltage of (5001V-35000V)
Generator Overcurrent Protection

Two Wire DC Generator shall be permitted to have a overcurrent protection in one conductor only. The
overcurrent device shall be size by 115%of the Full Load Current.
I=
115% IFL
Where;
I=Feeder Current
I FL
= Generator Full Load Current

Generator
Protection.
Protection
Requirements.p17
I 1.15(9142.86
I =10514.29A
Use 11KAT, 11KAF, 700V, VD4G-50 ABB High Voltage Vacuum Circuit Breakers with Rated
Maximum Voltage of 15KV, Rated Frequency of 50/60 Hertz, Rated Power Frequency Voltage
Withstand up to 38KV, Rated Lightning Impulse Withstand Voltage up to 95KV, and Rated Short
Circuit Breaking Current of 50KA
Inverter Sizing
The Inverter must be rated in accordance to supply continuously all the loads connected to it.
I L=
3 xVxPF
Where;
IL
=Load Current
P =Output Power in Inverter Load Side

V =Nominal Voltage
68
PF=Power Factor
I L=
IL
6400KW
3 x13.8KVx1
=267.75A
The Circuit conductors and over current devices shall be sized to carry load not less than 125% of the
maximum currents as calculated above.
I F =1.25 ( I L)
Where;
I F =
Feeder Current
I L=
Load Current
I F =1.25 ( 267.75 )
IF
NFPA-NEC 2014.Article 6.90 Solar

Photovoltaic Systems. p635
=334.68A
Therefore used 100mm2 THHN Single Insulated Conductor Rated 0 through 200V in Free Air
based on Ambient Temperature of 30 Degree Celsius.
Over Current Protection

I CB=1.25I L
Where;
I CB=
I L=
Circuit Breaker Current

Load Current
PEC part 1 Volume 1. Chapter 2- Wiring

and Protection. Article 15- Feeders.p91
69
I CB=1.25x267.5A
I CB
= 334.38A
Therefore Used 350AT, 350AF, 3P, 60Hz, T-MAX ABB Type Molded Case Circuit Breaker with a
Rated Interrupting Capacity of 18KA with a Magnetic Trip rating of 2000A-4000A
Transformer Sizing
High Voltage Switchgears and Transformer Computation. Assume 85% Power Factor. The Rating of
Transformer shall be capable in continuous service.
S=
3 VL I L
Where;
S=Apparent Power
V L=
I L=
S=
Line to Line Voltage

Load Current
3 ( 267.5 ) (13.8KV)
IEC-60071-1 Power Transformers. Part

1-General. Clause 4-Rating.
S = 6.4MVA
Therefore Use 7MVA, 3 Phases, 60Hz, 115KV/13.8KV Siemens Power Transformers with a
maximum service voltage of 145KV, Cooling type is Oil Natural Air Natural (ONAN), and On Load
Tap Changers
Transformer Feeder Sizing

Feeder size over 600V Nominal of the power transformer shall be computed as follows based on Article
2.15-Feeders, Feeders 600V and over. The Ampacity of feeder conductors shall not be less than the
sum of the nameplate ratings of the Transformers.
I L=
3 VL cos
70
Where;
P= Output Power (Real)
V L=
Cos= Power Factor
I L=
IL
6000KW
3 x13.8KVx1
=267.75A
After we compute the
IL
, therefore the ampacity of the Transformer
I F =1.25 I L
Where;
IF
IL
= Feeder Current
= Load Current
I F =1.25x267.75
NFPA-NEC
2014.Article
I F =337.7A
Therefore Use 100mm2 Type MV-105 Single Insulated Copper Conductor Cables Triplexed in Air
based on conductor temperature of 105 Degree Celsius and Ambient temperature of 40 Degree
Celsius
Transformer Overcurrent Protection
71
Maximum Rating or Setting of the Power Transformer overcurrent protection over 600V Over shall be
based on NEC Table 450.3(A) Over Current Protection of Transformers (as percentage of rated
current).
Primary Protection of Transformer over 600 Volts using Circuit Breakers with an Impedance of more
than 6%and not more than 10%.
I CB =400% I F
Where;
I CB=
I F =

Transformer Full Load Current
NFPA-NEC
2014.Article
450Transformer and Transformer Vaults
(Including Secondary Ties).p368
I CB =400%x267.75
I CB
=1071A
Therefore use 1000AT, 1000AF, 3P, 115KV, PASS M0-145 ABB Power Circuit Breaker with a Rated
Voltage of 145KV, Rated Current 3800A, Rated Frequency of 60 Hertz, and Rated Breaking
Current 50-63KA
Secondary Protection of Transformer over 600 volts using Circuit breakers with an Impedance of 6%
and not more than 10%
I CB =250% I F
Where;
I CB=
I F =

NFPA-NEC
2014.Article
I CB =250%x267.75
I CB=669.375
A
72
Therefore use 700AT, 7000AF, 3P, 13.8KV,PASS M0-145 Power Circuit Breaker with a Rated
Current 50-63KA
Carbon Emission
CO2 = Energy Output (KWh) x Emission Factor (kg CO 2/KWh)
CO2 = 6055 KWh x 2.01 kg CO2/KWh
CO2 = 12170.55 kg CO2
Therefore 12170.55Kg of Carbons where emitted to the atmosphere when the flywheel rotor
rotates and attains its maximum speed due to the Induction motor shaft power.
Efficiency
Mechanical Energy Stored in Flywheel
x 100%
Total Efficiency of Energy Transfer = Electrical Energy
6.05MW
x 100%
86.42% is the maximum efficiency of the flywheel energy storage system using aluminum 7050
on its rotor. The other loss goes to the power transformer and the power converters.
Option 2: Modified Constant Stress Disc Type Flywheel Energy Storage System using 4340 Steel
Design Requirements
For the 4340 Steel Flywheel the desired energy output is 7MW with an operating speed of 3500rpm
with an efficiency of 90%. For determining the flywheel geometric parameters the following inputs is
assumed
Inputs
73
=0.29 (Poissons Ratio of AISI 4340 Steel, normalized, 100 mm (4 in.) round as per ASM
Aerospace Specification Metals)
= 7850 Kg/m3 (Material Density of AISI 4340 Steel, normalized, 100 mm (4 in.) round as per ASM
Aerospace Specification Metals)

K= 0.931 (if flywheel geometry is Modified Constant Stress Disc)
R= 90mm (Assumed)
r=30mm (Assumed)
=1500 radians/s
ri
R.r
Where;
R=Outer Radius
R=Inner Radius
ri
ri
=51.96mm

90mm x 30mm
51.96mm from the center of the Cylindrical Rotor

r i =r
Where;
74
ri
=Radius where the maximum tangential stress is located
r=Inner radius
r i=

30mm
30mm from the center

rm =
3+
2 ( R-r )2
8
rm
= Poissons Ratio
= Material Density
= Angular Velocity
R = Outer Radius
r = Inner Radius
The maximum radial stress for the Aluminum 7050 Disc Type Flywheel,
rm =
3+
2 ( R-r )2
8
rm =
3+0.29
(7850 ) ( 3000 2 ) ( 90-30 )2
8
rm
=104.60MPa

104.60MPa is the Maximum Radial Stress that is experienced by the Flywheel. It is below the
standard Ultimate Strength of the 4340 Steel which is 1110MPa.
75

m =
3+
1- 2
2 R 2 +
r
4
3+
Where;
m
= Poissons Ratio
= Material Density
= Angular Velocity
R = Outer Radius
r = Inner Radius
The Maximum Tangential Stress (Hoop Stress) for the Aluminium 7050 Disc Type Flywheel
m =
3+
1- 2
2 R 2 +
r
4
3+

3+0.29
2
2 1-0.29
2
Sustainable Energy Reviews 11
m =
( 7850 ) ( 3000 ) 90mm +
30mmand
4
3+0.29
=481.97MPa
standard Yield Strength of 4340 Steel which is 710MPa.

e v=K
76

Density. p239
e v =1(1110MPa)
e v=
1,100,000,000/m3
The Maximum Kinetic Energy per Unit Volume is 1,100,000,000 J/m 3
Maximum Outer Radius for Kinetic Energy Storge

R=
4 ()
1
- ( 1- ) r 2
2
3+
Where;
= Maximum Stress
= Poissons Ratio
= Material Density
= Angular Velocity
R = Maximum Outer Radius

r = Inner Radius
4 ( 1110MPa )
1
R=
- (1-0.29 ) (30)2
2
3+0.29 7850x 3000

Density. p239
R =137.50mm
Moment of Inertia
77
1
1
r 2 m= r 4 a
2
2
1
r 4 a
2

1
(137.50 )4 ( 2 ) (7850
I
2
I =8.81Kg-m2

1 2
EK = I
2
1
EK = 8.81Kg-m2) (1500)2
2
EK
=1.98225x1010 Joules
The Stored Energy per Flywheel is1.98225x1010 Joules. Therefore Convert the Rated Energy in
KW-Hr to determine the Motor and Generator to be coupled in the Flywheel.
Basis of Rating
78


IL =
3 VL cos
Where;
S=Apparent Power
VL
=Line to Line Voltage
Cos =Power Factor
IL
=Line Current
IL =
2500(746)
3 x13.8KVx0.85
IL
=91.80A

