Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
NEUROCIENCIAS
BASICAS
TECNOLOGIA
INVESTIGACION
PEDAGOGIA
TEMARIO
ORGANIZACION
EMBRIOLOGIA: NEURULACION, GRADIENTES
MOLECULARES
MEDULA ESPINAL
SISTEMA NERVIOSO PERIFERICO
TRONCO ENCEFALICO Y PARES CRANEALES
CEREBELO Y GANGLIOS BASALES
ORGANIZACIN DEL
SISTEMA NERVIOSO
Cerebro
Encfalo
SN Central
Cerebelo
Anterior
Diencfalo
Tronco cerebral
Medio
Mesencfalo
Mdula espinal
Nervios craneales
SN Perifrico
12
Nervios espinales
31
Simptico
SN Autnomo
Parasimptico
Posterior Protuberancia
Cervical
7 raqudeo
Bulbo
Dorsal o torcica 12
Lumbar
5
ISacra
Olfatorio 5
II
ptico
III
Motor ocular comn
IV
Pattico
V
Trigmino
CervicalesMotor ocular
8 externo
VI
Dorsales Facial
12
VII
LumbaresVestbulo coclear
5
VIII
5
IXSacros Glosofarngeo
1
XCoccgeo Vago
XI
Espinal
XII
Hipogloso
EMBRIOLOGIA
DEL SISTEMA
NERVIOSO
Aquel que vea las cosas crecer desde sus orgenes, tendr la mejor vista de ellas
Aristoteles
NEURULATION
Fertilized egg blastula (hollow, fluid-filled, 1-cell thick)
Burrowing of cells through blastopore 2-cell thick: Gastrulation
Gastrula: 2 layers (endo&ecto), then meso
Primitive streak forms @d13
PRIMARY NEURULATION
2 weeks
Blastocyst
Epiblast
Hypoblast
3 weeks
Primitive streak Prechordal plaque
nucleus pulposus
*chordoma
(physaliphorous cells)
Ectoderm:
Neural plaque (chordin, noggin)
Epidermis
Day 17:
Neural folds
Neural groove
Days 21 - 23: (Neurulation)
Neural tube + 2 neural crests
* Primordial ganglia
Da 28:
PROLIFERACIN
Tubo neural: ceflico > >
Sistema ventricular canal central
flexin
SECONDARY NEURULATION
A
B
day 20
day 40
MUERTE EMBRIONARIA
5 semanas
6.5 semanas
7 semanas
CRANIOSCHISIS
ANENCEPHALY
ANENCEPHALY
RACHISCHISIS
RACHISCHISIS
ENCEPHALOCELE
1 = Tethered cord
2 = Lipoma
*Schwann
*Satellite cells (ganglia)
*Leptomeninges (arachnoid, pia)
*Pigment cells
*Odontoblasts
*Melanocytes
*Branchial arch mesenchyma (cartilage)
*Parafollicular cells (C cells)
*Aorticopulmonary septum
*Endocardic cushions (Atrioventricular cushions)
DERIVATIVE
Peripheral NS
Spinal ganglia
Autonomic NS
Sympathethic chain
ganglia, collateral ganglia
(celiac, mesenteric)
Parasympathetic ganglia
(pelvic, visceral)
Enteric glial cells
Schwann cells
Pigment cells
Melanocytes
Melanocytes
Adrenal medulla
(chromaffin cells)
Heart and lungs
None
Conective tissue
None
Muscle
Dermis, vascular
None
PLACODES
Thickenings of the cranial ectoderm
Induced by underlying neural tube
Give rise to neural crest-like cells
DERIVATIVES:
Olfactory epithelium
Lens
Hair cells of inner ear
Part or all of CNs ganglia (V, VII, VIII, IX, X)
Piebaldism
White forelock multiple symmetrical
hypo/depigmented macules
Partial albinism?
Vision problems absent
Affected cells maintain ability to produce
pigment but its turned off.
