TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H CH MINH

CHNG TRNH K S CHT LNG CAO VIT PHP PFIEV

BO CO BI TP LN
FM TRANSMITTER, FM JAMMER V RF AMPLIFIER

GVHD: PGS.TS HONG NH CHIN

SVTH:

TRN NHT HOI BO

41100249

L HONG ANH

41100075

TP. H CH MINH, THNG 12 NM 2015

GVHD: PGS.TS HONG NH CHIN

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FM TRANSMITTER, FM JAMMER V RF
AMPLIFIER
PHN

TRANG

LI CM N

I. YU CU TI
II. THC HIN TI
1. Nguyn l pht thanh trn sng FM
2. Thit k v thi cng mch pht sng FM
3. Thit k v thi cng mch khuch i siu cao tn
4. Thit k v thi cng mch FM jammer
III. KT QU V NHN XT
1. Kt qu
2. Nhn xt
IV. TI LIU THAM KHO

4
4
4
10
13
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LI CM N
Nhm xin gi li tri n chn thnh v su sc nht ti PGS.TS Hong nh
Chin v tt c kin thc, tm lng v s nhit huyt ca thy trong hai mn
hc Mch in T Thng Tin v Tng Hp Tn S cng nh s hng
dn tn tnh khi thc hin bi tp ln ny. Ngoi nhng kin thc chuyn mn
qu bu t l thuyt ti ng dng thc t, nhm cn hc c thy mt
phng php hc lm vic mi y hiu qu cho k s v sinh vin k thut.
Nhm cng gi li cm n ti phng th nghim 209B1 ht sc to iu
kin cho nhm lm vic v kim tra hot ng ca mch.

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YU CU TI
o Thit k v thi cng mch pht sng hot ng trong di tn s FM 88MHz
108MHz da trn nguyn l hot ng ca IC BA1404, kim tra bng cc thit
b thng tin thc t.
o Thit k v thi cng mch khuch i tn hiu ng vo l tn hiu FM c
iu ch.
o Thit k v thi cng mch FM jammer ph sng FM to ra, kim tra
bng cc thit b thng tin thc t.
II.
THC HIN TI
1. Nguyn l pht thanh trn sng FM
I.

FM l vit tt ca ( Frequency Moducation : iu ch tn s ) l iu ch theo phng

thc lm thay i tn s ca tn hiu cao tn theo bin ca tn hiu m tn, khong
tn s bin i l 150KHz.
Sng FM l sng cc ngn i vi tn hiu Radio, sng FM thng pht di tn t
88MHz n 108MHz.
a. Khi nim v tn hiu m tn.
Tn hiu m tn l tn hiu ca sng m thanh sau khi c i thnh tn hiu in
thng qua Micro.
Sng m thanh l mt dng sng c hc truyn trong khng gian, khi sng m thanh
va chm vo mng Micro lm cho mng Micro rung ln, lm cho cun dy gn vi
mng Micro c t trong t trng ca nam chm dao ng, hai u cun dy ta
thu c mt in p cm ng chnh l tn hiu m tn.
Tn hiu m tn c gii tn t 20Hz n 20KHz v khng c kh nng bc x thnh
sng in t truyn trong khng gian, do truyn tn hiu m tn i xa hng
trm, hng ngn Km. Ngi ta phi gi tn hiu m tn cn truyn vo sng cao tn
gi l sng mang, sau cho sng mang bc x thnh sng in t truyn i xa vi
vn tc nh sng.
b. Khi nim v tn hiu cao tn v sng in t.
Tn hiu cao tn l cc tn hiu in c tn s trn 30kHz, tn hiu cao tn c tnh cht
bc x thnh sng in t. Th d trn mt dy dn c tn hiu cao tn chy qua, th
dy dn c mt sng gy can nhiu ra xung quanh, chnh l sng in t do dng
in cao tn bc x ra khng gian.
Sng in t: L sng truyn dn trong khng gian vi vn tc bng vn tc nh
sng, c tn s t 30KHz n hng ngn MHz, cong ngi s dng sng in t
trong cc lnh vc thng tin, v tuyn in, truyn thanh, truyn hnh, trong Radio
l lnh vc truyn thanh chim gii tn t 30KHz n khong 16MHz vi cc sng
iu ch AM, v t 76MHz n 130MHz vi cc sng iu ch FM.
c. u v nhc im ca sng FM.

