Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics 2

Experiment No. 7

Name: Quirante, Jany Paulenne S.

Subject & Schedule: CE 411 BL/ 1:30-4:30 PM TTH

Date Submitted: September 13, 2016

Instructor: Engr. Michael Barriga

EXPERIMENT NO. 7
DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT USING ORIFICE
1. Objectives: To determine the coefficient of velocity and coefficient of discharge of
orifice.
2. Equipment/Apparatus:

Cussons Orifice Tank

Hydraulic Bench
Graduated Cylinder
Bucket
Stopwatch

Fig 1 Cusson's Orifice Tank

3. Theory:
An orifice is an opening (usually circular) in the wall of a tank or in a plate normal to the
axis of a pipe, the plate being either at the end of the pipe or in some intermediate location.
A tank with an orifice in the side is shown in the figure below. The head of water, h, is
kept constant above the datum.
1
h

datum

2
y
x

Figure 1 The path of the jet coming from the orifice

Applying Bernoullis Equation for points 1 to 2 and assuming no head loss through the orifice,
we can obtain
1

Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics 2

Experiment No. 7

(1)
Since the diameter of the tank is very bigger than that of the orifice so we can set v1 = 0. The
liquid surfaces at points 1 and 2 are exposed to the atmosphere so p1 = 0 and p2 = 0. The datum
passes through point 2 z2 = 0. Putting all these data to equation 1 and simplifying it we can obtain
the theoretical velocity of the jet through the orifice as presented below.
vt =

2gh

(2)

The actual velocity is lesser than the theoretical velocity due to frictional resistance to flow.
The actual velocity is
Va
cvvt

(3)
Va = cv 2gh
where cv = coefficient of velocity (typical value = 0.98)
By rewriting equation (3), the coefficient of velocity can be determined as follows:
cv =

va
vt

(4)

The actual velocity can be obtained from the path of the jet. In figure 1,
the jet follows a projectile which has the general equation of the form
___gx2__
-y = xtan - 2vj2 cos

(5)

The term is the angle that the initial velocity of the jet makes with the horizontal which is zero
in this case and therefore Equation 5 becomes
vj =

gx2
2y

(6)

Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics 2

Experiment No. 7

Coefficient of discharge
The theoretical discharge is Qt = Aovt . The actual discharge is lesser than the theoretical
discharge. It can be calculated by the equation, Qa = CQt. The value of C , which is the
coefficient of discharge, can be determined from the equation
Qa
C= Qt

(7)

The actual discharge has to be measured using the volumetric method. This is done by
collecting a volume of water for a certain period of time. The volume collected is then divided by
the time of collection to obtain the actual discharge.
4. Measurement to be Made

The following information are essential for analysis.

pressure head, h
distances, x & y
diameter of the orifice
5. Experimental Procedure
1) The orifice- tank apparatus was mounted on top of the hydraulic bench and the hose was
connected to the water source.
2) An orifice was installed on the side of the tank and its size was noted.
3) Water was allowed to enter the orifice tank and let it pass through the orifice.
4) A jet was observed to come out from the orifice tank and water was allowed to level in the tank
and let it stabilized and the vertical pins were adjusted so as to follow the trajectory of the jet.
5) The height of the water tank, level of the top of each pin, and the horizontal distance of each pin
from the orifice were recorded.
6) A volume of water that flowed out from the orifice was collected and the time it took
to collect was noted.
7) Steps 3 to 6 were repeated using different discharges for each trial. The orifice was
then changed with another size and steps 2-7 were repeated.