I F =1.25 I L
Where
79
IF
=Feeder Current
IL
=Line Current

Conductos for General Wiring.
Table 3.10.1.68 Ampacities of
Insulated
Single
Copper
Conductor
I F =1.25x91.80A
IF
=114.74A

Breaker
I ITCB =2.5 I L
ANSI-IIEE C37.96-1988. Guide for

AC Motor Protection. Motor
Protection Requirements.p15
I ITCB =2.5x114.74A
I ITCB
=286.85A
Generator Sizing
Use 5000KW, 700V, 900Rpm NEMA Open type DC Generators. Temperature Rise of Open Type
DC Generator must be lower than 40 Degree Celsius but not lower than 0 Degree Celsius
80

I=
P
V
Where;
P=Output Power
V= Nominal Voltage
5000KW
700V
I 7142.86A
NFPA-NEC
2014.Article
I F =115% ( 7142.86A )
IF
=8214.28A

I
115%I FL
Where;
I=Feeder Current
81
I FL

Generator Protection. Requirements.p17
I 1.15(7142.86A )
I =8214.28A
Inverter Sizing
I L=
3 xVxPF
Where;
IL
=Load Current

V =Nominal Voltage
PF=Power Factor
IEC-62477-1. Safety Requirements for
and Equipments.
5000KW
I L=
3 x13.8KVx1
IL
=209.18A
maximum current as calculated above.
I F =1.25 ( I L)
Where;
82
I F =
Feeder Current
I L=
Load Current
I F =1.25 ( 209.18A )
IF

=261.48A

I CB = 1.25IL

I CB =1.25x209.18A
I CB
=261.48A
Transformer Sizing
S 3 VL IL
Where;
S=Apparent Power
V L=
I L=

Load Current
83

S 3 ( 209.18 ) (13.8KV)
S =4.9MVA
Tap Changers
Feeder size over 600V Nominal of the power transformer shall be computed as follows,
I L=
3 V L cos
Where;
P = Output Power (Real)
V L=
Cos= Power Factor
I L=
IL
5000KW
3 x13.8KVx1
=209.18A
IL
, therefore the ampacity of the Transformer feeder
I F =1.25 I L
Where;
IF
IL
= Feeder Current
= Load Current
I F =1.25x209.18
84
NFPA-NEC
2014.Article
IF
=261.48A
Celsius

current).
I CB =400% I F
Where;
I CB=
I F =

NFPA-NEC
2014.Article
I CB =400%x209.18
I CB
=836.72A
Current 50-63KA
Secondary Protection of Transformer over 600 volts using Circuit breakers with a Impedance of 6% and
not more than 10%
I CB =250% I F
Where;
I CB=
85
I F =

NFPA-NEC
2014.Article
I CB =250%x209.1
I CB =522.95
Therefore use 700AT, 7000AF, 3P, 13.8KV, PASS M0-145 ABB Power Circuit Breaker with a Rated
Current 50-63KA
Carbon Emission
CO2 = 5500KWh x 0.88kg CO2/KWh
CO2 = 4840 kg CO2
Therefore 4840 kg CO2 of Carbons where emitted to the atmosphere when the flywheel rotor
Efficiency
x 100%
5.5MW
x 100%
91.6% is the maximum efficiency of the flywheel energy storage system using 4340 Steel on its
rotor. The other loss goes to the power transformer and the power converters.
Option 3: Conical Disc Type Flywheel Energy Storage System Using 410 Stainless Steel
Design Requirements
86
For the 410 Stainless Steel Flywheel the desired energy output is 7MW with an operating speed of
3500rpm with an efficiency of 90%. For determining the flywheel geometric parameters the following
inputs is assumed
Inputs
=0.25 (Poissons Ratio of 410 Stainless Steel as per ATSM A40
= 7740Kg/m3 (Material Density of Stainless Steel as per ATSM A40
K= 0.806 (if flywheel geometry is conical disc)

R= 80mm (Assumed)
r= 40mm (Assumed)
= 2000 Radians/s

ri
R.r
Where;
R=Outer Radius
R=Inner Radius
ri
ri
=56.56mm

80mm x 40mm
56.56mm from the center of the cylindrical rotor

87
r i =r
Where;
ri
=Radius where the maximum tangential stress is located

r=Inner radius
r i=
40mm
40mm from the center of the cylindrical rotor

rm =
3+
2 ( R-r )2
8
rm
= Poissons Ratio
= Material Density

= Angular Velocity
R = Outer Radius
r = Inner Radius
The maximum radial stress for the 410Stainless Steel Conical Disc Type Flywheel,
rm =
3+
2 ( R-r )2
8
rm =
3+0.25
(7740 ) ( 3000 2 ) ( 80-40 )2
8
rm
=45.28MPa
88
45.28MPa is the Maximum Radial Stress that is experienced by the Flywheel. It is below the
standard Ultimate Strength of the 410 Stainless Steel which is 310MPa

m =
3+
1- 2
2 R 2 +
r
4
3+
= Poissons Ratio
= Material Density
= Angular Velocity
R = Outer Radius
r = Inner Radius
The Maximum Tangential Stress (Hoop Stress) for the 410 Stainless Steel Conical Disc Type
Flywheel
m =
3+
1- 2
2 R 2 +
r
4
3+
)
m =
3+0.33
1-0.25
( 7740 ) ( 30002 ) 80mm 2 +
40mm2
4
3+0.25
=392.56MPa
standard Yield Strength 410 Stainless Steel of which is 517MPa.
89

e v = K

Density. p239
e v =1(517MPa)
e v=
517,000,000/m3
The Maximum Kinetic Energy per Unit Volume is 517,000,000 J/m 3
Maximum Outer Radius for Kinetic Energy Storage

R=
R=
4 ()
1
- ( 1- ) r 2
3+ 2
4 ( 517MPa )
1
- (1-0.25 ) (40)2
2
3+0.25 7740x 3000

Density. p239
R =93.63mm
Moment of Inertia
I
1
1
r 2 m= r 4 a
2
2
1
r 4 a
2
1
4
( 93.63 ) ( 2 ) (7740)
2

90
I =3.74Kg-m2

1 2
EK = I
2
1
EK = 3.74Kg-m2) (2500)2
2
EK
=2.16x1010 Joules
The Stored Energy per Flywheel is 2.16x1010 Joules. Therefore Convert the Rated Energy in KWHr to determine the Motor and Generator to be coupled in the Flywheel.
Basis of Rating

91
Machines-Induction Motors

I L=
3 VL cos
Where;
S=Apparent Power
VL
=Line to Line Voltage
Cos =Power Factor
IL
=Line Current
I L=
IL
2500(746)
3 x13.8KVx0.85
=91.80A

Conductos for General Wiring.
Table 3.10.1.68 Ampacities of
Insulated
Single
Copper
Conductor
I F =1.25 I L
I F =1.25x91.80A
IF
=114.74A
92

Breaker
I ITCB =2.5 I L
ANSI-IIEE C37.96-1988. Guide for

AC Motor Protection. Motor
Protection Requirements.p15
I ITCB =2.5x114.74A
I ITCB
=286.85A
Generator Sizing
Use 7000KW, 700V, 900Rpm Open type DC Generators. Temperature Rise of Open Type DC
Generator must be lower than 40 Degree Celsius but not lower than 0 Degree Celsius

I
P
V
Where;
P=Output Power
V= Nominal Voltage
93
I 7000KW/700V
I 10000A
NFPA-NEC
2014.Article
I F =115% ( 10000A )
IF
=11500A

I
115%I FL
Where;
I=Feeder Current
I FL

Generator
Protection.
Protection
Requirements.p17
I 1.15(9142.86)
I=10514.29A
Inverter Sizing
94
I L=
3 xVxPF
Where;
IL
=Load Current
V =Nominal Voltage
PF=Power Factor
IL =
7000KW
3 x13.8KVx1
IL
=292.86A
IEC-62477-1. Safety Requirements for

and Equipments.
maximum currents as calculated above.
I F =1.25 ( I L)
Where;
I F =
Feeder Current
I L=
Load Current
I F =1.25(292.86)
IF

= 366.07A

95
I CB = 1.25IL

I CB =1.25x366.07A
I CB
=334.38A
Transformer Sizing
S 3 VL I L
Where;
S=Apparent Power
V L=
I L=

Load Current
S 3 ( 292.86 ) (13.8KV)

S =6.4MVA
Tap Changers

Feeder size over 600V Nominal of the power transformer shall be computed as follows,
I L=
3 V L cos
96
Where;
P = Output Power (Real)
V L=
Cos= Power Factor
IL =
7000KW
3 x13.8KVx1
IL
=292.86
IL
, therefore the ampacity of the Transformer
IF = 1.25 x IL
NFPA-NEC
2014.Article
IF = 1.25 x 292.85A
IF = 366.06A
Celsius

current).
I CB=400% IF
Where;
97
I CB=
I F =

I CB=400%x292.85
I CB
NFPA-NEC
2014.Article
=1171.4A
Current 50-63KA
Secondary Protection of Transformer over 600 volts using Circuit breakers with a Impedance of 6% and
not more than 10%
I CB =250% I F
Where;
I CB=
I F =

I CB =250%x292.85
I CB=732.13
NFPA-NEC
2014.Article
Therefore use 800AT, 800AF, 3P, 13.8KV, PASS M0-145 ABB Power Circuit Breaker with a Rated
Current 50-63KA
Carbon Emission
CO2 = 6000KWh x 1.77kg CO2/KWh
98
CO2 = 10620kg CO2