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Sng FM c nhiu u im v mt tn s, di tn m thanh sau khi tch sng iu

tn c cht lng rt tt, cho m thanh trung thc v c th truyn m thanh
stereo, sng FM t b can nhiu hn s vi sng AM.
Nhc im ca sng FM l c ly truyn sng ngn, ch truyn c c ly t vi
chc n vi trm km, do sng FM thng c s dng lm sng pht thanh
trn cc a phng.
d. My pht FM c bn

H NH 1. S KHI TNG QUT CA MY PHT IU TN (FM)

Khi ch sng c nhim v to ra dao ng cao tn (sng mang) c bin v tn
s n nh, c tm bin i tn s rng. Mun vy ta phi dng mch dao ng
LC kt hp vi mch t ng iu chnh tn s (AFC).
Khi tin khuch i c th dng nhn tn hoc khuch i dao ng cao tn
n mc cn thit kch thch tng cng sut lm vic. N cn c nhim v m,
lm gim nh hng ca cc tng sau n n nh tn s ca khi ch sng. V
vy m khi tin khuch i c thc nhiu tng: tng m; tng nhn tn v tng
tin khuch i cao tn.
Khi khuch i cng sut cao tn c nhim v to ra cng sut cn thit theo yu
cu cng sut ra Pra ca my pht. Cng sut ra yu cu cng ln th s tng
khuch i trong khi khuch i cng sut cao tn cng nhiu.
Mch ra phi hp tr khng gia tng khuch i cng sut cao tn cui cng
v anten c cng sut ra ti u nht (Pra ti u).
Anten bc x nng lng cao tn (bin i nng lng dao ng cao tn ca
my pht thnh sng in t truyn i trong khng gian).
i vi my pht iu tn th yu cu in p m tn khng ln lm, nn tn hiu m
tn t micro ch cn qua mt b tin khuch i m tn ri a ti b ch sng. Mt
khc do tn hiu iu tn c tn slm vic cao hn nhiu so vi tn hiu iu bin
nn s tng nhn tn trong b tin khuch i cng sut nhiu hn. ng thi dng
nhiu tng nhn tn th di tn ln hn (f = 75 KHz). n nh tn s ca my
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pht iu tn cng yu cu cao hn (10-5 10-7), nn h thng AFC thng c cu to

phc tp.
e. iu ch FM

H NH 2. IU CH FM
Vi mch iu ch tn s th sng mang c bin khng i, nhng tn s thay i
theo bin ca tn hiu m tn, khi bin tn hiu m tn tng th tn s cao tn
tng, khi bin m tn gim th tn s cao tn gim. Nh vy sng mang FM c tn
s tng gim theo tn hiu m tn v gii hn tng gim ny l +150KHz v 150KHz,
nh vy tn s sng mang iu tn c di thng l 300KHZ.
Th d nu i ting ni vit nam pht trn sng FM 100MHz th n truyn i mt di
tn t 99,85 MHz n 100,15 MHz.
Tn hiu sau iu ch FM
xc(t) = Accos(2fct + (t))
Vi:

fc l tn s ca sng mang.
Ac l bin ca sng mang.
(t) l gc pha thay i theo tn hiu.

i vi FM: (t) = 2f ()
Tn s ca tn hiu sau iu ch: f(t) = fc + fx(t) trong f l dch tn m bo
f(t) > 0 (thng thng f < fc).
4

bien do

-2

-4

4
thoi gian

7
-3

x 10

H NH 3. SONG MANG CHA IU CH

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bien do

-2

-4

4
thoi gian

7
-3

x 10

H NH 4. SONG MANG SAU IU CH

Bng thng ca tn hiu iu ch FM
Xt tn hiu x(t) c dng x(t) = Amcos(mt) suy ra (t) = sin(mt) vi = fAm / fm
xc(t) = Ac[ cos((t))cos(2fct) - sin((t))sin(2fct)]
= Ac[cos(sin(mt))cos(2fct) - sin(sin(mt))sin(2fct)]
p dng php khai trin:
cos(sin(mt)) = J0()+2Jn()cos(nmt) vi n chn.
sin(sin(mt)) = 2Jn()sin(nmt) vi n l.
Jn() l hm Bessel bc n vi i s .
Cc gi tr ca Jn(1) cho bi hnh sau
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6
-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

