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Abstract
The key obstacle to communicating images over wireless sensor networks has been the lack of suitable processing architecture and
communication strategies to deal with the large volume of data. High packet error rates and the need for retransmission make it
inefficient in terms of energy and bandwidth. This paper presents novel architecture and protocol for energy efficient image
processing and communication over wireless sensor networks. Practical results show the effectiveness of these approaches to make
image communication over wireless sensor networks feasible, reliable and efficient.
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Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | Apr-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org
901
1
Bn = Bn1 +
2k (Fn Bn1)
(2)
(3)
Bn = (1 ) Bn1 + Fn
(1)
An efficient object extraction algorithm has been implemented to detect portions of the current frame that is significantly different from the background image. It involves
row and column scanning of the update signals (U) to determine if the number of consecutive differences (1s) is greater
than a pre-determined difference threshold. The proposed object extraction scheme, consisting of background subtraction,
row/column scanning and threshold comparison blocks, was
implemented and tested on various FPGAs. Table I compares
the proposed architecture with [10] and [11], which have reported synthesis results for similar object extraction functions.
Both [10] and [11] have used Altera FPGAs to synthesise
their architectures. Hence, for a fair comparison, Table I
reports synthesis results of the proposed architecture for the
same Altera FPGAs. Clearly, the proposed architecture
requires
Altera
Cyclone
III
EP3C25F
Work
[10]
Image
size
FPGA
Resource
Internal
Memory
External
Memory
Fmax
(MHz)
640x
480
2819 LE
(11%)
122,880
bits
Unknown
25
640x
174 LE
Proposed 480
(<1%)
1MByte
125.4
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Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | Apr-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org
902
324C6
Altera
APEX20KE
EP20K200
EQC24
[11]
240x
120
640x
15142 LE
(179%)
181 LE
480
(<3%)
106496
bits
Proposed
192KByte
1MByte
40
45.5
Structu
re
0xAAA
A
Camera setup
0xAA00
Image Query
Image Size
ACK
NACK
START-OFTRANSMISS
ION
END-OFTRANSMISS
ION
0xAA01
0xAA02
0xAA03
0xAA04
0xAA05
CRC-8
(1byte)
0xAA06
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Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | Apr-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org
903
Packe
t
size
Without queue
control
PER
PER
16
256
29.7%
74.5%
Throughp
ut
47 kbps
9 kbps
16
32.1%
44 kbps
256
82.1%
5 kbps
8.6%
34.4
%
22.1
%
54.4
%
Throughp
ut
98 kbps
22 kbps
44 kbps
7 kbps
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Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | Apr-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org
904
ATmega3
28p
@16Mhz
33,177,600
2073.6
22.8
Xilinx
XC3s1000
@50Mhz
2,457,600
49.15
1.08
5. CONCLUSIONS
The object extraction architecture coupled with the DWT
processor helps significantly reduce the energy cost of image
transmission. The application layer protocol proposed in this
paper incorporates an effective queue control strategy to
reduce packet error rate. In addition, the protocol employs a
strategy to allow only one node to transmit at a time, thereby
reducing collision and congestion, and consequently the
number of retransmissions. The practical results presented in
the paper clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of the
proposed techniques, namely significant reduction in energy
cost of image communication. In contrast with the predictions
made in available literature, the proposed strategies make
image communication over wireless sensor networks feasible.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
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Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | Apr-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org
905
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
39, 2008.
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M. Yoshimura, H. Kawai, T. Iyota, and Y. Choi, FPGAbased image processor for sensor nodes in a sensor
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Annual Symposium on Integrated Circuits and Systems
Design, pp. 2631.
S. M. Aziz and D. M. Pham, Efficient parallel
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