Advanced Simulation Techniques For DC DC Converters PDF

Advanced Simulation Techniques
Using PSpice
Part 5: DC to DC Converters
STRATEGIC TECHNOLOGY GROUP

Experts in Power Electronics, Motor Drives
and Digital Control of Power
StrategicTechGroup.com
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Table of Contents
Cycle by Cycle and Small Signal Simulation of
Buck Converter
Boost Converter
Buck-Boost Converter
Cuk Converter
+ Eight Demonstrations

This document contains confidential and privileged information. Any

unauthorized review, use, disclosure, or distribution is prohibited.

Buck Converter
di
dt
dV
dt
di
dt
dV
dt
dV in V o
=
L
V
i
=
o
C
RC
dV in
1
= Vo +
L
L
1
1
i
Vo
=
C
RC

i
L1
SW1
12V
L
D1
C1
R1
State Equations

Vo
-

Buck Converter
On-Time Event
Vin Vout
I peak= I valley+
ton
L
Off-Time Event
I Valley = I peak
V out
L
t off


Buck CCM
( D (Vin Vout )Tsw
1
Vout (1 D )Tsw )
=0
Tsw
V out = DV in
Vout
=D
M =
Vin


Buck CCM
Salient Points
As D < 1, M<1
M is Independent of The Load Current
By Varying the Duty Cycle D, Vout is Controllable



Buck DCM
VL
Vout
Vin-Vout
0V
-Vout
IL
Ipeak
Iout
DTsw

D2Tsw D3Tsw

Buck DCM
(V
in
DT
sw
2T
D
I
peak
sw
D 2T
2I
DI
out
I
V
2I
out
L
out

D 2 T sw = 0
out
sw
2T
sw
peak
) DT
out
peak
= I
out
sw
peak
peak
D 2T
sw
DD
V
out
V
2
out
T
L
sw
L
D 2T
sw


Buck DCM
V out =
M =
1+
Vin
2V out L
D 2T swV in R
2
8 L
1+ 1+ 2
D

Where
L
L =
RTsw


Buck DCM
Salient Points:
M is now Dependent on the Load Current
For a given Duty Cycle, M is larger for a DCM than for
a CCM Operation


10

Buck Transition Point DCM-CCM
S
S
I
on
off
in
in
(V
peak
(V
R
V
L
out
out
L
V
in
critical
) DT
sw
V out ) DT
2L
critical
out
= 2F
= R

sw
sw
in
out
R
V in
V
DV
R
in
out
( V in V out )
2 F sw V in
11
Advanced Simulation
Techniques
Small Signal Modeling


12

Buck Converter
di
dt
dV
dt
di
dt
dV
dt
dV in V o
=
L
V
i
=
o
C
RC
dV in
1
= Vo +
L
L
1
1
i
Vo
=
C
RC

i
L1
SW1
12V
L
D1
C1
R1
State Equations

Vo
-
13

AC Perturbation
)
i = Idc + i
)
Vo = Vdc + v
)
d = D + d
)
Vo
DVm
+
i =
L
L
)
)
i
Vo
)
Vo =
C
RC
)
d Vin
+
L

14

SSA Disadvantages
Complicated Equations
Change of Circuit requires Re-analysis
Not really Practical for Practicing Engineers

15

Pulse Width Switch Model
Ia(t)
d
A
Not
Connected
to diode
Ic(t)
C
d'
P
Diode
terminal not
connected
to switch
Junction
between
diode and
power switch

Simpler than SSA

Doesnt change with circuit
or component modifications
Identify PWM switch
variables
Average them
Perturb them

16

Small Signal Modeling
Averaged Model
Bode Plot
Switching Model
X
Control Loop
Compensation
Behavioral Model
Simulation Time
Less
More
Time Duration
Large(in secs)
File Size
Small(in ms)
Parasites
Large
Switching Losses

Small
ThisThis
document
containscontains
confidentialconfidential
and privilegedand
information.
Any unauthorized
review,
document
privileged
information.
Anyuse,
17

Buck Converter Simulation Cycle by Cycle
L1
SW1
IN
Node
Out
2
{L}
V1
Gate_Drv
C1
{C}
D1
{Vin}
R1
{R}
{Max_Duty }
Gate_Drv
Gate Driv1e
2
D
-
Duty
0.5
{Min_Duty }

18

Buck Parameters
*Buck Converter Parameters
.PARAM Vin = 12
.PARAM L = 100u
.PARAM C = 10u
.PARAM R = 10
.PARAM Max_Duty = 0.99
.PARAM Min_Duty = 0.01
*** Gate Drive Voltage
.PARAM GATE_DRIVE_V = 5
****