Therefore 10620 kg CO2 of Carbons where emitted to the atmosphere when the flywheel rotor
Efficiency
x 100%
6MW
x 100%
Design 4: Advanced Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage (AA-CAES)
Grid
Motor
99
Compressor +
Heat Exchanger
Thermal Energy
Storage
Thermal Energy
Storage
Expansion Stage
Turbine
Grid
Figure 3-5 AA-CAES Block Diagram
In designing an Advanced Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage (AA-CAES), four

modules are important to be identified. Each module tries to capture the main physical phenomena
occurring in the storage plant. The first module, compression stage, deals with the compression of
atmospheric air and the extraction of the heat repelled because of compression. The second and third
modules represent the heat and air storage, respectively. The Thermal Energy Storage (TES) system is
in charge of storing the heat, which is transferred from module one and to module four by a heat
transfer fluid (HTF). The fourth module is the one that focuses on the re-heating of the air and its
expansion through a gas turbine.
Compressor
Motor
100
Heat Exchanger
AA-CAES
Components
Thermal Energy
Storage
Air Storage
Turbine
Liquid Heat
Transfer Fluid
Liquid Sodium
Styrene
Ethylene
Glycol
Figure 3-6. Design 4 Options

Design Options
The constraints of the design were at the materials used for the heat exchanger which is the
heat transfer fluid. The heat transfer is one part of components of Advanced Adiabatic Compressed Air
Storage (AA-CAES). It is a device that is used to transfer heat between two fluids. The fluid used is
called heat transfer fluid. With that, the use of different type of heat transfer fluid will result to different
output power that would be generated by the turbine, thus, changing the efficiency of the storage
facility.
A) Selection of High Voltage and Switch gears on the incoming side of the storage system
a) Transformer design
P
I incoming
= ( 3) ( VL )(Pf)
P
S = Pf
Where;
I incoming
= current coming from the grid (kA)
P=Power of the grid (MW)

VL
= Line voltage (kV)
S= Apparent power of the line
Pf= assumed power factor (80%)
266
I incoming
= ( 3) (115)(0.80)
International Standards IEC 60076-1

Power transformer, Part 1 General,
Clause 4: Ratings, p.31
101
I incoming
= 1669.30 A 1.7 kA
P
S = Pf
266
S = 0.8
S = 332.5 MVA
Use 3 phase, 115 kV/13.2 kV, 60 Hz Power Transformer to supply the motor of the compressor.
b) HV circuit Breakers
S
I incoming
= 3 V
Where:
I incoming
S = Apparent Power
V= Voltage
6
332.5x 10
I incoming
= 3 13.2x 103
I incoming
= 14.54 k
Therefore Used 15kAT, 15kAF, 3P, 60Hz, Molded Case Circuit Breaker
c) Feeder sizing
S
I incoming
= 3 V
I FL
=(
Where:
I incoming
I incoming
) (1.25)
S = Apparent Power
V= Voltage
332.5x 106
I incoming
= 3 13.2x 103
I incoming
Philippine Electrical Code 2009 Article

2.15.1.2 feeders Minimum and Size
ratings
= 14.54 kA
I FL
= (14.54 kA) (1.25)
I FL
=18.125 kAIC
18KAIC
Note: Minimum Feeder-circuit conductor size, shall have an allowable ampacity equal to or greater than
the non continuous load plus 125% of the continuous load.
102
Use 3 sets 26 each AWG 000 wire, 260A, 107 mm
, copper wire at storage side.
Identifying Constant and Assumed Parameters

The following parameters are assumed. Some of the data are air and HTF constants that are readily
available. The heat transfer fluid (HTF) used in this design is oil.
T envi = T cs =299.6K
m ratio =30
Patm =1.103 bar
R air =286.7
Cp,air = Cv,air + Rair
J
kg-K
5
Cv,air = ( Rair )
2
=716.75+286.7=1.00345
5
kJ
= ( 286.7 ) = 0.71675
2
kg-K
kJ
kg-K
k=
Cp,air
Cv,air
k-1
k
Calculation of Compression Stage Parameters

Average air temperature in the Philippines is 26.6C or 79.88F
32F (0C) is to 1 bar then 26.6C = 79.88F is to 2.49625 bar
When pressure is low, temperature is low and when temperature is high, pressure is high. An output
pressure of 6.895 bar is used.
- Standard
Before computing for the mass flow, the standard volume flow rate STP
must be
identified.Temperature and
Pressure
- defined by IUPAC
The computation for standard volume flow rate is stated below.
(International Union of Pure and
Applied Chemistry) as air at 0oC
C v P x Po
Vs
(273.15 K, 32 oF) and 105 pascals
=
Sg
Where;
VS
= Standard Volume flow rate
Cv
= Flow coefficient of air
P = change in pressure ( Po -
Po
Pi
Pi
= outlet pressure (psia)

= inlet pressure (psia)
Sg
= Specific gravity of air
VS
(0.7165) ( 100.00352-36.20505 ) x (100.00352)

1.00
103
VS
= 63.9003 CFM (cubic feet per second)
3
1.8095 m / s
To calculate the mass flow, the equation below will be used.

VS
=
where:
Pfree
= R Tfree
Where;
= mass flow rate (kg / min)
3
= density (kg/ m )
Pfree
= Free air pressure standard condition (pa)
T free
= Free air temperature standard condition (K)
R = gas constant
5
1.0135x 10
= 287x(273+20)
= 1.2052 kg/ m
Therefore, mass flow is:

= (1.2052) (1.8095)
= 2.1808 kg / s
Next step is to calculate to power delivered by the compressor and the motor. To identify these
variables, some parameters are assumed:
c =88%
nCT =1.6 (adiabatic process)
The equation for the power delivered by the compressor is stated below:
nct -1
1
Pc = m c,a cp,a T inct,a nc
c
ct
Modeling of an Advanced Adiabatic

Compressed Air Energy Storage
Unit, Steta, Fernando D.S. / (2010)
p.30
-1
Where:
104
out
Pc,a =outlet pressure

Pinc,a =inlet pressure
T out
c,a =output air temperature at compressor
out
T ct,a =output air temperature at compressor train

in
T ct,a =input air temperature at compressor train
n ct =isotropic constant
Pc, =power consumed

First step is to identify the compressibility of the equipment, denoted by bc.
in
Pout
c,a =P c,a c
C =
6.895
=2.7621
2.49625
Next is to identify the output temperature of the compressor:

nct -1
nct
c
out
c,a
T =
in
ct,a
1.6-1
1.6
out
c,a
T = 2.7621
( 299.6K )=438.5373K
Since all the parameters are now available, the power delivered by the compressor can now be
computed as:
nct -1
1
Pc = m c,a cp,a T inct,a nc
c
ct
-1
0.6
1
=
(2.1808 )( 1.00345 ) ( 299.6 ) 2.7611.6 -1 =345.337kW=463Hp
( 0.88 )
Use North American Electric, Inc. (NAE) Motors,500 Hp, 13.2 kV, 60 Hz, 1800 RPM, totally
enclosed and fan cooled induction motor for compressor to operate at given work of the
equipment.
Next, to calculate the motor power required,
NEMA MG-1: Motors and Generators.

20.5.6 Preferred Machine Power and
voltage rating, part 20, p.3
W
= N c Nd
Wm
Where;
Wm
= Motor power required
Nc
= Compressor Mechanical efficiency
Nd
= Motor and transmission efficiency

105
Wm
345.337
= ( 0.88x0.85 )
Wm
= 461.68 kW = 619 Hp
Use North American Electric, Inc. (NAE) Motors,700 Hp, 13.2 kV, 60 Hz, 1800 RPM, totally
enclosed and fan cooled induction motor for compressor to operate at given work of the
equipment.
For proper approximation based on Compressed Air Energy Efficiency by A.Bathia, overview section
stated that 1 CFM = 1Hp. It was stated that a good approximation of compressor must have a 1 to 1
ration between CFM and horsepower to have an economical design.
619 CFM delivered per 619 Hp
Compressed Air Energy Efficiency

Course No: M06-013, Credit: 6 PDH,
By: A. Bhatia, overview section
Option 1: Liquid Sodium

Calculation of Heat Exchanger Parameters
The last part of the first module is the heat exchanger. It is an equipment used to transfer the heat from
the compressor to the thermal energy storage. The heat transfer fluid (HTF) used is liquid sodium.
Some of the unknown values of the cold side of the HTF are used by the proponents such as the input
temperature and efficiency of HTF. Constant variables are stated shown below.
in
T HX,a = 26.6C
T inHX,HTF = 10C
Where:
T inHX,HTF = HTF input temperature
in
T HX,a = input air temperature

With the following variables stated, the output temperature of the heat exchanger and the heat transfer
fluid and the mass flow can be computed. The formulas for the following parameters are stated below:
106
in
in
in
T out
HX,a = T HX,a + HX ( THX,a - T HX,HTF )
26.6 + 0.7(26.6 10)
out
T HX,a = 38.22C
in
in
in
T out
HX,HTF = THX,HTF + HX ( THX,a - T HX,HTF )
= 10 + (0.7)(26.6-10)
T out
HX,HTF = 21.62C
The following values below are the heat constant and density of liquid sodium.
kg
J
HTF =570 3
Cp,HTF =1260
kg-K
m
Where:
Cp,HTF =
HTF
HTF heat capacity at constant pressure
= HTF density
With these parameters, the mass flow of the heat transfer fluid can be computed.
m c,HTF =
in
( T out
HX,a - THX,a ) c p,a m c,a
in
( T out
HX,HTF - THX,HTF ) cp,HTF
( 38.22-26.6 )( 1.00345 )( 2.1808 )

