Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
10th Edition
Fimbriae:
hairlike bristles that
allow adhesion to
the surfaces
Inclusion body:
stored nutrients for
later use
Conjugation pilus:
elongated, hollow
appendage used for
DNA transfer to other
bacterial cells
Mesosome:
plasma membrane
that folds into the
cytoplasm and
increases surface area
Plasma membrane:
outer surface that
regulates entrance
and exit of molecules
Nucleus:
Cytoskeleton:
maintains cell
shape and assists
movement of
cell parts:
Nucleoid:
location of the bacterial
chromosome
Plasma membrane:
sheath around cytoplasm
that regulates entrance
and exit of molecules
Endoplasmic
reticulum:
Cell wall:
covering that supports,
shapes, and protects cell
Glycocalyx:
gel-like coating outside
cell wall; if compact, called
a capsule; if diffuse, called
a slime layer
Flagellum:
rotating filament present
in some bacteria that
pushes the cell forward
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Copyright The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
Outline
Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
Cell theory
Cell size
Organelles
Cell Theory
a.
b.
c.
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d.
140 m
0.1 nm
1 nm
10 nm
100 nm
10
100
m 1 mm
1 cm
0.1 m
1m
10 m
100 m 1 km
protein
chloroplast
amino
acid
plant and
animal
cells
rose
mouse
frog egg
virus
most bacteria
human egg
ant
ostrich
egg
atom
blue whale
human
electron microscope
light microscope
human eye
Cell Size
192 cm2
384 cm2
64 cm3
64 cm3
3:1
6:1
85 m
amoeba, light micrograph
eye
ocular lens
light rays
objective lens
specimen
condenser lens
light source
a. Compound light microscope
Robert Brons/Biological Photo Service
Prokaryotic Cells
Bacteria
Archaea
Spherical coccus,
Rod-shaped bacillus,
Spiral spirillum (if rigid) or spirochete (if flexible).
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spirillum
spirochete
bacillus
coccus
12
protein
molecules
phospholipid
bilayer
13
Eukaryotic Cells
Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals
Cells contain:
Specialized organelles
Plasma membrane
14
Original
prokaryotic cell
DNA
Animal cell
has mitochondria,
but not chloroplasts.
photosynthetic
bacterium
chloroplast
Plant cell
has both mitochondria
and chloroplasts.
15
Endomembrane system:
Plasma Membrane
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
protein
molecules
phospholipid
bilayer
17
Plasma membrane:
outer surface that
regulates entrance and
exit of molecules
protein
phospholipid
Cytoskeleton: maintains
cell shape and assists movement
of cell parts:
Microtubules: protein
cylinders that move
organelles
Intermediate filaments:
protein fibers that provide
stability of shape
Centrioles*: short
cylinders of microtubules
of unknown function
Centrosome: microtubule
organizing center that
contains a pair of centrioles
Ribosomes:
particles that carry
out protein synthesis
Polyribosome: string of
ribosomes simultaneously
synthesizing same protein
Mitochondrion: organelle
that carries out cellular respiration,
producing ATP molecules
Golgi apparatus: processes, packages,
and secretes modified proteins
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Middle lamella:
cements together the
primary cell walls of
adjacent plant cells
Chloroplast*: carries
out photosynthesis,
producing sugars
Centrosome:
microtubule organizing
center (lacks centrioles)
Endoplasmic
reticulum: protein
and lipid metabolism
Granum*: a stack
of chlorophyll-containing
thylakoids
in a chloroplast
Mitochondrion: organelle
that carries out cellular
respiration, producing
ATP molecules
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Nucleus
nuclear
envelope
nucleolus
Nuclear envelope:
inner membrane
outer membrane
nuclear pore
nuclear
pore
chromatin
nucleoplasm
phospholipid
(Bottom): Courtesy Ron Milligan/Scripps Research Institute; (Top right): Courtesy E.G. Pollock
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Ribosomes
Composed of rRNA
May be located:
protein
4. An enzyme removes
the signal peptide.
5. Ribosomal subunits and
mRNA break away. The
protein remains in the ER
and folds into its final shape.
Lumen of ER
enzyme
receptor
mRNA
SRP
signal recognition
particle (SRP)
2. Signal recognition
particle (SRP) binds
to signal peptide.
signal peptide
ribosomal
subunits
nuclear pore
ribosome
mRNA
mRNA
1. mRNA is leaving the
nucleus and is attached
to the ribosome; protein
synthesis is occurring.