*Type 1 Amplifier Parameters

.PARAM C_COMP = 16nF
.PARAM R_COMP = 10k
**Triangular PWM Parameters
.PARAM Hi = {GATE_DRIVE_V}
.PARAM Lo = 0
.PARAM PWM_FREQ = 100k
.PARAM GAIN = 500
19

10V
8V
~9.5V
6V
4V
6V
2V
0V
0s
50us
100us
150us
200us
250us
300us
350us
400us
450us
500us
V(OUT)
Time

20

2.4A
2.0A
~2.15A
0.58A
1.6A
1.2A
0.8A
0.4A
0A
0s
50us
100us
150us
200us
250us
300us
350us
400us
450us
500us
550us
600us
I(L1)
Time

21

Buck Converter Simulation Average Switch
SW2
IN2
L2
Out2
2
{L}
V2
C2
{C}
{Vin}
R2
{R}
Duty _Cy cle
Duty _Cy cle

0.5

22

10V
9.6V
8V
6V
6V
4V
2V
0V
0s
0.2ms
0.4ms
0.6ms
0.8ms
1.0ms
1.2ms
1.4ms
1.6ms
1.8ms
2.0ms
V(OUT2)
Time


23

2.5A
2.03A
2.0A
1.5A
0.6A
1.0A
0.5A
0A
-0.5A
0s
0.2ms
0.4ms
0.6ms
0.8ms
1.0ms
1.2ms
1.4ms
1.6ms
1.8ms
2.0ms
I(L2)
Time


24

Buck Converter: Demonstration
Demonstration #16: Buck Converter


25

Boost Converter
On-Time Event
I peak = I valley
Vin
t on
+
L
Off-Time Event
I valley = I peak
Vout Vin
t off
L

26

Boost CCM
1
( DVinTsw (Vout Vin )D Tsw )
=0
Tsw
'
Vout
1
M=
= '
Vin D
1
=
1 D

Where D=1-D

27

Boost DCM
Vsw/d
Vout
Vin
0V
-Vout
IL
Ipeak
Iin
t
DTsw

D2Tsw
D3Tsw

28

Boost DCM
V L Tsw = Vin Tsw V sw

V sw
Tsw = 0
Tsw = D 2V out + D3Vin
Vin T sw = D 2Vout + (1 D D 2 )Vin

Vout
D
=
+1
Vin
D2
Vin I in = Vout I out

29

Boost DCM
I L T sw =
DI
peak
D2I
peak
V out V out
V in
R
2 V out 2
D
D2 =
V in RI peak
I
peak
V out v in
D 2 T sw
L
2 V out 2 L
D
D2 =
V in R (V out V in ) D 2 T sw
1
M =
2
1 +

2 T sw RD
1+
L

30

Boost DCM
1+ 1+
M =
2D 2
Where
L =
L
RT sw


31

Boost DCM
Salient Points:
M is Dependent on the Load Current
A Certain Linearity exists between M and D, as on a
buck in CCM
For a given Duty Cycle, M can be Larger For DCM
than For CCM


32

Boost Transition Point DCM-CCM
V in
S on =
L
V out V in
S off =
L
V in DT sw
I peak =
L
V in DT sw
I L T sw =
2L

33

I L T sw
V out 2
=
RV in
V out
1
=
V in
1 D
Since
DT sw
1
1
=
2L
R (1 D ) (1 D )
2 F sw L
R critical =
D (1 D ) 2
L critical
RD (1 D ) 2
=
2 F sw

34

R critical
Lcritical

2 Fsw LV out 2
=
V in
1
V in
V out
Vin
Vout
2
=
Vin R
2
2 FswV out
35

Boost Converter Simulation Cycle by Cycle
D1
Out
L1
SW1
2
{L}
I
V1
{Vin}
Gate_Drv
Gate Driv1e
2

C1
{C}
Gate_Drv
D
-
R1
{R}
0.5

36

Boost Parameters
*Boost Converter Parameters
.PARAM Vin = 20
.PARAM L = 1m
.PARAM C = 30u
.PARAM R = 20
****


.PARAM R_COMP = 10k
.PARAM Lo = 0
.PARAM GAIN = 500
37

60V
~52V
50V
~39V
40V
30V
20V
10V
0V
0s
0.5ms
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
V(OUT)
Time


38

10A
~8.2A
8A
~3.92A
6A
4A
2A
0A
0s
0.5ms
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
I(L1)
Time


39

Boost Converter Simulation Average Switch
L2
1
2
{L}
SW2
a
Out2
c
D2
V2
C2
{C}
{Vin}
R2
{R}
Duty _Cy cle
Duty _Cy cle

0.5

40

60V
~54V
~40V
50V
40V
30V
20V
10V
0V
0s
0.5ms
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
V(OUT2)
Time


41

8.0A
~7.87A
6.0A
3.98A
4.0A
2.0A
0A
0s
0.5ms
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
I(L2)
Time


