Dexter C.

Canalita

 THE

STUDY OF MATTER its

composition,
structure,
properties, transformation
from one form to another
and
the
energy
that
accompanies
this
transformation.

Chemistry is the central science dealing with

the composition of matter and the changes in
composition that matter undergoes.
Chemistry is also concerned with energy and
energy changes of matter.

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons,

Inc

1-3

 The

ANSWER
is
that
chemistry, by its very nature,
is the CENTRAL SCIENCE,
central to a fundamental
understanding
of
other
sciences and technologies.

The Central Science

Astronomy Nuclear ChemistryHealth and Medicine
Biology
Physics

Biology
Geology

Plant Sciences

Biochemistry Environmental Science

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY study of most carbon-based

compounds.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY deals with all substances
which are not considered organic
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY - deals with the application of
physical laws of chemical change and chemical systems.
BIOCHEMISTRY concerned with the chemistry of life
processes and living organisms.
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY concerned mainly with the
various techniques and laboratory methods to determine the
composition of matter.

Collect the facts or data relevant to the

problem.

1.

2.
3.
4.

Done with carefully designed observations and

experimentation.

Formulate a hypothesis that accounts for the

data and that can be tested further.
Plan and do additional experiments to test
the hypothesis.
Modify the hypothesis as necessary.

The Scientific Method

Law: Statements of natural
phenomena to which there
are no known exceptions.

Hypothesis: A tentative
explanation of the facts that can
be tested further
Theory: Well-tested hypothesis.

SOLIDS

LIQUIDS

GASES

Definite shape

Indefinite shape

Indefinite shape

Definite volume

Definite volume

Indefinite volume

Essentially
incompressible

Only slightly
compressible

Compressible

Particles are tightly

packed together

Particles are mobile, able

to move around each
other

Particles are far apart and

are small compared to
the volume they occupy

Particles are held

together by very strong
forces of attraction

Particles are held

together by strong forces
of attraction

The attractive forces are

so weak that the particles
are independent of each
other

Physical States of Matter

Classifications of Matter

1.4

Chemistry is the study of matter and the

changes it undergoes
Matter is anything that occupies space and has
mass.

A pure substance is a form of matter that has a

definite composition and distinct properties.

Water

Sugar

Gold

1.4

An element is a substance that cannot be

separated into simpler substances by chemical
means.
114 elements have been identified
82 elements occur naturally on Earth

gold, aluminum, lead, oxygen, carbon

32 elements have been created by scientists
technetium, americium, seaborgium

1.4

A compound is a substance composed of atoms

of two or more elements chemically united in fixed
proportions.
Compounds can only be separated into their
pure components (elements) by chemical
means.

Water (H2O)

Glucose (C6H12O6)

Ammonia (NH3)

1.4

A mixture is a combination of two or more substances

in which the substances retain their distinct identities.

1. Homogenous mixture composition of the

mixture is the same throughout.
soft drink, sea water

2. Heterogeneous mixture composition is not

uniform throughout.
cement, fruit salad
iron filings in sand
1.4

Physical means can be used to separate a mixture

into its pure components.

distillation

magnet

1.4

decantation - the process of pouring out the

liquid leaving heavier solids to settle at
bottom of container

filtration separation of an insoluble solid from

the liquid using a porous substance or filter paper

evaporation - separating a soluble solid

from a liquid by transforming solvent to
gaseous form

distillation converting the liquid to gas, then

collecting the liquid components by condensation

Physical or Chemical?
A physical change does not alter the composition
or identity of a substance.
sugar dissolving
ice melting
in water
A chemical change alters the composition or
identity of the substance(s) involved.

hydrogen burns in
air to form water
1.6

PROPERTIES OF MATTER
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
CLASSIFICATION
EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES properties
that depends on the amount of material like
mass, length and volume.
INTENSIVE PROPERTIES depend on the
quality of material. Examples: odor, color,
specific gravity, solubility, boiling point,
melting point and electrical conductivity.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Describes a chemical change that a
substances undergoes. Examples: burning,

Extensive and Intensive Properties

An extensive property of a material depends upon
how much matter is is being considered.
mass

length
volume

An intensive property of a material does not

depend upon how much matter is is being
considered.
density
temperature
color

1.6

SELF-CHECK
USING THE CLASSIFICATION SCHEME
FOR
MATTER,
CLASSIFY
THE
FOLLOWING:
ANSWERS:
1. VINEGAR
1. HOMOGENEOUS
2. HALO HALO
2. HETEROGENEOUS
3. SALT WATER
3. HOMOGENEOUS
4. SAND IN WATER
4. HETEROGENEOUS
5. SUGAR
5. COMPOUND
6. ELEMENT
6. COPPER WIRE

SELF CHECK
WHAT KIND OF CHANGE (PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL)
DOES EACH PROCESS BELOW UNDERGOES?

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)

Formation of clouds
Corrosion of iron
Tanning of leather
Melting of sugar
Burning of plastic
Making of ice candy
Ripening of papaya
Cooking/boiling of eggs

ANSWER

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)

Physical
Chemical
Chemical
Physical
Chemical
Physical
Chemical
Chemical

Matter - anything that occupies space and has mass.

mass measure of the quantity of matter

SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg)

1 kg = 1000 g = 1 x 103 g
weight force that gravity exerts on an object
weight = c x mass

A 1 kg bar will weigh

on earth, c = 1.0

1 kg on earth

on moon, c ~ 0.1

0.1 kg on moon
1.7

International System of Units (SI)

1.7

1.7

Volume SI derived unit for volume is cubic meter (m3)

1 cm3 = (1 x 10-2 m)3 = 1 x 10-6 m3

1 dm3 = (1 x 10-1 m)3 = 1 x 10-3 m3
1 L = 1000 mL = 1000 cm3 = 1 dm3

1 mL = 1 cm3

1.7

Density SI derived unit for density is kg/m3

1 g/cm3 = 1 g/mL = 1000 kg/m3
mass
density = volume

m
d= V

A piece of platinum metal with a density of 21.5

g/cm3 has a volume of 4.49 cm3. What is its mass?
m
d= V
m = d x V = 21.5 g/cm3 x 4.49 cm3 = 96.5 g
1.7

K = 0C + 273.15
273 K = 0 0C
373 K = 100 0C

0F

= 9 x 0C + 32
5

32 0F = 0 0C
212 0F = 100 0C

1.7

Convert 172.9 0F to degrees Celsius.

9
=
x 0C + 32
5
0F 32 = 9 x 0C
5
0F

5 x (0F 32) = 0C
9
0C = 5 x (0F 32)
9
0C = 5 x (172.9 32) = 78.3
9

1.7

Dimensional Analysis Method of Solving Problems

1. Determine which unit conversion factor(s) are needed
2. Carry units through calculation
3. If all units cancel except for the desired unit(s), then the
problem was solved correctly.

given quantity x conversion factor = desired quantity

given unit x

desired unit
given unit

= desired unit

1.9

Dimensional Analysis Method of Solving Problems

How many mL are in 1.63 L?

Conversion Unit 1 L = 1000 mL

1000 mL
1.63 L x
= 1630 mL
1L
2
1L
L
1.63 L x
= 0.001630
1000 mL
mL

1.9

The speed of sound in air is about 343 m/s. What is

this speed in miles per hour?
conversion units
meters to miles
seconds to hours
1 mi = 1609 m

1 min = 60 s

1 mi
60 s
m
x
x
343
s 1609 m
1 min

1 hour = 60 min

60 min
mi
x
= 767
hour
1 hour

1.9