10

H NH 5. H M BESSEL ()
Ta thy ph tn ca tn hiu fm l v hn (khng th truyn nh vy). Tuy nhin bin
ca cc hi bc cao rt b, ta c th loi b. Nh vy bng thng c th c gii
hn tuy nhin s gy mo tn hiu do mt hi bc cao.V vy cn la chn tn hiu
mo dng c th chp nhn c.

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1
n=0
n=1
n=2
n=3
n=10

0.8

ham Bessel bac n,doi so beta

0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1

10

15

beta

H NH 6. H M BESSEL
Thng thng ta s loi b cc vch ph c | Jn() | < vi chn t 0,01 n 0,1.
Bng thng ca tn hiu: BW = 2(+2)fm(max).
f. Gii iu ch FM
Dng mch tch sng c in
Hnh 1 m t s khi ca mch tch sng phn bit.
Mch dch pha tuyn tnh c chc nng to tr pha t1, ng thi to lch pha
900 trn sng mang.

H NH 7. MCH TCH SNG

Tn hiu ra t b nhn i qua mch lc thng thp s loi b thnh phn tn s cao, ta
nhn c tn hiu yD(t) t l vi x(t).
Dng vng kha pha (PLL)
Hnh 2 m t s khi ca mch gii iu ch FM dng PLL.

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H NH 8. B GII IU CH FM DNG PLL

B so snh pha (Phase comparator) hay b pht hin pha (Phase detector) l mt thit
b so snh cc tn s li vo, tn hiu li ra phn nh s khc nhau v pha gia
chng (v d, nu nh chng khc nhau v tn s, n s to ra li ra mt dao ng
tun hon c tn s bng hiu hai tn s). Nu tn s tn hiu vo f0 khng bng tn
s dao ng ca b VCO th tn hiu sai pha t ng ra b so snh pha, sau khi c
lc v khuch i, li c a n VCO. iu khin tn s ca VCO hng ti f0 .
C th, b VCO s nhanh chng kho vo f0 v duy tr mt mi lin h vng chc
vi tn hiu li vo.
Bng cc php bin i ton hc, ngi ta chng minh c sai s pha tc thi ng
ra b so snh l t l vi tn hiu iu ch x(t).
u v nhc im ca vng kho pha (PLL)
S dng vng kha pha PLL nh mt h thng lc so vi b lc tch cc RC dng
k thut hi tip hay nhng mch cng hng LC c nhng u im sau
o Kh nng hot ng tn s cao:
Vng kha pha PLL n khi c th hot ng phm vi tn s cao (
2160MHz), trong khi phn nhiu k thut hi tip RC tch cc b gii hn di
tn s di 100Hz.
o S c lp v kh nng chn lc v iu hng tn s trung tm
Tn s trung tm th c tn s chy t do ca VCO (Vottage Controlled
Oscillator), cn tnh chn lc ca PLL c xc nh bng b lc thng thp ca
vng ny. iu ny loi tr c vn ng chnh phc tp khi dng nhiu tng
lc iu hng LC ni kt vi nhau. Mt khc vic thay i tn s ca PLL khng
lm thay i phm cht Q nh mch cng hng LC.
o D dng trong vic iu hng
PLL c th c iu hng theo1 tn s yu cu no y, bi s chn lc ring
catn s chy t do VCO. Tn s ny thng thng c quyt nh bi phn
t n bn ngoi (t in C) v c th c iu chnh lin tc t 1Hz n phm
vi lch tn s mong mun l 50MHz.
Tuy c nhiu u im nhtrn, PLL vn khng ththay th hon ton cho nhng
b lc cng hng LC hay b lc tch cc RC trong tt c cc ng dng v:
o S thiu thng tin v bin tn hiu
PLL ch p ng vi tn s ca tn hiu vo, m khng p ng vi bin , min
l bin vo cao duy t kha. Nh vy, PLL ch lc c nhng tn s
mong mun. Trong khi dng mch cng hng LC (hay dng mch lc tch cc
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RC c hi tip) th khng nhng lc c tn smong mun m ti tn s bin

