Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Technologic Papers
OF THE
Bureau of Standards
S.
W.
STRATTON, Director
No. 193
SEPTEMBER
PRICE,
15
1921
CENTS
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1921
Bureau
of
Fig.
i.
Appliance
laboratory,
Bureau
test
burners
.
.
Walter
M.
Berry,
I.
ABSTRACT
The
any burner under any condition of operation, as well as determine the limits of operation with any quality of gas. Such information is essential in order to enable one to
design burners for any predetermined condition of operation.
In order to understand the various factors entering into the design of burners it was
found necessary to study the theory of flow of gas through different types of orifices,
the principles governing the rate of injection of air into the burner, the design of the
injecting tube, the rate of consumption of burners of different port areas, and the
effect of adjustment of the air shutter.
The rate of discharge of gas orifices of different types was found to vary greatly with
a variation of the angle of approach and with the length of channel or tube of the
orifice.
primary
air is
shown.
been found that for any given burner the ratio between the momentum of the
gas stream and the momentum of the stream of the air-gas mixture entering the burner
is always a constant, and this relation enables one to calculate readily the effect on the
volume of air entrained when the gas pressure, gas rate, or specific gravity of the gas
It has
changed.
very important that there should be a correct relation between the area of the
throat of the injecting tube and the area of the burner ports if the energy of the gas is to
be efficiently utilized to inject air into a burner. The results of the tests show that
the area of the injector throat should be about 43 per cent of the area of the burner
is
It is
ports.
In pipe burners the rate of consumption per square inch of port area increases until
is about equal to the cross-sectional area of the pipe.
Tables have been
tabulated to show the rate of consumption of burners with, and without improved
the port area
injecting tubes.
If
the openings in the air shutter are too small there is an appreciable loss of air
The velocity through the air opening should not exceed 4
The
results of tests to
show the
CONTENTS
Page
I.
Introduction
Purpose of investigation
2
Scope of tests and of this paper
II. Description of apparatus and methods of test
1. Meters and regulators
2 Method used for measuring air-gas ratio
III. The operation of an atmospheric burner
1. Description of burner
2. Factors affecting air entrainment
1
6
7
8
9
9
10
3
Page
IV.
(a) Effect of
3.
n
n
orifices
on
(b)
2.
through
of gas
12
13
15
16
(a)
(b)
16
19
4.
20
5.
How to
23
and
The
8.
9.
1.
Area
Summary
1. The
38
42
42
43
45
46
IX.
30
36
(a)
7.
30
32
tion of burners
6.
29
29
31
5.
25
31
injecting tube
4.
VII. The burner tube and burner ports
Characteristics of a satisfactory burner
1
2
Limiting values for velocity of efflux of different air-gas mixtures
3. Why it is easier to change from water gas to coal gas than from
4.
24
30
24
46
50
53
53
53
54
55
57
of air-shutter
opening required
58
59
orifice
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Sharp-edge
Sharp-edge
orifice
orifice
discharge coefficient
of injection
loss
air
59
59
60
60
60
60
2.
61
3.
The
61
injecting tube
4.
62
5.
The
62
6.
Conclusion
air shutter
62
Design
1.
The
of
I.
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION
and the
have resulted
and
to devise
efficiencies
This
with the existing
of utiliza-
tion.
made
so different,
The question
members
of that committee.
Gas Association.
2.
This paper
is
of
Some
of the other
No
of tables
The
tables
on actual
investigation.
Design
It is
of
tical assistance to
in this
paper
will
be of prac-
make
their
purposes.
II.
A photograph of the
tests
forty
/S
Regulator
*
77nfrmom* t*t
Cu.
Ft]
Tank
en+ovahlo Lid
Fig.
2.
tests
The air supply was taken from a regular laboratory supply line.
The pressure was reduced by two dry regulators in series. A gas
bag connected at the outlet
2.
It
was
AIR-GAS RATIO
air in
by
deter-
and the
results did
described in detail.
air-tight
available gave very wide variations in the ratio of the air to gas
mixture entering the burner.
The plan tried next, which has been used very successfully, was
to leave the top of the box open and operate the burner in a normal
manner, observing carefully the pressure in the burner as indicated
on a very sensitive slope U gage. The lid was then placed on the
box and the air passed through a meter into the box at a rate
which exactly duplicated the previous conditions of pressure
within the burner. It is evident that if the gas rate in each case
was the same, and the pressure in the burner was exactly duplicated, the volume of air injected into the burner in each case
was the same. The ratio of the volume of air to the volume of
Design
of
gas that entered the burner was thus readily calculated from the
readings of the two meters.
Xylene was used in the slope U-gage. The gage was cali-
When
this work,
made
difference
little
how
it
obtained.
It
precaution.
III.
DESCRIPTION OF BURNER
momentum
burner.
of the gas
The
stream causes
ports.
54901 21
IO
The mixture
of gas
and
air passes
it is
first
and
air are
ef
M/'ter 7i/i*
Primary
Air Mixer
fxer
A/r Openfo?
of Burner
3urner Ports
+ Space 3etween
Forts
Orifice
(a)
,Air
Fort Length
Shutter Screw
between Hprts
Shutter'
Air Opening
(6)
Fig.
3.
Top view
domestic type
determining the
4.
Design of
5.
Position of
6.
8.
9.
7.
10.
of gas
orifice
friction loss.
orifice.
depends
Design
The effect
of
governing
;
'
1.
'
'
air injection
in later sections
Many
an
of gas through
adiabatic.
is
orifice, start
It is
is
very
volume due
to
com-
with an error
V = ^2gh,
in
the
same density
gravity
feet of
a column of gas
orifice,
The
See B. S.Sci. Paper No. 359, Efflux of gases through small orifices, by E. Buckingham and
for the development of the following adiabatic formula of velocity in feet per second.
i-r*
Pi
..
2 0TTr
'
of
actual velocity at
(of
J.
D. Edwards
where
p
r=
p~>
and
is
this case is
1.40;
Let
P=P\p, where p
foot.
is
the difference between the initial and barometric pressure in pounds per square
approximately
-<"-(WrXHBr-^
in
which case
...
P _L-A_
= 2Qjy,
where p=Wh,
V=-/20jt^
is
.'.
Px
is
about
Pi)
,-P
and
P
P>
Pi
Pi
we have very
is
h=
820 =
H820
-j- =
d
12
..
68.33
I
I
u
i ee t, where
t~
a
density of water at 60 F.
= 66.34*/ -7- fe et P er
(a)
From
Hg and
60
is
H
second.