6. Presentation of the Results/Calculations:

Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics 2

Experiment No. 7

Data
Orifice
Diameter
3mm

Trial
No.
1

x1

x2

0.371

0.05

0.1

0.374

0.05

0.1

0.379

0.05

0.1

0.372

0.05

0.1

0.377

0.05

0.1

0.38

0.05

0.1

6mm

x3
0.1
5
0.1
5
0.1
5
0.1
5
0.1
5
0.1
5

x4

x5

x6

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.2

0.25

0.3

x7
0.3
5
0.3
5
0.3
5
0.3
5
0.3
5
0.3
5

x8

y1

y2

y3

y4

y5

y6

y7

y8

0.4

0.2

0.7

1.7

3.1

5.1

7.4

10.1

13.4

0.4

0.2

0.9

1.8

3.1

4.7

6.7

11.8

0.4

0.3

0.8

1.7

4.7

6.7

9.3

12.4

0.4

0.3

0.8

1.8

4.9

6.9

9.4

12.6

0.4

0.2

0.7

1.7

3.1

4.6

6.7

9.1

12.1

0.4

0.3

0.8

1.6

4.9

9.8

13.1

Velocities
Orifice
Diameter

Trial
No.

3mm

1
2
3
1
2
3

6mm

vt
2 gh

Vj3

Vj4

Vj5

Vj6

Vj7

Vj8

Ave
Velocity,
Vj

cv= vj Ave
vt
Cv

2.697

0.247

0.264

0.254

0.251

0.245

0.244

0.243

0.242

0.249

0.0923

0.374

2.708

0.247

0.233

0.247

0.251

0.255

0.256

0.258

0.257

0.251

0.0926

0.379

2.726

0.202

0.247

0.254

0.255

0.255

0.256

0.254

0.251

0.247

0.0906

0.372

2.701

0.202

0.247

0.247

0.255

0.250

0.252

0.252

0.249

0.244

0.0906

0.377

2.719

0.247

0.264

0.254

0.251

0.258

0.256

0.256

0.254

0.255

0.0939

0.38

2.730

0.202

0.247

0.262

0.255

0.250

0.251

0.247

0.244

0.245

0.0898

(mm)

Head, h

(m)
0.371
0.374
0.379
0.372

Vj2

0.371

Orifice
Diameter

Vj1

0.377
0.38

Volume
Collected
(m3)
0.00039
0.00036
0.00035
0.0005
0.00058
0.00063

SAMPLE COMPUTATIONS:

Time to
Collect
(s)
26.4
25.1
23.37
9.41
11.12
12.18

Volume
Flow
Rate
Qa
(m3/s)
-5

1.48x10
1.43x10-5
1.50x10-5
5.31x10-5
5.22x10-5
5.17x10-5

Volume
Flow Rate

Qt = vt Ao

C
Qa
C= Qt

(m3/s)
1.906 x10-5
1.914 x10-5
1.927 x10-5
7.635 x10-5
7.686 x10-5
7.716 x10-5

Coefficient
of
Discharge,
Cd

0.7750
0.7494
0.7773
0.6959
0.6786
0.6703

0.76727313

0.6816359

0.0919

0.09147

Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics 2

Vt =

Experiment No. 7

2 gh = 2 ( 9.81 ) (0.371) = 2.697 m/s

Vj1 = gx12 =
2y1

(9.81)(0.05)2
2(0.2)
= 0.247 m/s

Average velocity Vj = (Vj1+Vj2+Vj3+Vj4+Vj5+Vj6+Vj7+Vj8)/8

= (0.247+0.264+0.254+0.251+0.245+0.244+0.243+0.242)/8
= 0.249 m/s
Coefficient of velocity Cv =

Vj
Vt

0.249
2.697

= 0.0923

Average coefficient of velocity, Cv = (Cv1+Cv2+Cv3)/3

= (0.0923+0.0926+0.0906)/3
= 0.919
Volume flow rate, Qa =

Volume
time

0.00039
26.4

= 1.48x10-5 m3/s

( 0.003)
= 1.906x10-5 m3/s
Volume flow rate, Qt = vt Ao = 2.697(
4

Coefficient of Discharge, Cd =

Qa
Qt

1.48 x 105

= 1.906 x 105 = 0.7750

Average Coefficient of Discharge, Cd = (Cd1+Cd2+Cd3)/3

= (0.7750+0.7494+0.7773)/3
= 0.7672

7. Discussion of Results
How comparable are the results to published values of the coefficient of velocity
and coefficient of discharge.

8. Conclusion