4 SIMPLIFICATION AND’ _ APPROXIMATION — 4.1 OPERATION ORDER SEQUENCE For simplifying an expression containing various types of fractions. the order of various operations involved should be strictly maintained, A simple technique for arranging the expression in the proper sequence. is by placing them in the order of the first letter appearing in VBODMAS where. 1. V Stands for vinculum or bar as (— ) 2. B stands for bracket and operation of brackets in the order (), {} and then [} 3. O stands for “of” D stands for division (+) 5. M stands for multiplication (x) 6. A stands for addition (+) 7. § stands for subtraction (~) 4.2 APPLICATION FOR ALGEBRAIC FORMULA Some algebraic formulae are used in solving the problems on simplification, Following important formula are to be memorised. 1. (a+ bY = a? + BF + 2ab, | 2. (a by = a? + BP ~ 2ab. 3. (a+ bY + (a- bY = 2a" + b°), | 4. (a+ bY -(a- by = 5. (a+ b)x (a~ Bb 6. (a+ b= a? + 3a°b + 3ab? + BF =a’ + 6 + 3ab (a+ b). a? ~ 3a*h + 3ab? - b* | =a’ ~ b° ~ 3ab (a ~ b), 8. a+ bi = (a+ b) (@- ab + b°) | 9. a - bb = (a- b) (a + ab + BY) | 10. a" xa" = a"*" LL. a" +a 12. a+ B+ c) Babe = (a+ b+ 0) (a + be + cab be — ca) if a+ b+ c= 0, then the above identity reduces to a + b* + c3 = 3abe (a- by4-2. Quantitative Aptitude for Competitive Examinations 4.2.1 Square Root and Square When a number is multiplied by itself, the product obtained is called the square of the number since 6x6 = 36. 36 is the square of 6 or 6 Also. -3x-3=9 = (3: 9 is the square of — 3 The square root of a given number is equal to the value whose square is the siven numb r and the sign for square root is? 7 Since 6° = 36 then 6. ig, square root of 36 is 6 5, Le. square root of 25 is 5 | Then the required number | 2. ya? xb? = ab 3. fa xb? = abVab | 4. fat xbtxect = @ bet | 3. fat xp" =a? xb J X 4.2.2 Division Method for Findi 64009 Step 1 Pairing the digits from right to left, we get 6 40 09 g the Square Root Step 2 Then take the first pair, here it is only “6” and find the largest whole number whose square is equal to 6 or Iess than 6, Such a whole number is 2 Step 3. Hence, write 2 in the quotient and also in the divisor. (see next page) Step 4 Subtract 2 x 2 Step 5 Bring down the second pair of digits (i.e. 40) double the quotient (ie. 2 x 2. = 4) and write the result on the left of 240 and then repeat Step-2 till the remainder is zero. The whole process can be enumerated step-by-step as shown in the following table 4 from 6. The remainder is then 2.Simplitication and Appr ximation 4-3 , 64009 = 253 (ie. Quotient) .2.3 Properties of a Perfect Square Number + sumber whose exact square root (which must be a whole number can be obtained. is called a perfect sa) . 7 or 8 cannot be a perfect square. ) (bi The last digit of a perfect square must be 0, 1. 4, 5. 6 oF 9. +c) A number ending with odd number of zeroes cannot be a perfect square, e.g. 9000, 25000, 16000, etc. are not perfect squares, éd) A perfect square number is either exactly divisible by 3 or leaves a remainder of 1, when divided by 3 e.g. 64 if divided by 3, will leave a remainder of 1 36 is exactly divisible by 3 te) A perfect square number is either exactly divisible by 4 or leaves a remainder of 1, when divided by 4 eg. 81 if divided by 4, will leave a remainder of 1 100 is exactly divisible by 4. ‘Sore: Above properties are very useful to check if a given number is a perfect square or not 4.2.4 Square Root of Vulgar Fraction Step 1 Multiply the numerator and the denominator by the donominator Step 2 Find the square root of the new numerator and divide it by the new denominator. 4.2.5 Square Root of a Rational Decimal Fraction 387.09126 Step 1 Pair the integer part first 387