tn hiu l cc i.
o S kh khn trong vn t ng iu chnh hiu s khuch i (AGC)
Mc d 1 s khuyt m nh vy, nhng PLL di dng vi mch n khi c kh
nng thc hin nhiu chc nng nht trong cc thit b in t vin thng tng
t, cng tc nhiu lnh vc khc nhau.
2. Thit k v thi cng mch pht sng FM
Ngy nay, mch tch hp (IC) ang l xu th pht trin ca k thut hin i v rt nhiu
u im: kch thc nh gn, tit kim nng lng, nhiu chc nng, d sa cha bo
tr. Theo s hng dn ca PGS.TS Hong nh Chin, nhm chn IC BA1404 thc
hin thi cng mch pht sng FM.
a. Cu trc IC BA1404
IC BA1404 l mt IC pht FM stereo, mi IC gm 3 khi chc nng chnh:
o Khi iu ch stereo: To tn hiu stereo tng hp t tn hiu MAIN (L+R), SUB
(L-R) v tn hiu pilot t b dao ng thch anh 38kHz.
o Khi iu ch FM: To sng FM c tn s sng mang nm trong di tn 75108MHz.
o Khi khuch i RF: Pht i tn hiu FM m ha v cng l b m cho khi
iu ch FM.
IC BA1404 gm 18 chn vi s kt ni v chc nng c th nh sau

H NH 9: S KHI IC BA1404

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Chn s Tn
1
Ng vo tn hiu audio knh
R
2
Ng vo b khuch i
3
Ni t
4
B dao ng 38 kHz
5
B dao ng 38 kHz
6

B dao ng 38 kHz

Ng ra RF

8
9
10

t
B dao ng RF
B dao ng RF

11
12

Ngun p
Ng vo tn hiu iu ch

13
14
15
16

Ng ra tn hiu pilot
Ng ra tn hiu ghp knh
Vcc
B ghp knh iu ch cn
bng
B ghp knh iu ch cn
bng
Ng ra tn hiu audio knh L

17
18

Chc nng
Kt ni n mch tin nhn
Kt ni n t bypass
Ni t tn s thp
Kt ni n t bypass
Kt ni vi b to dao ng
thch anh 38kHz
Kt ni n t ti ca b to
dao ng thch anh
Kt ni n mch cng hng
LC
Ni t tn s cao
Kt ni n t bypass
Kt ni n t v mch cng
hng LC
Kt ni n varicap
Kt ni n t bypass v ngun
tn hiu iu ch
Kt ni n mch trn RC
Kt ni n mch trn RC
Ngun p
Kt ni n tr trimport (?)
Kt ni n tr trimport (?)
Kt ni n mch tin nhn

b. Nguyn l hot ng
Knh audio R c cho vo chn 1 v knh audio L ni vo chn 18. Tn hiu
mi knh c c lp khuch i ln khong 37dB v cho vo b multiplexer.
B to sng 38 kHz to ra subcarrier 38 kHz v tn hiu pilot 19 kHz c cng pha
nhng b delay 1/2 chi k.
Tn hiu audio v 38 kHz subcarrier c cn bng v iu ch trong b
multiplexer. Tn hiu audio L - R c iu ch DSB tn s 38 kHz sau cng
vo tn hiu L + R v pilot 19 kHz. Gia hai chn 16 17 c th ni vi bin tr
gim tn hiu subcarrier b r do s khng cn bng ca b multiplexer.
Tn hiu u ra c iu ch FM vi gi tr tn s sng mang c xc nh nh
b LC resonator ni chn 10. Tn hiu RF sau iu ch c xut ra chn 7 v
ni ra ng ten pht i hoc b khuch i RF trc khi ni ra angten khuch
i cng sut, tng tm pht sng.

