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TECHNICAL FEATURE
This article was published in ASHRAE Journal, September 2013. Copyright 2013 ASHRAE. Posted at www.ashrae.org. This article may not be copied and/or
distributed electronically or in paper form without permission of ASHRAE. For more information about ASHRAE Journal, visit www.ashrae.org.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR Barry Barnet, P.E., is a senior professional associate and senior mechanical engineer at HDR in Princeton, N.J.
20
TECHNICAL FEATURE
Sensible Wheel
Enthalpy Wheel
21
TECHNICAL FEATURE
Lab Exhaust
(45,000 cfm)
Cross-Contamination
Hazardous
Exhaust
85F/72F
(36 Btu/lb)
Enthalpy Wheel
Enthalpy Wheel
AHU/
(75F/62.5F)
Cross-contamination can be
(28.4 Btu/lb)
ERU
Wheel
General Exhaust
Room Exhaust
a major concern for labora(90F)
(40,000 cfm)
tory buildings depending on the
52F/51.5F
Off
(21.5 Btu/lb)
chemicals or biological samples
P
C
H
Room Supply
55F
(85,000 cfm)
involved in the actual research.
C
C
C
(55F75F
3F Increase from Friction
With the energy wheel method
Typical VAV Box
& Duct Heat Gain
Outside Air
(Provides
92F/76F
of recovery, the Manufacturers
43F
Reheat As FCU
(39.5 Btu/lb)
58F
Required)
projected cross-contamination
Three-Way
MEP Spaces
Chiller
Diverting
through wheels, when using a 3
Valve (typ)
CT
Angstrom molecular sieve design,
is expected to be negligible due
HX
to absorption into the desiccant.1
Energy Recovery Effectiveness at
Enthalpy Wheel
However, there are other condi39.5 Btu/lb36 Btu/lb
=32%
tions that might still result in
39.5 Btu/lb28.4 Btu/lb
Water Economizer for
some degree of cross-contamiShoulder Season
nation. These conditions range
from wheel deflection, failure or
FIGURE 2B Winter. Recovery with wheel/air-handling system: traditional.
improper installation or set-up,
leakage past the seals, malfuncLab Exhaust
Hazardous
tioning purge, etc.
(45,000 cfm)
Exhaust
Malfunctioning purge could
P/C Provides Preheat as Required
And Frost Protection for Wheel
result in cross-contamination
AHU/ERU
70F
Wheel
despite the positive pressure difGeneral Exhaust
Room Exhaust
(27.5F)
(40,000
cfm)
ferential normally maintained
25F
from the supply to exhaust sides
50F C 45F
H
P 0F
Room Supply
53F
of the wheel. Due to these con(85,000 cfm)
C
C
(53F70F) C
3F Increase from Friction
cerns, a design approach that
Typical VAV Box & Duct Heat Gain
Two Recovery
Outside Air
(Provides
allows fume hood or similar
Devices Operating
(0F)
50F
Final Heating FCU
exhaust to pass through an energy
as Required)
MEP Spaces
Three-Way
60F
wheel is typically avoided and
Chiller
Diverting
Valve (typ)
CT
Energy Recovery Effectiveness
should have approval from the
(45F25F) (Wheel) + (50F45F) (C/C)
owner and the environmental
=36%
70F Room0F Outside Air
HX
health and safety officer before
being implemented.
Modified Efficiency
(45F25F) (Wheel) + (50F45F) (C/C) =45%
It is assumed that the first energy
55F Supply0F Outside Air
recovery method using wheels
Chilled Water Coil
Water Economizer for
Recovery Mode (450 MBH)
Shoulder Season
does not allow this exhaust to
pass through the wheels, instead
together) for energy recovery usage. Although this
allowing only general building exhaust to be used for
may seem like a significant unfair advantage for the
energy recovery. In contrast to this assumption, with
glycol runaround approach, this is being treated here
the energy recovery method using glycol (hydronic
as an integral characteristic of each type of energy
runaround) it is assumed that general exhaust is
recovery system.
