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Circuit Elements
There could be many viewpoints to look at a thing.
Different viewpoints are needed to have complete
picture.
A circuit element can be looked upon from following
viewpoints :
1. Circuit Viewpoint
==> expressed in terms of
v and i.
2. Energy Viewpoint
==> expressed in terms of
energy.
3. Geometrical Viewpoint
==> expressed in terms of
physical dimensions.
dimensions
Circuit Viewpoint:
vi
v
R=
i
W =
t2
t1
Ri 2 t = RI 2 t
W
R= 2
I t
2
v
p = vi = i 2 R =
R
It is Joules Law
Law. Heat is stored and then dissipated.
dissipated That is
why power dissipating capability of resistor is important.
1 L
L
R=
R = or
A
A
where
h is
i called
ll d coductivit
d ti ity (S/m).
(S/ )
1
(conductivity) =
(resistivity)
RESISTORS
+ v(t )
i (t )
A resistor is a passive element
characterized by an algebraic
relation between the voltage across
its terminals and the current
through it.
From a dimensional
di
i
l point
i
of
f view
i
Ohms is a derived unit of Volt/Amp
A linear
li
resistor
i
obeys
b
OHMs
Law
v(t ) = Ri (t )
RESISTORS
Conductance
St d d Multiples
Standard
M lti l off Ohm
Oh
M
Mega Ohm(106 )
Kilo Ohm(103 )
If instead
a function
current in
law can be
of e
expressing
pressing voltage
oltage as
of current one expresses
terms of voltage, OHMs
written
i=
1
v
R
1
as Conductance
R
of the component and write
i = Gv
We define G =
Symbol
+
v
+
v=0
Short
i=0
Circuit
Open
Circuit
R=0
G=
R=
G=0
v = Ri
i = Gv OHM' s Law
I = 2A
R = 5
R = 3
12[V ]
I = 4[ A]
V = 10[V ]
I = 4[ A]
+
20[V ]
V
R=
I
R = 5
Voltage
Current
Resistance
Volts
Amps
Ohms
Volts
mA
mV
mV
mA
i ( t ) = Gv ( t ) OHMS LAW
UNITS?
CONDUCTANCE IN SIEMENS, VOLTAGE
IN VOLTS. HENCE CURRENT IN AMPERES
i ( t ) = 8[ A]
OHMS LAW
v (t ) = Ri ( t )
UNITS?
4[V ] = (2) i ( t ) i ( t ) = 2[ A]
4V
+
v (t ) = Ri (t )
OHMS LAW
P = vi
(Power)
v = Ri , or i = Gv (Ohm' s Law)
Given P , i
P
v
v = ,R =
i
i
Given i, R
v = Ri , P = vi = Ri 2
Given v, R
v
v2
i = , P = vi =
R
R
Given P, R
i=
P
, v = Ri = PR
R
Problem
bl
solving
l i
tip:
i
There
h
are four
f
variables (P,v,i,R) and two equations.
Given any two variables one can find
the other two.
A MATTER OF UNITS
P = Ri 2 = ( 40 *103 ) * ( 2 *10 3 A) 2 =
160 *10 3 [W ]
P =?
3
I
0
.
5
10
[ A]
VS = IR VS =
VS =
= 10[V ]
G
50 106 [ S ]
= 6mA
V 2 P = (12[V ])(6[mA ])
P = VI = I R =
= 72[ mW ]
R
2
0.6[mA ]
I=
I2
0.5 103[ A]
2
2
P=I R=
0
.
5
10
[W ]
P=
=
6
G
50 10 [ S ]
5[ mW ]
V 6[V ]
=
R 10k
VS2
P=
R
VS2 = (10 103 )(3.6 10 3W ) VS = 6[V ]
P = VS I
80[ mW
W]
= 5[V ]
VS =
4[mA]
P = I 2R
80 103[W ]
R=
2
3
4 10 A
R = 5k
Voltage Divider
R1
V1 = V
R1 + R 2
V2 = V
R2
R1 + R2
Current Divider
R2
G1
or I1 = I
G1 + G2
R1 + R2
R1
G2
I2 = I
or I 2 = I
R1 + R2
G1 + G2
Example
Using the voltage divider and current
divider techniques,
techniques determine the
unknown currents through and voltages
across the resistances in the circuit
of the given figure.
Vs = 2 4.4 = 8.8 V
and
2
v1 = 8.8
= 4V
2 + 2.4
2.4
v4 = 8.8
= 4.8
4 8V
2 + 2.4
Using Ohm
Ohmss law, get currents i1 and i2.
and
4.8 V
i2 =
= 1.2 A
4
4.8 V
i3 =
= 0.8 A
6