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H NH 10: FM MODULATOR
c. Thit k mch pht sng FM

H NH 11: S CHEMATIC MCH PHT FM

d. Thi cng mch pht sng FM

H NH 12: L AYOUT MCH PHT FM

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H NH 13: MCH PHT FM

Kt qu pht sng FM: Sau khi thc hin mch pht sng FM, tn s thu c ti
104.3MHz, cng sut pht o c ti phng th nghim l -43dBm.
Bn knh ph sng (cha thc hin mch khuch i) khong 5m.
3. Thit k v thi cng mch khuch i siu cao tn
Mch khuch i cng sut siu cao tn c s dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh
vc nh Thng tin v tuyn, Truyn hnh, Radar
Cc k thut c bn dng trong khuch i cng sut cao tn c th s dng cc
lp nh A, B, AB, C, D, cho dy tn s t VHF n siu cao tn.
Cng sut ng ra t vi mW n hng MW, ty ng dng.
Chc nng chnh ca 1 mch khuch i (MK) l nhn tn hiu vo v lm cho
bin ca n ln hn. C nhiu loi MK ty theo mc ch s dng. V d
mch pht sng v tuyn dng MK tn s v tuyn (RF) khuch i tn hiu
trc khi a n anten pht.
Cc thng s quan trng nht cn quan tm i vi mt MK cng sut siu cao
tn l:
Cng sut ng ra
li
Tnh tuyn tnh
n nh
Ngun p cp DC
Hiu sut
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Tnh bn vng
a. Cc khi chc nng chnh ca mt mch khuch i
Khi cng sut ngun: Chc nng u tin ca khi ny l nhn cng sut xoay
chiu t cm v chuyn i n thnh in p mt chiu. Qu trnh chuyn i
ny l cn thit v cc thit b bn dn bn trong MK (transistors, FETs,
MOSFETs, v.v...) ch hot ng vi dng p ny.
Tng ng vo: Thu nhn tn hiu chun b cho vic khuch i tng ng ra.
Tng ng ra: Chuyn i tn hiu vo bin thp thnh mt bn sao c nng
lng ln hn nhiu ln c kh nng truyn ti cng sut ln n anten. Khi ny
thng s dng cc transistor cng sut hoc MOSFETs v ta nhit nhiu nht
trong MK.
b. Cc lp khuch i
Lp trong MK lin quan n vic thit k mch, thng l tng ng ra. Trong
thc t c nhiu lp c s dng trong 1 MK, cc lp ph bin bao gm:
Lp A: Cc mch khuch i lp A c s mo dng rt thp, tuy nhin chng c
hiu sut km (khong 50%) v him khi c dng cho cc thit k cng sut
ln. S mo dng thp l do transistor trong mch c phn cc ON khi mch
chy khng ti.
o MK lp A thng c s dng cho cc mch cng sut thp.
o Lp A c tnh tuyn tnh cao nht trong cc lp.
o Gc dn: 3600: Transistor dn trong ton chu k ca tn hiu vo.

H NH 14. TH BIU DIN TN HIU VO VI (T ) V DNG I C(T ) CA MK LP A

Lp B: MK lp B c dng trong cc thit k gi thnh thp. N c hiu sut
ng k hn so vi lp A (khong 78.5%), tuy nhin chng chu s mo dng ln
(tnh tuyn tnh thp) khi tn hiu nh.
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o Trc s xut hin ca cc MK IC, MK lp B kh ph bin trong cc

mch v tuyn hoc cc ng dng m cht lng m thanh khng quan
trng.
o Gc dn: 1800: Transistor dn trong chu k ca tn hiu vo.

H NH 15. V D V MK LP B

H NH 16. TH BIU DIN TN HIU VO VI (T ) V DNG I C(T ) CA MK LP B

Lp AB: y l lp khuch i c dng nhiu nht hin nay trong cc MK
stereo v tng t. N l s kt hp nhng u im ca lp A v lp B: hiu sut
cao ca lp B v tnh t mo dng ca lp A. S mo dng ln nht khi tn hiu
nh v nh nht khi tn hiu qua im ct.
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o Gc dn: gia 1800 v 3600 : Transistor dn trong hn chu k ca tn

hiu vo.