Design
of
13
of gas of the
same
orifice
IO
20
30
40
CO
60
70
Rate Cubic
60
90
ICO
no
120
ISO
HO
ISO
FlG. 4.
Rates of flow of a 0.65 specific gravity gas through various sizes of orifices of
type No. 1 {Fig. 6), with pressures of I, 2> 3, 4, and 5 inches of water, respectively
(b)
orifice
gas, such as
V = 66.34
\d'
14
In Fig.
5 are
The
tests
orifice
F and
30
For example,
if
an
orifice
Wz
:*'
8?
:-_
wWA
:
::'
28=
'
U-02
IS:
ilzM
FlG.
b^^-h^r
20
10
5.
30
ux40
EffiB
70
80
90
SO
60
100
Rate Cubic Feet per Hour
120
/SO
I4C
ISO
ISO
Rates of flow, at 4 inches -water pressure, of gases of 1.0, 0.65, and 0.35 specific
gravity through orifices of type No. 4, Fig. 6
HO
-^ = 100 X
The curves
.363
= 136.3
in Fig. 5 give
which is within about 1 per cent of the calculated value given above and is sufficient!}^ accurate for practical
specific gravity,
purposes.
Some
accounted for by the fact that the corrected value represents the
volume of the gas that passed through the orifice, when corrected
The volume that would have passed
to the standard condition.
through the orifice if the temperature and barometric pressure
Design
of
15
The
of considerable importance.
be
Most
ports."
of the experiments
on flow
of air
through
orifices,
as
reported
larger
was
also
and
It
the different types of orifices would give the same relative air
entrainment, since
it
entrainment.
In the
first
common
type of
orifice
to
make two
orifices of
rate of flow.
It
was started
that the gas stream must be directed exactly into the center of
the mixing tube, otherwise the air injection would be reduced.
One
to the eye
it
No
why
there
Due
?9 fH
Fig.
No. I
No.2
A/o.3
A/o.4
6~A
fRadius
30-/9
45-/1
6.
Design of
orifices.
we know a
Nos.
Orifices
type, orifice
as
No. 5
Channel
types of gas orifices and the relative air injection of each has never
before been made.
3.
In Fig. 6 are shown five of the different types of orifices investiNo. 1 has an 8 angle of approach; No. 2 was cut with a
special tool that made the wall of the approach a curve of i inch
radius; No. 3 is a sharp-edge orifice with a 90 approach and a
45 outlet; No. 4 has a 45 approach. These four types of orifices
have been designated as sharp-edge orifices. No. 5 has a 45
approach and a channel of varying length as described in the
This type of orifice we have called the channel type.
text.
gated.
used in most
In
gas appliances is the type having a channel or short tube.
this class will be included all gradations from a sharp-edge orifice
of orifice
is
Design
of
an ordinary plug
is drilled
for
an
orifice.
may have
of orifice
17
a channel of varying
length, and it may be made with different lines or angles of approach; changing either will cause a large variation in the rate
of flow.
To show the
effect of length
The
orifices
by No.
were used.
which has a diameter
5 in Fig. 6
of 0.221 inch
'
If"
-..-..--_
ife^.^Cg^ESjw^p;-
"T
130
r~
120
I
t
t
-"
"
^.4^
i
5 H^
jS^Ji-iS:/
'
ji
n~
--+--
u
L-
j
Z
a
,/
>
r*-H-
00
ifcr
T
I 7ill
0/
-f^X
I
0.3
04
0.5
:J r'-^ 'r'&s.y/f
0.6
Length of Channel
07
Inches
<<s
-^~)
03
7.
Rates of flow of I.o specific gravity gas, at 2, 4, and 6 incites water pressure,
through channel orifices of type No. 5, Fig. 6, with a 45 angle of approach and varying length of channel. Size of orifices, No. 2 drill
Fig.
Fig.
orifice
and the length of channel that gives the maximum rate is not
quite the same for lower pressures as it is for the higher pressures;
for example, with the o.i inch length of channel, at 2 inches
orifice pressure,
at 6 inches the
same
is
orifice gives
The reason
channel
orifice replaces
is
when a
short-
curves.
(See Fig. 7)
[Specific gravity of gas, 1.0; size of orifice, No. 2 drill (0.221 inch diameter); orifices with 45 approach]
At 2-inch pressure
Length
of
channel
Rate
Discharge
of
coefficient
flow
At 4-inch pressure
Rate
of
flow
Discharge
coefficient
At 6-inch pressure
Rate
of
flow
Discharge
coefficient
(Jf)
o.oo
Foot 8/hour
63.6
0.705
Foot 3/hour
89.5
0.703
Foot '/hour
109.6
0.703
.04
68.5
.760
95.1
.747
115.6
.741
.08
71.3
.792
108.6
.853
138.1
.886
.10
77.1
.855
114.9
.903
140.6
.902
Inch
.125
81.6
.906
114.6
.901
139.2
.893
.25
79.2
.879
111.4
.875
136.4
.875
.50
78.2
.868
110.0
.865
135.0
.865
1.00
75.0
.832
105.7
.831
129.7
.832
Design
of
19
the small variations with pressure would probably not be objecNo measurements have as yet been made of
tionable in practice.
other sizes of channel orifices. The effect of length of channel on
the gas rate will undoubtedly be similar, but the location of the
maximum point may vary somewhat with the size.
(6)
The
tests
that
it
edge
orifices at
50
Fig.
8.
80
Cubic F~eet
per Hour
60
Rate
TO
Rates of flow of 0.65 specific gravity gas, at 4 inches -water pressure, through
various sizes of sharp edge orifices of types Nos. I, 2, 3, and 4, Fig. 6
Orifices
from
of pressure
to 6
inches and with sizes from No. 2 to No. 53 drill, and it has been
found that there is a linear relation between the area of the orifice
From
1,
3,
and
4.
(See Fig.
6.)
each one
is
The
"
which is accounted for by the fact that all the orifices of this type were made
with the same tool and the angle of approach at the immediate
1
point of discharge was different for each size of orifice. The discharge coefficient for this type of orifice is, therefore, not a
constant.
20
Since
portant,
it
it
had been found that the length of channel was imseemed desirable to investigate the effect of the angle
is
It has been found that for all orifices of the sharp-edge type for
a constant pressure at the orifice there is a linear relation between
the volume of gas entering the burner and the pressure of the
mixture of gas and air produced within the burner. Proof of this
is
shown by the
When
the pressure in
the same burner obtained with the different types and sizes of
the points
orifices
all fell
J50
Gmdctz'ons of lest
3<zrorneter* 29. 5JhMcreary
Umperzrturv * 72.01
5^
<^~
s$r*
\m
^ fc~
^*
IS 30
F4
^ Oy
S^i
"**^
fe
ra
bS kt
60
ffi
JO
/infte.