combined with hazardous exhaust (manifolded
22
TECHNICAL FEATURE
Lab Exhaust
(45,000 cfm)
3F Increase from
Friction & Duct Heat Gain
(62/57.5F) Neutral Air
65F
C
Typical VAV Box Supplemental Cooling
CB
(Provides
Minimal Reheat FCU
As Required)
MEP Spaces
C
C
General Exhaust
(90F)
Off
P
C
43F
Outside Air
92F/76F
(39.5 Btu/lb)
Three-Way
Diverting
Valve (typ)
58F
Chiller
CT
Wheel
Enthalpy Wheel
Room Supply
(75,000 cfm)
(65F75F)
Wheel 57F/47F
Sensible Wheel
Room Exhaust
(30,000 cfm)
(40%)
55F/54.5F 79F/69F
23.5 Btu/lb 33.5 Btu/lb
AHU/
ERU
75/62.5F
28.4 Btu/lb
Hazardous
Exhaust
HX
*80,250 cfm with additional purge due to two wheels vs. one in traditional design.
Lab Exhaust
(45,000 cfm)
Hazardous
Exhaust
P/C Provides Preheat as Required
And Frost Protection for Wheel
58F
C
Supplemental Cooling
Typical VAV Box CB
(Provides
Final Heating FCU
As Required)
MEP Spaces
Off
55F
C
50F
60F
General Exhaust
(21F)
20F
P
0F
Two Recovery
Devices Operating
CT
C 40F
Wheel
Enthalpy
70F
Wheel
Sensible
Room Supply
(75,000 cfm)
(58F70F
AHU/ERU
(70F)
Room Exhaust
(30,000 cfm)
(40%)
Outside Air
0F
Three-Way
Diverting
Valve (typ)
Chiller
HX
Examples
The first energy recovery method
using wheels is illustrated in Figure
1. As seen in this figure, hazardous
24
TECHNICAL FEATURE
TECHNICAL FEATURE
HW (G) 81F
HW (G) 88F
Room Exhaust
(85,000 cfm)
ERU
Manifolded
Exhaust
(83F)
G
C
43F
FCU
MEP Spaces
58F
Outside Air
92F/76F
(39.5 Btu/lb)
Three-Way
Diverting
Valve (typ)
Chiller
CT
HX
(70F)
HW (G) 60F
ERU
Manifolded
Exhaust
(42F)
AHU
H
Room Supply
53F
(85,000 cfm)
C
(55F70F)
3F Increase from
Typical VAV Box Friction & Duct Heat Gain
(Provides
Final Heating
As Required)
50F
FCU
MEP Spaces
C
Two Recovery
Devices Operating
60F
C
50F
C 45F
CT
Outside Air
0F
Three-Way
Diverting
Valve (typ)
Chiller
HX
27
TECHNICAL FEATURE
FIGURE 6A Summer. Recovery with dual glycol coils/air-handling system, neutral air.
Room Exhaust
(75,000 cfm)
HW (G) 82F
3F Increase from
H Friction & Duct Heat Gain AHU
Room Supply
70F
73F
(75,000 cfm)
Neutral Air
C
(75F)
Typical VAV Box Supplemental Cooling
CB
(Provides
Minimal Reheat FCU
As Required)
MEP Spaces
78F
Manifolded
Exhaust
(80F)
G
C
55F/
G
G 54.5F C 70F/69F
23.5
33.5 Btu/lb
C Btu/lb C
HW (G) 65F C
43F
Outside Air
92F/76F
(39.5 Btu/lb)
58F
Three-Way
Diverting
Valve (typ)
Chiller
CT
HX
Energy Recovery Effectiveness
FIGURE 6B Winter. Recovery with dual glycol coils/air-handling system, neutral air.