( 21.62-10 )( 1.26 )
m c,HTF =1.7368
kg
s
Where:
T out
HX,a =output air temperature at heat exchanger
out
T HX,HTF =output HTF temperature at heat exchanger

HX =heat exchanger efficiency, 70%
m c,HTF =HTF mass flow
With this, the rate of heat transfer of the heat exchanger can be computed. The formula is shown
below.
in
Q= m c,HTF ( Cp,HTF ) ( T out
HX,HTF - T HX,HTF )
= (6252.48)(1.26)(21.62 10)
107
Q = 91543.81 kJ/hr = 25.4288kW

Calculation of Thermal Energy Storage
The TES system is one of the most critical parts of the storage facility since it has to store enough
thermal energy to re-heat the extracted air from the cavern. The following parameters are based from
the standard values of concrete.
Ssc =0.66
kWh
( storage capacity )
m 3 -K
TES =2750
kg
m3
Cp,TES =294
J
kg-K
r TES =11m
d wool =10cm
R ins =0.055
Where:
Ssc
d TES=1.0m
= specific storage capacity of thermal energy storage
TES
= concrete density
Cp,TES
HTES
W
m-K
=specific heat capacity of concrete

= desired height of thermal energy storage
r TES=
d wool =
R ins=
desired radius of thermal energy storage

desired insulation thickness of thermal energy storage
thermal conductivity of concrete
To identify the energy stored in the thermal energy storage, the formula below will be used.
V S T
Emax = TES sc
, MWh
1000
Where:
EMAX = energy stored
VTES = thermal energy storage volume
SSC= specific storage capacity
T= change in temperature, in Kelvin
Change in temperature is the difference between the starting temperature of the thermal energy
storage and the ambient temperature. The parameters are shown below.
T start,TES =294K
T inlet = Tstart,TES
T out = Tenvi
T= Tout - Tinlet
Therefore,
108
T= Tout - Tinlet
=299.6-294
=5.6K
With the proponents aim to supply deficient power in peaking hours, which is projected from 11am to
2pm, the volume could be calculated with the assumed input power supply of the energy storage for
the stated number of hours, which is 3 hours at 7MW per hour. As a result, the energy storage capacity
is the product between the rated power per hour and the total number of hours it would deliver power.
Therefore, the total storage capacity is 21MWh.
Emax =
VTES Ssc T
, MWh
1000
21MWh=
V TES ( 0.66 )( 5.6 )

1000
V TES =5681.818 m 3
Therefore, the air storages height can be calculated through the equation below.
2
V TES = HTES r TES

5681.818= ( H TES ) ( 11 2 )
HTES =14.947m
Air Storage Calculation

The storage of compressed air is a crucial stage in an AA-CAES plant. The stability of the underground
storage depends in its mechanical and thermal properties. To calculate the volume of the air storage
facility, the proponents used the equation below:
V=
C Pa
P2 - P 1
Where:
V = volume, in ft3
C = Air demand, cfm of free air
Pa = absolute atmospheric pressure, psia
P1 = initial receiver pressure, psig
P2 = final receiver pressure, psig
Therefore,
CP
( 619 ) ( 14.7 )
=
V= a
P 2 - P1
( 100.00352-14.7 ) - ( 36.20505-14.7 )
V=142.625 f t
109
Expansion Stage Calculation

In this stage, the air mass flow and the HTF mass flow must be calculated for the computation of the
turbine calculation.
m e,a = m ratio m c,a
m e,HTF =
in
( T out
HX,a - THX,a ) c p,a m e,a
in
( T out
HX,HTF - THX,HTF ) cp,HTF
Where:
m e,a =air mass flow at the expansion stage
m e,HTF =HTF mass flow at the expansion stage
Therefore,
m e,a = m ratio m c,a
= (30 )( 2.1808 )
m e,a =65 . 424
in
( T out
HX,a - THX,a ) c p,a m e,a
m e,HTF = out
( T HX,HTF - TinHX,HTF ) cp,HTF
m e,HTF =
( 38.22-26.6 ) ( 1.00345 ) (65 . 424)

kg
=52.10
s
( 21.62-10 ) (1.26)
Turbine Calculation
In order to generate power, the compressed air and the thermal energy stored will pass through the
turbine in order to generate power. The expansion process is polytropic, therefore, n t = 1.4. The turbine
module consists of two types of turbine, high pressure and low pressure. To identify the total
compressibility of the system, denoted by b, it is simply the product of the compressibility of the high
and low pressure turbine as denoted below.
HPT =3.2
LPT =0.85
= HPT LPT
Therefore,
= HPT LPT
= ( 3.2 )( 0.85 ) =2.72
With this, the power output of the turbine can be computed. The equation below shows the formula for
the turbine power output.
in
t,a
P t = t m e,a c p,a T (
nt -1
nt
-1) where:
110
P t =power generated by turbine
t =turbine efficiency, 88%
T int,a =input turbine air temperature = T out

HX,a
P t = t m e,HTF c p,a T
in
t,a
=compression ratio
n t -1
nt
( -1) = ( 0.88 )( 65.424 ) (1.00345) ( 311.22) ( 2.72
1.4-1
1.4
-1
=5.95MW
Option 2: Styrene
Determining the mass flow and heat dissipated of Styrene given the following parameters:
Cp,HTF =1791
J
kg-K
HTF =856
kg
m3
Where:
Cp,HTF =
HTF
= HTF density
out
m c,HTF =
in
( T HX,a - THX,a ) c p,a m c,a

out
in
( T HX,HTF - THX,HTF ) cp,HTF
( 38.22-26.6 )( 1.00345 )( 2.1808 )

( 21.62-10 )( 1.791 )
m c,HTF =1.2218
Where:
111
kg
kg
=4398.48
s
h
out
T HX,a =output air temperature at heat exchanger

T out
HX,HTF =output HTF temperature at heat exchanger
below.
in
Q= m c,HTF ( Cp,HTF ) ( T out
HX,HTF - T HX,HTF )
= (4398.48)(1.791)(21.62 10)
Q = 91538.61 kJ/hr = 25.4274kW
Expansion Stage Calculation (Option 2: Styrene)

Calculation of mass flow of heat transfer fluid at the expansion stage using the given parameters
previously.
out
in
( T - THX,a ) c p,a m e,a

m e,HTF = HX,a
out
in
m e,HTF =
( 38.22-26.6 ) ( 1.00345 ) (65.424)

kg
=36.66
s
( 21.62-10 ) (1.791)
Turbine Calculation (Option 2: Styrene)

Calculation of turbine output power in the specified heat transfer fluid with the given parameters.
P t = t m e,HTF c p,HTF T
in
t,a
nt -1
nt
-1 )
1.4-1
= ( 0.88 )( 36.66 )( 1.00345 ) ( 311.22 ) 2.721.4 -1
=3.30MW
With this, the system design that uses Styrene as Heat Exchanger material would require 2 sets of
steam turbine for the energy storage facility, with total of 6.6MW, to reach the desired output power
close to 7MW.
Option 3: Ethylene Glycol
112
Determining the mass flow and heat dissipated of Styrene given the following parameters:
Cp,HTF =3140
J
kg-K
HTF =113.2
kg
3
m
Where:
Cp,HTF =
HTF
= HTF density
out
m c,HTF =
in
( T HX,a - THX,a ) c p,a m c,a

out
in
( 38.22-26.6 )( 1.00345 ) ( 2.1808 )

( 21.62-10 ) ( 3.14 )
m c,HTF =0.6969
kg
kg
=2508.84
s
h
Where:
T out
HX,a =output air temperature at heat exchanger
T out
HX,HTF =output HTF temperature at heat exchanger
below.
out
in
Q= m c,HTF ( Cp,HTF ) ( T HX,HTF - THX,HTF )

= (2508.84)(3.14)(21.62 10)
Q = 91460.77 kJ/hr = 25.4057kW
113
Expansion Stage Calculation (Option 3: Ethylene Glycol)

Calculation of mass flow of heat transfer fluid at the expansion stage using the given parameters
previously.
out
in
m e,HTF =
( T HX,a - THX,a ) c p,a m e,a

out
in
m e,HTF =
( 38.22-26.6 )( 1.00345 ) (65.424)

kg
=20.91
s
( 21.62-10 ) (3.14)
Turbine Calculation (Option 3: Ethylene Glycol)

Calculation of turbine output power in the specified heat transfer fluid with the given parameters.
P t = t m e,HTF c p,HTF T
in
t,a
nt -1
nt
-1 )
= ( 0.88 ) (20.91) ( 1.00345 )( 311.22 ) (2.72
1.4-1
1.4
-1
=1.901MW
With this, the system design that uses Ethylene Glycol as Heat Exchanger material would require 3
sets of steam turbine for the energy storage facility, with total of 5.7MW, to reach the desired output
power close to 7MW.
Chapter 4 Constraints, Trade-Offs and Standards