JO
SO
60
70
40
JO
20
JO
of dppnxrcfiff/tarp JSetye On'fi&p&eyrees
1.00
CdndtHons Of Test
Betromeier* 29.5let. f/qr.
temperature *
72.0
|
K.S0
s
<fc
IE
>
Jtf
1C
drifte
Fig.
A. Rates
of
9.
20
JO
40
SO
60
70
so
so
Graphs of discharge
flow of
i.o
and
21
22
When
of channel
The
in each case.
of channel as well as the pressure in the burner, the relative air injection of the different orifices
is therefore not apparent from the values shown in Fig. 11 a.
To get comparative data of the relative air injection of the differ-
-----------
^-j----^-,--.
^^
>
L....J
JJL
^ t
*- 8f? Orif/ce
li
**!i/7. ffadius
s^
^20
Orifice
A?
\s
,-..,
y
\
%
Ja
i-
*Lw
^
^^
**
s ^
^
*
>j
\Z^1AZ It
?
>?
4-
it 3
1
I
A^
** A-
$?
.X
A
IP
90/1 ur/f/ce
as
^j
#
*N
'a-^579 Orifice
A-
&
-4-
-,+-
S <f
ZT
-E
A^ s-2-----^fc.------:----4l--a?
&>
& 7^
"~c
jo
20
JO
Fate ' Cubic JFkei per Siour
Fig. 10.
/^7
.27
<ft>
-with
"jkJ
^7
For these orifices any given gas rate gives the same pressure in the burner, thus indicating that the air
injected is the same in each case.
The pressure in the burner at the different gas rates plots on the same
straight line, which shows that for sharp edge orifices there is a constant ratio between the gas rate and
the pressure in the given burner and, therefore, the resistance to the flow of the gas is proportional to the
gas rate
orifices
if
each delivered
Fig. 116 has been prepared to show the relative air injection of
the different lengths of channel if the orifices were of such a size
that each delivered 100 cubic feet of gas per hour when under a
pressure of 4 inches.
if
a sharp-edge
orifice
and
is
injects
a loss of
orifice 0.1
of air per
inch long, for example, will inject only 381 cubic feet
hour under the same conditions.
Design
of
It will
23
up
to o.
is
inch and
not so marked.
r
Size ofOriffcrn, No.2 Drill
For Oas Rates See Ft'a. 7
4 'OPr 'ess jrv
'
I- /
/
.e
.1
.3
.*
^.74
.9
to
JO
/./
B
*/0
1M
{'"
\
\
Ft-.
f
-0
3
|
>
4
JS
if
.S-
.6
.7
.S
11.
A. Pressures developed in burner by 1.0 specific gravity gas at 4 inches water pressure flowing
through No. 2 drill size orifices with different lengths of channel
B. Air injected by gas at 4 inches water pressure flowing at the rate of 100 cu. ft. per hour from
No. 2 drill size orifices with different lengths of channel
5.
HOW TO
If
is
is
necessary to
an
know
orifice
the gas
coeffi-
The N.
We
; :
24
orifices
paper
it
coefficient for
terms of
its
the density and pressure of the gas, can be. deduced as follows
Let q = rate of flow of gas from orifice in cubic feet per second
a = area of orifice in square feet
V = theoretical velocity of gas in feet per second
= orifice constant, or discharge coefficient then
= aKV
or a
It has previously
V = 66.34-*/ -7
j^
been shown that
where
= specific
[H
-j
A = area
then
= 3600X66.34^4^/!
= 1658.5
A=
q
1658.5
AKJ j, or
K
AIR
The momentum
This
is
of a
body is equal
to its
mass times
momentum
its velocity.
Design
of
25
momentum
of the gas
stream at the
orifice.
momentum
of the
mixture
of the
In general, for
any one burner, the injecting tube that will produce the largest
pressure in the burner for a given pressure at the orifice will be
injecting tube
will
of the burner.
the most efficient air injector. The resistance of the burner will
depend upon the shape and size of the burner and the area of the
ports.
data.
2.
The
burner,
V theoretical velocity
ond = -yJ2gh,
v = velocity at first port
of gas
of the air
per second,
and
in feet
;;
26
of
mixture of
air
and gas at
first
port,
7-=-F
=a
will
greatly aid the reader to apply this useful information in calculating practical problems: I^et
W = mass of
hour 3600;
and 6o F
feet per
Hg
-r-
foot for
R = ratio
of
square
momentum
of gas stream to
momentum
of stream
mixture
of
V = theoretical velocity
of gas
= volume
M=mass
v
= velocity
air
in cubic feet
(M + m)
=rqW;
=q
-r-
= the momentum
= (rqW + qdW)
second
Therefore the ratio of
of stream of mixture
and
mixture
of the
momentum
mV
~(M+m)v qW
of gas stream to
qdWV
(r+d) q
^
(r
+ i)
dVx
q(r+d)
(r
momentum
+ i)
3600
X
(r
dV
+ d) (r+
2$XdV
e(r + <2)(r + i)'
wnere
144
1)
= the gas rate in cubic feet per hour, and
= cross-sectional area of pipe in square inches
inches for \% inch pipe burner.
.496 square
Design
Also the equation
of
is
much more
is
27
readily applied
where
substituted,
if,
H = the
in place
pressure
Then
IH
25X^x66.34./-^
R = Q(r+d)
(r
+ i)
'
_ 1658.5 X ^/Hd
~Q(r+d)
The
following examples
(r
show the
+ i)*
ratio
between the
momentum
of the gas stream and the momentum of the stream of the mixture
The burners were equipped
in which pipe burners were used.
with fixed orifices. It should be evident that changing either the
design of the injecting tube or the port area of the burner head, as
well as a change of adjustment of the air shutter if one is used,
will cause a change in the volume of air injected into the burner,
Also a change of the type of
therefore, a change of the ratio (R)
orifice may cause a change of the momentum of the gas stream
which in turn will cause a change of the ratio R. It follows that
each particular burner has a constant ratio R, if no change or
adjustment of the burner parts is made.
Example No. i To illustrate that for a given burner the ratio
R between the momentum of the gas stream and the momentum
of the stream of the mixture is a constant when the gas rate is
changed but the pressure remains constant. The gas rate and the
air-gas ratio values for both of the following conditions were taken
from " (4 inch) no tube ratio " curve of Fig. 26. The gas was 0.65
The burner was a 1 ]/A inch pipe burner with 1 .05
specific gravity.
.
