Engineering Mechanics:

Statics in SI Units, 12e

8

Friction

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Chapter Objectives
Introduce the concept of dry friction
Analysis of frictional force on belts

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Chapter Outline
1. Characteristics of Dry Friction
2. Problems Involving Dry Friction
3. Frictional Forces on Flat Belts

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8.1 Characteristics of Dry Friction

Friction

Force is the force that resists the movement of two

contacting surfaces that slide relative to one another
It acts tangent to the surfaces at points of contact of
the both bodies.
It opposes possible or existing motion of one body
relative to another at points of contact
Two types of friction Fluid and Dry Friction

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8.1 Characteristics of Dry Friction

Fluid friction occurs when the contacting surface are

separated by a film of fluid (gas or liquid)
Dry friction occurs
between contacting surfaces
of bodies in the absence of a
lubricating fluid

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8.1 Characteristics of Dry Friction

Theory of Dry Friction
Best understand by taking into consideration effects
caused by pulling horizontally a block of uniform
weight W which is resting on a rough horizontal
surface

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8.1 Characteristics of Dry Friction

Theory of Dry Friction
At Equilibrium Condition,
N (normal force) is directed upward to balance W
N acts a distance x to the right of the line of action of W(W
acts through the centroid)
This location coincides with the geometric center (centroid)
of the loading diagram in order to balance the tipping
effect caused by P

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8.1 Characteristics of Dry Friction

Theory of Dry Friction
Impending Motion
As P (applied force) is slowly increased, F(friction
force) correspondingly increase until it attains a
certain maximum value Fs, called the limiting static
frictional force
Limiting static frictional force Fs is directly proportional
to the resultant normal force N
force
Fs = sN

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

8.1 Characteristics of Dry Friction

Theory of Dry Friction
At Impending Motion
Constant of proportionality s is known as the
coefficient of static friction
Angle s between Rs and N is called the angle of
static friction

Fs
1 s N
1
s tan tan
tan s
N
N
1

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8.1 Characteristics of Dry Friction

Theory of Dry Friction

Typical Values of s (usually less than 1)

Contact Materials

Coefficient of Static Friction s

Metal on ice

0.03 0.05

Wood on wood

0.30 0.70

Leather on wood

0.20 0.50

Leather on metal

0.30 0.60

Aluminum on aluminum

1.10 1.70

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8.1 Characteristics of Dry Friction

Theory of Dry Friction
Motion
When P is greater than Fs, the frictional force is
slightly smaller value than Fs, called kinetic frictional
force (Fk)
The block will not be held in equilibrium (P > Fs) but
slide with increasing speed

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

8.1 Characteristics of Dry Friction

Theory of Dry Friction
Resultant kinetic frictional force Fk is directly
proportional to the magnitude of the resultant normal
force N
Fk = kN
Constant of proportionality k is coefficient of kinetic
friction
k are typically 25% smaller than s

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

8.1 Characteristics of Dry Friction

Theory of Dry Friction
F is a static frictional force if equilibrium is maintained
Fs is a limiting static frictional force when it reaches a
maximum value needed to maintain equilibrium
Fk is termed a kinetic frictional force when sliding
occurs at the contacting surface at uniform velocity

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

8.1 Characteristics of Dry Friction

Characteristics of Dry Friction
The frictional force acts tangent to the contacting
surfaces
The max static frictional force Fs is independent of the
area of contact
The max static frictional force is greater than kinetic
frictional force

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8.2 Problems Involving Dry Friction

Types of Friction Problems
In all cases, geometry and dimensions are assumed
to be known
2 types of mechanics problem involving dry friction
- Equilibrium
- Impending motion (about to move)

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8.2 Problems Involving Dry Friction

Equilibrium Versus Frictional Equations
Frictional force always acts so as to oppose the
relative motion or impede the motion of the body over
its contacting surface
Assume the sense of the frictional force that require F
to be an balance force
Correct sense is made after solving the equilibrium
equations
If F is a negative scalar, the sense of F is the reverse
of that assumed

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Example 8.1
The uniform crate has a mass of 20kg. If a force P = 80N
is applied on to the crate, determine if it remains in
equilibrium. The coefficient of static friction is s = 0.3.

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Solution
Resultant normal force NC act a distance x from the
crates center line in order to counteract the tipping effect
caused by P.
3 unknowns to be determined by 3 equations of
equilibrium.

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Solution
Fx 0;
80 cos 30 F 0
Fy 0;
80 sin 30 N C 196.2 0
M O 0;
80 sin 30 (0.4m) 80 cos 30 (0.2m) N C ( x) 0
Solving

F 69.3 N , N C 236 N

x 0.00908m 9.08mm

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Solution
Since x is negative, the resultant force acts (slightly) to
the left of the crates center line.
No tipping will occur since x 0.4m

Max frictional force which can be developed at the

surface of contact
Fmax = sNC = 0.3(236N) = 70.8N
Since F = 69.3N < 70.8N, the crate will not slip thou it is
close to doing so. Link:..\assignment\Tutorial 9.docx
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

8.5 Frictional Forces on Flat Belts

It is necessary to determine the frictional forces
developed between the contacting surfaces
Consider the flat belt which passes over a fixed curved
surface
Obviously T2 > T1
Consider FBD of the belt
segment in contact with the surface
N and F vary both in
magnitude and direction

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8.5 Frictional Forces on Flat Belts

Consider FBD of an element having a length ds
Assuming either impending motion or motion of the belt,
the magnitude of the frictional force
dF = dN
Applying equilibrium equations
Fx 0;
d
d
T cos

dN

(
T

dT
)
cos

0
2
2
Fy 0;
d
d
dN (T dT ) sin

T
sin

0
2
2
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8.5 Frictional Forces on Flat Belts

We have
dN dT
dN Td

dT
d
T
T T1 , 0, T T2 ,

dT
T1 T 0 d
T
In 2
T1
T2

T Te
1
2

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Example 8.8
The maximum tension that can be developed In the cord
is 500N. If the pulley at A is free to rotate and the
coefficient of static friction at fixed drums B and C is s =
0.25, determine the largest mass of cylinder that can be
lifted by the cord. Assume that the force F applied at the
end of the cord is directed vertically downward.

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Example 8.8
Weight of W = mg causes the cord to move CCW over
the drums at B and C.
Max tension T2 in the cord occur at D where T2 = 500N
For section of the cord passing over the drum at B
180 = rad, angle of contact between drum and cord
= (135/180) = 3/4 rad

T2 T1e s ;
500 N T1e 0.253 / 4
T1

500 N

e 0.253 / 4

500 N

277.4 N
1.80

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Example 8.8
For section of the cord passing over the drum at C
W < 277.4N
T2 T1e s ;
277.4 We 0.253 / 4
W 153.9 N
W
153.9 N
m

15.7kg
2
g 9.81m / s

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Example
Determine the smallest lever force P needed to prevent the
wheel from rotating if it is subjected to a torque M = 250 Nm.
The coefficient of static friction between the belt and the wheel
is 0.3 . The wheel is pin connected at its center, B.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd