Fall 2015

Name __________________________

AAE 333
Final Exam
INSTRUCTIONS:
DO NOT OPEN THIS TEST UNTIL TOLD TO DO SO
THIS TEST IS CLOSED BOOK AND CLOSED NOTES
YOU MAY USE 2 DOUBLE-SIDED HANDWRITTEN CRIB SHEETS
Show your work to receive credit.
Hand this test sheet in with your papers.

F/A-18 #845 behind an Omega Air Boeing 707 tanker during an Autonomous Airborne
Refueling Demonstration (AARD) flight.
October 25, 2005, NASA Photo / Jim Ross

Fall 2015

Name __________________________

1. [25 points] A manned space capsule travels in level flight above earths atmosphere at initial
speed U0 = 8.05 km/s. The capsule is to be slowed down by a retro-rocket to U = 5.00 km/s in
preparation for a reentry maneuver. The initial mass of the capsule is M0 = 1,600 kg. The rocket
consumes fuel at a rate of 8.0 kg/s and the exhaust gases leave at Ve = 2940 m/s relative to the
capsule and at negligible pressure difference with the atmosphere. Since the capsule is in level
flight, gravity may be neglected.
(a) Assume that the drag coefficient, CD, is not zero, density of the air is a and the capsule
frontal area is Ac. Write the relevant equations and derive an expression for the required retro
rocket firing time. [15 points]
(b) Neglecting drag, evaluate the duration of the retro-rocket firing needed to accomplish this.
[10 points]
Solution:
Assume the average density of exhaust gas is e , the exhaust outlet area is S then m = e
(a) Conservation of mass:

+ ( ) = 0

+ = 0

dM
dt

= , where =8.0 kg/s.

After integration:
M = M0
Conservation of momentum:

= ( ) + + +

= , = +

d(Mu)
1
= ( + ) 2
dt
2

1
m +
= 2

= 2

=
1
2 2 M0

ln

0
0

ln

= 0

1
2

+ 2

(1)

0
2


=
{arctan (
0 ) arctan (
)}
0

2
2

Fall 2015

Name __________________________

0
2


{1 exp [
{arctan (
0 ) arctan (
)}]}

2
2

(b) When the drag is neglected, = 0, then from equation (1):

0

ln
=
0

0
0
=
0

0
0
=
{1 exp (
)}

(8.05 5) 103
1600
=
{1 exp (
)}
8
2940
= 129
ln

Fall 2015

Name __________________________

2. [30 points] A viscous fluid between two long cylinders is set to motion by counterclockwise
rotation of the inner cylinder at a low angular velocity . The outer
cylinder is fixed. There is no pressure gradient and flow is purely
azimuthal. The viscosity of the fluid is .
a) Derive an expression for the tangential velocity v (r ) between the
cylinders. [15 points]
b) Evaluate the wall shear stress acting on the inner and outer cylinders.
[10 points]
c) Will the solution be different if the inner cylinder were fixed and
outer cylinder rotating? How about when both are rotating with different
velocities? Explain your answer. [5 points]
Solution
Assumptions:
1) Steady flow, 2) Newtonian viscous flow, 3) 2D flow (no z dependence) 4) no body force 5) no
pressure gradient, 6) from symmetry, no dependence on
a) Mass conservation equation
1 ( ) 1
+
+
=0

Thus is a constant. Due to the boundary condition ( = ) = 0:

= 0
The -component momentum conservation equation:
(

+
+
+
+
)

1
1 ( )
1 2 2 2
=
+[ (
)+ 2
+
+
]


2 2
2
1 ( )
(
)=0

Integrating twice, we get

1
2
= 1 +
2

Fall 2015

Name __________________________

Considering the two boundary conditions:

() = ,

() = 0

we find C1 and C2 and the final formula:

=

2 2 1
( )
2 2 2

b) Gradient of u :

2 2
1
1
= 2
( 2 2 )
2

Shear stress on the inner wall:

w ( = ) =

2 + 2
= 2

Anticlockwise direction
Shear stress on the outer wall:

2 2
w ( = ) =
= 2

2
Clockwise direction
c) Considering the general solution as before:
1
2
= 1 +
2

It is clear that the solution will be different since well have different boundary conditions. Thus
the constant 1 and 2 will be different. The shear stress will also be different since it depends on
a and b. For example, if the inner cylinder is stationary and the outer cylinder rotates with
angular velocity , the velocity profile is
2 2 1
= 2
( )
2 2

Fall 2015

Name __________________________

3. [25 points] The vortex represents a small aircraft of mass M in steady, level flight at
freestream velocity of

V at a distance h above the ground. The aircrafts span is b. Freestream

density is .

a) Find the effective vortex strength in terms of M, b, and V . [10 points]

b) Find the stream function and sketch the streamlines of the flow. [5 points]
c) Find the pressure variation along the ground surface. If

= 1 kg/m3, M = 100 kg, span b

= 3 m, h = 30 m, V = 10 m/s, and the acceleration due to gravity g = 9.81 m/s2, what is

the maximum pressure increase/decrease from the freestream value of 100 kPa? [10
points]
Solution:
a) According to Kutta-Joukowski theorem, lift:
=
=
Lift will balance the weight:
=
Thus the effective vortex strength:
=

b) Using method of images, well set a vortex at (0,-h)

Then the stream function is:
1
2
(, ) = +
ln (( 1 )2 + ( 1 )2 ) +
ln (( 2 )2 + ( 2 )2 )
2
2

Fall 2015

Name __________________________
(, ) = + 1 +

= +
ln[ 2 + ( )2 ]
ln[ 2 + ( + )2 ]
4
4
2 + ( )2
(, ) = +
ln
4 2 + ( + )2

c) Along flow velocity in the x-direction is :

2 + ( + )2 (2( )( 2 + ( + )2 ) 2( + )( 2 + ( )2 ))
= +
(
)(
)
( 2 + ( + )2 )2
4 2 + ( )2
Along the ground, = 0.

() = ( 2
)
+ 2
According to Bernoulli equation:
1
1
+ 2 = () + ()2
2
2
Then the pressure variation is:
2
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
() = () = (
)
2
2
2
2
2 + 2
=

100 9.8 2
=
= 32.7 2
1 10 3

Fall 2015

Name __________________________

2
1
1
1
32.7
30
2
2
() = () = 50 (10
)
2
2
2
900 + 2
The maximum pressure drop is at position x=0:
1
32.7 2
( ) = 50 (10
) = 3.41
2
30

Fall 2015

Name __________________________

4. [Each question is worth 5 points]

a) What is a Newtonian fluid? Give an example for a Newtonian fluid and a non-Newtonian
fluid.
Solution
Newtonian fluid is a fluid whose stress is proportional to the strain rate.
Examples: Newtonian flow: air, water
Non-Newtonian fluid: ketchup, yogurt, honey, blood, polymer solutions
b) What is the condition given by Thwaites method to define boundary layer separation?
Solution:
Thwaites pressure gradient parameter 0.09

c) True or False: In a favorable pressure gradient, pressure increases in the downstream direction
along the surface. Explain your answer.
Solution:
False. For favorable pressure gradient, pressure decreases in the downstream direction along the
surface

d) How is boundary layer thickness defined? How does this compare in size to the displacement
thickness and momentum thickness according to the Blasius solution for laminar boundary layer
over a flat plate?
Solution:
Boundary layer thickness: the distance above the wall where = 0.99
For the Blasius solution,
5.0
1.72
0.664
=
; =
;=

0.344, = 0.386 = 0.133

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