Gas
Pressure
of
Case
(Q)
47.5
67.0
{H )
4.0
4.0
(d)
.65
.65
(r)
3.72
3.00
1658.5XV7/5
***** Qir+4) (r+1)
Example No.
R
of
2.
To
1.496
1.496
1 658.5
X 1.496 V4.0X0.65
1658.5X1.496V4.0X0.65 _
67.0 (3.0+0.65) (3.0
+ 1)
28
changed, but the gas rate is kept constant. These values were also
taken from the "no tube ratio" curves of Fig. 26.
Case
Gas
Pressure
of
gas (inches
water)
of
Air-gas ratio
of
(Q)
47.5
47.5
(H)
2.0
4.0
_ A
Ratio
.65
.65
(r)
3.00
3.72
(X)
1.496
1658.SXJ Hd
Example No.
3.
To
1.496
R=/r,.
Q(r+d) (r+l)
,
1658.5X1.496V4.0X0.65
47.5 (3.72+0.65) (3.72+1)
40
si)
II
(d)
mixture
Case
is
a constant
when the
momentum
specific gravity
TxF
'~5'o
i.o, 0.65,
and 0.35
specific
gravity gases flowing through sharp edge orifices at 4 inches water pressure
Burner used
is
of the gas
is
of 0.75
The values
changed.
and
Gas
Pressure
of
gas (inches
of
((2)
(H)
water)
(d)
Rati
Ratio
(0
.(X)
_1658^5XV1?
K- Q(r+rf)(r+1)
Case
45
45
4.0
.35
4.0
1.496
4.0
.65
4.6
1.496
1658.5X1.496V4.0X0.35
3.02
Design
3.
HOW TO
of
momentum
known
the ratio
if
(r)
29
OF A GIVEN BURNER
of the
momentum
mixture
of
which has been developed to solve for any one unknown value.
In the equation
unknown value
R = n(
^\
to solve
would be the
air-gas ratio
Solving
(r).
li6sS.sXJHd
y=v
Rq
J9
4-0.25d--0.5d
+0.25 -0.5^-0.5
2.0 inches,
The
*,
/1658.5
V-
2 = 50.0
= 0.65, and
of flow
Then,
x 1.496V2.0X0.65
,
^o.25(o.6, 5 x) 2 -(o.5Xo.6r 5 ) + o.2 5
4.08x50.0
(0.5x0.65) 0.5 = 2.91
,
This agrees with the air-gas ratio shown by the " (2 -inch) no
tube ratio" curve of Fig. 26, which was obtained with 2 inches
pressure and the above burner.
4.
MOMENTUM OF GAS
STREAM
From
the equation
*s
gas stream varies as the square root of the gas pressure, and since
the mass issuing from the orifice varies as the velocity of the gas
stream, the
momentum
of the gas
stream
is
directly proportional
to the pressure.
For example,
at 30.0 inches
Hg and
6o F.
30
will
be
two
orifices are of
such a
that
size
MOMENTUM OF
pressure each delivers the same volume of gas per hour and the
compare gases
from
issuing
of 0.35
different orifices
The
X -* /
w v0
if
WX
12.
qW foot
=39.25
53 5
%
39.25
X 0.35
is
pro-
'
to
portional
*
6.
qW..
RELATION BETWEEN
IN
THE BURNER
has been proved that there is a definite ratio between the
of the gas stream and the momentum of the stream
For any increase in the gas rate there is a correof the mixture.
sponding increase in the momentum of the stream of the mixture,
Fig. 12
resulting in an increase in the pressure in the burner.
shows the pressures in the burner with three specific gravities of
gas, and Figs. 21 to 27, inclusive, show the pressures in different
It
momentum
examples
it is
possible to
summarize
Design
1.
The
ratio
momentum
of
of
31
gravity of gas, or the volume of the air and gas mixture going
pressures.
3.
issue
momenta
different orifices
pressure the
orifice
When
the pressure
is
is
propor-
The
momentum
of the
stream of the
mixture.
If a change in gas pressure or gas rate should cause a considerable
change in the temperature of the burner, the volume of air injected
would be slightly different from the calculated values for the new
condition, and there would not be quite the agreement between
the above stated relations.
VI.
1.
the
momentum
motion in the
32
is
is
long,
is
low, the
the
maximum
To
if
possible,
what design
it
of injector
was decided
would cause
air injection.
many
variables as possible,
all
of
burner, and
that burner.
The burner
selected
was a
%-
inch pipe burner with a port area of 0.75 square inch. Since the
specific gravity of the gas does not affect the design of the injector,
air instead of
By
using a constant orifice pressure the gas rate was kept con-
stant.
It is evident that
with a
Design
of
maximum
33
pressure
air.
^^^^^JZ
*-
^ZMZM^^^^zzzzzzzzzzL
15'-
6.fc
-/.S'-
SO'
zJ&^
W-fzxm
-L
L ^//)//////7///////;//////A7777.
*-/.r-^
40-
-/.5
7.0^-
-9.25-
7.0-
Fig. 13.
made
L
Technologic Papers of the Bureau of Standards
34
the type of injector which was used in the first part of the
It was soon realized that, in order to draw definite
investigation.
No.
5 is
34
sk
^jw
5^21
>^MAaOrif!'cePn!suiri
JJ
rr
.21
:o
J5
2.5
2.0
3.0
JLS
-from TTiroct+i&tcftes
1j Inch PipeBurner
a75~S?fn.3r?Jna
S2JCkA/oerMar
1.0 Specific tfmvcty
IS
J^ifc
C7tW<zr?ce
|J\
20
ofCrtftte
2$
3.0
3.5
frvr?i /Ttrverf-zfocfies
t*V 1.0
15
20
2.5
SO
JUT
J?
PipeBurnei
6.75 SqTn.
a75S$Z?.Fbr?/lnd
9Z5Cn.fiper//our
Tbrtdrea
66.0 Cu ft per/four
10 Specific Ofm/ify
JD Specific frzn/ify
HOIn. rtOjOrificeThssax.
0.0
.5
10
1.5
20
2.5
'10
1.5
3.5
2.5
JO
7??rocri~Trtcfies
2.0
J?
port area
developed in a i%-inch pipe burner, 0.75 square inch
water
inches
at
edge
orifice
sharp
a
4
through
with 1.0 specific gravity gas flowing
pressure using different designs of injecting tubes
Fig.
i4
.Pressures
there
In a previous section of this report it has been shown that
in the burner and the gas
is a linear relation between the pressure
is constant.
rate in cubic feet per hour when the orifice pressure
pressure
maximum
the
as
This pressure in the burner is known
the
from
orifice
and was obtained by changing the distance of the
throat
the
throat of the injector. The distance of the orifice from
of the
position
best
the
that
seems
it
and
is extremely important,
experiment.
by
only
determined
orifice for any given injector can be
Design
The curves
of
of Fig. 14 will
of the orifice
maximum
Once
this position of
good
show
injection
is
of the injector.
obtained,
of Fig. 14
35
it
orifice
will hold
and with
of the investigation
of this figure
The curves
injectors of the
The
inches.