Design Constraints
The following constraints were considered in designing the project.
Discharging Rate
The storage system needs to determine the storage capacity of the project to know how much quantity
of supply it can handle. Also, the design needs to determine the charging rate of the project to
determine the rate of charging a system, supplying the storage in a rapid manner is considered to be
capable in transferring power immediately if there some shortage in electricity. Having a greater value
of discharging rate will be more capable of supplying the needed insufficient power.
Economy (Cost)
The design project considers the cost of the design in order to build a system that can be both
economic yet reliable. Cost is an important factor to consider in designing the project, the less budget
114
the more economical the project is. Estimating the value of components of a storage system is a vital
part of the design project to be chosen.
Efficiency
Efficiency of the design needs to be considered to know if the system can produce equal power or just
a small quantity in difference. Efficiency needs to be known in order to design a project that can supply
power to the grid with an efficient supply. If power output of the design is equal to the power input the
design is efficient.
Environmental Factor
A storage system of different kind may produce some emission and vapor that can affect environmental
constraints. The design project must be, as much as possible, be free of unwanted chemicals that can
contaminate the area of the storage system. Percent of Carbon emission that will be emitted is the
basis of Environmental Factor. The lesser amount of carbon emitted the more environmental and less
hazardous the project is.
Trade-offs
The trade off process would allow a systematic calculation to determine the best design with the given
constraints. The decision was based from the trade off process that gave the highest score.
Using the exponential scoring function of Kirkwood and Sarin for the tradeoff, these would
satisfy each criterion of the tradeoff that has been tabulated (with the scale of 0 to 1, 1 would be the
highest). The formulas would follow as:
Ranking Score=
Ranking Score=
High - V
High - Low
V - Low
High - Low
(4.1)
(4.2)
Where:
115
v = level of importance of criterion

low = lowest value per criterion
high = highest value per criterion
Equation 3.1 was used if the lower value is given more importance than of the greater value, otherwise,
equation 3.2 was used. Values were given to each constraint with the greatest value with the highest
importance and the smallest value with the least importance.
Criterions Importance
Efficiency
Efficiency will be given a rank of 5, because efficiency is an important criterion of the design project.
Output power of the storage system in terms of input power must be efficient to give a reliable supply of
electricity in the grid.
Discharging Rate
The capacity of a storage system is an important factor because a larger capacity of the storage, the
larger the power it can be given back to grid. The proponents give a rank of 4 for charging rate of the
design project.
116
The proponents give a rank of 3 for Environmental Factor because the design project will operate
immediately and can instantly emit harmful chemical in the environment. Given a scenario wherein an
extra supply of electricity is often charge the storage system, emission of unwanted chemicals will be
produce frequently. A less Carbon emission will be given a perfect score of 3.
Economic (Cost)
Economic cost will be rank as 2, being a necessity to Metro Manila to supply the shortage in peaking
hours budget is less considered as long as the project must be implemented. The less the cost of the
entire design the better the project design is.
Tradeoffs
Smart Storage System
Design 1:
Solid State Battery
Option 1:
Lead Acid
Battery
Option 2:
NickelCadmium
Option 3:
Lithium-ion
Design 2:
Liquid Air Energy
Storage
Option 1:
Liquid
Nitrogen
Option 2:
Liquid
Oxygen
Option117
3:
Liquid
Argon
Design 3:
Flywheel
Option 1:
Disc type
Option 2:
Modified
Constant
Stress Disc
Option 3:
Conical
Disc
Design 4:
Compress Air
Energy Storage
Option 1:
Heat
Exchanger
Option 2:
Liquid
Sodium
Option 3:
Ethylene
Glycol
Figure 4-1. Division of Storage system design in accordance to constraints

The design project will focus on the types of storage components and renewable sources that will be
used in producing power to supply the grid if there is shortage in the area of Manila. Solid State Battery,
Liquid Air Energy Storage, Flywheel, Compress Air Energy Storage will go through tradeoffs to
determine what best design can be used to be implemented. Different design will be properly selected
with reference to constraints to select the best design that will suit the required propose project
Design 1: Solid State Battery Energy Storage

Efficiency
Table 4-1. Efficiency of Battery
Efficiency (
Pin
Pout
)x 100%
Lead Acid
Nickel Cadmium
Lithium Ion
91.14%
83.86%
83.57%
118
92.00%
90.00%
88.00%
86.00%
84.00%
Lead Acid
Nickel Cadmium
Lithium Ion
82.00%
80.00%
78.00%
Efficiency
Figure 4-2. Efficiency of Battery
Figure 4-2 shows the efficiency between different batteries that are used to give power back to the grid.
In the data given in Table 4-1 it is shown that Lead Acid is the most efficient among them. Lead Acid
can produce a 6.38 MW of power back to the grid and it is nearly close to its power input which is 7MW
while Nickel Cadmium can produce a 5.87MW of power with a power input of 7MW and lastly, LithiumIon with 83.57% efficiency is capable of producing 5.85MW power with an input power of 7MW. As long
as the power output is nearly close to its power input, the system will be more efficient. As a result,
Lead Acid was the most efficient among the different type of batteries having 91.14% efficiency.
Discharging Rate
Table 4-2. Discharge Rate of Battery
Discharge Rate
Lead Acid
Nickel Cadmium
Lithium Ion
6.38 MW-Hr.
5.87 MW-Hr.
5.85 MW-Hr.
119
6.5
6.4
6.3
6.2
6.1
6
Lead Acid
Nickel Cadmium
Lithium Ion
5.9
5.8
5.7
5.6
5.5
Discharge Rate (MW-hr)

Figure 4-3. Discharge Rate of Battery
As shown in Table 4-2 and Figure 4-3, it can obviously stated that Lead Acid gets the highest storage
discharging rate given that it supply a high output value. The design and production of Lead Acid,
Nickel Cadmium, and Lithium-Ion is based on 1 hour base cycle. It can be concluded that having the
said power output, will also be the rating of discharge or charging rate. . It can give 510KW-hr and
530KW-hr of energy more than Nickel Cadmium and Lithium-Ion respectively. Therefore, Lead Acid
will be chosen for sustainable energy storage.
120
Table 4-3. Carbon Emission of Battery
CO2 Emission
Lead Acid
Nickel Cadmium
Lithium Ion
446.6 Kg CO2
1232.7 Kg CO2
7,195.5 Kg CO2
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
Lead Acid
Nickel Cadmium
Lithium Ion
3000
2000
1000
0
Carbon Emission of SSB (Kg CO2)

Figure 4-4 Carbon Emission of Battery
Table 4-3 shows the summary for the carbon emission of the different types of batteries. The least
amount of carbon emitted will be considered as more environmental design. Lithium Ion battery has the
largest amount of carbon emission with 7,195.5 Kg CO 2 while Nickel Cadmium produced 1232.7 Kg
CO2 lastly, Lead-acid has the least amount of carbon emission produced with 446.6Kg CO 2. Obviously,
Lead Acid will be considered as the most environmental design for solid state battery energy storage.
Economic (Cost)
121
Table 4-4. Cost of Materials Used
Total Cost (US $)
Lead Acid
Nickel Cadmium
Lithium-Ion
6,962,577.38
7,245,327.38
9,130,327.38
10,000,000.00
9,000,000.00
8,000,000.00
7,000,000.00
6,000,000.00
5,000,000.00
Lead Acid
Nickel Cadmium
Lithium Ion
4,000,000.00
3,000,000.00
2,000,000.00
1,000,000.00
0.00
Cost of Materials (PHP)

Figure 4-5. Cost of Battery Storage Design
Table 4-4 shows the total cost of each design. As you can see, Lead Acid is the most economical
among the three types of battery. It is less expensive compare to Nickel Cadmium and compare to
Lithium Ion battery. Therefore, the most economical design for solid state battery energy storage is
Lead Acid battery.
Design 2: Liquid Air Energy Storage

122
Efficiency
Table 4-5. Efficiency of Ambient Air
Efficiency (
Pin
Pout
Liquid Nitrogen
Liquid Oxygen
Liquid Argon
84%
92%
49%
)x 100%
100.00%
90.00%
80.00%
70.00%
60.00%
50.00%
Liquid Nitrogen
Liquid Oxygen
Liquid Argon
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
Efficiency
Figure 4-6. Efficiency of Liquid Air
Figure 4-6 shows the efficiency between different liquid air that is used to give power back to the grid.
In the data given in Table 4-5 it is shown that Liquid Oxygen is most efficient among others. Liquid can
produce a 281 kW of power as a single unit while Liquid Argon is not that efficient having an efficiency
percent of 48.86% only producing only a 150 kW of power per unit. On the other hand, Liquid Nitrogen
has a power only less than a small quantity with Liquid Oxygen, having a percent of 83.66%. The
Liquid Air having a large percentage in power is the Liquid Oxygen. (See Appendix B)
123
Discharging Rate
Table 4-6. Discharge Rate of Liquid Air
Liquid Nitrogen
Liquid Oxygen
23.04 MWhr.
23.42 MWhr.
Discharge Rate
Liquid Argon
23.50 MW
hr.
1000
900
800
700
600
500
Liquid Nitrogen
Liquid Oxygen
Liquid Argon
400
300
200
100
0
Discharge Rate (KW-hr)