DNA
Nucleus
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Endomembrane System
Consists of:
Nuclear envelope
Membranes of endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Vesicles
Several types
Transport materials between organelles of system
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Endomembrane System:
The Endoplasmic Reticulum
Synthesizes proteins
Modifies and processes proteins
Smooth ER
No ribosomes
Synthesis of lipids
Site of various synthetic processes, detoxification, and storage
Forms transport vesicles
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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ribosomes
nuclear envelope
rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
0.08 m
R. Bolender & D. Fawcett/Visuals Unlimited
26
Endomembrane System:
The Golgi Apparatus
Golgi Apparatus
Within cell
Golgi Apparatus
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secretion
transport
vesicle
saccules
transport
vesicle
trans face
cis face
Golgi apparatus
Nucleus
0.1
Courtesy Charles Flickinger, from Journal of Cell Biology 49: 221-226, 1971, Fig. 1 page 224
28
Lysosomes
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
lysosome
mitochondrion
peroxisome fragment
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Animation
31
incoming vesicle
brings substances into the
cell that are digested when
the vesicle fuses with a
lysosome
secretory vesicle
fuses with the plasma
membrane as secretion
occurs
enzyme
Golgi apparatus
modifies lipids and proteins
from the ER; sorts them
and packages them in
vesicles
lysosome
contains digestive enzymes
that break down worn-out
cell parts or substances
entering the cell at the
plasma membrane
protein
transport vesicle
shuttles proteins to
various locations such as
the Golgi apparatus
transport vesicle
shuttles lipids to various
locations such as the
Golgi apparatus
lipid
rough endoplasmic
reticulum
synthesizes proteins and
packages them in vesicles;
vesicles commonly go to
the Golgi apparatus
smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
synthesizes lipids and
also performs various
other functions
ribosome
Nucleus
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Peroxisomes
Similar to lysosomes
Membrane-bounded vesicles
Enclose enzymes
However
Toxic
Broken down to water & O2 by catalase
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Peroxisomes
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100 nm
S.E. Frederick & E.H. Newcomb/Biological Photo Service
35
Vacuoles
36
Vacuoles
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100 nm
Newcomb/Wergin/Biological Photo Service
37
Energy-Related Organelles:
Chloroplast Structure
Photosynthesis
39
40
Chloroplast Structure
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
500 nm
a.
double
membrane
outer
membrane
inner
membrane
grana
thylakoid
stroma
space
thylakoid membrane
b.
a: Courtesy Herbert W. Israel, Cornell University
41
42
Mitochondrial Structure
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
200 nm
a.
double
membrane
outer
membrane
inner
membrane
cristae
matrix
b.
a: Courtesy Dr. Keith Porter
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The Cytoskeleton
Actin Filaments
Intermediate Filaments
Microtubules
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actin filament
ADP +
ATP
tail
myosin
molecules
head
membrane
46
Vary in nature
Functions:
ATP
vesicle
kinesin
kinesin
receptor
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The Cytoskeleton
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
actin
subunit
Chara
a. Actin filaments
fibrous
subunits
peacock
b. Intermediate filaments
tubulin
dimer
chameleon
c. Microtubules
a(Actin): M. Schliwa/Visuals Unlimited; b, c(Intermediate, Microtubules): K.G. Murti/Visuals Unlimited; a(Chara): The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./photo by
Dennis Strete and Darrell Vodopich; b(Peacock): Vol. 86/Corbis; c(Chameleon): Photodisc/Vol. 6/Getty Images
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Composed of 27 microtubules
51
Cytoskeleton: Centrioles
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
empty center
of centriole
one microtubule
triplet
200 nm
(Middle): Courtesy Kent McDonald, University of Colorado Boulder; (Bottom): Journal of Structural Biology, Online by Manley McGill et al. Copyright 1976 by Elsevier
Science & Technology Journals. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier Science & Technology Journals in the format Textbook via Copyright Clearance Center
52
Structure of a Flagellum
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
outer
microtubule
doublet
Flagellum
radial
spoke
central
microtubules
shaft
dynein
side arm
Sperm
plasma
membrane
triplets
25 nm
dynein
side arms
Basal body
ATP
100 nm
In the presence of
ATP, the dynein side
arms reach out to
their neighbors,
and bending occurs.
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