2 inches
maximum
The curves
in
36
Inlet
dimension
Degrees slope
Outlet dimension
Throat
diameter
or
Length
inches radius
R= radius]
Inch
Inches
Injecting tube
designation
Slope
angle
Length
Degrees
Inches
Inches
3"R
3"R
1.5
5/8
2.0
6.0
1.5
5/8
2.0
4.0
1.5
5/8
2.0
10.5
2.40
5/8
23\6
1.0
2"R.
3"
2"
Total
length
1)....
9.0
2)....
7.0
2.0
3"R-5/8-2"(No.3)....
5.0
3.5
6.85
9.25
5/8
4.0
6.0
7.0
1.30
5/8
3.5
6.85
1.35
1/2
3.5
7.9
2" R-5/8-3.5
2"
1/2 3.5
9 25
8 15
10. 5
2.7
1/2
3.5
7.9
10 5 1/2 3 5
10.6
26. 6
1.0
1/2
4.6
6.0
26.6-l/2-4.6
7.0
2"R
1.25
3/4
3.5
6.0
2" R-3/4-3.5
7.25
10. 5
2.0
3/4
3.5
6.0
10\5-3/4-3.5
14.0
1.5
3/4
3.5
6.0
14.0-3/4-3.5
7 5
21.5
1.0
3/4
3.5
6.0
21 5 3/4 3 5
7.0
21.
1.0
3/4
2.5
8.0
21.5 3/4-2.5 ..
9.0
21.5
1.0
3/4
5.7
4.0
21.5 3/4-5.7
5.0
21.5
1.0
3/4
11.3
2.0
21.5-3/4-ll.3
6"R
3"R
1.75
7/8
2.5
6.5
7/8
3.5
4.85
6" R-7/8-2.5
3" R-7/8-3.5
8.25
1.4
3.
6 25
i.
possible to
design of the
The change
approach of the
inlet to the
should be gradual.
approach should follow approximately a curvature
The
which should be not less than 3 inches radius for a J^-inch throat.
Other sizes should be proportioned about the same.
3. The outlet angle should be about 2
.
It
is,
some
injector is limited,
and
shown
were designed.
in Fig.
13,
little is
A
is
and
3,
shown
to be gained
by making the
is
considerable
Design
outlet length.
The
of
37
of Fig.
Any
15.
injector of different
design that for a given gas rate would give a higher pressure in
the burner than that shown by No. 1 in Fig. 13 would, of course,
be a better
injector.
Jo
roc
Kcrfe -
Fig. 15.
The
r/o
Hour
injecting tubes
shown
burner
In order to show the injecting powers represented by the pressure curves in Fig. 15 the following table has been prepared:
TABLE
3.
Air-gas ratio
Type
of injecting
tube
At gas
rate
50.0 cubic
feet per
Air-gas ratio
At gas
rate
75.0 cubic
feet per
hour
of injecting
hour
tube
At gas
At gas
rate
50.0 cubic
feet per
rate
75.0 cubic
feet per
hour
No injecting rube...
3.25
2.45
No.l
No.2
5.00
3.
4.90
3.80
From
Type
85
No,
4.55
No
4 75
No.
we note
hour
;n
3 65
injector.
is
only
38
about
From
3, 5
we
about 9 per
4,
and
12 per
5.
different designs
2,
injectors with
believe that
many
will
when the
may offer an
injector
is
cast,
The determination
an injector seemed at
was greatly simplified as soon
as it had been determined that for any one burner and injecting
tube there was a definite relation between the different variables,
and that the best injector for any one burner with any one specific
gravity of gas, orifice pressure, and volume of gas going through
the injector was also the best injector for any other specific
first
it
itself into
between the total port area of the burner and the area of
five-eighths,
is
shown by
and three-quarters
inch, respectively.
Since
it is
This design
change from the lines of the inlet to those of the outlet should
be gradual, the injectors were cut with the throat diameters
smaller than desired and then carefully rounded off so that their
lines were, as nearly as possible, exactly alike.
and
port area, respectively, were made. The ports were made with a
No. 30 drill, arranged in two rows, staggered and spaced five-eighths
inch from center to center.
In this study air was again used for the sake of convenience,
and an orifice pressure of 4 inches of water was used.
Since each injector has its own distance of the orifice from the
throat which produces the maximum pressure in the burner, it
was necessary to determine that position for each injector. To be
Design
of
39
absolutely sure that this distance of the orifice held good for any-
when
given injector
shown
in Fig. 16
were made.
maximum
tests represented
JO
J9
28
sT_ S^
J7
J*
<y^
*,
^>
y-
%.
tflnen PipeBurrter
&7SS<r.JhJ*rf/1r*a
VZSCaYt.KtrHaur
JOS)
40M H-C,C
s IX)
trr
30
ZS
20
1.5
3.5
A.
ZO
IS
2.5
Fig. i6.
Pressures
Jt5
17inxzt-&K7Ki
JiO
-fhorn
developed in 1%-inch
at
Fig. 17.
The curves
could be obtained with the three different injectors and the four
burners having different port areas. It should be noted how
the pressure in the burner changes with the injecting tubes of
different throat diameters for a given burner
shown
and
also
how
it
40
diameter showed up best with the 0.75 square inch port area
burner, while the three-fourths-inch diameter was best for both
the 1.05 and 1.35 square inch port area burners.
From
Fig. 18;
it is
possible to
latter curves
we can
in
between area of the injector throat and port area of the burner.
To obtain curves that would show the comparative value of the
injectors with different throat diameters, it was necessary to
select a constant gas rate and plot the pressure in the burner for
the different diameters against the port area of the burner. This
has been done for two different gas rates in Fig. 18. This figure
40
so
&3"
to
80
These curves were determined from the maximum values taken from curves in which those of Fig. 16
Pressures developed by gas flowing through orifice at 4 inches water pressure
are included.
indicates at a glance
the curves for either gas rate shows, for instance, that the one-half
and five-eighths inch throat diameter are equally good injectors
inch port area, because in each case the pressure in the burner
would be equal.
It would seem from the intersection of the curves of Fig. 18 that
the five-eighths-inch throat would produce a higher pressure for a
0.70 square inch port area than that shown in the figure because
Design
of
4i
the result of the five-eighths-inch diameter for the 0.75 square inch
port area is so near the intersection for the three-fourths-inch
^P4-|
73 'Oi
& 7* \rr 00
N \
^ls\
Si
sS 3?
i\
\
5
(g-20
\\
r s sv? s
5-
iv S3
4c to, --/ -p 3H TOLA
b
\ S fcfi
fe vfe
T* S f
\
*>
&
V+i"?.7hf\*rt
V./o
"^^Si^Af.T.Wxcrf
KiitZfnvi
<^
^S2r7*^5?
Vfejilwrf
25
-<?
.7
/ =b/
Fig. 18.
Cwry&r
as
/.
3-
/.SO
{Values
throat diameter.
If
is
plot-
ted as the best injector for the 0.45 square inch port area, the area
of the five-eighths-inch throat as the best injector for the 0.70
0.7
a 0.5
<k o*
O.i
02
01
CO
>
af Porte Jp&ve
/Irea
Relation
0.3
0-0
Fig
J.Z
&
lb
Tr?c/?es
square inch port area, and the area of the three-fourths-inch throat
as the best injector for the 1.05 square inch port area, the points
will plot the straight line
19.
From
this
42
VII.
1.
it is
is
products of combustion mix with the air and are delivered into the
room. In these appliances the luminous flame would be as
efficient as the bunsen flame.
In most cases, however, the temperature of the flame is of
it might be said, in general, that the closer
the atmospheric burner approaches the performance of the blast
burner the higher will be the efficiency obtained and the wider
great importance and
will
be the
field of
results
impracticable,
In such appliances
it is
is
is
properly distrib-
is
have
worthy
it
is trifling.
of greater attention
The
than
For a given size they should have a large rate of consumpLarge rate of consumption means reduction in cost of
manufacture, and permits concentration of heat which usually
(a)
tion.
Design
of
43
sary:
The shoulder on the air mixer, as well as the end of the burner,
must be machined to obtain correct alignment.
2. The threads of the orifice and those of the air mixer holding
the orifice must be true to give proper alignment.
3. The orifice must be drilled with extreme care.
With the more constricted throat formed by the venturi tube,
1
maximum
is
absolutely essential
if it is
air injection.
MIXTURES
The
crease in the air-gas ratio, but decreases again before the theo-
mixture has been reached. The increase in speed of comis accompanied by a decrease in the size of the flame and
an increase in the temperature of the flame. Fig. 20 shows roughly
the limits, for water gas of about 590 Btu, within which one
retical
bustion
44
As shown by the
ratio.
the ports exceeds 15 feet per second with a 3 to 1 ratio, the flames
are blown from the ports; when the velocity is about 3.5 feet per
With a higher
It follows,
30
Limit of Operation
with Water Gas
1%. inch Pipe Burners
1
1
r
.5
I*
t>
1/
.5
M*
u
*
f
i
^
\%
\p
is
Ui
5]
\ s\ \\
l
1
N\ \
J"
J)
y,
^ wr
'
0.0
10
2.0
3.0
+.0
y
So
Ratio ;
FlG. 20.
the air-gas
blow from
the ports
outflowing mixture be so great that the flames will blow from the
ports.
If a small size port is used it is possible to reduce the velocity of
outflowing mixture to a much lower rate than with the larger size
ports before a flash back occurs. This is perhaps due to the
With special burners
greater cooling effect of the secondary air.
may
be
Design
3.
of
45
another occurred at one of the meetings during the 191 9 convenA statement was made
tion of the American Gas Association.
that by making water gas of very high heating value it had been
found possible to change from coal gas to water gas without adjust-
ment
of appliances.
when
Most
processes,
If
number
of
if
a change
is
made
number
hour and a
less
number
of
Btu per hour are delivered if the heating values of the two
gases are the same.
Even though it may be possible to operate
the appliance without readjustments the value of the service
is
to the heavier gas will also increase the air entrainment, as de-
foot offset, to
operating with coal gas, the appliances were adjusted for a very
pressure the
and the
46
consumer
will
merely turn
off
great trouble, unless the air injection has been so reduced at the
same time that the combustion is not complete and the gas burns
with a luminous flame which may blacken the utensils.
RELATION BETWEEN THE TOTAL PORT AREA AND THE RATE OF
CONSUMPTION OF BURNERS
4.
(a)
important when it is desired to secure the maximum rate of consumption from the burner and a good injection of primary air.
This is well illustrated in the following table, in which the values
are taken from Figs. 21, 22, and 23, for burners operated "cold"
with gas of 1.0 specific gravity:
TABLE 4.Rate
of
Consumption
of Pipe
Ratio of
Total port area in square inches
port area
to area
of pipe
Cubic feet
per hour
Cubic
feet
per hour
inches per square
water
inch of
pressure
port area
at 4.0
0.45
0.3
24
.75
.5
57
76
1.05
.7
84
80
53
[Rates of consumption for a 0.65 specific gravity gas calculated from the foregoing values]
0.45
0.3
21.3
47.3
.75
.5
50.6
67.4
1.05
.7
74.0
70.5
From
plotted.
Due
and the expansion of the mixture within the burner, the rate of consumption is reduced somewhat upon the burner being lighted, and is further reduced when
to the heating of the burner
Design
J Inch J^pe
of
urmr
of C/aa
J.OSp.qr-
20*4.0, '6.0'-b>tftccFrrs?.<*
&0
#
$r
V-U#
\S*fflj #
50
jfi
'^^
^$f^ <.vi
:<;V;
t$
/V
\V^S
^s2
..rl^
fit
SScrs k
^3lp&3*Ja
V V?V\
^h
*f\*
4h
^>^L
F^IS^J
>
C*
Ld
\?~-
4.0
47
?fipj
y
fe^r"^
J*f?^2
?^
^^
^2
5 41!^
^^r^
-*
2
IP
//
:'vj.
ji/i^
(/
#2
Fig. 21.
and 6
40
4p
7?
JO
/O0
/F
injecting tube
s&
+0
ffctte - Cubic
Fig. 22.
and 6
so
to
eo
injecting tube
48
an object is placed over the burner which will cause some of the
heat to be reflected back upon the burner.
Unless the average temperature of the burner is known it is
impossible to calculate the reduction in rate of consumption.
Just what the heating effect will be is indefinite and will depend
upon the installation, but with a little experience one should be
able to make the proper allowance for the temperature effect for
each condition.