Waardenburg syndrome:
PAX3 mutations:
NEUROCRISTOPATHIES
MIGRATION OR MORPHOGENESIS
DEFECTS
PROLIFERATION DEFECTS
(TUMORAL)
TRUNK:
- Hirschsprungs
- Pheochromocytoma
- Neuroblastoma
- Thyroid medullary carcinoma
(calcitonin)
- Carcinoid tumors
(Enterochromaffin cell tumors)
- Neurofibromatosis
CRANIAL:
- Aorto-pulmonary septum defects
- Endocardic cushions defects
- Defects of anterior chamber of the eye
- Cleft palate/lip
- DiGeorge syndrome
- Dental anomalies
DERMATOMES
LIMBS
5th week
MYOTOMES
3 preotic
4 occipitals
III,IV, VI
XII
NEURULATION
Fertilized egg blastula (hollow, fluid-filled, 1-cell thick)
Burrowing of cells through blastopore 2-cell thick: Gastrulation
Gastrula: 2 layers (endo&ecto), then meso
Primitive streak forms @d13
PROSENCFALO
TELENCFALO
Hemisferios cerebrales
DIENCFALO
METENCFALO
Protuberancia, cerebelo
MIELENCFALO
Bulbo raqudeo
MESENCFALO
ROMBENCFALO
4th week
Embryo
Fetus
Flexures:
- Cervical
- Cephalic
- Pontine
Rhomb // Cord
Pros // Mesenc
Meten // Myelen
Flexures:
- Cervical
- Cephalic
- Pontine
Rhomb // Cord
Pros // Mesenc
Meten // Myelen
*Bolsa de Ratke
PRIMARY VESICLES
PROSENCEPHALON
SECONDARY
VESICLES
ADULT STRUCTURES
CAVITIES
TELENCEPHALON
Striatum
Lamina terminalis
Cerebral
hemispheres, basal
ganglia, cerebral
comisures,
hippocampi,
olfactory system
Lateral ventricles,
rostral portion of 3rd
ventricle (Monro)
DIENCEPHALON
Tlamo, epitlamo,
Caudal portion of
hipotlamo,
3rd ventricle
subtlamo,
neurohipfisis,
glndula pineal,
retina, nervio ptico,
cuerpos mamilares
MESENCEPHALON
MESENCEPHALON
Mesencephalon
(Midbrain)
Cerebral aqueduct
(Silvian)
ROMBENCEPHALON
METENCEPHALON
4th ventricle
MYELENCEPHALON
Medulla
NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS
Holoprosencephaly / septo-optic dysplasia
spectrum
Failure of forebrain development: incomplete
separation of hemispheres (normally at end of 5th
week fusion of lateral/3rd ventricle)
Alobar / semilobar / lobar
SOD: optic nerve hypoplasia, absent septum
pellucidum, hypoth-pituit abnl in 2/3
Maternal DM, EtOH, retinoic acid; trisomy 13
(Patau), SHH mutations
Cerebral hemispheres
holoprosencephaly/septo-optic dysplasia spectrum
septo-optic dysplasia
lobar holoprosencephaly
semilobar holoprosencephaly
alobar holoprosencephaly
middle interhemispheric variant/syntelencephaly
Corpus callosum
corpus callosum agenesis
corpus callosum dysgenesis
Intracranial lipoma
MOLECULAR GRADIENTS
Basal plate
(close to sulcus limitans)
Intermediolateral zone
DORSOVENTRAL AXIS:
SHH: Notochord, then floor plate basal plate (ventralizes
tube)
Mesencephalon: Tegmentum
ROSTROCAUDAL AXIS:
HOX genes: craniocaudal segmentation
Expression modulated by retinoid acid
MIGRATION AND
DIFFERENTIATION
TUBO NEURAL
Zona ventricular (capa ependimal) Neuroepitelio cilndrico pseudoestratificado
Sustancia blanca
Cajal-Retzius cells
release reelin
Neocortex: 6 layers,
growth: inside outside
Layer I: most superficial
layer, periventricular,
