Discussion:

Most commercial specification for metals has requirements

for physical properties as determined by the tensile strength
test. The properties include ultimate strength, yield strength or
yield point, elongation, character of fracture, and reduction of
stress area in order to obtain complete information concerning
tensile properties of a metal. A stress strain curve should be
determined
stresses

experimentally.

imposed

upon

the

Strain

corresponds

to

is

by

specimen

measured

definite
means

of

extensometer.
For metal having no well-defined yield point, the yield
strength

is

ordinarily

determined,

as

explained

previously.

Ductile carbon steel has well-defined yield point.

The tension test of steel is quite illustrative for some
mechanical properties. If force deformation diagram is drawn,
it

is

very

easy

to

have

an

idea

about

the

ductility

or

brittleness of the material. A ductile material is one in which

large

deformation

is

produced

before

the

specimen

fractures.

Whereas, a brittle material is one in which comparatively small

deformation occurs before fracture.
Besides, if the gage length and the original cross-sectional
areas are known, strain and stress can be calculated from the
force deformation diagrams. The yield stress, at which large

plastic deformation begin with small increase in stress, is an

important

characteristic

of

the

concrete

reinforcing

steel.

Another important stress is the ultimate stress i.e., the maximum

stress that can be carried by the material without any failure.
When plain bars have circular cross-sections, so a normal
diameter is defined. Normal diameter of a deformed bar is the
diameter of the plain bar which has the same weight per unit
length as the deformed bar.
In tension test, percent elongation and percent reduction of
area may be considered as the quantitative measure of ductility.
Temperature,

rate

and

type

of

loading

affect

the

result

of

tension test.
Laboratory test show that the increase in yield strength is
accompanied by an increase in tensile strength and hardness, too.
However, the increase in tensile strength is not much. On the
other hand, strain hardening reduces ductility.
Objective:
To

obtain

diagram)

the
of

force
plain

deformation
bar

and

diagram
deformed

(stress
bar

of

strain

concrete

reinforcing steel, and compare some of the mechanical properties

in tension.

Apparatus:
Universal Testing Machine
Extensometer
Vernier Caliper
Procedure:
1. Measure the total length, L and weight, W of the deformed
bar specimen. Mark the gage length.
2. Attach the specimen to the UTM.
3. Apply a tensile load satisfying all the requirements of the
related standard.
4. Obtain the force deformation diagram as graphs. Reload the
ultimate

load,

P.

Continue

until

load

fracture

of

the

specimen.
5. Measure the gage length after fracture by connecting the two
pieces.
6. Measure the final diameter, dfd by vernier. Make about three
mutual measurements.
7. Make calculation.
a. Determine the nominal diameter dn of the deformed bar
using dn = 12.8 G0.5
G = weight/unit length which can be calculated
using L and W.
b. Calculate the yield strength of the bar,

c. Calculate the ultimate strength of the bar,

the ultimate load, Pu and area, Ao.
Ao = cross=sectional area

y.

using

Pu = from the graph

d. Calculate the Modulus of Elasticity, E for the bar
using

P2
( An )

P1
An

e. Calculation percent reduction in area using

Ao - A n
f. Calculate percent elongation
Lf - L i

Appendix:

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
a. Nominal diameter, dn
G = weight/unit length
G = 1.42 kg / 1 meter
G = 1.42 kg/m
dn = 12.8 G0.5
dn = 12.8 (1.42)0.5
dn = 15.25 mm
b. Yield strength of the bar, y.

= [ 4.8 tons (907.18474 kgs / 1 ton) * 9.81

m/s^2 ] / Area
Nominal Area = (pi)(d^2/4) = (pi)(15.25^2/4) =
182.65 mm^2

= 42717.52 N / 182.65 mm^2

= 233.88 MPa

 1 Ton = 907.18474 Kilograms

c. Calculate the ultimate strength of the bar,

using

the ultimate load, Pu and area, Ao.

Ao = original cross-sectional area
Pu = from the graph
Ultimate Strength:
Pu = 7.15 tons (907.18474 kgs / 1 ton) * 9.81
m/s^2 = 63631.48 N
Ultimate Strength = Pu / Ao
Ao = Area = (pi)(d^2/4) = (pi)(16^2/4) = 201.06
mm^2
US = 63631.48 N / 201.06 mm^2
US = 316.48 MPa
d. Calculate the Modulus of Elasticity, E for the bar
using
E =

P2
( An )

P1
An

E = 316.48 MPa - 233.88 MPa (63631.48 N/182.65 mm^2)

-

(42717.52 N/182.65 mm^2)

E =
e. Calculation percent reduction in area using
Ao - A n
Reduction = 201.06 mm^2 - 182.65 mm^2 = 18.41 mm^2
Percent Reduction = 9.16%
f. Calculate percent elongation
Lf - L i
Elongation = 1.2 m 1 m = 0.2 m
Percent Elongation = 16.67%

Conclusion and Recommendation: