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amplifier system
Eg. Battery
Eg. Microphone
Eg. Speaker
Eg. Amplifier
Transformation of Elements
Element
DC Model
AC Model
Resistor
Capacitor
Open
Inductor
Short
+V, rf
rd = VT/ID
+ VS -
Short
Diode
Independent Constant
Voltage Source
Independent Constant
Current Source
IS
Open
vbe
iB I BQ (1 ) I B ib
VT
Common Emitter
with Time-Varying Input
2
Offset voltage (+ve)
1:
2:
3:
4:
gm
I CQ
VT
Diffusion resistance
r
Input port
Output port
VT
I CQ
g m r
r
Av ( g m RC )(
)
r RB
VA
ro
I CQ
Rib r (1 ) RE
Ri R1 R 2 Rib
Av
RC
Ri
(
)
r (1 ) RE Ri RS
hie rb r r
h fe
r
hre
r
1 1
hoe
r
ro
Small signal output admittance
Transfer Functions of
the Complex Frequency
Name of Function
Expression
T(s) = Vo(s)/Vi(s)
Io(s)/Ii(s)
Transresistance Function
Vo(s)/Ii(s)
Transconductance Function
Io(s)/Vi(s)
s
T ( s) K 2 (
)
1 s
( RS RP )C S
1
T ( s ) K1 (
)
1 s
( RS RP )C P
1
2 S
1
2 P
Coupling Capacitor
Load Capacitor
1
fL
2 [ RS ( R1 R2 Ri )]CC
1
fH
2 ( RC RL )C P
A v 0
g m r RC
RS r (1 ) RE
A v
g m r RC
RS r
fH
1
2 [r RB RS ](C C )
Problem-Solving Technique:
Maximum Symmetrical Swing
1. Write dc load line equation that relates ICQ
and VCEQ.
2. Write ac load line equations that relates ic
and vce
3. In general, ic = ICQ IC(min), where IC(min)
is zero or other minimum collector current.
4. In general, vce = VCEQ VCE(min), where
VCE(min) is some specified minimum
collector-emitter voltage.
5. Combine above 4 equations to find optimum
ICQ and VCEQ.
Problem-Solving Technique:
Bode Plot of Gain Magnitude
1. Determine whether capacitor is producing a
low-pass or high-pass circuit.
a. Sketch general shape of Bode plot
2. Corner frequency is f = 1/(2) where = ReqC
a. Req is resistance seen by capacitor
3. Maximum gain magnitude is midband gain.
a. Coupling and bypass capacitors act as
shorts
b. Load capacitors act as opens