Figure 4-7. Discharge Rate of Liquid Air
As shown in Table 4-6 and Figure 4-7, it can obviously stated that Liquid Argon gets the highest storage
discharging rate given that it supply a high output value. The design and production of LIN, LOX, and
LAR is based on 1 hour base cycle. It can be concluded that having the said power output, will also be
the rating of discharge or charging rate. Liquid Oxygen is capable of giving more 0.08MW-hr and
0.46MW-hr. energy compare to Liquid Nitrogen and Liquid Oxygen respectively. As a result, Liquid
Argon will be chosen as sustainable design of energy storage for Liquid Air. (See Appendix B)
124
Table 4-7. Carbon Emission of Liquid Air
O2
Kg C
Liquid Nitrogen
Liquid Oxygen
Liquid Argon
17603
17891
17954
Emission
800
700
600
500
400
Liquid Nitrogen
Liquid Oxygen
Liquid Argon
300
200
100
0
Carbon Emission of LAES (Kg CO2)

Figure 4-8. Carbon emission of Liquid Air
Figure 4-8 shows that the three design project give back each 100% of Carbon emission due to high
boiling point or vaporization of Liquid Carbon. Given an average temperature of -200C Carbon dioxide
will simply turn into vapor at -78C. Therefore, the design project gives back the carbon dioxide it
collected back to ambient air. The design project does not produce carbon dioxide it only gives back of
O
the vapor phase of C 2 . (See Appendix B)
125
Economic (Cost)
Total Cost (PHP)
Liquid Nitrogen
Liquid Oxygen
Liquid Argon
399,016,800.00
383,126,250.00
664,683,987.50
330,000
325,000
320,000
315,000
310,000
305,000
Liquid Nitrogen
Liquid Oxygen
Liquid Argon
300,000
295,000
290,000
285,000
Cost of Materials ($)

Figure 4-9. Cost of Liquid Air design
In data given in Table 4-8 stated that Liquid Oxygen got the lowest cost above all design. Therefore it is
the choice in terms of its cost and rank of 2 will be given to the design of LOX. Liquid Argon has the
highest value among all design following the price Liquid nitrogen. Liquid Oxygen is less expensive by
15,890,550 Philippine Pesos. As a result, Liquid Oxygen will be chosen as the most economical
design among Liquid Air Energy Storage. (See Appendix B)
Design 3: Flywheel Energy Storage System

126
Efficiency
Table 4-9. Efficiency of Energy Transfer of Flywheel
Disc Type
Efficiency of Flywheel
Modified Constant
Stress Disc
91.6%
86.42%
Conical Disc
85.71%
94.00%
92.00%
90.00%
88.00%
Disc Type
Modified Constant Stress Disc
Conical Disc
86.00%
84.00%
82.00%
Efficiency of Energy Transfer
Figure 4-10. Efficiency of Flywheel

Figure 4-10 shows the efficiency between different designs of flywheels that is used to give power back
to the grid. In the data given in Table 4-9, it is shown that Modified Constant Stress Disc Type of
Flywheel is more efficient among the three designs. It is more efficient by 5.18% and 5.89% compare to
Disc Type and Conical Disc flywheels respectively. Therefore, Modified Constant Stress Disc Type
will be chosen as the most efficient design for flywheel storage. (See Appendix C)
127
Discharging Rate
Table 4-10. Discharge Rate of Flywheels
Discharge Rate
Disc Type
Modified Constant
Stress Disc
Conical Disc
6.05 MW-hr.
5.5 MW-hr.
6 MW-hr.
6
6
6
6
6
6
Disc Type
Modified Constant Stress Disc
Conical Disc
6
5
5
5
Discharging Rate (MW-hr)

Figure 4-11. Discharging Rate of Flywheel
Figure 4-11 shows the data between different flywheels that is used to give power back to the grid. In
this figure, we can see that the Disc Type of flywheel rotor can give the highest discharging rate.
Therefore it can supply more power compare to other designs of flywheels. It is more advantageous by
50KW-hr and 500MW-hr compare to Conical Disc and Modified Constant StressDisc Type flywheels
respectively. As a result, Disc Type will be chosen for this design constraint. (See Appendix C)
128
Table 4-11. Carbon Emission of Flywheel
CO2 Emission
Disc Type
Modified Constant
Stress Disc
Conical Disc
12170.55 Kg CO2
4840 Kg CO2
10620 Kg CO2
14000
12000
10000
8000
Disc Type
6000
Modified Constant
Stress Disc
Conical Disc
4000
2000
0
Carbon Emission of FES (Kg CO2)
Figure 4-12. Carbon Emission Flywheel Rotor Materials

Figure 4-12 represents the data between the different designs of flywheels. In this constraint, the
design which emits less amount of carbon will be considered as the most environmental or less
hazardous. As you can see in table 4-11, it gives the values of carbon emitted of each design. Modified
Constant Stress Disc emits less amount of carbon compare to the remaining designs. Disc type
produced 12170.55 CO2 and Conical Disc produced 10620 CO 2 more than MCSD respectively. As a
result, Modified Constant Stress Disc will be considered as the most environmental and less
hazardous among the different flywheel designs. (See Appendix C)
Economic (Cost)
129
Total Cost (PHP)
Disc Type
Modified Constant
Stress Disc
Conical Disc
8,564,723.7
10,837,750
8,497,402.34
12,000,000.00
10,000,000.00
8,000,000.00
6,000,000.00
Disc Type
Modified Constant Stress
Conical Disc
4,000,000.00
2,000,000.00
0.00
Cost of Materials (PHP)

Figure 4-13. Cost of Flywheel Energy Storage Design
Figure 4-13 represents the value of material costs for different types of flywheel designs. Least
expensive design will be considered as the most economical as well. For this design, you can see in
Table 4-12 that Conical Disc it the least expensive among the three designs.. Therefore, Conical Disc
will be chosen among the different designs for flywheel energy storage. (See Appendix C)
130
Design 4: Advanced Adiabatic Compressed Air Storage (AA-CAES)

Efficiency
The efficiency calculated in this parameter is the storages efficiency from its input power
coming from the energy storage to the turbines output power. Below is the summary of the efficiency of
the CAES system designs
Table 4-13. Efficiency of AA-CAES
Efficiency
Liquid Sodium
Styrene
Ethylene Glycol
85.0%
94.28%
81.42%
100
95
90
Liquid Sodium
85
Styrene
Ethylene Glycol
80
75
70
Efficiency
Figure 4-14. Efficiency of AA-CAES

Figure 4-14 shows the efficiency of the system when different heat transfer fluid was used. Based from
the data, Styrene was able to provide the greatest efficiency with 94.28% due to the reason that it used
3 sets of steam turbine to meet the desired output of at most 7MW and Ethylene Glycol with the lowest
with nearly 81.24%. In this criterion, the Styrene is the most advantageous.
Discharging Rate
131
Discharging rate refers to the power expulsion to the system per unit time. To calculate the
discharging rate of the system, the proponents multiplied the output power to the number of hours, h.
Pdischarge =( PT )x 1 hr
Table 4-14. Discharging Rate of AA-CAES
Power Output
Liquid Sodium
Styrene
Ethylene Glycol
5.95MWh
6.6MWh
5.7MWh
6.8
6.6
6.4
6.2
Liquid Sodium
Styrene
Ethylene Glycol
5.8
5.6
5.4
5.2
Discharging Rate
Figure 4-15. Disharging Rate of CAES

As shown in Table 4-14, the discharging rate of the energy storage facility per unit. It is
possible since the power dissipation of the system is consistent once needed by the system. It could be
seen that the liquid that was able to provide the fastest discharging rate is Styrene. This means that
Styrene can deliver more power to the needed area faster being able to dissipate 6.6MWh compared to
that of Liquid Sodium with 5.95MWh and Ethylene Glycol with 5.7MWh. With that, in this criterion,
Styrene is the most advantageous.
132
Table 4-15. Carbon Emission of AA-CAES
kg C
O2
Emission
Liquid Sodium
Styrene
Ethylene Glycol
5593
6279.2
5358
6400
6200
6000
5800
Liquid Sodium
5600
Styrene
Ethylene Glycol
5400
5200
5000
4800
Carbon Emission
Figure 4-16. Carbon Emission

Table 4-15 shows the carbon emission of the system in tons. AA-CAES system does not emit
carbon dioxide in the environment. The following liquid are only used to transfer heat from the thermal
energy storage to the expansion stage, thus, not emitting any carbon by-product. On the other hand,
the system could produce carbon by-product if the storage facility cannot meet the demand and act as
a coal power plant. In this criterion, the lower the amount of carbon emission, the better it is for the
environment, with that, the best agent to be used in the system is Ethylene Glycol being able to emit
5358 kg of carbon dioxide while Liquid Sodium emits 5593 kg of carbon dioxide and Styrene emitting
6279.2 kg of carbon dioxide. Clearly, the lesser value of kilogram of carbon dioxide emitted is a better
choice in the system.
133
Economic (Cost)
Investment cost of Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) is the combination of investment costs
required for turbine, compressor and storage facility. The turbine and compressor is translated into
power rating of the CAES, and the storage facility is into the energy rating.
Cinv = P tur x CT + Pc x Cc +(E max +Q)x Cs
where :
Cinv =investment cost of CAES, $
P tur =turbine power, kW
Pc =compressor power,kW
Emax =energy stored, kWh
CT =turbine cost, $/kW
Cc =compressor cost, $/kW
Cs =storage cost, $/kW
According to study made by McCalley, James and Das, Trishna of Iowa State University
entitled Compressed Air Energy Storage, the following costs such as turbine, compressor and
storage, are deemed constant with the following values, C t = 200$/kW, Cc = 150$/kW, Sc = 40$/kW.
Assuming that the conversion from US dollar to Philippine peso is $1 = Php 47.125.
Table 4-16. Economic Cost of AA-CAES System
Economic Cost
Liquid Sodium
Styrene
Ethylene Glycol
PhP 70.10 million
PhP 76.98 million
PhP 67.74 million
134
78
76
74
72
Liquid Sodium
70
Styrene
Ethylene Glycol
68
66
64
62
Economic Cost
Figure 4-17. Economic Cost of AA-CAES System