oldest. From marginal
zone
Cells migrate from
ventricular zone to outer
part of intermediate
(mantle) zone: develop
inside outside into
Layers 2-6: cortical plate
New neurons formed in
germinative zone lying
deep to ventricular zone:
subventricular zone
Radial glia as
scaffolding
(Youngest neurons
closest to surface)
VENTRICULAR ZONE
NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS
Heterotopia (ectopic gray matter) = cortical
dysplasia
Diffuse, subcortical or PV
Isointense to cortex
Pachygyria
Abnormal THICK cortical mantel
Polymicrogyria
Excessive/redundant abnl folding or cortical mantle
Lissencephaly
Abnl smoothness (lack of normal gyral pattern)
NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS
Porencephaly
Cyst, cleft or cavity LINED by WM
Cystic encephalomalacia (+ gliosis if insult @ >= III trim)
Dysrupts normal cortical architecture
Schizencephaly
Cyst, cleft or cavity LINED by HETEROTOPIC GM
From ependymal to piamater
Dysrupts normal cortical architecture (usually
polymicrogyria)
Posterior frontal and parietal lobe: 70%
Open and closed lip varieties
DIFERENCIACIN
Clulas nerviosas
Neuroepiteliales: Neuroblastos (1ro)(pierden capacidad de divisin)
Migracin, desarrollo de prolongaciones y sinapsis
Clulas gliales
Neuroepiteliales: Glioblastos (2do) Macroglia:
Astroblastos: Astrocitos
Oligodendroblastos: Oligodendrocitos
* Microglia (mesnquima: monocitos)
Clulas ependimales (3ro)
Neuroepiteliales
MYELINIZATION
After neural circuits formed
16th wk
CNS tracts myelinate in orderly sequence: 1st
spinal and brainstem, 2nd cerebral axons
Babinsky(+) up to 2nd year (corticospinal tract
fully myelinated)
Associative neocortex up to 5th decade!
3-4 wks
MDULA ESPINAL
COLUMNA VERTEBRAL
Mdula espinal se extiende por toda longitud
de canal vertebral hasta la 8va semana.
Nervios raqudeos agujero intervertebral
S1
L2 - L3
L1 (borde inferior)
(T12 L3)
*Puncion lumbar
Races nerviosas oblicuas
Cola de caballo
8wks
24wks
NB
Adult
COLUMNA MEDULA
C
T sup
T inf (7- 9)
T10
T11
T12
L1
+1
+2
+3
L1, L2
L3, L4
L5
S, Co
1 Spinal canal
2 Roof plate
3 Alar plate
4 Basal plate
5 Floor plate
6 Matrix layer
7 Mantle layer
8 Marginal layer
9 Posterior funiculus
10 Lateral funiculus
11 Anterior funiculus
12 Dorsal root
13 Dorsal root ganglion
14 Ventral root
15 Spinal nerve
16 Ependymal cell, guiding
radially migrating
neuroblasts
17 Arcuate fibres, guiding
tangentially migrating
neuroblasts
18 Motoneurons
ASG
AVG
EVG
ESG
CENTROS SOMATOSENSITIVOS
CENTROS INTEROCEPTIVOS
CENTROS VISCEROMOTORES
CENTROS SOMATOMOTORES
Rexed Laminae
I: marginal cells
II/III: substantia gelatinosa
IV: nucleus proprius
V/VI: propriospinal neurons
VIII: commisural neurons
IX: large motor neurons
X: central canal
I-IV: dorsal horn
V/VI: intermediate zone (axons from these
neurons terminate within the cord)
VII: contains Nucleus of Clarke: receives
proprioception, involved in dorsal
spinocerebellar pathway (uncons. proprio.)