42

Boost Converter: Demonstration
Demonstration#17 : Boost Converter


43

Buck-Boost Converter
On-Time Event
Vin
I peak = Ivalley+ ton
L
Off-Time Event
Vin
Ivalley= I peak ton
L

44

Buck-Boost CCM
Vin D V out D ' = 0

V out
D
=
=M
Vin
1 D


45

Buck-Boost DCM
V L T sw =
0 = DV
I
in
T sw = 0
D 2 V out
T sw =
V sw
peak
D 2 T sw
2
1
T sw
= I out
Since
I out
D
V out
=
R
2 V out
=
RI peak


46

Buck-Boost DCM
V in
L
2V out L
L
=
DV in T sw
DV in
I peak = DT sw
2V out
D2 =
R
where
L =
L
RT sw
2V out L
V out = DV in
DV in

47

Buck-Boost DCM
D V in
= 2 V out
M = D

1
2

48

Buck-Boost DCM
Salient Points:
M is Dependent on the Load Current
Linearity Exists Between M And D, as on a Buck in
CCM.
For a given Duty Cycle, M Can be Larger for DCM
than CCM


49

Buck-Boost DCM
Vsw/d
Vin
0V
Vout
IL
Ipeak
ID
Ipeak
Iout
t
DTsw

D2Tsw
D3Tsw

50

Buck-Boost Transition DCM-CCM
V in
S on =
L
V in DT sw
I peak =
L
I peak D
I in T sw =
2
V in D 2 T sw
I in T sw =
2L

51

Assuming a 100% Efficiency
Vin2 D2Tsw Vout

=
Vin Iin Tsw = VoutI out
2L
R
V in 2 D 2 T sw R = 2 LV out
Since
V out
D
=
1 D
V in
R critical =

2 LF sw
(1 D ) 2
52

Vin + Vout
Rcritical = 2LFsw
Vin
R Vin
Lcritical =
2Fsw Vin + Vout
L critical
(1 D ) 2 R
=
2 F sw


53

Buck-Boost Converter Simulation Cycle by
Cycle
D1
SW1
IN
Out
2
V1
L1
{L}
Gate_Drv
{Vin}
R1
{R}
C1
{C}
{Max_Duty }
Gate_Drv
Gate Driv1e
2
D
-
Duty
0.5
{Min_Duty }


54

Buck Boost Parameters
.PARAM Vin = 40
.PARAM L = 2m
.PARAM C = 20u
.PARAM R = 20
****


.PARAM R_COMP = 10k
.PARAM Lo = 0
.PARAM GAIN = 500
55

Cycle
10V
0V
-10V
-20V
~-45V
-30V
~-41V
-40V
-50V
0s
0.5ms
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
V(OUT)
Time


56

Cycle
8.0A
6.58A
5.8A
6.0A
4.0A
2.0A
0A
0s
0.5ms
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
-I(L1)
Time


57

Buck-Boost Converter Simulation Average
Switch
D2
SW2
IN2
Out2
1
d
V2
{L}
L2
{Vin}
Duty _Cy cle
Duty _Cy cle

C2
{C}
R2
{R}
0.5

58

Switch
0V
-10V
-20V
~-46V
-30V
~-39V
-40V
-50V
0s
0.5ms
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
V(OUT2)
Time


59

Switch
6.0A
5.14A
3.95A
5.0A
4.0A
3.0A
2.0A
1.0A
0A
0s
0.5ms
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
I(L2)
Time


60

Buck-Boost Converter: Demonstration
Demonstration #18: Buck-Boost Converter


61

Cuk Converter Simulation Cycle by Cycle
C1
L3
2
1
{L3}
V
{C1}
I
L1
2
SW1
D1
{L1}
V1
{Vin}
C3
{C3}
R1
{R}
Gate_Drv
{Max_Duty }
Gate_Drv
Gate Driv1e
2
D
-
Duty
0.5
{Min_Duty }


62

Cuk Parameters
.PARAM Vin = 40
.PARAM L1 = 5m
.PARAM C1 = 5u
.PARAM L3 = 5m
.PARAM C3 = 2.5u
.PARAM R = 20
****


.PARAM R_COMP = 10k
.PARAM Lo = 0
.PARAM GAIN = 500
63

10V
0V
-10V
-20V
~-41V
-30V
-40V
-50V
0s
0.5ms
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
V(L3:1)
Time


64

5.0A
3.78A
4.0A
3.0A
2.0A
1.0A
0A
0s
0.5ms
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
-I(L1)
Time


65

Voltage across capacitor C1
100V
~84.28V
80V
60V
40V
20V
0V
0s
0.5ms
V(C1:1,C1:2)
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
5.0ms
Time