The following table, with values taken from Figs. 24, 25, 26,
and 27, shows the relative rates of consumption of these same
burners when the burner is lighted and the temperature has
Fig. 23.
and 6 inches of water in a 1.05 square inch port area burner with and without improved
injecting tube
TABLE
5.
it
Ratio
Total port area in square inches
01
port area
to area
of pipe
Cubic feet
per hour
Cubic
feet
per hour
inches per square
water
inch of
pressure
port area
at 4.0
0.45
0.3
18 .0
.75
.5
41.5
55.3
1.05
.7
66.5
63.3
1.35
.9
99.0
73 2
Design
of
&
fizte
Fig. 24.
and 6
Cutic
49
60
Itei per
Mar
injecting tube
Rate
Fig. 25.
and 6
60
TO
SO
injecting tube
5o
(6)
With
injecting tubes of
Limtt of
0pvrsttiofi
/vrt*>*
fflnct
y/afer ffas
J,Off Sf.
aN^SS^fe'"^^-
*?.
FlG. 26.
and 6
j?
*23*
if-"-f~
./2
.4?
l^233^y
w ^^ ^!i^dr^te^F
fwi
J1
;?0
t.irtS^
10""l
to
^Jja
*^2tf?^
.g23<'
kwr
*<3
'*\
3.0
3urner
s^V, ^ifs^.
%=?
/ NsH
40
ftjoe
M Ibrt/OnM
O.bSSp.Qr. offers
2.0'Zadtus -/ -S.5'7ub6
2.0'40,'60'Ort/icx Pwsjsk
^8i
40
60
70
so
so
JOO
J7tf
j7>
jy*r"
v4V injection secured -with 0.65 specific gravity gas at orifice pressures of 2, 4,
injecting tube
1.05:
and
i-35
still
more
was designed
With
this design it
SO
Jdzte
FlG. 27.
and 6
shown by No.
63
in Fig. 13,
possible to secure
a
Fesf per Noar
7a
- Czz&e'c
is
inches of water in a 1.35 square inch port area burner without improved injecting
tube
curves in Fig.
The
15.
mentioned
show the results from the aboveand 0.65 specific gravities with
burner "cold," and for a 0.65 specific gravity with burner "hot":
TABLE 6.Rate
Consumption
of
of Pipe
5i
Ratio
of
port area
to area
of pipe
Cubic feet
per hour
Cubic
feet
per hour
inches per square
water
inch of
pressure
port area
at 4.0
0.45
0.3
65
144.4
.75
.5
101
135.0
1.05
.7
126
120.0
for
a gas
burners cold]
0.45.
126.5
.75.
118.5
1.05.
108.5
[Values
for
the
gas burning]
0.45
0.3
52.5
116.7
.75
.5
77.5
103.3
1.05
.7
107.5
102.4
1.35
.9
124.0
91.9
Some
TABLE
7.
[Air-gas ratio, 3
to 1; specific
from
burners cold
Cubic
Cubic
Total port area in square
Ratio of
port area
to area of
pipe
feet per
hour
Per cent
increase
No
injector
Injector
No
injector
capacity
Injector
0.45
0.3
21.3
57.0
47.3
126.5
.75
.5
50.6
89.0
67.4
118.5
76
1.05
.7
74.0
114.0
70.5
108.5
54
[Rate
of
167
0.45.
0.3
18.0
52.5
40.0
116.7
192
.75.
.5
41.5
77.5
55.3
103.3
87
1.05.
.7
66.5
107.5
63.3
102.4
62
1.35
.9
99.0
124.0
73.2
91.9
25
52
last table
in the
form of
These tables and curves show for the "no injecting tube"
study that the rate of consumption per square inch of port area
increases as the area of ports
They
With the
made
is
also
is
a drop in rate of
is lighted.
some explanation.
In this case
which require
j-
\l\i
Pressure- 40 Inches
-41-4t n
K*
V
4 4
AS
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rf
t.o
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4-
i
ki
K o/
^A
a
^1
i
i
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i
VI
3r\
fo
53
A-V-
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0.4
Li
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20
40
GO
80
/CO
/BO
140
Maximum rate of consumption of 1%-inch pipe burners with and -without improved injecting tubes when using 0.65 specific gravity gas at an air-gas ratio of 3 to I
Fig. 28.
in port area
an injector
was used that had an area of throat which our previous experiments had shown to be the best for that particular port area.
The inlet and outlet angles of all the injectors were the same, but,
since the injector with the smallest throat was the longest one,
and the cross-sectional area of the pipe was largest, relative to
it allowed the velocity of the mixture to be
reduced more gradually and the average static pressure in the
burner was greater.
Design
5.
of
53
The
was
less
than half as
long as the 1.05 square inch port area burner, and it was at first
thought that the greater rate of consumption per unit port area
secured with the throat was due to increased friction loss with
1.05
row
single
of ports,
and
of ports,
it
it is difficult
is
and reduction in
have to be made,
some allowance
will
6.
area,
drill,
In pipe burners
The
all
of the mixture
and
is nil.
static pressures,
is
first port.
At the
but at the
first
port there
is,
The static pressure is the maximum, then, at the last port. The volume of the mixture which
issues from a port is dependent upon the static pressure at that
of course,
port.
If
the pipe
no velocity pressure.
the
first
is large,
and
last ports.
Table
54
TABLE
8.
of
pressure at
Ratio
last port]
of
port area
to cross
sectional
Middle
First port
port
Last port
area
Per cent
0.75
1..35
8.
Per cent
Per cent
0.5
90.0
97.5
100.0
.9
77.0
92.5
100.
inch pipe burner; specific gravity, 0.65; port area, 1.35 square inches; size
of ports,
No. 30
drill; air-gas
ratio, 3 to 1]
Last port
First port
Gas
Orifice pressure, inches of water
rate,
cubic feet
per hour
Velocity
of
mixture
in burner,
feet per
Velocity
Cone
height in
inches
second
of
mixture
in burner,
feet per
Cone
height in
inches
second
70.5
7.52
0.55
0.61
100.0
10.70
.63
.80
122.5
13.10
.67
.95
70 per cent of the cone height at the last port. This difference
is caused by the difference in static pressure in the
in cone height
For
first
and
last ports.
was
0.90.
1,
proportional
Design
of heat
of
55
is
in velocity of mixture
great.
HOW TO CHOOSE
9.
Much
and burner
size is
valuable and
is
on the
not serve the everyday requirements of the industrial fuel engineer and appliance man unless the information can be tabulated clearly so that he can
select quickly and accurately the proper burner for any given
it will
condition.
everyday practice,
in
tables for
it will
them
specified,
but
if
work
are found to
up
it will
be
difficult to
make
burners.
Many
made
at present with a
With an
increased so
much
that
it is
consumption of a burner
is
is
in Fig. 28,
correspond-
ing to the 1.2 square inch port area as a basis for our tables.