In the given data in Table 4-19 shows the investment cost of the system depending upon the
output power generated through the use of different heat transfer material. It could be seen that the
most expensive investment in the design options is when liquid sodium would be used but, the
proponents are looking for the cheapest in the design options. The cheapest in the design options is
Ethylene Glycol having only PhP 67.74 million of investment cost while Styrene had the highest
investment cost of PhP 76.98 million. Therefore, the best design in this criterion is Ethylene Glycol.
Solid State Battery Energy

Storage
Liquid Air Energy Storage
Flywheel Energy Storage
Criterion's
Importance
Efficiency
Discharging
Rate
Carbon
Emission
Economic
Cost
Total Score
Lead
Acid
Nickel
Cadmium
Lithium
Ion
Liquid
Nitrogen
Liquid
Oxygen
Liquid
Argon
Disc
Type
0.9307
0.7699
0.7635
0.7730
0.9496
0.0000
0.8264
Modified
Constan
t Stress
Disc
0.9408
0.0489
0.0206
0.0194
0.9744
0.9956
1.0000
0.0306
1.0000
0.9551
0.6145
0.0200
0.0036
0.0000
1.0000
0.9993
0.9964
0.4038
0.4280
2.9795
2.7448
2.3938
2.1713
2.3768
135
Advanced Adiab
Compressed Air Ener
Conica
l Disc
Liquid
Sodium
Styrene
0.8107
0.7951
1.0000
0.0000
0.0278
0.0250
0.0656
0.3303
0.7491
0.4189
0.7060
0.6668
0.0000
0.9973
0.9938
0.9974
0.9037
0.8933
1.0000
2.1846
2.6837
2.2548
2.4298
2.6257
Table 4-17. Summary of Trade-off

*Reference: Kirkwood, C. W.,(1997). Strategic Decision Making: Multiobjective Decision Analysis with
Spreadsheets. Retrieved last October 21, 2015.
Above is the summary of the scores tabulated from all the computation using the Modified
Kirkwood and Sarin calculation. It could be seen that Design Solid State Battery (Lead Acid) has
the highest score having 2.9795. With that, the design with the highest score will undergo simulation
and data analysis for gather further information. (See Appendix E)
Design Standards
This design project accord to the following codes and standards and reference:
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
IEC 60076-1 Power transformer, Part 1 General, Clause 4: Ratings, p.31

IEC-62477-1 - Safety Requirements for Power Electronic Converter Systems and Equipment.
Philippine Electrical Code (PEC)

Philippine Electrical Code Part1 Volume1 (2009) Table 4.50.1.3(a) Maximum Rating or
Setting of Overcurrent Protection for Transformers Over 600 Volts, p.758
Philippine Electrical Code Part1 Volume1 (2009) Table 3.10.1.67 Ampacities of Insulated
Single Copper Conductor Cables Triplexed in Air Based on Conductor Temperatures of 90C
and 105 C and Ambient Air Temperature of 40 C, p.363
Philippine Electrical Code 3.10.1.16 Allowable Ampacities of Insulated Conductors Rated 0 to
2000 Volts, 60C Through 90C. Not More Than Three Current-Carrying Conductors in
Raceway, Cable, or Earth (Directly Buried), Based on Ambient Temperature of 30C, p.350
Philippine Electrical Code 2.40.1.6 Standard Ampere Ratings, p. 169
Philippine Electrical Code 2009 Article 2.15.1.2 Feeders Minimum Rating and Size, p.91
National Electrical Code (NEC)
NFPA-NEC 2014 Article 215. Feeders Minimum Rating and Size, Feeders Over 600 Volts,
p.64
NFPA-NEC 2014.Article 6.90 Solar Photovoltaic Systems, p.63
136
NFPA-NEC 2014.Article 450- Transformer and Transformer Vaults (Including Secondary Ties)
p.368
National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)

NEMA MG-1: Motors and Generators. 20.5.6 Preferred Machine Power and voltage rating, part
20, p.3
NEMA Motor Generators-2009. Large Machines-DC Generators
NEMA Motor Generators-2009. Large Machines-Induction Motors
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
IEEE Std. 1013-2000 - IEEE Recommended Practice for Sizing Lead-Acid Batteries
IEEE-446 - IEEE Recommended Practice for Emergency and Standby Power Systems for
Industrial and Commercial Applications
IEEE Std. 1115-1992 - IEEE Recommended Practice for Sizing Nickel-Cadmium Batteries for
Stationary Applications
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
ANSI-IIEE C37.96-1988. Guide for AC Motor Protection. Motor Protection Requirements.p15

ANSI-IIEE C37.102-1988. Guide for AC Generator Protection. Protection Requirements.p17
137
Chapter 5 Final Design

The final design of the energy storage facility is the Lead-Acid battery energy storage facility. The
battery type that is going to be used will be Lead-Acid based from the calculations done doing the
Modified Kirkwood and Sarin calculations. Of all the designs, this battery energy storage is deemed to
be the most practical of all the options provided beforehand. It is seen that the energy storage facility is
the most efficient of all designs having percent efficiency and is highly sustainable having an output
power of power megawatts. With such efficiency and output power, the system is still economical
since it only requires economical as its initial investment.
A total of 12 design options undergo trade-off calculation based from design constraints provided by the
researchers namely: Efficiency, Sustainability, Discharging Rate, Carbon Emission and Economical
Aspect.
In this final design, the charging and discharging properties of the system is shown. The simulation also
shows the control function when to charge and discharge the battery.
Design of Battery Energy Storage System using Lead-Acid Battery
Transformer Sizing
P
S = pf
P = 7MW
Pf = 0.8
7MW
S = 0.8
S = 8.85 MVA

S
I=
3 VL
I =incoming current
138


VL = voltage line
I incoming =
(10MVA)
3 (13.8KV)


Protection for Transformers Over 600 Volts, p. 758
Feeder Sizing
IFEEDER = 1.25 x 418.36A
IFEEDER = 522.95 A

Table 3.10.1.67, p.363
Transformer Secondary Protection = IFL x 250%

NFPA-NEC 2014 Article 215. Feeders Minimum

Rating and Size, Feeders Over 600 Volts, p.64

I L,DC =
S
Vdc
139
Where
I L,DC
S = rectifier kVA rating

I L,DC =
I L,DC =
I L,DC
S
Vdc
15KVA
48V
= 312.5 A.
IEC-62477-1 - Safety Requirements for Power Electronic

Converter Systems and Equipment.
Feeder Sizing

p.350


p.169

IC
C x Kt
= Tc
140
Where
C x Kt
Ic = Tc
35Ah x 1.1
Ic = 1 hour
Ic = 38.5A.


I DC = I L,DC + I C
I DC = 312.5 A+38.5 A
I DC = 351 A


= IDC x 1.25 (additional protecting factor) (NEC Standards)
= 351A x 1.25 =438.75A

Battery Sizing of Lead-Acid Battery

Step 1: Calculate the Capacity of Storage System.
IEEE-446 - IEEE Recommended Practice for
141
Emergency
and Standby Power Systems for Industrial
and Commercial Applications

7MW-hr
= 4000 Batteries

Vmax
Where
Vmax = Maximum allowable voltage of the system = 52V
Cell recharge voltage = 2.3V / cell
52V
Maximum number of cells = 2.3V/cell
IEEE Std. 1013-2000 - IEEE Recommended

Practice for Sizing Lead-Acid Batteries
Step 3: Calculate the End-of-Discharge Voltage (EOD).