70F
ERU
HW (G) 75F
Manifoldeded
Exhaust
(40F)
C
3F Increase from
Friction & Duct Heat Gain AHU
H
Room Supply
58F
(75,000 cfm)
Bypassed in Winter (Off)
C
(58F
70F) Typical VAV Box Supplemental Cooling
CB
(Provides
Final Heating FCU
As Required)
MEP Spaces
Energy Recovery Effectiveness
(40F0F) (G/C) 10F(Heat Source)+
(55F40F) (C/C)
=64%
70F Room0F Outside Air
G 55F
C
C 40F
C
HW (G) 75F
Two Recovery
Devices Operating
50F
60F
CT
Outside Air
(0F)
Three-Way
Diverting
Valve (typ)
Chiller
HX
an exhaust-intensive laboratory
building.
TECHNICAL FEATURE
TABLE 1 Results.
RECOVERY
METHOD
SUMMER RECOVERY
EFFECTIVENESS
ANNUAL
COOLING
(KBTU)
CHILLER
PLANT
(TONS)
WINTER RECOVERY
EFFECTIVENESS
WINTER RECOVERY
MODIFIED
EFFICIENCY
ANNUAL HEATING
(KBTU)
TOTAL
COOLING/
HEATING
(KBTU)
COMMENTS
Traditional
32%
2,616,000
460
36%
45%
1,898,000
4,514,000
See Figures 1,
2A & 2B Single
Recovery1
54%
2,372,000
350
50%
50%
1,446,000
3,818,000
See Figures 1,
3A & 3B Dual
Recovery2
GLYCOL Traditional
15%
3,034,000
520
50%
64%
1,651,000
4,685,000
See Figures 4,
5A & 5B Single
Recovery3
54%
2,571,000
330
64%
64%
1,250,000
3,821,000
See Figures 4,
6A & 6B Dual
Recovery4
WHEELS
AIR-HANDLING
SYSTEM
1Without chilled water coil recovery, winter modified efficiency falls to 36%; 2Without chilled water coil recovery, winter modified efficiency falls to 29%; 3Without chilled water coil recovery, winter modified
efficiency falls to 55%; 4Without chilled water coil recovery, winter modified efficiency falls to 43%; Tabulated values include chilled water coil recovery for all combinations; Recovery with Wheels is based
on 40% of supply air passing through exhaust side of Wheel (or Wheels) as general exhaust; Tabulated values are based on summer outside air design conditions of 92F DB/76F WB; Tabulated values
are based on winter outside air design condition of 0F; Boiler plant site remains approximately the same in all cases; Annual heating includes summer reheat, winter final heating, winter skin losses, and
winter preheat; Energy simulations are approximate only.
31
TECHNICAL FEATURE
32
Internal Cooling
The required peak space sensible
cooling MBH for supplemental cooling devices (during winter operation) was calculated as approximately 450 MBH in the equipment
rooms and mechanical/electrical
areas and 750 MBH in the remaining occupied lab, office, and conference areas. The latter figure is based
on diversified equipment plug loads
of approximately 4 W/ft2 (43 W/m2)
in lab areas, 2 W/ft2 (22 W/m2) in
office areas, and 1 W/ft2 (11 W/m2) in
circulation areas.
For the second system (neutral air
with dual recovery), the pre-heat
gained from winter chilled water
coil energy recovery takes credit for
all the supplemental devices located
throughout the building which are
cooling under winter operation
(1200 MBH in the test model). The
first system (traditional air-handling system) benefits from only the
supplemental cooling units serving
the equipment rooms and mechanical/electrical areas (450 MBH),
typically the only areas served by
supplemental cooling devices under
this system type.
However, occupied areas in a neutral system benefiting from increased
winter pre-heat consequently require
more final heating at the air terminal
units to prevent over-cooling, tending
to cancel out. The real benefit of the
chilled water coil recovery system is
the cooling energy transferred from
equipment rooms and mechanical/
electrical areas.
TECHNICAL FEATURE
33
References
1. Georgia Institute of Technology. 1999. Results of Cross-Contamination Testing of Desiccants. SEMCO, Inc.
2. Barnet, B. 2008. Chilled beams for labs: using dual energy recovery. ASHRAE Journal 50(12):2837.