1.

Introduction
Examples of the application related to
Thermodynamic
Steam power plant

Gas turbine

 Internal combustion engine

Fuel cell

 Vapor-compression refrigeration
cycle

Cryogenic plant

Thermodynamics:
the science that deals with
related properties of a substance and
its behavior
energy and energy transfer
Like all sciences, thermodynamics is
based on experimental observation.
Mainly, there are four basic laws in
thermodynamics:
the zeroth law
the first law
the second law
the third law

1.1 A Thermodynamic System and the

Control Volume
A control mass (closed system):
fixed mass
movable or fixed boundary

A control volume (open system):

involves flows
allows mass, momentum and energy
flowing across the control surface

Note: It is very important to recognize

the type of the system before
starting the analysis!

1.2 Macroscopic Versus Microscopic

Points of View
1) Classical (or Macroscopic)
Thermodynamics
gross or average quantities
perception by senses and
instrumental measurement
continuum concept
2) Statistical (or Microscopic)
Thermodynamics
statistical approaches for the
molecular behavior
effects of microscopic behavior on
macroscopic quantities

1.3 Properties and State of a Substance

Phase: a quantity of a matter that is
homogeneous throughout
Property: any characteristic of a system
Intensive Properties: independent of
mass
Extensive Properties: varies directly
with mass
State: a set of properties that
completely describe the condition
Thermodynamics Equilibrium:
Mechanical Eq.: no change in P
Thermal Eq.: no change in T
Phase Eq.: no change in mass of each
phase
Chemical Eq.: no change in chemical
composition

1.4 Processes and Cycles

Process: a path of the succession of
states through which the system passes.

Quasi-equilibrium Process:
a sufficiently low process, in which the
deviation from the thermodynamics
equilibrium is infinitesimal.
isothermal process: constant T
isobaric process: constant P
isochoric process: constant V
Cycle: a system that returns to the
initial state at the end of processes

Kilogram
Meter
Second
Kelvin
Mole

Length

Time

Temperature

Number of matter

Unit

SI

Mass

Quantities
Unit
Slug
foot
Second
Rankine
Mole

Symbol
kg
m
s
K
mol

mol

ft

Slug

Symbol

U.S Custom

1.5 Units

1.6 Specific Volume and Density

Specific volume (v or v ) [m3/kg or
m3/mol]:
the volume per unit mass (or mole)
Density ( or ) [kg/m3 or mol/m3]:
the mass (or mole) per unit volume

1.7 Pressure
Pressure (P) [N/m2 or Pa]:
the normal component of forces per
unit area
Other commonly used units: bar, atm
absolute and gauge pressure:

Manometer

The pressure P can be measured as

follows:
P = P Po = g H
The units of pressure may be
represented in terms of height of a
specified liquid: mm Hg, Inch H2O (or
Inch wc)

1.8 Energy
Energy can be
defined as the capability to produce
an effect
can be stored within a system
can be transferred from one system
to another
Three general forms of energy
intermolecular potential energy:
forces between molecules
molecular kinetic energy:
translational velocity of molecules
intramolecular energy: energy
associated with the molecular
internal and atomic structure

1.9 Equality of Temperature

Temperature (T) [oC or K]:
a sense of hotness and coldness (but
this definition is not reliable)
Equality of temperature:

For an iron block and a copper block at

different temperature, if they are
brought into thermal communication,
after a long period of time, both objects
have equality of temperature.

1.10 The Zeroth Law of

Thermodynamics
The zeroth law of thermodynamics:
When two bodies have equality of
temperature with the third body, they in
turn have equality of temperature with
each other.
The zeroth law is the basis of
temperature measurement.
1.11 Temperature Scales
Most commonly used scale:
Celsius (oC) and Fahrenheit (F)
Both scales are based on the freezing
and boiling points of water at 1 atm.
Absolute scale:
Kelvin (K) and Rankine (R)
T(K) = T(oC) + 273.15
T(R) = T(F) + 459.67