H NH 17. TH BIU DIN TN HIU VO VI (T ) V DNG I C(T ) CA MK LP AB

c. Cu trc v datasheet transistor BFR96

Transistor BFR96 l sn phm ca Motorola Semiconductor. N l transistor NPN
tn s cao. Cc c trng khi lm vic ca BFR:
li cng sut cao
Noise figure thp
li dng cao

H NH 18. TNH CHT TRANSISTOR BFR96

N thng c s dng vi cc mch khuch i MAT/CATV.
Thng s S ca transistor BFR96 di tn 100MHz n 1500MHz

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H NH 19. T HNG S S TRANSISTOR BFR96 (PHN CC VEC=10V )

y, nhm thit k mch pht sng FM tn s 104.3 MHz, nn thng s S c
chn l
0.388 130 0.02966
[S ]100 MHz
0.416 54
21112

Do 12 c gi tr nh khng ng k, c th xem transistor BFR96 hot ng trong

di tn c tn s trung tm 100MHz l phn t nh hng.
li ca transistor BFR96 ti tn s xp x 100MHz
Gmax 10 log S21 26.44dB
2

d. Thit k mch khuch i tn s cao

H NH 20. SCHEMATIC MCH PHN CC TRANSISTOR BFR96

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Thit k mch phi hp tr khng ng vo v ng ra ca mch khuch i (phi hp

tr khng gia ng ra/vo vi cp CATV)

H NH 21. SCHEMATIC MCH PHI HP TR KHNG NG VO

Thit k mch khuch i siu cao tn s dng 2 tng khuch i

H NH 22. SCHEMATIC MCH KHUCH I FM

Ngun 9V cung cp cho mch s dng IC n p 7809

H NH 22. SCHEMATIC MCH NGUN N P 9V FM

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e. Thit k layout v sn phm thc t

H NH 23. LAYOUT MCH KHUCH I FM

H NH 24. MCH KHUCH I FM

4. Thit k v thi cng mch FM jammer
a. Nguyn l hot ng ca mch jammer
Khuch i tn hiu cng hng t b cng hng LC do c th lm nhiu cc
thit b mun thu nhn tn hiu gn .
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Mch jammer c coi l bt hp php nhiu quc gia v ngi lm mch jammer
phi chu hnh pht nu c bt c tn hi no cho ngi dng khc.
b. Thit k mch FM jammer
Vi mch FM jammer, ta phn cc cho transistor NPN N2222 cng vi b to dao
ng cng hng LC ni ti chn E to tn hiu RF.

H NH 25. SCHEMATIC MCH FM JAMMER

c. Thit k layout v sn phm thc t

H NH 26. LAYOUT MCH FM JAMMER

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H NH 27. MCH FM JAMMER

III.
KT QU V NHN XT
1. Kt qu

H NH 28. KIM TRA MCH PHT FM S DNG BA1404

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Ph tn hiu FM, trong tn s FM xc nh l 104.26 MHz, cng sut pht 48.35dBm.

Pht tn hiu trong thc t, tn s thu c ti 104.3MHz, bn knh ph sng

H NH 29. KIM TRA MCH FM JAMMER

Tn hiu ca mch ph sng jammer v mch pht FM, tn s quan st c 104.26
MHz.
2. Nhn xt
Mch pht sng FM pht n nh tn s 104.3 MHz. C li pht sng khong 5m.
Mch jammer ph c sng FM to ra trn ti tn s 104.3 MHz. Mch jammer
do ch s dng phng thc n gin nn b nh hng kh ln t mi trng
xung quanh, dn n n vic hot ng khng n nh.
Mch khuch i s dng BFR96 thay v BFR91A nn khi thit k gp kh khn
trong vic phn cc cho transistor ny. Hot ng cha hiu qu, kh nng khuch
i cha cao.
IV.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] Mch in t thng tin PGS.TS Hong nh Chin
[2] Design of RF and Microwave Amplifier Khwairakpam Renuca
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GVHD: PGS.TS HONG NH CHIN

BO CO BI TP LN

[3] Datasheet BFR96

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