Fitting Of Curves

Fitting Of Curves & Parabola

Solved Problems

Example 1 : Fit a parabola, by the method of least squares to

the following
data :
x : 1

y : 5

12 26 60 97

Soln.:

Let Y = ax2 + bx + c be the best fit.

Then, the normal equations are,

ax2 + bx + 5c = y

(1)

ax3 + bx2 + cx = xy

(2)

ax4 + bx3 + cx2= x2y

(3)

We form the calculations table as follows :

No.

x2

x3

x4

xy

x2 y

12

16

24

48

26

27

81

78

234

60

16

64

256

240

960

97

25

125

625

485

242
5

Total
()

15

200

55

225

979

832

367
2

Hence the equations (1), (2) and (3) become

55a + 15b + 5c = 200 (4)
1

Fitting Of Curves

Fitting Of Curves & Parabola

Solved Problems

225a + 55b + 15c = 832 (5)

979a + 225b + 55c = 3672 (6)
On solving we get,
a = 5.7143, b = 11.0858 and c = 10.4001
Hence the parabola is ;
y = 5.7143x2 11.0858x + 10.4001.

Example 2 : From the table given below, find the values of 'a'
and 'b' in the law Y = aebx by the method of least squares :
x : 0

y : 3

1.5

Soln.:

12 20

1 0.55 0.18

y = aebx
log10y = log10a + bx.log10e

i.e. y = A + Bx

(1)

where Y = log10y, A = log10a, B = log10e

The normal equations are,
Bx + 5A = y

(2)

Bx2 + Ax = xy

(3)

Fitting Of Curves

Fitting Of Curves & Parabola

Solved Problems

We form the calculations table as follows :

No.

x2

xy

0.4771

1.5

0.1761

25

0.8805

1.0

64

12

0.55

20

0.18

Total
()

45

200

0.2596

0.7447

0.3511

144
400
633

By using equations (2) and (3) we have,

5A + 45B = 0.3511
45A + 633B = 17.1287
On solving we get,
A = 0.4815, B = 0.0613
since

A = log10a
a = 10A = 3.0304

and B = blog10e

b=

b = 0.1411

B
log10 e

0 .0613
log10 e

3.1152

14.894

17.128
7

Fitting Of Curves

Fitting Of Curves & Parabola

Solved Problems

Hence, the required curve is;

y = 3.0304e 0.1411x.

Example 3 : Fit a curve y = axb to the data :

x : 1

y :1200900 600 200 110 50

Soln.:

y = axb

Since

taking logarithm on both sides,

log10y = log10 (axb) = log10a+ b log10x
i.e. Y = A + bX

(1)

Where Y = log10y , X = log10 x and A = log10 a

The normal equations are,
bx + 6A = y

(2)

bx2 + Ax = xy

(3)

Fitting Of Curves

Fitting Of Curves & Parabola

Solved Problems

We tabulate the calculations as follows :

No.

x2

xy

1200

0.0

3.0792

0.0

0.0

900

600

200

110

50

0.090
6
0.227
6
0.362
5
0.488
6
0.605
4
1.774
7

0.889
2
1.325
5
1.385
4
1.426
9
1.322
0
6.349
0

Total ()

0.301
0
0.477
1
0.602
1
0.699
0
0.778
1
2.857
3

2.9542
2.7782
2.3010
2.0414
1.6990
14.853
0

By using (2) and (3) we have,

6A + 2.8573 b = 14.8530
2.8573A + 1.77476 = 6.3490
on solving we get,
A = 3.3086 and b = 1.7494
Since

A = log10a
a = 10A = 2035

Hence, the equation is

Y = 2035 x1.7494.
5

Fitting Of Curves

Fitting Of Curves & Parabola

Solved Problems

Example 4 ) Fitting of exponential curve :

y = abx
x

34

1.2

1.8

2.5

3.6

4.7

6.6

9.1

y = abx
logy = loga + xlogb
y = A + Bx
x=x

Y = log y

X2

1.2

0.079

1.8

0.2552

2.5

0.3979

16

3.6

0.5563

25

4.7

0.6721

36

6.6

0.8195

49

9.1

0.9590

64

Fitting Of Curves

Fitting Of Curves & Parabola

36

8.57

Solved Problems

52.35

204

= nA + B
8.75 = 8A + 36B
52.28 = 36A + 204B
A = -0.2889
B= 0.307
a = = 0.75
b = = 1.359
Hence Curve is ;
y = (0.75)( 1.359)x

Example 5) Fitting of second degree curve.

Fit a second degree parabolic curve to following data

10

11

11

10

x=

Fitting Of Curves

Fitting Of Curves & Parabola

Solved Problems

y=y
let y = a + bx + cx2
x

x2

x3

x4

xy

x2 y

-4

16

-64

256

-8

32

-3

-27

81

-18

54

-2

-8

216

-14

28

-1

-1

-8

10

11

11

11

11

16

22

44

10

27

81

30

90

16

64

256

36

144

74

60

708

51

411

Normal equation = na + b + c
= a + b + c
= a + b + c
8

Fitting Of Curves

Fitting Of Curves & Parabola

74 = 9a + 60c
51 = 60b
411 = 60a + 708c
a = 10.0042,

b = 0.85, c = -0.2673

= . + . . 2
y = 10.0042 +0.85(x - 5) -0.2673(x - 5)2
Hence Curve is ;
y= -1 + 3.55x 0.27x2

Solved Problems