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Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Malaysia been
extensively utilized in
** Centre of Electrical Energy Systems, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Malaysia Malaysia due to the Malaysias wind
1. Introduction
where,
Pr
= Wind turbines rated power
PWTG
= Wind turbines power output
vci
= Cut-in wind speed
vr
= Rated wind speed
vco
= Cut-out wind speed
* Betz law is taken into consideration - the efficiency of the wind
turbine is set to be 60%.
2. Problem formulation
The selection of renewable energy farming approach depends
on the availability and the potential of the location. For example,
Malaysia have higher solar irradiation reading throughout the
year, on the other hand, the average wind speed in Malaysia is
very low as compared to the other countries. Figure 1 shows a
one year wind speed profile in Malaysia, where a monthly
average value is in the range of 1.98ms -1 to 3.28ms-1 [19]. From
the comparison between two sizes of wind turbines, it can be
observed that none of the wind speed reaches the WT rated speed
as shown in Table 1. In other words, the WT cannot produce the
rated power, and is only able to produce a certain amount of
power according to equation (1).
v vci
0,
3
3
P v vci
r
3
3
PW TG
vr vci
P,
r
0,
vci v vr
vr v vco
v vco
(1)
2
Pex (t ) PPV (t ) PW TG (t ) Pd (t )
(5)
(6)
where:
Pd = load demand during hour (t).
T = 8760 hours (in a year).
U(t) = EENS coefficient: 0 = excess power,
1 = deficit power
Pex(t) = excess power produced by the primary sources
3.2
Total project costs (TC) Table 2 shows the list of all
the values needed for the calculation of total cost obtained from
[20]. The total cost, TC ($) that includes the initial costs,
operation and maintenance costs, and deduction of the salvage
value for PV and WT unit is obtained from equation (7).
TC TC PV TCW T TC b
(7)
where,
TCPV = total cost of the PV system
TCWT = total cost of the wind turbine system
TCb = total cost of the storage batteries.
However, for the multiple WT units, there will be additional
costs due to the clearance area between the WT units. Therefore,
the initial cost for multiple WT units becomes:
TC TC PV TCW T (1 * N W T ) TCb
(8)
where,
= clearance coefficient (= 0.1*area of WT)
NWT = number of wind turbine system
Besides that, from Table 2, the life span of batteries is shorter
than the project life span. Therefore, in calculating the initial cost
of the batteries, the number of battery purchases must be
included.
3.3 Total dump load size The factor of dump load size is
influenced by the underutilized or excessive energy from the
renewable energy combination. If the battery in the system has
been fully charged, this surplus power will be dumped into the
dump load. Thus, the size of the dump load, Pdump, can be
calculated using the following formula:
(9)
Based on these three objectives, the Pareto technique (in IP)
will be used to select the best combination of renewable energy
designed. Proper selection is required, so that the suitable number
and size of WT, PV size and battery size will not be oversized.
Besides that, the system efficiency can be improved.
4.
There are two different case studies that are discussed in this
section. First, the optimal renewable energy design (number and
size of WT, PV sizes and battery sizes) based on reliability, total
cost and size of dump load. Next, an analysis on the PV-battery
system within Malaysian environment will be discussed. Finally
the significance of WT integration within an islanded system will
be clarified by comparing both analyses in this study.
4.1
Optimal WT-PV-battery designed via Iterative
Pareto Technique There are 2280 possible combinations of
renewable energy designs obtainable based on the PV ranges,
number and size of WT and battery range as mentioned in the
Sections 2 and 3. However, among these combinations, there are
only 133 renewable energy combinations that are able to give
Pareto solution with high reliability (> 99%) as shown in Figure
3. The blue circle in the figure represents the Pareto solution
obtained from WT type 1 while the green asterisk is for WT
type 2. These initial results clearly shows that both WT, when
operated with PV and battery in an islanded system, are capable
of producing optimal outcomes.
WT type
PV Range
Type 1
Prated = 30 kW
Cut-in speed = 2.5 m/s
Rated speed = 12 m/s
Diameter(m) = 12 m
Ty
Prate
CutRate
Diam
If No. of WT = 1
18 m2PV area60 m2
If No
6 m2
If No. of WT = 3
PV area = 6 m2
If No
PV a
If No. of WT = 1
42 unitsStrings60 units
If No
54 u
If No. of WT = 3
57 units Strings 60 units
If No
45 u
USD75038.95 Total Cost USD136570.69PV as a power source to the islanded system is still questionable
especially during the night. Therefore, the investigation on
optimal hybrid PV-battery analysis is required and the result will
Average Dump Load
0.91 kW/hour to 4.10 kW/hour
be compared to the analyses in the previous sub-section. Figure 5
Size
shows the Pareto solution obtained by PV-battery analysis. Unlike
the WT-PV-battery case, the Pareto result is only in 2-Dimention.
This is due to the size of dump load result is directly proportional
However, the total cost for the combination on these two
to the result given by PV and battery. In other words, there is no
options are significantly different. For the 1 st option, the cost for
conflict between dump load size with the total cost or reliability.
20 years of renewable energy combinations are in the range of
USD 75,038 to USD 136,057. On the other hand, for the 2nd
1
option, the total cost is 11% to 35% lower than the 1 st option,
0.99
depending on the renewable energy combinations. The main
0.98
factor that caused the 1st option to have higher total cost is due to
0.97
the larger number of WT. Besides that, additional cost for land
clearance due to multiple WT units (discussed in Section 3) also
0.96
contributed to the higher cost in 1 st option. Conversely, by
0.95
comparing the average dump load size, the 1 st option provides
0.94
lower size compared to the 2nd option.
0.93
In addition, there are several Pareto solutions that provide
0.92
100% reliability to the islanded system as shown in Figure 4.
0.91
From the figure, the lowest average dump load size, which is 2.87
0.9
kW, can be obtained when one unit of WT Type 2 is installed.
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Reliability (p.u)
x 10
PV Range
87 m2 PV area 177 m2
References
Although it is possible to achieve 100% reliability from the
PV-battery design, the total project cost will be very high
compared to the WT-PV-battery design. Furthermore, by
comparing the project cost between Table 3 and Table 4 (for 99%
reliability), the WT-PV-battery designs cost 55% to 68% lower in
comparison to PV-battery designs depending on the
combinations. Similarly, for the 100% reliability, again, the PVbattery combination has the highest total project cost as shown in
Figure 6. The increment in the project cost is due to the larger PV
area and battery units needed to support and provide higher
reliability to the islanded system. Besides that, there are some
combinations in WT-PV-battery that can give lower average
dump load size compared to the PV-battery results.
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
A. Kaabeche, M. Belhamel, and R. Ibtiouen, "Sizing optimization of gridindependent hybrid photovoltaic/wind power generation system," Energy, vol.
36, pp. 1214-1222, 2011.
[9]
5.
Conclusion
Acknowledgement