VIII: Send axons into anterior white commisure
SISTEMAS MOTORES
80 90%
SISTEMAS SENSITIVOS
SISTEMAS SENSITIVOS
Fibras
arciformes
internas
T5
II (A)
Astereognosis
Signo de Romberg
ESPINOTALMICO LATERAL
(ANTEROLATERAL)
Lissauer
III (A)
IV (C)
ESPINOTALMICO LATERAL
(ANTEROLATERAL)
VAS ESPINOCEREBELOSAS
N. Cuneiforme externo
GTOs
T1-L2
GTOs
Ataxia de Friedreich
DERMATOMAS
C-2,
C-5,
C-6,
C-7,
C-8,
T-4,
T-10,
L-1,
L-5,
S-1,
S-2,3,4,
Dorso de la cabeza
Clavcula
Dedo Pulgar
Dedo medio
Dedo meique
Pezn
Ombligo
Ligamento Inguinal
Dedo gordo
Dedo pequeo
Regin perineal
TRONCO CEREBRAL
Y
PARES CRANEALES
PHARYNGEAL ARCHES
Mesodermal outpouchings from pharynkx
@4wks
Endodermal: Pouch/Ectodermal: Groove(cleft)
Staggered development of 6 arches
In humans, 5th only exists transiently
(Aortic arches)
Larngeo
superior
VI
Larngeo
recurrente
4 somite
Neural plaque
6 somite
Neural
crest
Neural
plaque
Neural
crest
Branchial arches
Ectoderm
Mesenchyma
Cranial
ganglia
Neural
tube
MIDBRAIN
CN V
ROMBOMERS
CNs VII, VIII
CN IX
Branchial arches
Otic vesicle
ALAR
PLATE
IV
VENTRICLE
SULCUS
LIMITANS
BASAL
PLATE
Sd. Parinaud
Parlisis de la mirada hacia arriba + anormalidades pupilares bilaterales
Hidrocefalia no comunicante
BULBO RAQUIDEO
(MYELENCEPHALON)
CHOROID PLEXUS
IV
OLIVARY
NUCLEUS
AFFERENT GROUP
- SSA: SPECIAL SOMATIC AFF
(Vestibular, cochlear)
- GSA: GENERAL SOMATIC AFF
(Spinal Trig IX, X)
(Gracilis & cuneatus)
- SVA: SPECIAL VISCERAL AFF
(NTS IX, X)
- GVA: GENERAL VISCERAL AFF
(Dorsal sens X X)
EFFERENT GROUP
- GSE: GENERAL SOMATIC EFF (XII)
- SVE: SPECIAL VISCERAL EFF
(Ambiguous IX, X, XI)
- GVE: GENERAL VISCERAL EFF
(Inf. saliv. IX, X)
(Dorsal motor X X)
PROTUBERANCIA
(METENCEPHALON)
RHOMBIC
LIPS
RHOMBIC
LIPS
BASAL
PLATE
PONTINE
NUCLEI
PONTINE
NUCLEI
EFFERENT GROUP
AFFERENT GROUP
MESENCEFALO
(MESENCEPHALON)
Sd. Parinaud
Parlisis de la mirada hacia arriba + anormalidades pupilares bilaterales
Hidrocefalia no comunicante
PICA
CORRELACIN CLNICA
Sndrome bulbar medial
(Vertebral, espinal anterior)
CORRELACIN CLNICA
Sndrome bulbar lateral (Wallenberg)
(PICA)
CORRELACIN CLNICA
Sndrome pontino medial
CORRELACIN CLNICA
Sndrome pontino lateral
(AICA caudal, A. cerebelosa superior - rostral)
PCI: Ataxia ipsilateral
Paresia ipsilateral total de msculos de expresin,
gusto 2/3 ant., no lagrimeo, reflejo corneal
Nistagmo (se aleja), vrtigo,
nausea, vmitos.
Prdida ipsilateral de audicin
Dficit contralateral de dolor y T.
Sd. Horner ipsilateral
V
o
CORRELACIN CLNICA
Sndrome mesenceflico medial (Weber)
(Ramas de A. cerebral posterior)
CEREBELO Y
GANGLIOS BASALES
Lbulo cuadrangular
Cisura Primaria
Cisura Horizontal
Culmen
Lbulo Simple
Declive
Lbulo Posterior
Lbulo Central
Flocculus
IV Ventrculo
Amigdala
Lbulo Digstrico
Ndulo
Cisura Horizontal
Uvula
Pirmide
Tuber
Lbulo Posterior
Cisura secundaria
PC Superior
PC Medio
PC Inferior
PEDUNCULOS CEREBELOSOS
CEREBELO
PEDUNCULOS CEREBELOSOS
SUPERIOR: mesencfalo
predominan las fibras eferentes.
MEDIO:protuberancia
predominan las fibras aferentes.
INFERIOR: bulbo raqudeo
predominan fibras aferentes.