The
70 cubic feet per square inch of port area and may be used
with but small error for burners from 0.7 to 0.9 ratio of port area
value
is
to cross-sectional area.
No
tables are
shown
56
and
will
it
volume
hot
be
the gas
completely burned, in
which case the characteristics of the flame are not so important.
If, on the other hand, a hot flame is required, and especially where
air, it will
sufficient
primary
in as
much
air.
is
if
is
it is
absolutely
drawn
however, makes it
air,
is
area, for, as
shown
ports.
Having decided on the gas rate and the character of the flame
is required, it will be necessary to know what gas pressure is
that
minimum
pressure.
volume
pressure, the
it
TABLE
10.
and the
from such
of gas required,
possible to select
is
any condition:
[Specific gravity of gas, 0.65; area of ports, 0.8 of the cross-sectional area of the pipe]
Air-gas
ratio
1
inch
inches
3 inches
4 inches
inches
3/4..
2.5 to 1
20
28
34
1....
2.5 to 1
32
45
55
64
71
11/4
2.5 to 1
55
78
96
111
124
40
11/2
2.5 to 1
76
107
131
151
169
2....
2.5 to 1
124
176
216
249
278
3/4..
3tol
3tol
3tol
3tol
3tol
33
1....
11/4
11/2
2....
15
21
26
30
24
34
42
48
54
42
59
73
84
94
114
57
81
99
94
133
163
o Calculated on the basis that the rate of consumption per square inch of port area
hour at
to
128
210
is 70
ratio.
or decrease the ratio of the port area to the cross-sectional area of the pipe,
necessary to increase or decrease the values in the same ratio as the port area is changed. This applies
for ratios from 0.7 to 0.9. For other changes in the ratio see curves giving rate of consumption per square
inch of port area for different burners.
it is
Design
TABLE
11.
of
Rate of Consumption a
57
[Specific gravity of gas, 0.35; area of ports, 0.8 of the cross-sectional area of the pipe]
feet per
Air-gas
in inches
ratio
1
inch
3/4..
2.5 to 1
16
I....
2.5 to 1
25
11/4
2.5 to 1
45
inches
inches
23
64
inches
inches
36
28
32
44
51
57
78
90
101
11/2
2.5 to 1
61
106
122
137
2....
2.5 to 1
101
175
202
226
3/4..
3tol
12
17
21
24
27
I....
3tol
19
27
33
39
43
11/4
3tol
33
47
5S
67
75
11/2
3tol
46
65
78
91
102
2....
3tol
75
106
130
150
168
o Calculated
at 3 to
of
1 ratio.
or decrease the ratio of the port area to the cross-sectional area of the pipe,
necessary to increase or decrease the values in the same ratio as the port area is changed. This applies
for ratios from 0.7 to 0.9.
For other changes in the ratio see curves giving rate of consumption per square
it is
VIII.
and must be
so designed
by the manu-
facturer that they will give satisfactory service even with extremely
58
1.
The maximum
known.
It is also necessary to
is
to be operated
must be
size of
k*
\
ft
N
X
\\
it
sN
*J
"
o
&0
o.+
0.8
1.2
1.6
20
2.+ 2.3
32 36 *0
/o
so
30
40
so
tio
ro so go
top
29.
Velocity
of air
gradually closing the air inlet and observing the effect of the air
injection the values shown in Table 1 2 were obtained.
These values have been plotted in the curves of Fig. 29, and show
the loss of injecting power with the decrease of the area of air inlet
No attempt to
for the particular conditions stated in Table 12.
draw any definite conclusions from these curves is made, since
there are a number of things to be taken into consideration. The
air injection will vary with the momentum of the gas stream, the
size of the burner, the design of the injector, and the area of the
Design
air-shutter opening.
loss of air injection
of
59
down
to
or 2 per cent,
it is
necessary to have
the shutter opening large enough that the velocity of the air
TABLE
Gas
rate, 77.0
of Air Injected
of gas, 1.0;
5 feet
When
per second.
Area of air
inlet( square
inches)
Velocity
through
air
inlet (feat
per second)
318
4.0
3.18
317
3.2
3.91
313
2.0
6.26
305
1.4
8.72
285
.8
14.25
260
.6
17.35
210
.4
19.13
138
.2
27.56
IX.
The
SUMMARY
any condition
of operation, the
of operation for
it
1.
THE ORIFICE
The orifices have been divided into two types the channel type
and the sharp-edge type. In Fig. 6 orifices Nos. i, 2, 3, and 4 are
designated as sharp-edge type and No. 5 as channel type.
(a)
The discharge
coefficient of
angle of approach
is
a sharp-edge
orifice
with a given
of gas pressures.
;.
60
When
edge
orifices
varies
(6)
was
found to be exactly the same for all designs. The results from
which the conclusion is drawn are plotted in Fig. 10.
(c)
was found that with the orifices of the channel type the coefficient will vary not only with a change in the angle of approach but
In Table 1 and
also with a change in the length of channel.
Fig. 7 are shown the results obtained with orifices of different
lengths of channel in which the angle of approach was a constant
It
of 45-
(d)
(e)
If
is
is
it is
necessary to
know
Where Q = rate
A = area
of flow
from
orifice in
coeffi-
the gas
= specific
1 .0)
Design
2.
of
61
pressures.
3.
issue
momenta
orifices
orifice pressure
the
When
the pressure
is
is
propor-
The pressure
at
momentum
of the
stream
of the mixture.
If
The advantages
of
number
of curves.
The
tube that produced the greatest injection of primary air was determined and is shown by injector No. 1, Fig. 13. If it is impracticable to use injectors of this design because of limitations
in the size of the burners, it is possible to determine
There
is
power
from Table
of other designs.
the injecting tube and the port area of the burner that will give
maximum
injection of primary
air.
It
62
4.
has been shown in the same way. From the tabulations and
we have taken the rate of consumption per square inch of
port area corresponding to an average burner and have made up
Tables 10 and
showing the rates of consumption of various
sizes of burners for different gas pressures.
curves
5.
The velocit)^ of the air through the air opening will depend
upon the area of the air opening, the momentum of the gas stream
issuing from the orifice, the area of the burner ports, and the deThe opening in the air shutter must be large
sign of the injector.
enough to allow a free and unrestricted flow of air into the
burner. From a few curves that have been shown, it seems that
the area of the air opening should be of such size that the velocity
of the air through the opening does not exceed 4 or 5 feet per
second.
6.
On
CONCLUSION
and
its simplicity,
low
cost,
reliability the
Washington, December
16, 1920.