Vmin
Calculated EOD cell voltage = maximum number of cells
Where
IEEE Std. 485 (1997, R2003)
Recommended Practice for Sizing LeadEOD = 1.67V/cell when discharging for short duration (<15 minutes) Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications
EOD = 1.75 to 1.8 V/cell when discharging over longer than 1 hour
Step 4: Determine the battery capacity (Ah).
142
Ed ( Ka x Kt x Kc)
C min = Vdc x Kdod
Where
Ed = desired energy over the autonomy time (V-Ah or W-hr.)
Ed = 1750 V-Ah.
Ka = 1.25
IEEE-485 Table 1-Temperature correction

factors for lead-acid batteries
Vdc = 48V
Kdod = 100%
Kc = 1.1
Ed ( Ka x Kt x Kc)
C min = Vdc x Kdod
(1750VA-h)( 1.25 x 0.69 x 1.1)
C min = 48V x 1
IEEE-446 - IEEE Recommended Practice for Emergency and Standby
Power Systems for Industrial and Commercial Applications
Power Losses
Where
I = battery current
143
Internal Resistance of a Lead-Acid Battery = 50m (According to Battery University)

Total P losses = 245KW
Battery Poutput = Pinput Plosses
Battery Poutput = 6.475MW
Inverter Sizing
Inverter P rating =

( KW
battery )
IEC-62477-1 - Safety Requirements for Power

Electronic Converter Systems and Equipment.
ABB Central Inverters PVS 800 (100-1000KW), Euro-eta (efficiency = 98.5%) is available in
market

Power Output = (809.375KW)(8)(0.985)
144
Power Output = 6.38MW
Carbon Emission
CO2 = 6,380 KWh x 0.07 kg CO2/KWh
CO2 = 446.6 kg CO2
Pout
x 100%
6.38MW
x 100%
Total Efficiency of the System = 6.72MW
Transformer Sizing
P
S = pf
P = 6.38 MW
Pf = 0.8
6.38MW
S = 0.8
S = 7.975 MVA
USE: 10MVA, 220/13.8V, 3, 60Hz. Power Transformer
S
I=
3 VL
145

I =incoming current
VL = voltage line
I incoming =
(10MVA)
3 (13.8KV)
Transformer High Voltage Protection = 418.37 x 4

Protection for Transformers Over 600 Volts, p.758
Feeder Sizing
IFEEDER = 1.25 x 418.36A
IFEEDER = 522.95 A

Table 3.10.1.67, p.363
146
Design Simulations
Figure 5.1. Design Simulation Battery Energy Storage System Grid-Tied

Below is the simulation for the battery energy storage system attached to a simplified grid. The
part of the system as shown by Figure 5.2 is the typical grid connection having its Three-phase source,
transmission line, load and transformer. There are different measurement devices that are attached in
the system in order to determine different parameters such as the voltage, current, real and reactive
power of the system of the simulation.
Figure 5.2 Typical Grid Connections
147
Figure 5.3 Simulated Battery Energy Storage Systems

Figure 5.3 shows the second part of the system which is the integration of the battery to the
conventional grid connection of the system. The energy storage consists of three-phase breakers,
universal bridge, rectifier, and the battery bank. The universal bridge is a block that implements a
power converter connected in bridge connection. Universal bridge can be modified to different power
electronic devices such as diodes, thyristors, GTO, MOSFET, IGBT, Ideal Switches, etc. Attached to
the universal bridge is the PWM generator. PWM generator, Pulse Width Modulation generator,
generates pulses to the system that would fire the forced-commutated devices such as the universal
bridge which is composed of MOSFETs. Another universal bridge was used, and was then represented
as a rectifier and ideal switch connected to the battery bank. The ideal switch block does not represent
a typical mechanical switch; it is a switching logic that is controlled by the gate valve in its operation.
The rectifier is represented by the diode which controls the passage of voltage, which allows the
passage of voltage at a certain cycle, going from the negative to the positive side.
148
Simulation Result
Figure 5.4. Battery Charging Simulation

The figure above shows result of the state of charge, current and voltage of the battery at the
end of simulation. The simulation was done with time = 5 seconds with interval of .05 seconds for
graphical representation. To simulate charging stage of the battery, the proponents manually positioned
the 3-Phase breaker circuit breaker at closed condition and the 3-Phase breaker1 circuit breaker at
open condition. With that, the flow of current would pass through the 3-Phase breaker going to the
battery bank. With the 2nd circuit breaker at open condition, it would inhibit the current to return to the
system. It could be seen that the battery bank has an initial state of charge of 80%, but the moment it
was connected, it had a sudden charge. Then slowly decreases as it become stable on the middle part.
Figure 5.5. State-of-Charge Simulation result
149
Figure 5.6 Voltage and Current Simulation result

Figure 5.5 and Figure 5.6 are the results of the second simulation wherein the battery is being
discharged as the 3-phase breaker circuit breaker is positioned at open condition and the 3-phase
breaker1 positioned at closed conditioned. With this, the system is not providing energy to the battery
bank. At the same time, the battery bank is being discharged going back to the system. Figure 5.5
shows that the state of charge of the battery bank gradually decreases with respect to time. This shows
that the battery bank delivers power to the system. On the other hand, figure 5.6 shows the voltage and
current relationship. The simulation proves the principle that when the battery acts as a source, it would
deliver constant voltage to the load while the current continuously decreases.
150
Figure 5.7. Matlab Simulink Model Representation

The figure above shows the model used by the proponents to represent the charging and
discharging of battery and is being controlled by the Load Controller which could be seen at the top
right of the model. The Load Controller is coded accordingly that would control the charging and
discharging time of the battery based from its state of charge. The Load Controller is a Matlab Function
Subsystem that enables the proponents to provide an embedded matlab editor wherein additional
codes could be provided. It is seen that the code was a conditional statement. When the SOC is
greater than 80%, the tag LoadOn=1, the Power Source battery will continuously discharge until it
reached the SOC at 40%. At 40%, the Power Source will cut off its power transmission and will be
charged by the Charging Source battery until the Power Source battery reached its desired State of
Charge.
The powergui block is the most important block in the model since it is needed to simulate
models that contain Simpower blocks. The powergui block could be simulated in different modes such
as continuous, discrete or phasor. In this case, the proponents used continuous mode in order to show
the change in value of the state of change in the scope of the system.
The simulation done was done with T = 8000 seconds.
Figure 5.8 Charging Source simulation Result

Figure 5.8 shows the SOC, current, and voltage results respectively of the Charging Source.
The charging source in this model depicts the grid that would provide power to the battery bank when
needed. It could be seen that the initial SOC of the bank is at 100%, and at a certain part of the graph,
when the power source had been at its 40% SOC; the state of charge of the charging source gradually
decreases. With the decrease of SOC, the current spiked up, which shows that there is a sudden flow
of current which would relate to transfer of current from the Charging Source to the Power Source. With
the sudden increase in current, there was a drop of voltage.
151
Figure 5.9 Power Source Simulation Result

Figure 5.9 shows the simulation results of the Power Source battery. Initially, the State-ofCharge of the battery bank is at 80%. As it dissipates its power to the load, the SOC of the battery
decreases until it reached 40%, once at 40%, the Load Controller will automatically open the circuit
breakers connected to the load and will close the circuit connected to the Charging battery, with that,
the Charging battery will charge up the Power Source battery until it reach its desired batterys SOC
which is at 80%. Once it reached 80%, it will open the circuit breaker connected to the Charging
battery, and will close the circuit breaker connected to the load, thus dissipating the capacity of the
Power Source battery.
Unlike in the Charging battery, as the Power Source battery reached its minimum SOC, the
current of the battery suddenly drops, which would show that the battery discontinued its power
transmission to the load. At the same time, the voltage suddenly increase, which would show that it
started to receive power through the Charging battery.
152

Design of 7MW Energy Storage System

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Chapter 1 Project Background

Project Scope and Limitations

Design of storage system

The limitations of design are the following:

Identify the problem and

Gather data in designing

Design different alternative

Plan the applicable

Formulate the best design

Figure 2-1 Single Line Diagram of some Parts in Metro Manila

Figure 2-2 Location of map of Metro Manila

Figure 2-3 Site Development Plan

Transmission Development Plan (TDP) Forecast 2012

Metro Manila Loading

Figure 2-4 Transmission Development Plan Forecasts of 2012

Metro Manila Population Growth Rate

Figure 2-5 Metro Manila: 2020 Growth Rate

Chapter 3: Design Project

Design 1: Solid State Batteries

IEC-60071-1 - Power Transformers.

Transformer Primary and Secondary Protection

Transformer Primary Protection = 1673.48 A

Philippine Electrical Code Part1

Transformer Secondary Protection = I FL x 250%

NFPA-NEC 2014 Article 215. Feeders

Rectifier / Charging Sizing

= design DC load current (full load)

S = selected rectifier kVA rating

IEC-62477-1 - Safety Requirements for

Philippine Electrical Code 3.10.1.16,

Use 2-sets of 125mm2 TW conductor

Philippine Electrical Code 2.40.1.6,

Use 400AT Circuit Breaker

IEC-62477-1 - Safety Requirements for

IEC-62477-1 - Safety Requirements

Use 450A Charge Controller

Battery Sizing: Using Lead-Acid Battery

IEEE-446 - IEEE Recommended

Desired Energy/Battery = 1,750 W-hr. / Battery

Step 2: Calculate the number of cells in series.

IEEE-446 - IEEE Recommended

x (no. of batteries per inverter)

IEC-62477-1 - Safety Requirements for

IEC-60071-1 - Power Transformers.

Philippine Electrical Code Part1

Transformer High Voltage Protection = IFL x 400%

Option 2: Design of a 7MW Energy Storage System using Nickel-Cadmium Battery

IEC-60071-1 - Power Transformers.

Transformer Primary and Secondary Protection

Philippine Electrical Code Part1

Philippine Electrical Code Part1

Transformer Secondary Protection = I FL x 250%

NFPA-NEC 2014 Article 215. Feeders

= design DC load current (full load)

S = selected rectifier kVA rating

IEC-62477-1 - Safety Requirements for

Philippine Electrical Code 3.10.1.16,

Use 2-sets of 125mm2 TW conductor

Philippine Electrical Code 2.40.1.6,

Use 400AT Circuit Breaker

Ic = maximum DC charge current (A)

IEC-62477-1 - Safety Requirements for

IEC-62477-1 - Safety Requirements for