CEREBELO
Ala
Lbulo cuadriltero
Lingula
Lbulo central
Lbulo Anterior
Culmen
Lbulo simple
Declive
L. Semilunar superior
Folium
Tuber
Piramide
L. Semilunar inferior
Lbulo Posterior
Uvula
Amigdala
Digstrico
Flocculus
Ndulo
Lbulo Floculonodular
organizacin funcional
NUCLEOS CEREBELOSOS
Regin
Vermis y zonas
intermedias
Hemisferios
Lbulo
floculonodular
Funcin
Principal
entrada
Mdula espinal
Ejecucin de
actividad motora
Planeamiento,
Corteza cerebral
coordinacin
y ncleo olivar
inferior
Equilibrio y
Ncleo
movimientos
vestibular
oculares
Clula
Terminacin
Neurotransmi Funcin
sor
GABA
Inhibitoria
Purkinje
Ncleos
cerebelosos
profundos
Granulosa
Estrellada
En cesto
Purkinje
Purkinje
Purkinje
Glutamato
GABA
GABA
Excitatoria
Inhibitoria
Inhibitoria
Golgi
Granulosa
GABA
Inhibitoria
1.-CORTEZA CEREBELOSA
2.-C. MOLECULAR
3.-C. CELULAS PURKINJE
4.-C.CELULAS GRANULOSA
5.-SUSTANCIA BLANCA
6.- CLULA PURKINJE
7.- CLULA GRANULOSA
8.- FIBRAS EN PARALELO
9.-FIBRAS TREPADORAS
10.-CLULAS ESTRELLADA
11.-CLULAS EN CANASTO
12.-CLULAS MUSGOSAS
13.-AXN CLULA PURKINJE
14.-CLULA DE GOLGI
15.-TERMINAL C.MUSGOSA
16.-DENDRITA C.MUSGOSA
17.-AXN C. DE GOLGI
18.-GLOMRULO
corteza cerebelosa
Tracto
Entrada
Funcin
Musgosas
Vestbulo-cerebeloso
PCI
Espino-cerebeloso
PCI y PCS
Terminal
excitatorio en
clulas granulosas
(Cortico)ponto-cerebeloso
PCM (decusan)
Olivocerebeloso
PCI (decusan)
Trepadoras
Terminal
excitatorio en
clulas de Purkinje
SPINOCEREBELLAR PATHWAYS
DORSAL (Flechsigs)
Propioceptors: Muscle spindle, Golgi tendon organ
DRG Clarkes (VII) I/L INF. PEDUNCLE
C8 L2/L3
VENTRAL (Gowers)
Double cross
Anterior white commissure (spinal cord)
Inside cerebellum
Below L2/L3
C/L spinal cord SUP. PEDUNCLE
Ncleo cerebeloso
profundo
Eferente
Funcin
Vestbulocerebelo
(L. floculonodular)
Fastigial
Ncleo vestibular
Cambios
posicionales de ojos
y tronco en
respuesta a
movimiento de la
cabeza
Espinocerebelo
(Hemisferio
intermedio)
Interpsito
Ncleo rojo
Formacin reticular
Reticuloespinal y
rubroespinal:
ajustes de postura y
movimientos
Pontocerebelo
(Hemisferio lateral)
Dentado
Corticoespinal:
secuencias,
precisin
LOBULO
FLOCULONODULAR
Aferencias
Eferencias
LOBULO
POSTERIOR
Aferencias
Eferencias
LOBULO
ANTERIOR
Aferencias
Eferencias
BASAL GANGLIA
BASAL GANGLIA
(Neo)striatum
- Caudate
- Putamen
- Accumbens
(Paleo)striatum
- Globus pallidus (GPe + GPi)
- Ventral pallidum (e + i)
Subthalamic nucleus (STN) - Luys
Sustantia nigra (SNc + SNr)
Ventral tegmental area
*Pedunculopontine nucleus
Lateral midbrain & pons
Output from STN, GPi balance, gait
*Zona Incerta
*Habenula
*Centrum medianum/parafascicular
+ indirecta
desinhibicin
D1: + directa
D2: - indirecta
NEUROTRANSMITER EQUILIBRIUM
DA
PATHOLOGY
ACh
NIGROSTRIATAL
MESOLIMBIC AND
MESOCORTICAL
TUBERO-INFUNDIBULAR
DA/ACh
HYPERKINETIC STATES:
HD, Tourette syndrome,
tardive dyskinesia,
Euphoria, paranoia,
psychoses
Hypoprolactinemia
DA/ACh
HYPOKINETIC STATES:
PD, acute EPS,
Hyperprolactinemia
CONOCIMIENTO
TECNOLOGIA
www.facebook.com/LaEscuelitaAQMED
INVESTIGACION
PEDAGOGIA