66

Cuk Converter Simulation Average Switch
C2
L4
1
2
{L4}
V
{C2}
L2
SW2
c
D2
{L2}
I
C4
{C4}
R2
{R}
V2
{Vin}
Duty _Cy cle
Duty _Cy cle

0.5

67

0V
-1 0 V
-2 0 V
-40V
-3 0 V
-48.25V
-4 0 V
-5 0 V
0s
0 .5 m s
1 . 0m s
1. 5 ms
2 .0 m s
2 . 5m s
3. 0 ms
3 .5 m s
4 . 0m s
4. 5 ms
5 .0 m s
5 . 5m s
6. 0 ms
V (R 2 :1 )
Ti me


68

3.0A
2.71A
2A
2.5A
2.0A
1.5A
1.0A
0.5A
0A
0s
0.5ms
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
I(L2)
Time


69

Voltage across capacitor C2
120V
104V
80V
100V
80V
60V
40V
20V
0V
0s
0.5ms
V(L2:2,C2:2)
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
Time


70

Cuk Converter: Demonstration
Demonstration #19: Cuk Converter


71

Comparison of Buck Output Voltage
10V
10V
9.5V
9.6V
8V
8V
6V
6V
6V
4V
4V
6V
2V
2V
0V
0s
0V
0s
50us
100us
150us
200us
250us
300us
350us
400us
450us
500us
0.2ms
0.4ms
0.6ms
0.8ms
1.0ms
1.2ms
1.4ms
1.6ms
1.8ms
2.0ms
V(OUT2)
Time
V(OUT)
Time
Cycle by cycle

Average Switch

72

Comparison of Buck Inductor Current
2.4A
2.5A
~2.15A
2.0A
2.0A
1.6A
1.5A
0.58A
1.2A
0.5A
0.4A
0A
50us
100us
150us
200us
250us
300us
350us
400us
I(L1)
450us
500us
550us
600us
-0.5A
0s
0.2ms
0.4ms
0.6ms
0.8ms
1.0ms
1.2ms
1.4ms
1.6ms
1.8ms
2.0ms
I(L2)
Time
Time
Cycle by cycle

0.6A
1.0A
0.8A
0A
0s
2.6A
Average Switch

73

Comparison of Boost Output Voltage
60V
60V
52V
50V
54V
39V
40V
50V
40V
40V
30V
30V
20V
20V
10V
10V
0V
0s
0.5ms
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
V(OUT)
5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
0V
0s
0.5ms
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
V(OUT2)
Time
Time
Cycle by cycle

Average Switch

74

Comparison of Boost Inductor Current
10A
8.0A
~8.2A
~7.87A
8A
6.0A
~3.98A
~3.92A
6A
4.0A
4A
2.0A
2A
0A
0s
0.5ms
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
I(L1)
5.5ms
6.0ms
0A
0s
0.5ms
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
Time
Cycle by cycle

5.0ms
I(L2)
Time
Average Switch

75

Comparison of Buck-Boost Output Voltage
10V
0V
0V
-10V
-10V
-20V
-39V
-20V
~-45V
-46V
-30V
~-41V
-30V
-40V
-40V
-50V
0s
0.5ms
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
V(OUT)
5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
-50V
0s
0.5ms
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
V(OUT2)
Time
Time
Cycle by cycle

Average Switch

76

Comparison of Buck-Boost Inductor Current
8.0A
6.0A
6.58A
5.8A
5.14A
5.0A
3.95A
6.0A
4.0A
4.0A
3.0A
2.0A
2.0A
1.0A
0A
0s
0.5ms
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
-I(L1)
5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
0A
0s
0.5ms
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
I(L2)
Time
Time
Cycle by cycle

Average Switch

77

Comparison of Cuk Output Voltage
10V
0V
0V
-10V
-10V
-20V
-20V
-41V
-40V
-48.25V
-30V
-30V
-40V
-40V
-50V
0s
-50V
0s
0.5ms
V(L3:1)
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
0.5ms
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
V(R2:1)
Time
Time
Cycle by cycle

Average Switch

78

Comparison of Cuk Inductor Current
5.0A
3.0A
2.71A
3.78A
2A
2.5A
4.0A
2.0A
3.0A
1.5A
2.0A
1.0A
1.0A
0.5A
0A
0s
0.5ms
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
-I(L1)
Time
Cycle by cycle

5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
0A
0s
0.5ms
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
5.0ms
5.5ms
6.0ms
I(L2)
Time
Average Switch

79

Flyback Converter: Demonstration
Demonstration #20: Flyback Converter


80

Flyback in Parallel : Demonstration
Demonstration #21: Flyback in Parallel


81

Forward Converter: Demonstration
Demonstration #22: Forward Converter


82

Forward Converter: Demonstration
Demonstration #23: Forward Converter in

Parallel


83

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Advanced Simulation Techniques

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